(approximant, nasal, plosive, affricate, fricative and vowel) are described in detail. ..... The palato-alveolar fricatives "S" (voiceless) and "Z" (voiced) are produced.
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1#!$ ! 2! '' &1 (%'% & ' $ !( 7 " 7 " ,! - - (;) &' , ) &$-$ 7 ' - (;) &' , ) &$-$ 2 $1-$&' !$(#*$( %** !( &1782 & !($! ' )! (#*$ % - ' '!%& ' & .$' $$& < $=> $! $1-$&' / $ &$$( &78 $& #!$ ' %' ' $ $&( ) &' , $%* $1-$&' * &* ($ ' ' $ '%!' ) &' , ' $ &$9' %&( ' %' ' $ &$*$ %!8 0! ';($! +%' +$ * &' &# '8 * &( ' & %))78
%
5 &*$ ' $ 456 )%!%-$'$! %.#' &$%! ' $ '%!' %&( $&( , ' $ ( ) &$ / % 1- (%7 7 1 ' * ,#&*' & -)! +$ ' $ %**#!%*8 , ' $ - ($72 * #7( .$ %& %7'$!&%' +$ )%!%-$'! * *#!+$ # $( ' , !- - ($7 , * ;%!' *#7%' & & #-%& )$$* 2 $ 1- (%7 7 1 ' * ,#&*' &/ & & 1#!$ ! 2@/ *%& .$ ($0&$( %
%
$!$ % *%7$ ' -$ # $( ' .'% & % '$$)$! '!%& ' & / . * &'! 7 ' $ ! > &'%7 '!%& 7%' & ' -$ / * * &'! 7 ' $ +$!%77 1 ' %&( ( * &'! 7 ' $ +$!' *%7 ( )7%*$-$&'2 @
1#!$ ! 2 '' &1 (%'% & ' $ !( 7 " 7 " ,! - - (;) &' , ) &$-$ " ' $&( , ) &$-$ " 2 * %)'$! )!$ $&' % ($'% 7$( -$' ( , ! - ($77 &1 ( ) &$ # &1 *#; . * < $=> $! $1-$&' %&( % '!%'$18 , ! .7$&( &1 %( %*$&' ( ) &$ 2 37 )!$ $&'$( %!$ %& %7'$!&%' +$ &'$!) 7%' & '$-)7%'$ %&( % 7-$ ; %'' &178; 5 $%!-$ 7 "$ * $-$ , ! * -)%! & ' ' $ < $=> $! - ($72 $ $ -$' ( $!$ # $( ' - ($7 ) &$-$ / ( ) &$ %&( % $&'$&*$/ , * !$ #7' %!$ ( *# $( & ' $ &$9' * %)'$!2
1#!$ ! 2@ 5 1- (%7 7 1 ' * *#!+$2
* %)'$! )!$ $&' ' $ !$ #7' .'% &$( # &1 . ' < $=> $! %&( 7-$ ; %'' &178;5 $%!-$ - ($7 , * ;%!' *#7%' &2 3 ( *# & , ' $ !$ #7' , - ($77 &1 ( ) &$ # &1 *#. * < $=> $! $1-$&' &*7#($(2 $ %**#!%*8 , - ($77 &1 &( + (#%7 ) &$-$ %7 ($ *! .$(2 $ * %)'$! )!$ $&' !$ #7' , .7$&( &1 %( %*$&' ( ) &$ %&( ( *# $ 0! ' %''$-)' ' 8&' $ >$ %& $9%-)7$ $&'$&*$ # &1 ' '!%'$182
1#!$ 2 ' $ %+$!%1$ ! ';-$%&; :#%!$ $!! ! , ! $%* ) &$-$ %77 $9%-)7$ & ' $ )$$* * !)# 2 $& %.!#)' '!%& ' & %!$ !$:# !$( ' *%& .$ $$& ' %' ' $ %+$!%1$ 5 $!! ! , ' $ - ($7 !$7%' +$78 1 $212 ) &$-$ / ( %&( '5 $& * -)%!$( ' - ' + $7 '!%& ; ' & $212 ) &$-$ / %&( # 2
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
$ ( ) &$ %&( ' $ !$ #7' , $&* ( &1 ' # &1 ' $ < $=> $! - ($7 , * ;%!' *#7%' & %!$ !$)!$ $&'$( & 1#!$ 2 2 Diphone j_3
Diphone j_3 (Bezier model)
1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 0
0 0
