systems methods and compositions for sequence ... - Broad Institute

SYSTEMS METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR SEQUENCE MANIPULATION STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH [0001] This invention was made with government support under 1DP2AI1 04556, awarded by the National Institutes of Health, and DP1 MH1 00706 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Recent advances in genome sequencing techniques and analysis methods have significantly accelerated the ability to catalog and map genetic factors associated with a diverse range of biological functions and diseases. Precise genome targeting technologies are needed to enable systematic reverse engineering of causal genetic variations by allowing selective perturbation of individual genetic elements, as well as to advance synthetic biology, biotechnological, and medical applications. Although genome-editing techniques such as designer zinc fingers, transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), or homing meganucleases are available for producing targeted genome perturbations, there remains a need for new genome engineering technologies that are affordable, easy to set up, scalable, and amenable to targeting multiple positions within the eukaryotic genome.

[0003] A significant drawback of the current genome-editing technologies is the requirement for customized proteins to ensure sequence targeting specificity. For example, zinc fingers protein technologies typically require assembly of multiple modules, each having affinity for a short nucleic acid sequence (such as a triplet), to produce a customized protein for each desired target sequence. Relative to nucleic acids, proteins are more difficult and costly to produce in high quantities with high levels of purity. The complexity of protein folding makes predicting the ability of a particular protein to bind, and optionally cleave, a particular sequence difficult. Some level of rational design combined with trial and error testing, or screening large numbers of candidates have been applied to address this profound drawback. For example, numerous zinc finger studies involving phage display methods or design ideas have been explored to alter the specificity of zinc finger-DNA interactions (Desjarlais & Berg, Proteins Struct. Funct. Genet. 12:101-104 (1992); Desjarlais & Berg, Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2256-2260 (1993); Rebar & Pabo, Science 263:671-673 (1994); Jamieson et al., Biochemistry 33:5689-5695 (1994); Choo & Klug, Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11163-11167 (1994); Wu et al., Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA 92:344-348 (1995); and Greisman & Pabo,

Science 275:657-661 (1997)). Despite these attempts, providing the appropriate selective pressure to ensure that both specificity and affinity drive the selection is difficult. There have also been attempts to increase affinity and specificity of zinc finger proteins by adding additional fingers to a three-finger protein (Rebar, (Ph.D. Thesis), Selection Studies of Zinc Finger-NA Recognition, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1997); Shi, Y. (Ph.D. Thesis) Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc Finger Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions, Johns Hopkins University (1995)) or by tandemly linking two three-finger proteins (Liu et al., Proc. Nat!. 5292780 l.DOCX

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Acad. Sci. USA 94:5525-5530 (1997)). However, these previous design strategies for poly-finger proteins only resulted in relatively modest increases in affinity. As a representative illustration of complexity, zinc fingers having between 2 and 37 modules, with a module consisting of approximately 30 amino acids, have been identified. Any attempt to multiplex such proteins to target multiple sequences only exacerbates these problems. As a result, the conventional genome editing systems based on customized protein for each new target sequence are cumbersome and of limited utility.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0004] There exists a pressing need for alternative and robust systems and techniques for sequence targeting with a wide array of applications. This invention addresses this need and provides related advantages. In one aspect, the invention provides a vector system comprising one or more vectors. In some embodiments, the system comprises: (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a traer mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the traer mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the traer mate sequence that is hybridized to the traer sequence; and (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence; wherein components (a) and (b) are located on the same or different vectors of the system. In some embodiments, component (a) further comprises the traer sequence downstream of the traer mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element. In some embodiments, component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the system comprises the traer sequence under the control of a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter. In some embodiments, the traer sequence exhibits at least 50% of sequence complementarity along the length of the traer mate sequence when optimally aligned. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity. In some embodiments, the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter. In some embodiments, the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter. In some embodiments, the guide sequence is at least 15 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, fewer than 50% of the nucleotides of the guide sequence participate in self-complementary base-pairing when optimally folded. 5292780 l.DOCX

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[0005] In one aspect, the invention provides a vector comprising a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme comprising one or more nuclear localization sequences. In some embodiments, said regulatory element drives transcription of the CRISPR enzyme in a eukaryotic cell such that said CRISPR enzyme accumulates in a detectable amount in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence. ln some embodiments, the CRlSPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity.

[0006] In one aspect, the invention provides a CRISPR enzyme comprising one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme lacks the ability to cleave one or more strands of a target sequence to which it binds.

[0007] In one aspect, the invention provides a eukaryotic host cell comprising (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a traer mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the traer mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with ( 1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the traer mate sequence that is hybridized to the traer sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory clement operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence. In some embodiments, the host cell comprises components (a) and (b). In some embodiments, component (a), component (b), or components (a) and (b) are stably integrated into a genome of the host eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, component (a) further comprises the traer sequence downstream of the traer mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory element. In some embodiments, component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the eukaryotic host cell further comprises a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter, operably linked to said traer sequence. In some embodiments, the traer sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the traer mate sequence when optimally aligned. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme. In some 5292780 l.DOCX

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embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity. In some embodiments, the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter. In some embodiments, the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter. In some embodiments, the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, fewer than 50%, 40%, 30%,20%, 10%, or 5% of the nucleotides of the guide sequence participate in self-complementary base-pairing when optimally folded. In one aspect, the invention provides a non-human animal comprising a eukaryotic host cell according to any of the described embodiments.

[0008] In one aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising one or more of the components described herein. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a vector system and instructions for using the kit. In some embodiments, the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a traer mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the traer mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRTSPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the traer mate sequence that is hybridized to the traer sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence. In some embodiments, the kit comprises components (a) and (b) located on the same or different vectors of the system. In some embodiments, component (a) further comprises the traer sequence downstream of the traer mate sequence under the control of the first regulatory clement. In some embodiments, component (a) further comprises two or more guide sequences operably linked to the first regulatory element, wherein when expressed, each of the two or more guide sequences direct sequence specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a different target sequence in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a third regulatory element, such as a polymerase III promoter, operably linked to said traer sequence. In some embodiments, the traer sequence exhibits at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of sequence complementarity along the length of the traer mate sequence when optimally aligned. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme comprises one or more nuclear localization sequences of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of said CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a type II CRISPR system enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is a Cas9 enzyme. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is codon-optimized for expression in a eukmyotic cell. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or two strands at the location of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme lacks DNA strand cleavage activity. In some embodiments, the first regulatory element is a polymerase III promoter. In some embodiments, the second regulatory element is a polymerase II promoter. In some embodiments, the guide sequence is at least 15, 16, 5292780 l.DOCX

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17, 18, 19, 20, 25 nucleotides, or between 10-30, or between 15-25, or between 15-20 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, fewer than 50%, 40%, 30%,20%, 20%, 10% or 5% of the nucleotides of the guide sequence participate in self-complementary base-pairing when optimally folded.

[0009] In one aspect, the invention provides a computer system for selecting a candidate target sequence within a nucleic acid sequence in a eukaryotic cell for targeting by a CRISPR complex. In some embodiments, the computer system comprises (a) a memory unit configured to receive and/or store said nucleic acid sequence; and (b) one or more processors alone or in combination programmed to (i) locate a CRISPR motif sequence within said nucleic acid sequence, and (ii) select a sequence adjacent to said located CRlSPR motif sequence as the candidate target sequence to which the CRlSPR complex binds. ln some embodiments, said locating step comprises identifying a CRTSPR motif sequence located less than about 10000 nucleotides away from said target sequence, such as less than about 5000, 2500, 1000, 500, 250, 100, 50, 25, or fewer nucleotides away from the target sequence. In some embodiments, the candidate target sequence is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the nucleotide at the 3' end of the candidate target sequence is located no more than about 10 nucleotides upstream of the CRTSPR motif sequence, such as no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 nucleotides. Tn some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence in the eukaryotic cell is endogenous to the eukaryotic genome. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence in the eukaryotic cell is exogenous to the eukaryotic genome.

[0010] In one aspect, the invention provides a computer-readable medium comprising codes that, upon execution by one or more processors, implements a method of selecting a candidate target sequence within a nucleic acid sequence in a eukaryotic cell for targeting by a CRISPR complex, said method comprising: (a) locating a CRISPR motif sequence within said nucleic acid sequence, and (b) selecting a sequence adjacent to said located CRISPR motif sequence as the candidate target sequence to which the CRISPR complex binds. In some embodiments, said locating comprises locating a CRISPR motif sequence that is less than about 5000, 2500, 1000, 500, 250, 100, 50, 25, or fewer nucleotides away from said target sequence. In some embodiments, the candidate target sequence is at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the nucleotide at the 3' end of the candidate target sequence is located no more than about 10 nucleotides upstream of the CRISPR motif sequence, such as no more than 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence in the eukaryotic cell is endogenous to the eukaryotic genome. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence in the eukaryotic cell is exogenous to the eukaryotic genome.

[0011] In one aspect, the invention provides a method of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a traer mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a traer sequence. In some embodiments, said cleavage comprises 5292780 l.DOCX

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cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expressed from a gene comprising the target sequence. In some embodiments, the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotic cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the traer mate sequence, and the traer sequence. ln some embodiments, said vectors are delivered to the eukaryotic cell in a subject. Tn some embodiments, said modifying takes place in said eukaryotic cell in a cell culture. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating said eukaryotic cell from a subject prior to said modifying. In some embodiments, the method further comprises returning said eukaryotic cell and/or cells derived therefrom to said subject.

[0012] In one aspect, the invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a eukaryotic cell. Tn some embodiments, the method comprises allowing a CRTSPR complex to bind to the polynucleotide such that said binding results in increased or decreased expression of said polynucleotide; wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a traer mate sequence which in tum hybridizes to a traer sequence. In some embodiments, the method further comprises delivering one or more vectors to said eukaryotic cells, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: the CRISPR enzyme, the guide sequence linked to the traer mate sequence, and the traer sequence.

[0013] In one aspect, the invention provides a method of generating a model eukaryotic cell comprising a mutated disease gene. In some embodiments, a disease gene is any gene associated an increase in the risk of having or developing a disease. In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) introducing one or more vectors into a eukaryotic cell, wherein the one or more vectors drive expression of one or more of: a CRISPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a traer mate sequence, and a traer sequence; and (b) allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to a target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of the target polynucleotide within said disease gene, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the CRISPR enzyme complexed with (1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence within the target polynucleotide, and (2) the traer mate sequence that is hybridized to the traer sequence, thereby generating a model eukaryotic cell comprising a mutated disease gene. In some embodiments, said cleavage comprises cleaving one or two strands at the location of the target sequence by said CRISPR enzyme. In some embodiments, said cleavage results in decreased transcription of a target gene. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repairing said cleaved target polynucleotide by homologous recombination with an exogenous template polynucleotide, wherein said repair results in a mutation comprising an insertion, deletion, or substitution of one or more nucleotides of

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said target polynucleotide. In some embodiments, said mutation results in one or more amino acid changes in a protein expression from a gene comprising the target sequence.

[0014] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for developing a biologically active agent that modulates a cell signaling event associated with a disease gene. In some embodiments, a disease gene is any gene associated an increase in the risk of having or developing a disease. In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) contacting a test compound with a model cell of any one of the described embodiments; and (b) detecting a change in a readout that is indicative of a reduction or an augmentation of a cell signaling event associated with said mutation in said disease gene, thereby developing said biologically active agent that modulates said cell signaling event associated with said disease gene.

[0015] Tn one aspect, the invention provides a recombinant polynucleotide comprising a guide sequence upstream of a traer mate sequence, wherein the guide sequence when expressed directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a corresponding target sequence present in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the target sequence is a viral sequence present in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the target sequence is a proto-oncogene or an oncogene.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE [0016] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0018] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary CRISPR system, a possible mechanism of action, an example adaptation for expression in eukmyotic cells, and results oftests assessing nuclear localization and CRISPR activity.

