KARPAGAM JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH (KJER) Volume No.: II, Special Issue on IEEE Sponsored International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO’15)
Single Variable Algorithm Optimized Hybrid Black Toner Synthesis from Waste Toner and Nano Phase Carbon R. Vaira Vignesh1 1
UG Scholar / Mechanical Engineering,
[email protected] ,Karpagam College of Engineering, Othakkalmandapam post, Coimbatore,
Abstract The toner is used in photocopiers to form the latent electrical image on the drum. The paper picks up the toner particles (image), when it slides over the drum. Specific factors cause 10% of toner particles (approximately) to be left over the drum. This left out toner is cleaned by the unit to ensure the copy quality of the proceeding copies. This left out toner is called as waste toner and is collected in cleaner sump. If this waste toner is used in the photocopiers, the quality of the copier is reduced. The waste toner is mixed in proportion with Nano phase Carbon and original toner to get Hybrid Black Toner. The original toner is the toner prescribed for the photocopier by the manufacturer. By implementation of this technique, the cost of photocopy can be reduced and the quality of the photocopy can be increased. The Hybrid Black Toner is synthesis is optimized by Single Variable Optimization Algorithm. Keywords: Single Variable Optimization Algorithm, Original toner, Waste toner, Nano phase Carbon (Carbon Black Nano Powder), Hybrid Black Toner words
1. Introduction The photocopiers make use of toner to form images and text on the paper. The document is scanned and latent electrical image is formed over the drum. Then toner is sprayed over the drum. [1] The inability of the paper to grasp the complete toner particles when it slides over the drum results in sedimentation of toner over the surface of the drum roller. This left over toner known as waste toner is cleaned by the cleaning unit and deposited in the cleaner sump. The waste toner is neither recycled nor reused because of its inefficiency to produce quality print. Dumping of waste toner in the land causes adverse effects the environment. The waste toner is neither recycled nor reused and it is simply dumped in the landfills. [2] This method of reusing the waste toner reduces the impact of adverse effects made by dumping of waste toner.
2. Toner Toner is a dense, powdery substance with carbon black as its major proportion.[3] The thermal properties of the toner should be soft for the fuser to bind and hard enough so that the toner particles are not fused in the photoreceptor at the developmental stage. The rheological properties of the toner must allow coalescence, spreading and finally penetration into the paper for best photo copy. [4] Rheology is the study of flow and deformation of materials under applied forces. The measurement of rheological properties is applicable to all materials – from fluids such as dilute solutions of polymers and surfactants through to concentrated protein formulations, to semi-solids such as pastes and creams, to molten or solid polymers. [5], [6], [7] Most of the photocopiers work on xerographic technique. [8]
3. Waste Toner The toner is used in photocopiers to form the latent electrical image on the drum. The paper picks up the toner particles (image), when it slides over the drum. Nearly 10% of toner particles are left over the drum for a
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KARPAGAM JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH (KJER) Volume No.: II, Special Issue on IEEE Sponsored International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO’15)
normal document. [9] The quantity of waste toner produced depends upon the usage of toner and the inability of the paper to grasp complete toner particles from the drum. The waste toner cannot be used for further photocopying, as it does not satisfy the chemical properties and the quality of original toner. The waste toner is hazardous Error! Reference source not found.[10], [11], [12]and has to be recycled. This waste toner is cleaned by the cleaning unit and it is collected in waste toner collector unit or cleaner sump. The quantity of waste toner produced depends upon the usage of toner and the inability of the paper to grasp complete toner particles from the drum.
4. Existing System The Hybrid Black Toner is prepared using the original toner, waste toner and Carbon Black Nano powder. The original toner and the waste toner are mixed in the ratio and Carbon Black Nano powder is added to the above mixture. This composition is made to obtain a homogeneous mixture. The mixture has to be sintered at 413K for about 2 hours obtain the rheological properties. The original toner is added in proportion to maintain the fusing properties of the hybrid black toner.
5. Optimization In the simplest case, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function. The generalization of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations comprises a large area of applied mathematics. The existing system has to be optimized for efficient use of waste toner. Single Variable Optimization Algorithms is used to solve minimization problems of the following type maximise f(x), where f(x) is the objective function and x is a real variable. Here, x denotes the percentage of Carbon Nano Powder to be included for Hybrid Black Toner for optimized output and f(x) denotes the quality (in terms of percentage) of the photocopies The purpose of an optimization algorithm is to find a solution x, for which the function f(x) is maximum.
6. Curve Equation Let y be the required equation and x be the variable. y α f(x)
Eq. 1
For calculation, let us consider, y = k * f(x)
Eq. 2
Where k is a constant of proportionality constant.
7. Curve Analysis Considering the maximum possible efficiency of the machine as 90% and this possible efficiency is achieved by 0.1% of Carbon Black Nano Powder (assumption), the curve can be analysed as follows. By trial method, introducing f(x) as x0.5, the Equation. 2 becomes y = k * x0.5
y2 = k * x
Eq. 3
Where ‘k’ is the constant introduced.
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KARPAGAM JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH (KJER) Volume No.: II, Special Issue on IEEE Sponsored International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Control (ISCO’15)
When x = 0.1 and f(x) = 0.9 y2 = k * x (0.9)2 = k (0.1) k = 0.81/0.1 k = 8.1 The general equation of the curve is y2 = 8.1 * x
Eq. 4
8. Curve Tracing y2 = 8.1 * x y=
y = 2.846 * x0.5
Eq. 5
Differentiating the above equation, = 2.846 * x-0.5 / 2
= 1.423 * x-0.5 [2. Equation]
>0 for x ≥ 0 ; x