1#!$ 2 $ 456 )%!%-$'$! , ( ) &$ %&( ' $ < $=> $! - ($72 1#!$ 2 ' $ %+$!%1$ ! ';-$%&; :#%!$ $!! ! , ! $%* , ! ( ) &$ *%'$1 ! $ 2 $ %**#!%*8 , ' $ < $=> $! - ($7 , ! -$ ( ) &$ .$''$! ' %& ' $! 2 7 $ $9%- &%' & , ' $ (%'% % 1 7 1 '$( ' $ , 77 &1 '!$&( 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Bezier Model
0.01
RMS Error
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 41 42 43 44 45 51 52 53 54 55 Diphone Category
1#!$ 2 $! - ($7 , $%* ( ) &$ *%'$1 !8 %77 $9%-)7$ & ( ) &$ &+$&' !8 2 % %7;)7
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
&
*%'$1 !8 A % ! *%'$ ! ,! *%' +$ , 77 $( .8 )7 +$ ' $ $* &( #&( , !-$( 7$ ' 77 )! (#* &1 ' $ 0! '2 $ )7 +$ #* % )!$* $ %!' *#7%' !8 1$ '#!$ ' %' ' $ %!' *#7%' ! %+$ ' .$ & % )$* 0* ) ' & & !($! ' )! (#*$ ' $ #''$!%&*$2
& ,! *%' +$;%))! 9 -%&' *7# '$! *%'$1 !8 A ' $ %))! 9 -%&' 7$ % $*'$( .8 ' $ )!$*$( &1 * & &%&' ' %& ' & )7 +$;%))! 9 -%&' *%'$1 !8 ( ) &$ 2 $ %+$!%1$ 5 $!! ! 7 $! & *%'$1 !8 A ' %& & *%'$1 !8 2 Phoneme h 0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01 0
1#!$ 2A )7%8 &1 ' $ 0! ' 456 )%!%-$'$! , ) &$-$ %77 $9%-)7$ & )$$* * !)# 2 3 ! *%'$ ! ,! *%' +$ , 77 $( .8 + $7 *%'$1 !8 A ! &+ 7+$ % '!%&; ' &%7 1&%7 #& :#$ ' $%* + $7 * &'$9'2 $ $ #&( %+$ % &%'#!%778 1 +%! %&*$ (#$ ' .$ &1 1 78 * ;%!' *#7%'$( $212 + *$( %7 "& & % + $7/ % & & 1#!$ 2A 2 % $*' ' $ %**#!%*8 , ' $ - ($72 $& ' * & &%&' **#! * &' 1# # 78/ $%* .$7 &1 &1 ' ( $!$&' *7% $ .#' %+ &1 ' $ %-$ )7%*$ , %!' *#7%' &/ ' $ 7%''$! * & &%&' '%"$ + $7 * %!%*'$! ' * $212 )! & %&( * & #7' 2 - 1 ' .$
A 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
%& ' $! #!*$ , +%! %. 7 '8 & *7% $ ' %' &+ 7+$ * & &%&';* & &%&' *7# '$! 2
$7;+ $7 ( ) &$ *%'$1 !8 !! * & ' , % - ' '!%& ' & ,! &$ + $7 ' %& ' $! ' )$!*$)'#%778 -) !'%&' (#!%' & ( $!$&*$ .$' $$& * &' 1# # %77 ) &$ 2 $ 5 $!! ! !$7%' +$78 7 2
& ' $*' & ' $ %**#!%*8 , ' $ *#. * < $=> $! - ($7 * -)%!$( ' ' %' , % '!% 1 ' 7 &$ '$-)7%'$ - ($72 Diphone j_3
Diphone j_3 (HMS model)
1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 0
0 0
1#!$ 2! $ 456 )%!%-$'$! , ( ) &$ %&( ' $ 7-$ ; %'' &178; 5 $%!-$ 7 "$ - ($72 $ ( ) &$ %&( ' $ !$ #7' , $&* ( &1 ' # &1 ' '$* & :#$ %!$ !$)!$; $&'$( & 1#!$ 2! 2 3 '!% 1 ' 7 &$ '$-)7%'$/ % ($ *! .$( & 5$*' & ! 2 2 / % # $( ' 0' $%* &$ , ' $ 456 )%!%-$'$! 2 ' *%& .$ $$& ' %' ' $ .% * 456 )%!%-$'$! '!% $*' !8 !$ )$*'$( .#' ' ' 77 ( ?*#7' ' - ($7 %.!#)' '!%& ' & 2 1#!$ 2 ' $ %+$!%1$ ! ';-$%&; :#%!$ $!! ! , ! $%* , ! ( ) &$ *%'$1 ! $ 2 $ ( ) &$ *%'$1 !8 ( *# & )!$ $&'$( , ! ' $ < $=> $! - ($7 0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
!