[0019] Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary expression cassette for expression of CRISPR system elements in eukaryotic cells, predicted structures of example guide sequences, and CRISPR system activity as measured in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

[0020] Figure 3 illustrates results of an evaluation of SpCas9 specificity for an example target. [0021] Figure 4 illustrates an exemplary vector system and results for its use in directing homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells.

[0022] Figure 5 provides a table of proto spacer sequences and summarizes modification efficiency results for protospacer targets designed based on exemplary S. pyagenes and S. thermophilus CRISPR systems with corresponding PAMs against loci in human and mouse genomes. Cells were transfected with Cas9 and either 5292780 l.DOCX -8WSGR Docket '{o. 44063-701.101

pre-crRNA/tracrRNA or chimeric RNA, and analyzed 72 hours after transfection. Percent indels are calculated based on Surveyor assay results from indicated cell lines (N=3 for all protospacer targets, errors are S.E.M., N.D. indicates not detectable using the Surveyor assay, and N.T. indicates not tested in this study).

[0023] Figure 6 illustrates a comparison of different tracrRNA transcripts for Cas9-mediated gene targeting. [0024] Figure 7 illustrates a schematic of a surveyor nuclease assay for detection of double strand breakinduced micro-insertions and -deletions.

[0025] Figure 8 illustrates exemplary bicistronic expression vectors for expression of CRlSPR system elements in eukaryotic cells.

[0026] Figure 9 illustrates a bacte1ial plasmid transformation interference assay, expression cassettes and plasmids used therein, and transformation efficiencies of cells used therein.

[0027] Figure 10 shows histograms of distances between adjacent S. pyogenes SF370 locus 1 PAM (NGG) (Figure 1OA) and S. thermophilus LMD9 locus 2 PAM (NNAGAAW) (Figure 1OB) in the human genome; and distances for each PAM by chromosome (Chr) (Figure 1OC).

[0028] Figure 11 illustrates an exemplary CRTSPR system, an example adaptation for expression in eukaryotic cells, and results of tests assessing CRISPR activity.

[0029] Figure 12 illustrates exemplary manipulations of a CRISPR system for targeting of genomic loci in mammalian cells.

[0030] Figure 13 illustrates the results of aN orthern blot analysis of crRNA processing in mammalian cells. [0031] Figure 14 illustrates an exemplary selection ofprotospacers in the human PVALB and mouse Th loci. [0032] Figure 15 illustrates example protospacer and corresponding PAM sequence targets of the S. thermophilus CRISPR system in the human EMXJ locus.

[0033] Figure 16 provides a table of sequences for primers and probes used for Surveyor, RFLP, genomic sequencing, and Northern blot assays.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0034] The

term~

"polynucleotide", "nucleotide", "nucleotide sequence", "nucleic acid" and

"oligonucleotide" are used interchangeably. They refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either deoxyribonucleotides or ribonucleotides, or analogs thereof. Polynucleotides may have any three dimensional structure, and may perform any function, known or unknown. The following are non limiting examples ofpolynucleotides: coding or non-coding regions of a gene or gene fragment, loci (locus) defined from linkage analysis, exons, introns, messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, short interfering RNA (siRNA), short-hairpin RNA (shRNA), micro-RNA (miRNA), ribozymes, eDNA, recombinant polynucleotides, branched polynucleotides, plasmids, vectors, isolated DNA of any sequence, isolated RNA of any sequence, nucleic acid probes, and primers. A polynucleotide may comprise one or more modified nucleotides, such as methylated nucleotides and nucleotide analogs. If present, modifications 5292780 l.DOCX

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to the nucleotide structure may be imparted before or after assembly of the polymer. The sequence of nucleotides may be interrupted by non nucleotide components. A polynucleotide may be fmiher modified after polymerization, such as by conjugation with a labeling component. [0035] "Complementarity" refers to the ability of a nucleic acid to form hydrogen bond(s) with another

nucleic acid sequence by either traditional Watson-Crick or other non-traditional types. A percent complementarity indicates the percentage of residues in a nucleic acid molecule which can form hydrogen bonds (e.g., Watson-Crick base pairing) with a second nucleic acid sequence (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 out of 10 being 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% complementary). "Perfectly complementary" means that all the contiguous residues of a nucleic acid sequence will hydrogen bond with the same number of contiguous residues in a second nucleic acid sequence. "Substantially complementary" as used herein refers to a degree of complementarity that is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% overaregionof8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,30,35,40,45,50,ormore nucleotides, or refers to two nucleic acids that hybridize under stringent conditions. [0036] As used herein, "stringent conditions" for hybridization refer to conditions under which a nucleic acid

having complementarity to a target sequence predominantly hybridizes with the target sequence, and substantially does not hybridize to non-target sequences. Stringent conditions are generally sequencedependent, and vary depending on a number of factors. In general, the longer the sequence, the higher the temperature at which the sequence specifically hybridizes to its target sequence. Non-limiting examples of stringent conditions are described in detail in Tijssen (1993), Laboratory Techniques In Biochemistry And Molecular Biology-Hybridization With Nucleic Acid Probes Part I, Second Chapter "Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assay", Elsevier, N.Y. [0037] "Hybridization" refers to a reaction in which one or more polynuclcotides react to form a complex

that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues. The hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson Crick base pairing, Hoogstein binding, or in any other sequence specific manner. The complex may comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more strands forming a multi stranded complex, a single self hybridizing strand, or any combination of these. A hybridization reaction may constitute a step in a more extensive process, such as the initiation of PCR, or the cleavage of a polynucleotide by an enzyme. A sequence capable of hybridizing with a given sequence is referred to as the "complement" of the given sequence. [0038] As used herein, "expression" refers to the process by which a polynucleotide is transcribed from a

DNA template (such as into and mRNA or other RNA transcript) and/or the process by which a transcribed mRNA is subsequently translated into peptides, polypeptides, or proteins. Transcripts and encoded polypeptides may be collectively referred to as "gene product." If the polynucleotide is derived from genomic DNA, expression may include splicing ofthe mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. [0039] The terms "polypeptide", "peptide" and "protein" are used interchangeably herein to refer to

polymers of amino acids of any length. The polymer may be linear or branched, it may comprise modified 5292780 l.DOCX

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amino acids, and it may be interrupted by non amino acids. The terms also encompass an amino acid polymer that has been modified; for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation, such as conjugation with a labeling component. As used herein the term "amino acid" includes natural and/or unnatural or synthetic amino acids, including glycine and both the D or L optical isomers, and amino acid analogs and peptidomimetics. [0040] The terms "subject," "individual," and "patient" are used interchangeably herein to refer to a

vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human. Mammals include, but are not limited to, murines, simians, humans, farm animals, sport animals, and pets. Tissues, cells and their progeny of a biological entity obtained in vivo or cultured in vitro are also encompassed. [0041] The terms "therapeutic agent", "therapeutic capable agent" or "treatment agent" are used

interchangeably and refer to a molecule or compound that confers some beneficial effect upon administration to a subject. The beneficial effect includes enablement of diagnostic determinations; amelioration of a disease, symptom, disorder, or pathological condition; reducing or preventing the onset of a disease, symptom, disorder or condition; and generally counteracting a disease, symptom, disorder or pathological condition. [0042] As used herein, "treatment" or "treating," or "palliating" or "ameliorating" are used interchangeably.

These terms refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results including but not limited to a therapeutic benefit and/or a prophylactic benefit. By therapeutic benefit is meant any therapeutically relevant improvement in or effect on one or more diseases, conditions, or symptoms under treatment. For prophylactic benefit, the compositions may be administered to a subject at risk of developing a particular disease, condition, or symptom, or to a subject reporting one or more of the physiological symptoms of a disease, even though the disease, condition, or symptom may not have yet been manifested. [0043] The term "effective amount" or "therapeutically effective amount" refers to the amount of an agent

that is sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results. The therapeutically effective amount may vary depending upon one or more of: the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. The term also applies to a dose that will provide an image for detection by any one of the imaging methods described herein. The specific dose may vary depending on one or more of: the particular agent chosen, the dosing regimen to be followed, whether it is administered in combination with other compounds, timing of administration, the tissue to be imaged, and the physical delivery system in which it is carried. [0044] The practice of the present invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of

immunology, biochemistry, chemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, cell biology, genomics and recombinant DNA, which are within the skill ofthe art. See Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, 2nd edition (1989); CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (F. M. Ausubel, et al. eds., (1987)); the series METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 5292780 l.DOCX

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(Academic Press, Inc.): PCR 2: A PRACTICAL APPROACH (M.J. MacPherson, B.D. Hames and G.R. Taylor eds. (1995)), Harlow and Lane, eds. (1988) ANTIBODIES, A LABORATORY MANUAL, and ANIMAL CELL CULTURE (R.I. Freshney, ed. (1987)).

[0045] In one aspect, the invention provides a vector system comprising one or more vectors. In some embodiments, the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a traer mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the traer mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with ( 1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the traer mate sequence that is hybridized to the traer sequence; and (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence; wherein components (a) and (b) are located on the same or different vectors of the system.

[0046] In general, the term "vector" refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked. Vectors include, but are not limited to, nucleic acid molecules that are single-stranded, double-stranded, or partially double-stranded; nucleic acid molecules that comprise one or more free ends, no free ends (e.g. circular); nucleic acid molecules that comprise DNA, RNA, or both; and other varieties of polynucleotides known in the art. One type of vector is a "plasmid," which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be inserted, such as by standard molecular cloning techniques. Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein virally-derived DNA or RNA sequences are present in the vector for packaging into a virus (e.g. retroviruses, replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses, replication defective adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses). Viral vectors also include polynuclcotidcs carried by a virus for transfcction into a host cell. Certain vectors arc capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g. bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors). Other vectors (e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors) are integrated into the genome of a host cell upon introduction into the host cell, and thereby are replicated along with the host genome. Moreover, certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively-linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "expression vectors." Common expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form ofplasmids.

[0047] Recombinant expression vectors can comprise a nucleic acid of the invention in a form suitable for expression of the nucleic acid in a host cell, which means that the recombinant expression vectors include one or more regulatory elements, which may be selected on the basis of the host cells to be used for expression, that is operatively-linked to the nucleic acid sequence to be expressed. Within a recombinant expression vector, "operably linked" is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory element(s) in a manner that allows for expression ofthe nucleotide sequence (e.g. in an in vitro transcription/translation system or in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell).