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
HMS Model
0.01
RMS Error
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 41 42 43 44 45 51 52 53 54 55 Diphone Category
1#!$ 2 $! - ($72 $ &$$( &$9' ' ($'$!- &$ , ' # ' % -%''$! , - ($7 !($!2 $ 456 )%!%-$'$! '!% $*' ! $ )! +$( ' .$ , % * -)7$9 &%'#!$ %&( ' % & ' ) .7$ ' 0' %77 '!%& ' & %($:#%'$78 # &1 % < $=> $! - ($7 ' &78 &$ $1-$&'2
Diphone D_@ (Bezier model)
Diphone D_@ (HMS model)
1
1
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0 0
0 0
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
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
@
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
−3
11
x 10
Bezier Model (+_) and HMS Model (x.)
10
9
RMS Error
8
7
6
5
4
3
11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 41 42 43 44 45 51 52 53 54 55 Diphone Category
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
1#!$ 2 !% $*' !8 , ' $ 0! ' 7 &$ )$*'!%7 )% ! )%!%-$'$! , ! ' $ !( 7 " - ($77$( .8 < $=> $! $1-$&' / %7 &1 ' $ ($0& &1 ) 781 & 2 < 2 ' % ) .7$ ' .'% & % * & ($!%.7$ %- #&' , (%'% * -)!$ & % & & %.7$ 2 2 1#!$ 2 ' $ %+$!%1$ 5 $!! ! , ! $%* !(2
LSP Parameters, Plosive "p" 0.5
0 LSP Parameters (Difference), Plosive "p" 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 Energy, Plosive "p"
−4
6
x 10
4 2 0 2.55
2.6
2.65
2.7
2.75
2.8
2.85 4
1#!$ 2 )7%8 &1 456 )%!%-$'$! / %+$!%1$ ( $!$&*$ .$' $$& %( %*$&' 456 )%!%-$'$! %&( $&$!18 & )7 +$ ) 2 x 10
%.7$ 2 #-.$! , )$$* )%!%-$'$! (%'% ) &' %&( &#-.$! , )%; !%-$'$! * &'! 77 &1 ' $ - ($7 ) 781 & ) &' 2 !( 53 63 %'% ) &' 6 781 & ) &' 7 " 7 " ! #' % ' , " + ' $ " &( &( " A@ %&( & A $$ A , , @ ' ' ! !% & &1 !$ & A !
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
3 &17$ *#. * < $=> $! *#!+$ *%& .$ # $( % %& $ $*' +$ - ($7 , ' $ '!%; $*' !8 , ! 7 &$ )$*'!%7 )% ! )%!%-$'$! (#! &1 ' $ '!%& ' & .$' $$& % -% ! '8 , )$$* #&( 2 $!$ %.!#)' '!%& ' & %!$ !$:# !$(/ )! &* )%778 (#! &1 )7 +$ #&( / % - !$ * -)7$9 - ($7 &$$($(2 3 $& .7$ %))! %* ' %( )' #7( .$ ' - ($7 )7 +$ % % $:#$&*$ , -%77$! )$$* #&( !$)!$ $&'; &1 ' $ *7 #!$/ !$7$% $ %&( ) ';!$7$% $ ) % $ ' %' % - !$ * -)7$9 '!% $*' !8 - ($77$( .8 ' !$$ $)%!%'$ < $=> $! $1-$&' 2 $ '!% 1 ' 7 &$ '$-)7%'$ %))! %* )$!, !- %))!$* %.78 .$''$! ' %& ' $ < $=> $! - ($72 ' ' #1 ' ' %' ' % -%''$! , - ($7 !($! ' $ < $=> $! - ($7 % A ($1!$$ , ,!$$( - %&( ' $ 7-$ ; %'' &178; 5 $%!-$ .% $( - ($7 % ($1!$$ , ,!$$( - 2 $ 456 )%!%-$'$! '!% $*' ! $ )! +$( ' .$ , % * -)7$9 &%'#!$ & ' ) .7$ ' - ($7 ' &78 &$ $1-$&'2 $ !$ $%!* !" )!$ $&'$( & ' ' $ )! + ($ % ($'% 7$( %&%78 , )$$* )%!%-$'$! '!%& ' & 2 $ ) &$-$ %&( ( ) &$ &+$&' ! $ / ' ; 1$' $! ' ' $ (%'% )!$;)! *$ &1 '$* & :#$ )!$ $&'$( & %)'$! A/ *%& .$ # $( , ! ,#'#!$ !$ $%!* &+ 7+ &1 ' $ %-$ )$$* * !)# 2 $ %**#; !%*8 , ' $ 0'' &1 )! *$(#!$ )! + ($ # $,#7 &, !-%' & & ' $ &%'#!$ , ' $ '!%& ' & 2 $ < $=> $! - ($7 , * ;%!' *#7%' & % $9 .7$ )%!%-$'! * !$); !$ $&'%' & , )$$* ' ) .7$ %))7 *%' & !%&1 &1 ,! - )$$* * ( &1 ' )$$* 8&' $ 2
#!' $! ($% ' -)! +$ %&( $9'$&( ' $ !" )!$ $&'$( & ' ' $ &*7#($ ' $ , 77 &1 #!' $! !$ $%!* &$$($( ' ($'$!- &$ # '%.7$ '!%'$1 $ , ! .7$&( &1 < $=> $! $1-$&' ' )! (#*$ % &%'#!%7 #&( &1 #''$!%&*$2 $ $9 ' &1 '!%'$18 )! (#*$ % - ' '!%& ' & .$' $$& < $=> $! $1-$&' .8 $&; #! &1 ' %' ' $ $&( ) &' , $%* $1-$&' * &* ($ ' ' $ '%!' ) &' , ' $ &$9' %&( ' %' ' $ &$*$ %!8 0! ' ($! +%' +$ * &' &# '8 * &( ' & %))782
' $! )%!%-$'! * *#!+$ *
#7( .$ # $( ' - ($7 )%!%-$'$! '!%& ' & / )! + ( &1 %7'$!&%' +$ 7#' & , ! -$ *7% $ , )$$* #&( 2 #!' $! $9)$! -$&'%' & ' ' $ < $=> $! - ($7 !($! #7( .$ $&* #!; %1$(/ & !($! ' 0&( ' $ .$ ' * -)! - $ .$' $$& (%'% * -)!$ & %&( )$$* :#%7 '82 3& $ $*' +$ !$ 8&' $ )! *$(#!$ #7( .$ -)7$-$&'$( & ' $ ,#'#!$2 $ !$ ' !$( 456 )%!%-$'$! %&( %&%78 $( )$$* (%'% !$ (#%7 * #7( .$ # $( .8 % 2 !" % )! + ($( % ($$)$! & 1 ' &' )$$* (%'% %&( % $' , )%' , ! ,#!' $! ($+$7 )-$&' 2
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%))$&( 9 ( *#-$&' ' $ # $/ (#! &1 % )!$7 - &%!8 ) % $ , !$ $%!* / , % $' , ' 7 ($+$7 )$( ' + #%7 >$ $&'$&*$ / ) &$-$ %&( ( ) &$ 2 $( :#%!$ 1$&$!%'$( % & & 1#!$ 32 2 3 -%'! 9 , & $:#%778 )%*$( ) &' *!$%'$(
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LSP Parameters 0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
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1#!$ 32 )7%8 &1 456 )%!%-$'$! , $&'$&*$ 7 " #' , ' $ &( %&( $$ , ' !% & &1 7 " % ' " + " &( " & , ' !$ & 2 & !($! ' ($'$!- &$ ' $ &#-.$! , ' -$ ' $ 456 )%!%-$'$! '!% $*' ! $ )% ' ! #1 % *$!'% & !$1 & ' $ , 77 &1 %71 ! ' - % ($+$7 )$(
! " " " #
1#!$ 32 &'$!) 7%' & 1! (2 $ !$ #7' &1 +$*' ! 07'$!$( # &1 % ! '%' &%7 8--$'! * %# %& 7 )% 07'$! ' -% & 7 .$ (' , A ) 9$7 ! 2 $ -%1$ (%'% ' $& ( )7%8$( % & & 1#!$ 32! %&( 1#!$ 32@2
$ ) &$-$ %&& '%' & 07$ &*7#($ &, !-%' & ($&' ,8 &1 ' $ $&'$&*$ ,! - * ' % .$$& $9'!%*'$( %&( ' $ ! 1 &%7 '%!' &1 %&( $&( &1 ,!%-$ 2 & $& ( )7%8 &1 ' $ &( + (#%7 $9%-)7$ % & 1#!$ 32 2 ' *%& .$ *7$%!78 $$& & 1#!$ 32A %&( 1#!$ 32! ' %' ) &$-$ )!$ $&' 1 +%! %. 7 '82 $ (%'% % .$$& & !-%7 >$( %&( %77 ' $ $9%-)7$ %!$ &2
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Phoneme 3 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05
1#!$ 32 )7%8 &1 456 )%!%-$'$! , ) &$-$ **#!! &1 & ' $ $&'$&*$ ' %&" 8 # , ! 1 + &1 -$ ' $ ) $! ' ' #! ' $ !7( " # , " 1 + - " )% " ' " ' " 7( 1#!$ 32 %77 ' $ $9%-)7$ , ( ) &$ & 2 $ 456 )%!%-$'$! %!$ ( )7%8$( %,'$! & !-%7 >%' & %&( !$ %-)7 &12 ' $ !$ #7' , )! *$ &1 ' $ (%'% .$, !$ ' $ %*'#%7 *#!+$ 0'' &1 -$' ( %))7 $(2 ' *%& .$ $$& & 1#!$ 32@ ' %' ' $ 456 )%!%-$'$! %!$ ( )$! $(/ $!$% ' $ )%!%-$'$! & 1#!$ 32! * &*$&'!%'$ & !$7%' +$78 ( ' &*' !$1 & , )%*$2 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Phoneme 3 (LSP 1) Phoneme 3 (LSP 2)