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[0048] The term "regulatory element" is intended to include promoters, enhancers, internal ribosomal entry

sites (IRES), and other expression control elements (e.g. transcription termination signals, such as polyadenylation signals and poly-U sequences). Such regulatory elements are described, for example, in Goedde!, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Regulatory elements include those that direct constitutive expression of a nucleotide sequence in many types of host cell and those that direct expression of the nucleotide sequence only in certain host cells (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory sequences). A tissue-specific promoter may direct expression primarily in a desired tissue of interest, such as muscle, neuron, bone, skin, blood, specific organs (e.g. liver, pancreas), or particular cell types (e.g. lymphocytes). Regulatory elements may also direct expression in a temporal-dependent manner, such as in a cell-cycle dependent or developmental stage-dependent manner, which may or may not also be tissue or cell-type specific. In some embodiments, a vector comprises one or more pol III promoter (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol I promoters), one or more pol II promoters (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol II promoters), one or more pol I promoters (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pol I promoters), or combinations thereof. Examples of pol III promoters include, but are not limited to, U6 and H1 promoters. Examples of pol TT promoters include, but are not limited to, the retroviral Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR promoter (optionally with the RSV enhancer), the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (optionally with the CMV enhancer) [see, e.g., Boshati et al, Cell, 41:521-530 (1985)], the SV40 promoter, the dihydrofolate reductase promoter, the

~-actin

promoter, the phosphoglycerol kinase (PGK) promoter, and the EF1a

promoter. Also encompassed by the term "regulatory element" are enhancer elements, such as WPRE; CMV enhancers; the R-U5' segment in LTR ofHTLV-I (Mol. Cell. Biol., Vol. 8(1), p. 466-472, 1988); SV40 enhancer; and the intron sequence between exons 2 and 3 of rabbit ~-globin (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., Vol. 78(3), p. 1527-31, 1981). It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the design ofthe expression vector can depend on such factors as the choice of the host cell to be transformed, the level of expression desired, etc. A vector can be introduced into host cells to thereby produce transcripts, proteins, or peptides, including fusion proteins or peptides, encoded by nucleic acids as described herein (e.g., clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) transcripts, proteins, enzymes, mutant forms thereof, fusion proteins thereof, etc.). [0049] Vectors can be designed for expression of CRISPR transcripts (e.g. nucleic acid transcripts, proteins,

or enzymes) in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. For example, CRISPR transcripts can be expressed in bacterial cells such as Escherichia coli, insect cells (using baculovirus expression vectors), yeast cells, or mammalian cells. Suitable host cells are discussed further in Goedde!, GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990). Alternatively, the recombinant expression vector can be transcribed and translated in vitro, for example using T7 promoter regulatory sequences and T7 polymerase. [0050] Vectors may be introduced and propagated in a prokaryote. In some embodiments, a prokaryote is

used to amplify copies of a vector to be introduced into a eukaryotic cell or as an intermediate vector in the 5292780 l.DOCX

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production of a vector to be introduced into a eukaryotic cell (e.g. amplifying a plasmid as part of a viral vector packaging system). In some embodiments, a prokaryote is used to amplify copies of a vector and express one or more nucleic acids, such as to provide a source of one or more proteins for delivery to a host cell or host organism. Expression of proteins in prokaryotes is most often carried out in Escherichia coli with vectors containing constitutive or inducible promoters directing the expression of either fusion or non-fusion proteins. Fusion vectors add a number of amino acids to a protein encoded therein, such as to the amino terminus of the recombinant protein. Such fusion vectors may serve one or more purposes, such as: (i) to increase expression of recombinant protein; (ii) to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein; and (iii) to aid in the purification of the recombinant protein by acting as a ligand in affinity purification. Often, in fusion expression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at the junction of the fusion moiety and the recombinant protein to enable separation of the recombinant protein from the fusion moiety subsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Such enzymes, and their cognate recognition sequences, include Factor Xa, thrombin and enterokinase. Example fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Pharmacia Biotech Inc; Smith and Johnson, 1988. Gene 67: 31-40), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) that fuse glutathione S-transferase (GST), maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the target recombinant protein.

[0051] Examples of suitable inducible non-fusion E. coli expression vectors include pTrc (Amrann et al., (1988) Gene 69:301-315) and pET lid (Studier et al., GENE EXPRESSION TECHNOLOGY: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990) 60-89).

[0052] In some embodiments, a vector is a yeast expression vector. Examples of vectors for expression in yeast Saccharomyces cerivisae include pYepSecl (Baldari, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 229-234), pMFa (Kuijan and Herskowitz, 1982. Cell30: 933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz ct al., 1987. Gene 54: 113-123), pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.), and picZ (InVitrogen Corp, San Diego, Calif.).

[0053] In some embodiments, a vector drives protein expression in insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in cultured insect cells (e.g., SF9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith, et al., 1983. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 2156-2165) and the pVL series (Lucklow and Summers, 1989. Virology 170: 31-39).

[0054] In some embodiments, a vector i~ capable of driving expression of one or more

~equences

in

mammalian cells using a mammalian expression vector. Examples of mammalian expression vectors include pCDM8 (Seed, 1987. Nature 329: 840) and pMT2PC (Kaufman, et al., 1987. EMBO J. 6: 187 -195). When used in mammalian cells, the expression vector's control functions are typically provided by one or more regulatory elements. For example, commonly used promoters are derived from polyoma, adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus, simian virus 40, and others disclosed herein and known in the art. For other suitable expression systems for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells see, e.g., Chapters 16 and 17 of Sambrook, et al., MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL. 2nd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989. 5292780 l.DOCX

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[0055] In some embodiments, the recombinant mammalian expression vector is capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid preferentially in a pmiicular cell type (e.g., tissue-specific regulatory elements are used to express the nucleic acid). Tissue-specific regulatory elements are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of suitable tissue-specific promoters include the albumin promoter (liver-specific; Pinkert, et al., 1987. Genes Dev. 1: 268-277), lymphoid-specific promoters (Calame and Eaton, 1988. Adv. Immunol. 43: 235-275), in particular promoters ofT cell receptors (Winoto and Baltimore, 1989. EMBO J. 8: 729-733) and immunoglobulins (Baneiji, et al., 1983. Cell33: 729-740; Queen and Baltimore, 1983. Cell33: 741-748), neuron-specific promoters (e.g., the neurofilament promoter; Byrne and Ruddle, 1989. Proc. Nat!. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5473-5477), pancreas-specific promoters (Edlund, et al., 1985. Science 230: 912-916), and mammary gland-specific promoters (e.g., milk whey promoter; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,316 and European Application Publication No. 264, 166). Developmentally-regulated promoters are also encompassed, e.g., the murine hox promoters (Kessel and Gruss, 1990. Science 249: 374-379) and the a-fetoprotein promoter (Campes and Tilghman, 1989. Genes Dev. 3: 537-546).

[0056] In some embodiments, a regulatory element is operably linked to one or more elements of a CRISPR system so as to drive expression of the one or more elements of the CRTSPR system. Tn general, CRTSPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), also known as SPIDRs (SPacer Interspersed Direct Repeats), constitute a family of DNA loci that are usually specific to a particular bacterial species. The CRISPR locus comprises a distinct class of interspersed short sequence repeats (SSRs) that were recognized in E. coli (Ishino et al., J. Bacterial., 169:5429-5433 [1987]; and Nakata et al., J. Bacterial., 171:3553-3556 [1989]), and associated genes. Similar interspersed SSRs have been identified in Haloferax mediterranei, Streptococcus pyogenes, Anabaena, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (See, Groenen et al., Mol. Microbial., 10:1057-1065 [1993]; Hoc ct al., Emcrg. Infect. Dis., 5:254-263 [1999]; Mascpohl ct al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1307:26-30 [1996]; and Mojica et al., Mol. Microbiol., 17:85-93 [1995]). The CRISPR loci typically differ from other SSRs by the structure of the repeats, which have been termed short regularly spaced repeats (SRSRs) (Janssen et al., OMICS J. Integ. Biol., 6:23-33 [2002]; and Mojica et al., Mol. Microbial., 36:244246 [2000]). In general, the repeats are short elements that occur in clusters that are regularly spaced by unique intervening sequences with a substantially constant length (Mojica et al., [2000], supra). Although the repeat sequences are highly conserved between strains, the number of interspersed repeats and the sequences ofthe spacer regions typically differ from strain to strain (van Embden et al., J. Bacterial., 182:2393-2401 [2000]). CRISPR loci have been identified in more than 40 prokaryotes (See e.g., Jansen et al., Mol. Microbial., 43:1565-1575 [2002]; and Mojica et al., [2005]) including, but not limited to Aeropyrum, Pyrobaculum, Sulfolobus, Archaeoglobus, Halocarcula, A1ethanobacterium, A1ethanococcus, "iV!ethanosarcina, "iV!ethanopyrus, Pyrococcus, Picrophilus, Thermoplasma, Cmynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Streptomyces, Aquifex, Porphyromonas, Chlorobium, Thermus, Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Thermoanaerobacter, Mycoplasma, Fusobacterium, Azarcus, Chromobacterium, Neisseria, Nitrosomonas, Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, Myxococcus, Campylobacter, 5292780 l.DOCX

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Wolinella, Acinetobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Legionella, Methylococcus, Pasteurella, Photobacterium, Salmonella, Xanthomonas, Yersinia, Treponema, and Thermotoga. [0057] In general, "CRISPR system" refers collectively to transcripts and other elements involved in the expression of or directing the activity of CRISPR-associated ("Cas") genes, including sequences encoding a Cas gene, a traer (trans-activating CRISPR) sequence (e.g. tracrRNA or an active partial tracrRNA), a traermate sequence (encompassing a "direct repeat" and a tracrRNA-processed partial direct repeat in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), a guide sequence (also referred to as a "spacer" in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system), or other sequences and transcripts from a CRISPR locus. In some embodiments, one or more elements of a CR1SPR system is derived from a type 1, type 11, or type 111 CR1SPR system. Tn some embodiments, one or more elements of a CRTSPR system is derived from a particular organism comprising an endogenous CRISPR system, such as Streptococcus pyogenes. In general, a CRISPR system is characterized by elements that promote the formation of a CRISPR complex at the site of a target sequence (also referred to as a protospacer in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system). In the context of formation of a CRISPR complex, "target sequence" refers to a sequence to which a guide sequence is designed to have complementarity, where hybridization between a target sequence and a guide sequence promotes the formation of a CRISPR complex. A target sequence may comprise any polynucleotide, such as DNA or RNA polynucleotides. In some embodiments, a target sequence is located in the nucleus or cytoplasm of a cell.

[0058] Typically, in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system, formation of a CRISPR complex (comprising a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence and complexed with one or more Cas proteins) results in cleavage of one or both strands in or near (e.g. within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 50, or more base pairs from) the target sequence. Without wishing to be bound by theory, all or a portion of the traer sequence may also form part of a CRISPR complex, such as by hybridization to all or a portion of a traer mate sequence that is operably linked to the guide sequence. In some embodiments, one or more vectors driving expression of one or more elements of a CRISPR system are introduced into a host cell such that expression of the elements of the CRISPR system direct formation of a CRISPR complex at one or more target sites. For example, a Cas enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a traer-mate sequence, and a traer sequence could each be operably linked to separate regulatory elements on separate vectors. Alternatively, two or more of the elements expressed from the same or different regulatory elements, may be combined in a single vector, with one or more additional vectors providing any components of the CRISPR system not included in the first vector. CRISPR system elements that are combined in a single vector may be arranged in any suitable orientation, such as one element located 5' with respect to ("upstream" of) or 3' with respect to ("downstream" of) a

~econd

element. The coding sequence of one element may be located on the same or

opposite strand ofthe coding sequence of a second element, and oriented in the same or opposite direction. In some embodiments, a single promoter drives expression of a transcript encoding a CRISPR enzyme and one or more of the guide sequence, traer mate sequence (optionally operably linked to the guide sequence), and a 5292780 l.DOCX

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traer sequence embedded within one or more intron sequences (e.g. each in a different intron, two or more in at least one intron, or all in a single intron). In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme, guide sequence, traer mate sequence, and traer sequence are operably linked to and expressed from the same promoter.

[0059] In some embodiments, a vector comprises one or more insertion sites, such as a restriction endonuclease recognition sequence (also referred to as a "cloning site"). In some embodiments, one or more insertion sites (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more insertion sites) are located upstream and/or downstream of one or more sequence elements of one or more vectors. In some embodiments, a vector comprises an insertion site upstream of a traer mate sequence, and optionally downstream of a regulatory element operably linked to the traer mate sequence, such that following insertion of a guide sequence into the insertion site and upon expression the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, a vector comprises two or more insertion sites, each insertion site being located between two traer mate sequences so as to allow inset1ion of a guide sequence at each site. In such an arrangement, the two or more guide sequences may comprise two or more copies of a single guide sequence, two or more different guide sequences, or combinations of these. When multiple different guide sequences are used, a single expression construct may be used to target CRISPR activity to multiple different, corresponding target sequences within a cell. For example, a single vector may comprise about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, or more guide sequences. In some embodiments, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more such guide-sequence-containing vectors may be provided, and optionally delivered to a cell.

[0060] In some embodiments, a vector comprises a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme, such as a Cas protein. Non-limiting examples of Cas proteins include Cas1, Cas1B, Cas2, Cas3, Cas4, Cas5, Cas6, Cas7, Cas8, Cas9 (also known as Csn1 and Csx12), Cas10, Csy1, Csy2, Csy3, Cse1, Cse2, Csc1, Csc2, Csa5, Csn2, Csm2, Csm3, Csm4, Csm5, Csm6, Cmrl, Cmr3, Cmr4, Cmr5, Cnn-6, Csbl, Csb2, Csb3, Csxl7, Csxl4, CsxlO, Csxl6, CsaX, Csx3, Csxl, Csxl5, Csfl, Csf2, Csf3, Csf4, homologues thereof, or modified versions thereof. In some embodiments, the unmodified CRISPR enzyme has DNA cleavage activity, such as Cas9. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands at the location of a target sequence, such as within the target sequence and/or within the complement of the target sequence. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme directs cleavage of one or both strands within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, or more base pairs from the first or last nucleotide of a target sequence. In some embodiments, a vector encodes a CRISPR enzyme that is mutated to with respect to a corresponding wild-type enzyme such that the mutated CRISPR enzyme lacks the ability to cleave one or both strands of a target polynucleotide containing a target sequence. For example, an aspartate-to-alanine substitution (D10A) in the RuvC I catalytic domain ofCas9 from S. pyagenes converts Cas9 from a nuclease that cleaves both strands to a nickase (cleaves a single strand). Other examples of mutations that render Cas9 a nickase include, without limitation, H840A, N854A, and N863A. As a further example, two or more catalytic domains of Cas9 (RuvC I, RuvC II, and RuvC III) 5292780 l.DOCX

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may be mutated to produce a mutated Cas9 substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity. In some embodiments, a D10A mutation is combined with one or more ofH840A, N854A, or N863A mutations to produce a Cas9 enzyme substantially lacking all DNA cleavage activity. In some embodiments, a CRISPR enzyme is considered to substantially lack all DNA cleavage activity when the DNA cleavage activity of the mutated enzyme is less than about 25%, 10%, 5%, 1%, 0.1 %, 0. 01%, or lower with respect to its non-mutated form. [0061] In some embodiments, an enzyme coding sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme is codon optimized

for expression in particular cells, such as eukaryotic cells. The eukaryotic cells may be those of or derived from a patiicular organism, such as a mammal, including but not limited to human, mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, or non-human primate. Tn general, codon optimization refers to a process of modifying a nucleic acid sequence for enhanced expression in the host cells of interest by replacing at least one codon (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more codons) of the native sequence with codons that are more frequently or most frequently used in the genes of that host cell while maintaining the native amino acid sequence. Various species exhibit particular bias for certain codons of a particular amino acid. Codon bias (differences in codon usage between organisms) often correlates with the efficiency of translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), which is in turn believed to be dependent on, among other things, the properties of the codons being translated and the availability of particular transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The predominance of selected tRNAs in a cell is generally a reflection of the codons used most frequently in peptide synthesis. Accordingly, genes can be tailored for optimal gene expression in a given organism based on codon optimization. Codon usage tables are readily available, for example, at the "Codon Usage Database" available at www.kazusa.orjp/codon/ (visited Jul. 9, 2002), and these tables can be adapted in a number of ways. Sec Nakamura, Y., ct al. "Codon usage tabulated from the international DNA sequence databases: status for the year 2000"Nucl. Acids Res. 28:292 (2000). Computer algorithms for codon optimizing a particular sequence for expression in a particular host cell are also available, such as Gene Forge (Aptagen; Jacobus, PA), are also available. In some embodiments, one or more co dons (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, or more, or all codons) in a sequence encoding a CRISPR enzyme correspond to the most frequently used codon for a particular amino acid. [0062] In some embodiments, a vector encodes a CRISPR enzyme comprising one or more nuclear

localization sequences (NLSs), such as about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs. In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme comprises about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the amino-terminus, about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more NLSs at or near the carboxy-terminus, or a combination of these (e.g. one or more NLS at the amino-terminus and one or more NLS at the carboxy terminus). When more than one NLS is present, each may be selected independently of the others, such that a single NLS may be present in more than one copy and/or in combination with one or more other NLSs present in one or more copies. In some embodiments, an NLS is considered near theN- or C-terminus when the nearest amino acid of the NLS is within about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 5292780 l.DOCX

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15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, or more amino acids along the polypeptide chain from theN- or C-terminus. Nonlimiting examples ofNLSs include an NLS sequence derived from: the NLS of the SV40 virus large Tantigen, having the amino acid sequence PKKKRKV; the NLS from nucleoplasmin (e.g. the nucleoplasmin bipartite NLS with the sequence KRPAATKKAGQAKKKK); the c-myc NLS having the amino acid sequence PAAKRVKLD or RQRRNELKRSP; the hRNPAl M9 NLS having the sequence NQSSNFGPMKGGNFGGRSSGPYGGGGQYFAKPRNQGGY; the sequence RMRIZFKNKGKDTAELRRRRVEVSVELRKAKKDEQILKRRNV of the IBB domain from importinalpha; the sequences VSRKRPRP and PPKKARED of the myoma T protein; the sequence POPKKKPL of human p53; the sequence SALlKKKKKMAP of mouse c-abllV; the sequences DRLRR and PKQKKRK of the influenza virus NS 1; the sequence RKLKKKTKKL of the Hepatitis virus delta antigen; the sequence REKKKFLKRR ofthe mouse Mxl protein; the sequence KRKGDEVDGVDEVAKKKSKK ofthe human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; and the sequence RKCLQAGMNLEARKTKK ofthe steroid hormone receptors (human) glucocorticoid.

[0063] In general, the one or more NLSs are of sufficient strength to drive accumulation of the CRISPR enzyme in a detectable amount in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. Tn general, strength of nuclear localization activity may derive from the number ofNLSs in the CRISPR enzyme, the particular NLS(s) used, or a combination of these factors. Detection of accumulation in the nucleus may be performed by any suitable technique. For example, a detectable marker may be fused to the CRISPR enzyme, such that location within a cell may be visualized, such as in combination with a means for detecting the location of the nucleus (e.g. a stain specific for the nucleus such as DAPI). Cell nuclei may also be isolated from cells, the contents of which may then be analyzed by any suitable process for detecting protein, such as immunohistochemistry, Western blot, or enzyme activity assay. Accumulation in the nucleus may also be determined indirectly, such as by an assay for the effect of CRISPR complex formation (e.g. assay for DNA cleavage or mutation at the target sequence, or assay for altered gene expression activity affected by CRISPR complex formation and/or CRISPR enzyme activity), as compared to a control no exposed to the CRISPR enzyme or complex, or exposed to a CRISPR enzyme lacking the one or more NLSs.

[0064] In general, a guide sequence is any polynucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity with a target polynucleotide sequence to hybridize with the target sequence and direct sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to the target sequence. In some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between a guide sequence and its corresponding target sequence, when optimally aligned using a suitable alignment algorithm, is about or more than about 50%, 60%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or more. Optimal alignment may be determined with the use of any suitable algorithm for aligning sequences, nonlimiting example of which include the Smith-Waterman algorithm, the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, algorithms based on the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (e.g. the Burrows Wheeler Aligner), ClustalW, Clustal X, BLAT, Novoalign (Novocraft Technologies; available at www.novocraft.com), ELAND (Illumina, San Diego, CA), SOAP (available at soap.genomics.org.cn), and Maq (available at maq.sourceforge.net). In some 5292780 l.DOCX

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embodiments,aguidesequenceisaboutormorethanabout5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,20,21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 75, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, a guide sequence is less than about 75, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 12, or fewer nucleotides in length. The ability of a guide sequence to direct sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence may be assessed by any suitable assay. For example, the components of a CRISPR system sufficient to form a CRISPR complex, including the guide sequence to be tested, may be provided to a host cell having the corresponding target sequence, such as by transfection with vectors encoding the components of the CRISPR sequence, followed by an assessment of preferential cleavage within the target sequence, such as by Surveyor assay as described herein. Similarly, cleavage of a target polynucleotide sequence may be evaluated in a test tube by providing the target sequence, components of a CRTSPR complex, including the guide sequence to be tested and a control guide sequence different from the test guide sequence, and comparing binding or rate of cleavage at the target sequence between the test and control guide sequence reactions. Other assays are possible, and will occur to those skilled in the art.

[0065] A guide sequence may be selected to target any target sequence. In some embodiments, the target sequence is a sequence within a genome of a cell. Exemplary target sequences include those that are unique in the target genome. For example, for the S. pyogenes Cas9, a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXGG where NNNNNNNNNNNNXGG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome. A unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. pyagenes Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXGG where NNNNNNNNNNNXGG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome. For the S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9, a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW where NNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome. A unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. thermophilus CRISPR1 Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW where NNNNNNNNNNNXXAGAAW (N is A, G, T, or C; X can be anything; and W is A or T) has a single occurrence in the genome. For the S. pyogenes Cas9, a unique target sequence in a genome may include a Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG where NNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome. A unique target sequence in a genome may include an S. pyogenes Cas9 target site of the form MMMMMMMMMNNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG where NNNNNNNNNNNXGGXG (N is A, G, T, or C; and X can be anything) has a single occurrence in the genome. In each of these sequences "M" may be A, G, T, or C, and need not be considered in identifying a sequence as unique.

[0066] In some embodiments, a guide sequence is selected to reduce the degree secondary structure within the guide sequence. In some embodiments, about or less than about 75%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 5292780 l.DOCX

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10%, 5%, 1%, or fewer of the nucleotides of the guide sequence participate in self-complementary base pairing when optimally folded. Optimal folding may be determined by any suitable polynucleotide folding algorithm. Some programs are based on calculating the minimal Gibbs free energy. An example of one such algorithm is mFold, as described by Zuker and Stiegler (Nucleic Acids Res. 9 (1981 ), 133-148). Another example folding algorithm is the online webserver RNAfold, developed at Institute for Theoretical Chemistry at the University ofVienna, using the centroid structure prediction algorithm (see e.g. A.R. Gruber et al., 2008, Cell106(1): 23-24; and PA Carr and GM Church, 2009, Nature Biotechnology 27(12): 1151-62).

[0067] In general, a traer mate sequence includes any sequence that has sufficient complementarity with a traer sequence to promote one or more of: ( 1) excision of a guide sequence flanked by traer mate sequences in a cell containing the corresponding traer sequence; and (2) formation of a CRTSPR complex at a target sequence, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises the traer mate sequence hybridized to the traer sequence. In general, degree of complementarity is with reference to the optimal alignment of the traer mate sequence and traer sequence, along the length of the shorter of the two sequences. Optimal alignment may be determined by any suitable alignment algorithm, and may further account for secondary structures, such as self-complementarity within either the traer sequence or traer mate sequence. Tn some embodiments, the degree of complementarity between the traer sequence and traer mate sequence along the length of the shorter of the two when optimally aligned is about or more than about 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97.5%, 99%, or higher. Example illustrations of optimal alignment between a traer sequence and a traer mate sequence are provided in Figures liB and 12B. In some embodiments, the traer sequence is about or morethanabout5,6, 7,R,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 1R, 19,20,25,30,40,50,ormorenucleotidesin length. In some embodiments, the traer sequence and traer mate sequence are contained within a single transcript, such that hybridization between the two produces a transcript having a secondary structure, such as a hairpin. An example illustration of such a hairpin structure is provided in the lower portion of Figure 12B, where the portion of the sequence 5' of the final "N' and upstream of the loop corresponds to the traer mate sequence, and the portion of the sequence 3' of the loop corresponds to the traer sequence. Further nonlimiting examples of single polynucleotides comprising a guide sequence, a traer mate sequence, and a traer sequence are as follows (listed 5' to 3 '), where "N" represents a base of a guide sequence, the first block of lower case letters repre~ent the traer mate sequence, and the second block of lower case letters represent the traer sequence, and the final poly-T sequence represents the transcription terminator: (1) gtttttgtactctcaagatttaGAAAtaaatcttgcagaagctacaaagataaggcttcatgccgaaatc aacaccctgtcattttatggcagggtgttttc gttatttaaTTTTTT; (2) n i ' nn i ·u, J" ngtttttgtactctcaGAAAtgcagaagctacaaagataaggcttcatgccgaaatcaacaccctgtcatt ttatggcagggtgttttcgttatttaaTTTTTT; ( 3) gtttttgtactctcaGAAAtgcagaagctacaaagataaggcttcatgccgaaatcaacaccctgtcatt ttatggcagggtgtTTTTTT; ( 4) n i ' nn i ·u, J" ngttttagagctaGAAAtagcaagttaaaataaggctagtccgttatcaacttgaaaaagtggcaccga 5292780 l.DOCX

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gtcggtgcTTTTTT; (5) gttttagagctaGAAAT AGcaagttaaaataaggctagtccgttatcaacttgaaaaagtgTTTT TTT; and (6) n i' nn i

' H ' JL u

,gttttagagctagAAAT AGcaagttaaaataaggctagtccgttatcaTTTTTTTT In 0

some embodiments, sequences (1) to (3) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. thermophilus CRISPRl. In some embodiments, sequences (4) to (6) are used in combination with Cas9 from S. pyogenes. In some embodiments, the traer sequence is a separate transcript from a transcript comprising the traer mate sequence (such as illustrated in the top portion of Figure 12B).