0.08
Phoneme 3 (LSP 3)
0.3
0.35
0.25
0.3
0.2
0.25
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.15
0.2
0.1
0.15
0.05
0.1
0.03
0.02
0.01
0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0 0
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.05 0
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Phoneme 3 (LSP 5) Phoneme 3 (LSP 4)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 6)
0.55
0.45
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.55
0.45
0.35
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.35
0.25
0.15
0.1 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.2 0
1
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
Phoneme 3 (LSP 7)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.25 0
1
0.7
0.6
0.65
0.55
0.6
0.7
0.65
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.75
0.55
0.3
0.4
0.85
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.9
0.45
0.1
0.2
Phoneme 3 (LSP 9)
0.75
0.65
0.35 0
0.1
Phoneme 3 (LSP 8)
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.4 0
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
Phoneme 3 (LSP 10)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.55 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Phoneme 3 (LSP 11)
0.95
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Phoneme 3 (LSP 12)
0.98
1 0.99
0.96 0.9
0.98 0.94
0.85
0.97 0.96
0.92
0.95 0.9
0.8
0.94 0.93
0.88 0.75
0.92 0.86 0.91
1#!$ 32A )7%8 &1 456 )%!%-$'$! , ) &$-$ )$$* * !)# 2 0.7 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.84 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.9 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
%77 0.5
0.6
$9%-)7$ & 0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Phoneme 3 (LSP 1)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 2)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 3)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 4)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 5)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 6)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 7)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 8)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 9)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 10)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 11)
Phoneme 3 (LSP 12)
1#!$ 32! )7%8 &1 %# %& "$!&$7 &'$!) 7%' & !$ #7' , ! 456 )%!%-; $'$! , ) &$-$ %77 $9%-)7$ & )$$* * !)# 2
Diphone E_n (LSP 1)
Diphone E_n (LSP 2) Diphone E_n (LSP 3)
0.06
0.14
0.05
0.12
0.04
0.1
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.06
0.2
0.01
0.04
0.18
0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.22