[0068] ln some embodiments, a recombination template is also provided. A recombination template may be a component of another vector as described herein, contained in a separate vector, or provided as a separate polynucleotide. In some embodiments, a recombination template is designed to serve as a template in homologous recombination, such as within or near a target sequence nicked or cleaved by a CRISPR enzyme as a part of a CRISPR complex. A template polynucleotide may be of any suitable length, such as about or more than about 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150,200, 500, 1000, or more nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the template polynucleotide is complementary to a portion of a polynucleotide comprising the target sequence. When optimally aligned, a template polynucleotide might overlap with one or more nucleotides of a target sequences (e.g. about or more than about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, or more nucleotides ). In some embodiments, when a template sequence and a polynucleotide comprising a target sequence are optimally aligned, the nearest nucleotide of the template polynucleotide is within about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, or more nucleotides from the target sequence.

[0069] In some embodiments, the CRISPR enzyme is part of a fusion protein comprising one or more heterologous protein domains (e.g. about or more than about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more domains in addition to the CRISPR enzyme). A CRISPR enzyme fusion protein may comprise any additional protein sequence, and optionally a linker sequence between any two domains. Examples of protein domains that may be fused to a CRISPR enzyme include, without limitation, epitope tags, reporter gene sequences, and protein domains having one or more of the following activities: methylase activity, demethylase activity, transcription activation activity, transcription repression activity, transcription release factor activity, histone modification activity, RNA cleavage activity and nucleic acid binding activity. Non-limiting examples of epitope tags include histidine (His) tags, V5 tags, FLAG tags, influenza hemagglutinin (HA) tags, Myc tags, VSV-G tags, and thioredoxin (Trx) tags. Examples of reporter genes include, but are not limited to, glutathione-Stransferase (GST), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) betagalactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and autofluorescent proteins including blue fluorescent protein (BFP). A CRISPR enzyme may be fused to a gene sequence encoding a protein or a fragment of a protein that bind DNA molecules or bind other cellular molecules, including but not limited to maltose binding protein (MBP), S-tag, Lex A DNA binding domain (DBD) fusions, GAL4 DNA binding 5292780 l.DOCX

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domain fusions, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) BP16 protein fusions. Additional domains that may form pmi of a fusion protein comprising a CRISPR enzyme are described in US2011 0059502, incorporated herein by reference. In some embodiments, a tagged CRISPR enzyme is used to identify the location of a target sequence.

[0070] In some embodiments, a CRISPR enzyme may form a component of a Light Inducible Transcriptional Effector (LITE) to direct changes in transcriptional activity in a sequence-specific manner. The components of a light may include a CRISPR enzyme, a light-responsive cytochrome heterodimer (e.g. from Arabidopsis thaliana), and a transcriptional activation/repression domain. A guide sequence may be selected to direct CRISPR complex formation at a promoter sequence of a gene of interest. The CRISPR enzyme may be fused to one half of the cryptochrome heterodimer ( cryptochrome-2 or CTB 1), while the remaining cryptochrome partner is fused to a transcriptional effector domain. Effector domains may be either activators, such as VP16, VP64, or p65, or repressors, such as KRAB, EnR, or SID. In a LITE's unstimulated state, the CRISPR-cryptochrome2 protein localizes to the promoter of the gene of interest, but is not bound to the CIB }-effector protein. Upon stimulation of a LITE with blue spectrum light, cryptochrome-2 becomes activated, undergoes a conformational change, and reveals its binding domain. CTB 1, in tum, binds to cryptochrome-2 resulting in localization of the effector domain to the promoter region of the gene of interest and initiating gene overexpression or silencing. Activator and repressor domains may selected on the basis of species, strength, mechanism, duration, size, or any number of other parameters. Preferred effector domains include, but are not limited to, a transposase domain, integrase domain, recombinase domain, resolvase domain, invertase domain, protease domain, DNA methyltransferase domain, DNA demethylase domain, histone acetylase domain, histone deacetylases domain, nuclease domain, repressor domain, activator domain, nuclear-localization signal domains, transcription-protein recruiting domain, cellular uptake activity associated domain, nucleic acid binding domain or antibody presentation domain. Further examples of inducible DNA binding proteins and methods for their use are provided in US 61/736465, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0071] In some aspects, the invention provides methods comprising delivering one or more polynucleotides, such as or one or more vectors as described herein, one or more transcripts thereof, and/or one or proteins transcribed therefrom, to a host cell. In some aspects, the invention further provides cells produced by such methods, and animals comprising or produced from such cells. In some embodiments, a CRISPR enzyme in combination with (and optionally complexed with) a guide sequence is delivered to a cell. Conventional viral and non-viral based gene transfer methods can be used to introduce nucleic acids in mammalian cells or target tissues. Such methods can be used to administer nucleic acids encoding components of a CRISPR system to cells in culture, or in a host organism. Non-viral vector delivery systems include DNA plasmids, RNA (e.g. a transcript of a vector described herein), naked nucleic acid, and nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle, such as a liposome. Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes after delivery to the cell. For a review of gene therapy procedures, see 5292780 l.DOCX

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Anderson, Science 256:808-813 (1992); Nabel & Feigner, TIBTECH 11:211-217 (1993); Mitani & Caskey, TIBTECH 11:162-166 (1993); Dillon, TIBTECH 11:167-175 (1993); Miller, Nature 357:455-460 (1992); Van Brunt, Biotechnology 6(1 0): 1149-1154 (1988); Vigue, Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 8:35-36 (1995); Kremer & Perricaudet, British Medical Bulletin51(1):31-44 (1995); Haddada et al., in Cunent Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Doerfler and Bohm (eds) (1995); and Yu et al., Gene Therapy 1:13-26 (1994).

[0072] Methods of non-viral delivery of nucleic acids include lipofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid:nucleic acid conjugates, naked DNA, artificial virions, and agent-enhanced uptake of DNA. Lipofection is described in e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,049,386, 4,946,787; and 4,897,355) and lipofection reagents are sold commercially (e.g., TransfectamTM and Lipofectin™). Cationic and neutral lipids that are suitable for efficient receptor-recognitionlipofection of polynucleotides include those ofFelgner, WO 91/17424; WO 91/16024. Delivery can be to cells (e.g. in vitro or ex vivo administration) or target tissues (e.g. in vivo administration).

[0073] The preparation of lipid:nucleic acid complexes, including targeted liposomes such as immunolipid complexes, is well known to one of skill in the art (see, e.g., Crystal, Science 270:404-410 (1995); Blaese et al., Cancer Gene Ther. 2:291-297 (1995); Behr et al., Bioconjugate Chern. 5:382-389 (1994); Remy et al., Bioconjugate Chern. 5:647-654 (1994); Gao et al., Gene Therapy 2:710-722 (1995); Ahmad et al., Cancer Res. 52:4817-4820 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4, 186,183, 4,217,344, 4,235,871, 4,261,975, 4,485,054, 4,501,728, 4,774,085, 4,837,028, and 4,946,787).

[0074] The use of RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids take advantage of highly evolved processes for targeting a virus to specific cells in the body and trafficking the viral payload to the nucleus. Viral vectors can be administered directly to patients (in vivo) or they can be used to treat cells in vitro, and the modified cells may optionally be administered to patients (ex vivo). Conventional viral based systems could include retroviral, lentivirus, adenoviral, adena-associated and herpes simplex virus vectors for gene transfer. Integration in the host genome is possible with the retrovirus, lentivirus, and adenaassociated virus gene transfer methods, often resulting in long term expression of the inserted trans gene. Additionally, high transduction efficiencies have been observed in many different cell types and target tissues.

[0075] The tropism of a retrovirus can be altered by incorporating foreign envelope proteins, expanding the potential target population of target cells. Lentiviral vectors are retroviral vectors that are able to transduce or infect non-dividing cells and typically produce high viral titers. Selection of a retroviral gene transfer system would therefore depend on the target tissue. Retroviral vectors are comprised of cis-acting long teiTninal repeats with packaging capacity for up to 6-10 kb of foreign sequence. The minimum cis-acting LTRs are sufficient for replication and packaging of the vectors, which are then used to integrate the therapeutic gene into the target cell to provide permanent trans gene expression. Widely used retroviral vectors include those based upon murine leukemia virus (MuLV), gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV), Simian Immuno deficiency virus (SIV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and combinations thereof(see, e.g., Buchscher et al., J. 5292780 l.DOCX

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Virol. 66:2731-2739 (1992); Johann et al., J. Virol. 66:1635-1640 (1992); Sommnerfelt et al., Virol. 176:5859 (1990); Wilson et al., J. Virol. 63:2374-2378 (1989); Miller et al., J. Virol. 65:2220-2224 (1991); PCT/US94/05700). [0076] In applications where transient expression is preferred, adenoviral based systems may be used.

Adenoviral based vectors are capable of very high transduction efficiency in many cell types and do not require cell division. With such vectors, high titer and levels of expression have been obtained. This vector can be produced in large quantities in a relatively simple system. Adeno-associated virus ("AAV") vectors may also be used to transduce cells with target nucleic acids, e.g., in the in vitro production of nucleic acids and peptides, and for in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy procedures (see, e.g., West et al., Virology 160:38-47 (1987); U.S. Pat. No. 4,797,368; WO 93/24641; Kotin, Human Gene Therapy 5:793-801 (1994); Muzyczka, J. Clin. Invest. 94:1351 (1994). Construction of recombinant AAV vectors are described in a number of publications, including U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,414; Tratschin et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:3251-3260 (1985); Tratschin, et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2072-2081 (1984); Hermonat & Muzyczka, PNAS 81:6466-6470 (1984); and Samulski et al., J. Virol. 63:03822-3828 (1989). [0077] Packaging cells are typically used to form virus pm1icles that are capable of infecting a host cell.

Such cells include 293 cells, which package adenovirus, and \j/2 cells or PA317 cells, which package retrovirus. Viral vectors used in gene therapy are usually generated by producer a cell line that packages a nucleic acid vector into a viral particle. The vectors typically contain the minimal viral sequences required for packaging and subsequent integration into a host, other viral sequences being replaced by an expression cassette for the polynucleotide(s) to be expressed. The missing viral functions are typically supplied in trans by the packaging cell line. For example, AAV vectors used in gene therapy typically only possess ITR sequences from the AAV genome which arc required for packaging and integration into the host genome. Viral DNA is packaged in a cell line, which contains a helper plasmid encoding the other AAV genes, namely rep and cap, but lacking ITR sequences. The cell line may also also infected with adenovirus as a helper. The helper virus promotes replication of the AAV vector and expression of AAV genes from the helper plasmid. The helper plasmid is not packaged in significant amounts due to a lack ofiTR sequences. Contamination with adenovirus can be reduced by, e.g., heat treatment to which adenovirus is more sensitive than AAV. Additional methods for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells are known to those skilled in the art. See, for example, US20030087817, incorporated herein by reference. [0078] In some embodiments, a host cell is transiently or non-transiently transfected with one or more

vectors described herein. In some embodiments, a cell is transfected as it naturally occurs in a subject. In some embodiments, a cell that is transfected is taken from a subject. In some embodiments, the cell is derived from cells taken from a subject, such as a cell line. A wide variety of cell lines for tissue culture are known in the art. Examples of cell lines include, but are not limited to, C8161, CCRF -CEM, MOLT, miMCD-3, NHDF, HeLa-S3, Huhl, Huh4, Huh7, HUVEC, HASMC, HEKn, HEKa, MiaPaCell, Panel, PC-3, TFl, CTLL-2, ClR, Rat6, CVl, RPTE, AlO, T24, J82, A375, ARH-77, Calul, SW480, SW620, SKOV3, SK-UT, 5292780 l.DOCX

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CaCo2, P388Dl, SEM-K2, WEHI-231, HB56, TIB55, Jurkat, J45.01, LRMB, Bel-l, BC-3, IC21, DLD2, Raw264.7, NRK, NRK-52E, MRC5, MEF, Hep G2, HeLa B, HeLa T4, COS, COS-I, COS-6, COS-M6A, BS-C-1 monkey kidney epithelial, BALBI 3T3 mouse embryo fibroblast, 3T3 Swiss, 3T3-Ll, 132-d5 human fetal fibroblasts; 10.1 mouse fibroblasts, 293-T, 3T3, 721, 9L, A2780, A2780ADR, A2780cis, A172, A20, A253, A431, A-549, ALC, Bl6, B35, BCP-1 cells, BEAS-2B, bEnd.3, BHK-21, BR 293, BxPC3, C3H10Tl/2, C6/36, Cal-27, CHO, CH0-7, CHO-IR, CHO-Kl, CHO-K2, CHO-T, CHO Dhfr -/-, COR-L23, COR-L23/CPR, COR-L23/5010, COR-L23/R23, COS-7, COV-434, CML Tl, CMT, CT26, D17, DH82, DU145, DuCaP, EL4, EM2, EM3, EMT6/AR1, EMT6/AR10.0, FM3, H1299, H69, HB54, HB55, HCA2, HEK-293, HeLa, Hepalclc7, HL-60, HMEC, HT-29, Jurkat, JY cells, K562 cells, Ku812, KCL22, KGI, KYOl, LNCap, Ma-Mell-48, MC-38, MCF-7, MCF-lOA, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-435, MDCK II, MDCK II, MOR/0.2R, MONO-MAC 6, MTD-IA, MyEnd, NCI-H69/CPR, NCI-H69/LX10, NCIH69/LX20, NCI-H69/LX4, NIH-3T3, NALM-1, NW-145, OPCN I OPCT cell lines, Peer, PNT-IA I PNT 2, RenCa, RIN-5F, RMA/RMAS, Saos-2 cells, Sf-9, SkBr3, T2, T-47D, T84, THPI cell line, U373, U87, U937, VCaP, Vero cells, WM39, WT-49, X63, YAC-1, YAR, and transgenic varieties thereof. Cell lines are available from a variety of sources known to those with skill in the art (see, e.g., the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassus, Va.)). In some embodiments, a cell transfected with one or more vectors described herein is used to establish a new cell line comprising one or more vector-derived sequences. In some embodiments, a cell transiently transfected with the components of a CRISPR system as described herein (such as by transient transfection of one or more vectors, or transfection with RNA), and modified through the activity of a CRISPR complex, is used to establish a new cell line comprising cells containing the modification but lacking any other exogenous sequence. In some embodiments, cells transiently or nontransiently transfcctcd with one or more vectors described herein, or cell lines derived from such cells arc used in assessing one or more test compounds. [0079] In some embodiments, one or more vectors described herein are used to produce a non-human

transgenic animal or transgenic plant. In some embodiments, the transgenic animal is a mammal, such as a mouse, rat, or rabbit. Methods for producing transgenic plants and animals are known in the art, and generally begin with a method of cell transfection, such as described herein. [0080] In one aspect, the invention provides for methods of modifying a target polynucleotide in a eukaryotic

cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the target polynucleotide to effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide thereby modifying the target polynucleotide, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said target polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a traer mate sequence which in turn hybridizes to a traer sequence. [0081] In one aspect, the invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide in a

eukaryotic cell. In some embodiments, the method comprises allowing a CRISPR complex to bind to the polynucleotide such that said binding results in increased or decreased expression of said polynucleotide; 5292780 l.DOCX

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wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within said polynucleotide, wherein said guide sequence is linked to a traer mate sequence which in tum hybridizes to a traer sequence.

[0082] In one aspect, the invention provides a computer system for selecting one or more candidate target sequences within a nucleic acid sequence in a eukaryotic cell for targeting by a CRISPR complex. In some embodiments, the system comprises (a) a memory unit configured to receive and/ or store said nucleic acid sequence; and (b) one or more processors alone or in combination programmed to (i) locate a CRISPR motif sequence within said nucleic acid sequence, and (ii) select a sequence adjacent to said located CRISPR motif sequence as the candidate target sequence to which the CRlSPR complex binds.

[0083] Tn one aspect, the invention provides a computer readable medium comprising codes that, upon execution by one or more processors, implements a method of selecting a candidate target sequence within a nucleic acid sequence in a eukaryotic cell for targeting by a CRISPR complex. In some embodiments, the method comprises (a) locating a CRISPR motif sequence within said nucleic acid sequence, and (b) selecting a sequence adjacent to said located CRISPR motif sequence as the candidate target sequence to which the CRTSPR complex binds.

[0084] A computer system (or digital device) may be used to receive and store results, analyze the results, and/or produce a report of the results and analysis. A computer system may be understood as a logical apparatus that can read instructions from media (e.g. software) and/or network port (e.g. from the internet), which can optionally be connected to a server having fixed media. A computer system may comprise one or more of a CPU, disk drives, input devices such as keyboard and/ or mouse, and a display (e.g. a monitor). Data communication, such as transmission of instructions or reports, can be achieved through a communication medium to a server at a local or a remote location. The communication medium can include any means of transmitting and/or receiving data. For example, the communication medium can be a network connection, a wireless connection, or an internet connection. Such a connection can provide for communication over the World Wide Web. It is envisioned that data relating to the present invention can be transmitted over such networks or connections (or any other suitable means for transmitting information, including but not limited to mailing a physical report, such as a print-out) for reception and/or for review by a receiver. The receiver can be but is not limited to an individual, or electronic system (e.g. one or more computers, and/or one or more servers).

[0085] In some embodiments, the computer system comprises one or more processors. Processors may be associated with one or more controllers, calculation units, and/ or other units of a computer system, or implanted in firmware as desired. If implemented in software, the routines may be stored in any computer readable memory such as in RAM, ROM, flash memory, a magnetic disk, a laser disk, or other suitable storage medium. Likewise, this software may be delivered to a computing device via any known delivery method including, for example, over a communication channel such as a telephone line, the internet, a wireless connection, etc., or via a transportable medium, such as a computer readable disk, flash drive, etc. 5292780 l.DOCX

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The various steps may be implemented as various blocks, operations, tools, modules and techniques which, in turn, may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination of hardware, firmware, and/or software. When implemented in hardware, some or all ofthe blocks, operations, techniques, etc. may be implemented in, for example, a custom integrated circuit (IC), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable logic array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), etc.

[0086] A client-server, relational database architecture can be used in embodiments of the invention. A client-server architecture is a network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server. Server computers are typically powerful computers dedicated to managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers). Client computers include PCs (personal computers) or workstations on which users run applications, as well as example output devices as disclosed herein. Client computers rely on server computers for resources, such as files, devices, and even processing power. In some embodiments of the invention, the server computer handles all of the database functionality. The client computer can have software that handles all the front-end data management and can also receive data input from users.

[0087] A machine readable medium comprising computer-executable code may take many forms, including but not limited to, a tangible storage medium, a carrier wave medium or physical transmission medium. Nonvolatile storage media include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, such as may be used to implement the databases, etc. shown in the drawings. Volatile storage media include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media include coaxial cables; copper wire and fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium with patterns of holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, or any other medium from which a computer may read programming code and/or data. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

[0088] The subject computer-executable code can be executed on any suitable device comprising a processor, including a server, a PC, or a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet. Any controller or computer optionally includes a monitor, which can be a cathode ray tube ("CRT") display, a flat panel display (e.g., active matrix liquid crystal display, liquid crystal display, etc.), or others. Computer circuitry is often placed in a box, which includes numerous integrated circuit chips, such as a microprocessor, memory, interface circuits, and others. The box also optionally includes a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a high 5292780 l.DOCX

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capacity removable drive such as a writeable CD-ROM, and other common peripheral elements. Inputting devices such as a keyboard, mouse, or touch-sensitve screen, optionally provide for input from a user. The computer can include appropriate software for receiving user instructions, either in the form of user input into a set of parameter fields, e.g., in a GUI, or in the form ofpreprogrammed instructions, e.g., preprogrammed for a variety of different specific operations.

[0089] In one aspect, the invention provides kits containing any one or more of the elements disclosed in the above methods and compositions. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a vector system and instructions for using the kit. In some embodiments, the vector system comprises (a) a first regulatory element operably linked to a traer mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the traer mate sequence, wherein when expressed, the guide sequence directs sequence-specific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a eukaryotic cell, wherein the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with ( 1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the traer mate sequence that is hybridized to the traer sequence; and/or (b) a second regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence. Elements may provide individually or in combinations, and may provided in any suitable container, such as a vial, a bottle, or a tube. In some embodiments, the kit includes instructions in one or more languages, for example in more than one language.

[0090] In some embodiments, a kit comprises one or more reagents for use in a process utilizing one or more of the elements described herein. Reagents may be provided in any suitable container. For example, a kit may provide one or more reaction or storage buffers. Reagents may be provided in a form that is usable in a particular assay, or in a form that requires addition of one or more other components before use (e.g. in concentrate or lyophilized form). A buffer can be any buffer,, including but not limited to a sodium carbonate buffer, a sodium bicarbonate buffer, a borate buffer, a Tris buffer, a MOPS buffer, a HEPES buffer, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the buffer is alkaline. In some embodiments, the buffer has a pH from about 7 to about 10. In some embodiments, the kit comprises one or more oligonucleotides corresponding to a guide sequence for insertion into a vector so as to operably link the guide sequence and a regulatory element. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a homologous recombination template polynucleotide.