0.02 0
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Diphone E_n (LSP 4)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.16 0
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Diphone E_n (LSP 6)
Diphone E_n (LSP 5)
0.5
0.34 0.4
0.32 0.38
0.45
0.3
0.28
0.36
0.26
0.4
0.34
0.24
0.32
0.22
0
0.2 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.35 0
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Diphone E_n (LSP 8) Diphone E_n (LSP 7)
Diphone E_n (LSP 9)
0.75
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.65
0.85
0.65
0.6
0.8
0.55
0.6
0.5
0.55
0.7
0.45
0.5
0.65
0.4 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.45 0
0.75
0.1
0.2
0.3
Diphone E_n (LSP 10)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.6 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Diphone E_n (LSP 11)
0.92
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Diphone E_n (LSP 12)
0.98
1
0.9
0.99 0.96
0.88
0.98
0.86 0.94
0.97
0.84 0.96 0.82
0.92 0.95
0.8 0.9
0.94
0.78 0.93
0.76 0.88
0.92
0.74
1#!$ 32 )7%8 &1 456 )%!%-$'$! , ( ) &$ & %77 $9%-)7$ & )$$* * !)# 2 0.72 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.86 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.91 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Diphone E_n (LSP 1)
Diphone E_n (LSP 2)
Diphone E_n (LSP 3)
Diphone E_n (LSP 4)
Diphone E_n (LSP 5)
Diphone E_n (LSP 6)
Diphone E_n (LSP 7)
Diphone E_n (LSP 8)
Diphone E_n (LSP 9)
Diphone E_n (LSP 10)
Diphone E_n (LSP 11)
Diphone E_n (LSP 12)
1#!$ 32@ )7%8 &1 %# %& "$!&$7 &'$!) 7%' & !$ #7' , ! 456 )%!%-; $'$! , ( ) &$ & %77 $9%-)7$ & )$$* * !)# 2
%))$&( 9 )!$ $&' ($'% 7$( &, !-%' & %. #' ' $ , !-%' , 07$ & ' $ )$$* * !)# %&( )! (#*$( .8 ' $ 456 %&%78 2 $ )$$* 07$ , !-%' . ' 7 &$%! #& 1&$( %-)7$ %' % !%'$ , >2
%.7$ &1 + *$( %7+$ 7%! $$! + *$7$ )%7%' ;%7+$ 7%! '!$% #!$ + *$( )%7%' ;%7+$ 7%! $%! + *$7$ 17 ''%7
%.7$
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2 6 2 2 $ / $)%!'-$&' , 7$*'! & * 58 '$- &1 &$$! &1/ & +$! '8 , $9/ $9/ 2 2/ %!*
2 @ %+ & 2 % 7$8 %&( 32 2 62 !$$&2 $ %))7 *%' & , &$#!%7 &$'; !" ' * 1& ' +$ ) &$' * - ($77 &12 & """
# ! / )%1$ A/ < #!&$- #' / 2 2/
2
%+ &
2 % 7$8 %&( 62 2 %"$ 2 ) &$ 8&' $ # &1 % &$#; !%7 &$' !"2 & """
# ! / )%1$ @ ! @ / $! %&( .; )7 &$ *#!+$ 2
/ ! / 2 & 2 $77$!/ & 2 6! %" / %&( & 2 42 %& $&2 2 %*- 77%&/
2 2 $9 9 & %&( 2 %+ ( %9$82 $!- &%7 %&%7 1 8&' $ , * &; ' & # )$$* # &1 ' $ ( ) &$ -$' ( , $1-$&' % $-.782 """" / 3 ; A ! / %!* 2 A "$ (1 &1' &/ 3&(!$ 4 !8/ 6$'$! %*" &/ 3&(!$
/ %&#%!8
2 ! "$ (1 &1' &/ 3&(!$ 4 !8/ 6$'$! %*" &/ 3&(!$
2 2 #&&%! 2 %&'2 2 #' &/ $* &( $( ' &/ @ 2 @ 2 #&&%! 2 %&'2 %' *%& .% * !$ $%!* * &'! .#'$ ' )$$* 8&; ' $ / )%1$ @ ! /
2
32 . & !!$ '2 &'$!%*' +$ &'$!) 7%' & %&( %))! 9 -%' & .8 < $=> $! ) 78& - %7 2 / ! @ ! @/ +$-.$!