[0091] In one aspect, the invention provides methods for using one or more elements of a CRISPR system. The CRISPR complex of the invention provides an effective means for modifying a target polynucleotide. The CRISPR complex of the invention has a wide variety of utility including modifying (e.g., deleting, inserting, translocating, inactivating, activating) a target polynucleotide in a multiplicity of cell types. As such the CRISPR complex of the invention has a broad spectrum of applications in, e.g., gene therapy, drug screening, disease diagnosis, and prognosis. An exemplary CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with a guide sequence hybridized to a target sequence within the target polynucleotide. The guide sequence is linked to a traer mate sequence, which in turn hybridizes to a traer sequence. 5292780 l.DOCX

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[0092] In one embodiment, this invention provides a method of cleaving a target polynucleotide. The

method comprises modifying a target polynucleotide using a CRISPR complex that binds to the target polynucleotide and effect cleavage of said target polynucleotide. Typically, the CRISPR complex ofthe invention, when introduced into a cell, creates a break (e.g., a single or a double strand break) in the genome sequence. For example, the method can be used to cleave a disease gene in a cell. [0093] The break created by the CRISPR complex can be repaired by a repair process such as a homology-

directed repair process. During the repair process, an exogenous polynucleotide template can be introduced into the genome sequence. In some methods, a homology-directed repair process is used modify genome sequence. For example, an exogenous polynucleotide template comprising a sequence to be integrated flanked by an upstream sequence and a downstream sequence is introduced into a cell. The upstream and downstream sequences share sequence similarity with either side of the site of integration in the chromosome. [0094] Where desired, a donor polynucleotide can be DNA, e.g., a DNA plasmid, a bacterial artificial

chromosome (BAC), a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), a viral vector, a linear piece of DNA, a PCR fragment, a naked nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle such as a liposome or poloxamer. [0095] The exogenous polynucleotide template comprises a sequence to be integrated (e.g, a mutated gene).

The sequence for integration may be a sequence endogenous or exogenous to the cell. Examples of a sequence to be integrated include polynucleotides encoding a protein or a non-coding RNA (e.g., a microRNA). Thus, the sequence for integration may be operably linked to an appropriate control sequence or sequences. Alternatively, the sequence to be integrated may provide a regulatory function. [0096] The upstream and downstream sequences in the exogenous polynucleotide template are selected to

promote recombination between the chromosomal sequence of interest and the donor polynucleotide. The upstream sequence is a nucleic acid sequence that shares sequence similarity with the genome sequence upstream of the targeted site for integration. Similarly, the downstream sequence is a nucleic acid sequence that shares sequence similarity with the chromosomal sequence downstream of the targeted site of integration. The upstream and downstream sequences in the exogenous polynucleotide template can have 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% sequence identity with the targeted genome sequence. Preferably, the upstream and downstream sequences in the exogenous polynucleotide template have about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity with the targeted genome sequence. In some methods, the upstream and downstream sequences in the exogenous polynucleotide template have about 99% or 100% sequence identity with the targeted genome sequence. [0097] An upstream or downstream sequence may comprise from about 20 bp to about 2500 bp, for example,

about50, 100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1000,1100,1200,1300,1400,1500,1600,1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, or 2500 bp. In some methods, the exemplary upstream or downstream sequence have about 200 bp to about 2000 bp, about 600 bp to about 1000 bp, or more particularly about 700 bp to about 1000 bp. 5292780 l.DOCX

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[0098] In some methods, the exogenous polynucleotide template may further comprise a marker. Such a

marker may make it easy to screen for targeted integrations. Examples of suitable markers include restriction sites, fluorescent proteins, or selectable markers. The exogenous polynucleotide template of the invention can be constructed using recombinant techniques (see, for example, Sambrook et al., 2001 and Ausubel et al., 1996). [0099] In an exemplary method for modifying a target polynucleotide by integrating an exogenous

polynucleotide template, a double stranded break is introduced into the genome sequence by the CRISPR complex, the break is repaired via homologous recombination an exogenous polynucleotide template such that the template is integrated into the genome. The presence of a double-stranded break facilitates integration of the template. [001 00] In other embodiments, this invention provides a method of modifying expression of a polynucleotide

in a eukaryotic cell. The method comprises increasing or decreasing expression of a target polynucleotide by using a CRISPR complex that binds to the polynucleotide. [001 011 Where desired, to effect the modification of the expression in a cell, one or more vectors comprising a

traer sequence, a guide sequence linked to the traer mate sequence, a sequence encoding a CRTSPR enzyme is delivered to a cell. In some methods, the one or more vectors comprises a regulatory element operably linked to an enzyme-coding sequence encoding said CRISPR enzyme comprising a nuclear localization sequence; and a regulatory element operably linked to a traer mate sequence and one or more insertion sites for inserting a guide sequence upstream of the traer mate sequence. When expressed, the guide sequence directs sequencespecific binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a cell. Typically, the CRISPR complex comprises a CRISPR enzyme complexed with ( 1) the guide sequence that is hybridized to the target sequence, and (2) the traer mate sequence that is hybridized to the traer sequence. [00102] In some methods, a target polynucleotide can be inactivated to effect the modification of the

expression in a cell. For example, upon the binding of a CRISPR complex to a target sequence in a cell, the target polynucleotide is inactivated such that the sequence is not transcribed, the coded protein is not produced, or the sequence does not function as the wild-type sequence does. For example, a protein or microRNA coding sequence may be inactivated such that the protein is not produced. [00103] In some methods, a control sequence can be inactivated such that it no longer functions as a control

sequence. As used herein, "control sequence" refers to any nucleic acid sequence that effects the transcription, translation, or accessibility of a nucleic acid sequence. Examples of a control sequence include, a promoter, a transcription terminator, and an enhancer are control sequences. [00104] The inactivated target sequence may include a deletion mutation (i.e., deletion of one or more

nucleotides), an insertion mutation (i.e., insertion of one or more nucleotides), or a nonsense mutation (i.e., substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide such that a stop codon is introduced). In some methods, the inactivation of a target sequence results in"knock-out" ofthe target sequence.

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[001 05] A method of the invention may be used to create an animal or cell that may be used as a disease

model. As used herein, "disease" refers to a disease, disorder, or indication in a subject. For example, a method ofthe invention may be used to create an animal or cell that comprises a modification in one or more nucleic acid sequences associated with a disease, or an animal or cell in which the expression of one or more nucleic acid sequences associated with a disease are altered. Such a nucleic acid sequence may encode a disease associated protein sequence or may be a disease associated control sequence. [001 06] In some methods, the disease model can be used to study the effects of mutations on the animal or

cell and development and/or progression of the disease using measures commonly used in the study of the disease. Alternatively, such a disease model is useful for studying the effect of a pharmaceutically active compound on the disease. [001 07] In some methods, the disease model can be used to assess the efficacy of a potential gene therapy

strategy. That is, a disease-associated gene or polynucleotide can be modified such that the disease development and/or progression is inhibited or reduced. In particular, the method comprises modifying a disease-associated gene or polynucleotide such that an altered protein is produced and, as a result, the animal or cell has an altered response. Accordingly, in some methods, a genetically modified animal may be compared with an animal predisposed to development of the disease such that the effect of the gene therapy event may be assessed. [001 08] In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of developing a biologically active agent

that modulates a cell signaling event associated with a disease gene. The method comprises contacting a test compound with a cell comprising one or more vectors that drive expression of one or more of a CRISPR enzyme, a guide sequence linked to a traer mate sequence, and a traer sequence; and detecting a change in a readout that is indicative of a reduction or an augmentation of a cell signaling event associated with, e.g., a mutation in a disease gene contained in the cell. [00109]A cell model or animal model can be constructed in combination with the method of the invention for

screening a cellular function change. Such a model may be used to study the effects of a genome sequence modified by the CRISPR complex of the invention on a cellular function of interest. For example, a cellular function model may be used to study the effect of a modified genome sequence on intracellular signaling or extracellular signaling. Alternatively, a cellular function model may be used to study the effects of a modified genome sequence on sensory perception. In some such models, one or more genome sequences associated with a signaling biochemical pathway in the model are modified.

[OOllO]An altered expression of one or more genome sequences associated with a signaling biochemical pathway can be determined by assaying for a difference in the mRNA levels of the corresponding genes between the test model cell and a control cell, when they are contacted with a candidate agent. Alternatively, the differential expression of the sequences associated with a signaling biochemical pathway is determined by detecting a difference in the level of the encoded polypeptide or gene product.

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[00111] To assay for an agent-induced alteration in the level of mRNA transcripts or conesponding polynucleotides, nucleic acid contained in a sample is first extracted according to standard methods in the a1i. For instance, mRNA can be isolated using various lytic enzymes or chemical solutions according to the procedures set forth in Sambrook et al. ( 1989), or extracted by nucleic-acid-binding resins following the accompanying instructions provided by the manufacturers. The mRNA contained in the extracted nucleic acid sample is then detected by amplification procedures or conventional hybridization assays (e.g. Northern blot analysis) according to methods widely known in the art or based on the methods exemplified herein.

[00112] For purpose of this invention, amplification means any method employing a primer and a polymerase capable of replicating a target sequence with reasonable fidelity. Amplification may be carried out by natural or recombinant DNA polymerases such as TaqGold™, T7 DNA polymerase, Klenow fragment ofE.coli DNA polymerase, and reverse transcriptase. A prefened amplification method is PCR. In particular, the isolated RNA can be subjected to a reverse transcription assay that is coupled with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT -PCR) in order to quantify the expression level of a sequence associated with a signaling biochemical pathway.

[00113] Detection of the gene expression level can be conducted in real time in an amplification assay. ln one aspect, the amplified products can be directly visualized with fluorescent DNA-binding agents including but not limited to DNA intercalators and DNA groove binders. Because the amount of the intercalators incorporated into the double-stranded DNA molecules is typically propmiional to the amount of the amplified DNA products, one can conveniently determine the amount of the amplified products by quantifying the fluorescence of the intercalated dye using conventional optical systems in the art. DNA-binding dye suitable for this application include SYBR green, SYBR blue, DAPI, propidium iodine, Hoeste, SYBR gold, ethidium bromide, acridines, proflavine, acridine orange, acriflavine, fluorcoumanin, ellipticine, daunomycin, chloroquine, distamycin D, chromomycin, homidium, mithramycin, ruthenium polypyridyls, anthramycin, and the like.

[00114]In another aspect, other fluorescent labels such as sequence specific probes can be employed in the amplification reaction to facilitate the detection and quantification of the amplified products. Probe-based quantitative amplification relies on the sequence-specific detection of a desired amplified product. It utilizes fluorescent, target-specific probe~ (e.g., TaqMan® probes) resulting in increased specificity and sensitivity. Methods for performing probe-based quantitative amplification are well established in the art and are taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,210,015.

[00115] In yet another aspect, conventional hybridization assays using hybridization probes that share sequence homology with sequences associated with a signaling biochemical pathway can be performed. Typically, probes are allowed to form stable

complexe~

with the sequences associated with a signaling

biochemical pathway contained within the biological sample derived from the test subject in a hybridization reaction. It will be appreciated by one of skill in the art that where antisense is used as the probe nucleic acid, the target polynucleotides provided in the sample are chosen to be complementary to sequences of the 5292780 l.DOCX

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WSGR Docket '{o. 44063-701.101

antisense nucleic acids. Conversely, where the nucleotide probe is a sense nucleic acid, the target polynucleotide is selected to be complementary to sequences of the sense nucleic acid. [00116] Hybridization can be performed under conditions of various stringency. Suitable hybridization

conditions for the practice of the present invention are such that the recognition interaction between the probe and sequences associated with a signaling biochemical pathway is both sufficiently specific and sufficiently stable. Conditions that increase the stringency of a hybridization reaction are widely known and published in the art. See, for example, (Sambrook, et al., (1989); Nonradioactive In Situ Hybridization Application Manual, Boehringer Mannheim, second edition). The hybridization assay can be formed using probes i111111obilized on any solid support, including but are not limited to nitrocellulose, glass, silicon, and a variety of gene arrays. A preferred hybridization assay is conducted on high-density gene chips as desc1ibed in U.S. Patent No. 5,445,934. [00117] For a convenient detection of the probe-target complexes formed during the hybridization assay, the

nucleotide probes are conjugated to a detectable label. Detectable labels suitable for use in the present invention include any composition detectable by photochemical, biochemical, spectroscopic, immunochemical, elect1ical, optical or chemical means. A wide variety of appropriate detectable labels are known in the art, which include fluorescent or chemiluminescent labels, radioactive isotope labels, enzymatic or other ligands. In preferred embodiments, one will likely desire to employ a fluorescent label or an enzyme tag, such as digoxigenin, 13-galactosidase, urease, alkaline phosphatase or peroxidase, avidin/biotin complex. [00118] The detection methods used to detect or quantify the hybridization intensity will typically depend

upon the label selected above. For example, radiolabels may be detected using photographic film or a phosphoimager. Fluorescent markers may be detected and quantified using a photodetector to detect emitted light. Enzymatic labels arc typically detected by providing the enzyme with a substrate and measuring the reaction product produced by the action of the enzyme on the substrate; and finally colorimetric labels are detected by simply visualizing the colored label. [00119] An agent-induced change in expression of sequences associated with a signaling biochemical

pathway can also be determined by examining the corresponding gene products. Determining the protein level typically involves a) contacting the protein contained in a biological sample with an agent that specifically bind to a protein associated with a signaling biochemical pathway; and (b) identifying any agent:protein complex so formed. In one aspect of this embodiment, the agent that specifically binds a protein associated with a signaling biochemical pathway is an antibody, preferably a monoclonal antibody. [00120] The reaction is performed by contacting the agent with a sample of the proteins associated with a

signaling biochemical pathway derived from the test samples under conditions that will allow a complex to form between the agent and the proteins associated with a signaling biochemical pathway. The fmmation of the complex can be detected directly or indirectly according to standard procedures in the art. In the direct detection method, the agents are supplied with a detectable label and unreacted agents may be removed from the complex; the amount of remaining label thereby indicating the amount of complex formed. For such 5292780 l.DOCX