2 77 %- 2 !( & %&( * %!( 2 $ $&,$7(2 $!2 / @ @
! / %!* 2 $&& 2 7%'' %&( 42 2 7%''2 3&%78 / 8&' $ / %&( )$!*$)' & , + *$ :#%7 '8 +%! %' & %- &1 ,$-%7$ %&( -%7$ '%7"$! 2 / @ ! @/ $.!#%!8
2 2 %'%2 &'$!) 7%' & , 7 ) * $?* $&' # &1 !$*#!!$&' &$#!%7 &$'; !" 2 """ / AA AA / 3#1# '
2 A $!& ' #. &2 &7 &$%! )! *$ &1 , )$$* 2 & 2
2 $&&$' 4$+$&.$!12 3 -$' ( , ! ' $ 7#' & , *$!'% & & &;7 &$%! )! .7$- & 7$% ' :#%!$ 2 / A / #78 AA2 @ ! * 4$ 2
2 -)#'$! 5* $&*$ $)%!'-$&'/ & +$! '8 ,
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5)! &1$!; $!7%1/ @ 2
&%7( 2 %!:#%!('2 3& %71 ! ' - , ! 7$% '; :#%!$ $ ' -%' & , & &; 7 &$%! )%!%-$'$! 2 " " / A AA / #&$ 2 A 2 2 %' $ / %& 2 77$!/ %&( 2 2 %+ ( !2 6 '* 8&* ! & # %&%78 , + *$( #&( 2 / @ / $.!#%!8 2 A $ %' !" 2 /
! 2 A 62 $!-$7 '$ &2 3!' *#7%' !8 - ($7 , ! ' $ '#(8 , )$$* )! (#*; ' &2 / ! A @ / @ 2 AA ! * #7 &$ %&( !%&* 2 %!)$&' $!2 ) &$ 8&' $ # &1 % -#7' )#7 $ 46 '$* & :#$2 & / )%1$ A@ ! / ( &.#!1 / 2 2/ 3#1# ' 2 A ! ! * #7 &$ %&( !%&* 2 %!)$&' $!2 6 '* ; 8&* ! & # %+$, !)! *$ &1 '$* & :#$ , ! '$9';' ; )$$* 8&' $ # &1 ( ) &$ 2 / ! / A ! A @/ $*$-.$!
2 A $) 62 7 +$2 #7$ 8&' $ , )$$* ,! - (8%( * #& ' 2 & """"
/ )%1$ ! ! @ / @@2 A@ $) 62 7 +$ %&( 2 5) *"$&%1$72 5)$$* !$ 8&' $ ,! - ) &$-$; !$7%'$( )%!%-$'$! 2 / ! A
/ 3)! 7 @ 2 A #7 %& 2 6%1$ %&( 3&(!$
2 A !( & 2 6$'$! &/ 77 %- 5; 2 %&1/ %&( +% 5 +$!' $&2 5$1-$&; '%' & '$* & :#$ & )$$* 8&' $ 2 / @ @A / 3#1# ' ! 2 ! 77 %- 2 6!$ / 5%#7 32 $#" 7 "8/ 77 %- 2 $''$!7 &1/ %&(
%-.! (1$ & +$! '8 6!$ / $* &( $( ' &/
2 !
4% !$&*$ 2 %. &$! %&( &%7( 2 5* %,$!2 2 6!$&' *$ %77/ @ 2 ! %+ ( 2 1$! %&( 2 37%& 3(%- 2 2 %* !% ; 77/ $* &( $( ' &/
2 ! 2 2 8$ %&( & * 7% 7-$ 2 3 +$! %' 7$ ,' %!$ )%!%77$7; , !-%&' )$$* 8&' $ >$!2 5 $ $%!* $) !' / &' 5)$$* !
$ $%!* & '/
$7'$& %-/ 2 2/ +$-.$! 2 ! A 2 2 5'$77% %&( !%&* 2 %!)$&' $!2 ) &$ 8&' $ # &1 -#7' ; )#7 $ * ( &1 %&( % ) % $ + * ($!2 & """" / )%1$ @A @A / %-)%/ 25232/ %!* ! 2 !! & 2 5'$ %!'2 3& $7$*'! *%7 %&%7 1#$ , ' $ + *%7 !1%& 2 / @ ! @ / 2 ! . !# 5#1%-#!% %&( #- '%(% '%"#!%2 5)$$* %&%78 %&( 8&' $; -$' ( ($+$7 )$( %' 4 & ;,! - 46 ' 456;2 / !
! / 2 ! @ & 2 5#&2 5'%' ' *%7 - ($77 &1 , * ;%!' *#7%' & & * &' &# # )$$* .% $( & (%'% (! +$& &'$!) 7%' &2 & """" / + 7; #-$ / )%1$ @ ! @ ! A/ #& * / $!-%&8/ 3)! 7
@2 ! 7%8 2 -) & %&( 4 !$& 5 #!$2
2 $ %' !" /
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