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WSGRDocket'{o. 44063-701.101

method, it is preferable to select labels that remain attached to the agents even during stringent washing conditions. It is preferable that the label does not interfere with the binding reaction. In the alternative, an indirect detection procedure requires the agent to contain a label introduced either chemically or enzymatically. A desirable label generally does not interfere with binding or the stability of the resulting agent:polypeptide complex. However, the label is typically designed to be accessible to an antibody for an effective binding and hence generating a detectable signal.

[0012l]A wide variety oflabels suitable for detecting protein levels are known in the art. Non-limiting examples include radioisotopes, enzymes, colloidal metals, fluorescent compounds, bioluminescent compounds, and chemiluminescent compounds.

[00122]The amount ofagent:polypeptide complexes formed during the binding reaction can be quantified by standard quantitative assays. As illustrated above, the fmmation of agent:polypeptide complex can be measured directly by the amount of label remained at the site of binding. In an alternative, the protein associated with a signaling biochemical pathway is tested for its ability to compete with a labeled analog for binding sites on the specific agent. In this competitive assay, the amount of label captured is inversely proportional to the amount of protein sequences associated with a signaling biochemical pathway present in a test sample.

[00123]A number of techniques for protein analysis based on the general principles outlined above are available in the art. They include but are not limited to radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunoradiometric assays), "sandwich" immunoassays, immunoradiometric assays, in situ immunoassays (using e.g., colloidal gold, enzyme or radioisotope labels), western blot analysis, immunoprecipitation assays, immunofluorescent assays, and SDS-PAGE. [00124]Antibodies that specifically recognize or bind to proteins associated with a signaling biochemical pathway are preferable for conducting the aforementioned protein analyses. Where desired, antibodies that recognize a specific type of post-translational modifications (e.g., signaling biochemical pathway inducible modifications) can be used. Post-translational modifications include but are not limited to glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, and phosphorylation. These antibodies may be purchased from commercial vendors. For example, anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies that specifically recognize tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins are available from a number of vendors including Invitrogen and Perkin Elmer. Anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies are particularly useful in detecting proteins that are differentially phosphorylated on their tyrosine residues in response to an ER stress. Such proteins include but are not limited to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eiF-2a). Alternatively, these antibodies can be generated using conventional polyclonal or monoclonal antibody technologies by immunizing a host animal or an antibody-producing cell with a target protein that exhibits the desired post-translational modification.

[00125] In practicing the subject method, it may be desirable to discern the expression pattern of an protein associated with a signaling biochemical pathway in different bodily tissue, in different cell types, and/ or in different subcellular structures. These studies can be performed with the use of tissue-specific, cell-specific 5292780 l.DOCX

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or subcellular structure specific antibodies capable of binding to protein markers that are preferentially expressed in ce1iain tissues, cell types, or subcellular structures.

[00126] An altered expression of a gene associated with a signaling biochemical pathway can also be determined by examining a change in activity of the gene product relative to a control cell. The assay for an agent-induced change in the activity of a protein associated with a signaling biochemical pathway will dependent on the biological activity and/or the signal transduction pathway that is under investigation. For example, where the protein is a kinase, a change in its ability to phosphorylate the downstream substrate(s) can be determined by a variety of assays known in the art. Representative assays include but are not limited to immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation with antibodies such as anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies that recognize phosphorylated proteins. Tn addition, kinase activity can be detected by high throughput chemiluminescent assays such as AlphaScreen™ (available from Perkin Elmer) and eTag™ assay (Chan-Hui, et al. (2003) Clinical Immunology Ill: 162-174).

[00127] Where the protein associated with a signaling biochemical pathway is part of a signaling cascade leading to a fluctuation of intracellular pH condition, pH sensitive molecules such as fluorescent pH dyes can be used as the reporter molecules. Tn another example where the protein associated with a signaling biochemical pathway is an ion channel, fluctuations in membrane potential and/or intracellular ion concentration can be monitored. A number of commercial kits and high-throughput devices are particularly suited for a rapid and robust screening for modulators of ion channels. Representative instruments include FLIPRTM (Molecular Devices, Inc.) and VIPR (Aurora Biosciences). These instruments are capable of detecting reactions in over 1000 sample wells of a microplate simultaneously, and providing real-time measurement and functional data within a second or even a minisecond.

[00128] In practicing any of the methods disclosed herein, a suitable vector can be introduced to a cell or an embryo via one or more methods known in the art, including without limitation, microinjection, electroporation, sonoporation, biolistics, calcium phosphate-mediated transfection, cationic transfection, liposome transfection, dendrimer transfection, heat shock transfection, nucleofection transfection, magnetofection, lipofection, impalefection, optical transfection, proprietary agent-enhanced uptake of nucleic acids, and delivery via liposomes, immunoliposomes, virosomes, or artificial virions. In some methods, the vector is introduced into an embryo by microinjection. The vector or vectors may be microinjected into the nucleus or the cytoplasm ofthe embryo. In some methods, the vector or vectors may be introduced into a cell by nucleofection.

[00129] The target polynucleotide of a CRISPR complex can be any polynucleotide endogenous or exogenous to the eukaryotic cell. For example, the target polynucleotide can be a polynucleotide residing in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell. The target polynucleotide can be a sequence coding a gene product (e.g., a protein) or a non-coding sequence (e.g., a regulatory polynucleotide or a junk DNA).

[00130] Examples of target polynucleotides include a sequence associated with a signaling biochemical pathway, e.g., a signaling biochemical pathway-associated gene or polynucleotide. Examples of target 5292780 l.DOCX

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WSGRDocket'{o. 44063-701.101

polynucleotides include a disease associated gene or polynucleotide. A "disease-associated" gene or polynucleotide refers to any gene or polynucleotide which is yielding transcription or translation products at an abnormal level or in an abnormal form in cells derived from a disease-affected tissues compared with tissues or cells of a non disease control. It may be a gene that becomes expressed at an abnormally high level; it may be a gene that becomes expressed at an abnormally low level, where the altered expression correlates with the occurrence and/ or progression of the disease. A disease-associated gene also refers to a gene possessing mutation(s) or genetic variation that is directly responsible or is in linkage disequilibrium with a gene( s) that is responsible for the etiology of a disease. The transcribed or translated products may be known or unknown, and may be at a normal or abnormal level.

[00131] Examples of disease-associated genes and polynucleotides are listed in Tables A and B. Tn Table B, a six-digit number following an entry in the Disease/Disorder/Indication column is an OMIM number (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, 0 MIM™. McKusick-N athans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, Md.) and National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine (Bethesda, Md. ), available on the World Wide Web. A number in parentheses after the name of each disorder indicates whether the mutation was positioned by mapping the wildtype gene (1 ), by mapping the disease phenotype itself (2), or by both approaches (3). For example, a "(3)", includes mapping of the wildtype gene combined with demonstration of a mutation in that gene in association with the disorder."

[00132] Examples of signaling biochemical pathway-associated genes and polynucleotides are listed in Table C. Table A DlSEASE/D lSO RD ERS Neoplasia

Age-related I'vlacular Degenema1on Schizophrenia

Disorders Trinucleotide Repeat 5292780 l.DOCX

GENE(Sl PTEN: ATM; ATR; EGFR; ERBB2; ERBB3; ERBB4; Notchl: Notch2: Notch3; Notcb4; AK'f; AKf2; AK'f3; HTF: Hifla; HlF3a: M(;t; HRC1; Bcl2; PPAR alpha; PPAR oamma:" \VT1 (Wilms Tumor); FGF Receptor Family :, members ( 5 members: J, 2, 3. 4, 5 ); CDKJ'-'I2a; APC; RH (retinoblash1ma;; MEN1; VHL: BRCA1; BRCA2: AR (Androgen Receptor); TSGlOl; lGF; lGF Receptor; Igfl (4 variants); Igt2 (3 variants); Igf l Receptor; Igf 2 Receptor; Bax: Bcl2; caspases family (9 members: L 2, 3, 4, 6, 7,, 8, 9, 12); Kras; Ape Abcr; Ccl2: Cc2; cp (ceruloplasmin); Timp3; cathepsinD; Vldlr; Ccr2 N euregu lin 1 (Nrgl ); Erb4 (receptor for Neurer:,'1.1lin); Complexinl (Cplxl); Tphl Tryptophan hydroxylase: Tph2 Tryptophan hydroxylase 2: Neurexin l; GSK3; GSK3a; GSK3b 5-HTT (Sic6a4J; COTvl'f: DRD (Dnlla); SI..C6A3: DAOA; DTNRPl: Dao (Dao 1) HTT (Huntington's Dx): SBI\!fA/SMA.."Xl/AR (Kennedy's -37-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-701.101

Disorders

Dx); FXN/X25 (Fri::xlrich's Ataxia); ATX3 (Machado~ Joseph's Dx): ATXNl and ATXN2 (spinocerebellar ataxias); DJ'vTPK (myotonic dystrophy); Atrophird and Atn1 (DRPLA Dx); CBP (Creb~BP- global instability); VLDLR (Alzheimer's): Atxn7; Atxnl 0

Fragile X Syndrome Secre1ase Related Disorders Others Prkm ·· related disorders ALS

FfVlF2; FXRl; FXR2; mGUJR5 APH-1 (alpha and beta); Presenilin (Psenl); nicastrin

Dmg addiction Autism Alzheimer's Disease

Tnf1ammation

(Ncstn ); PT:\N-2 Nos1; Parpl; Natl: Nat? Prp SODl: ALS2; STEX; FUS; TARDBP; VEGF (VEGF-a; VEGF-b; VEGF-c) Prkce (alcuhoJ): Drd2; Drd4; ABAT ( raised ( 3) Aldosteronism, glucocorticoid -remediable, 103900(3) A kxander disease, 203450 (3) Alexander di8ease, 203450 (3) Alkaptonuria, 203500 (3) A llan-T::lerndon-Dudley syndrome, 300523 5292780 LDOCX

GCNT? GCNT2 TP73L TP63, KET. EEC3., SHFM·4, LMS, RHS PER2, FASPS, KJAA034 7 FGA FGB Kii-IM, MU lGLLl, TG-0, TGL5, VPREB2 LRRC8, KIAA1437 BTK, AGJ'vlXJ ,. fMJ) 1, XLA AT GATfvl, AGAT SLC 12/\6, KCC.lA, KCC3B, KCC3, ACCPN ATTC., PURH, AICAR K1R3DL l, NKA T3, NlZBl, AMEll, KlR.3DS1 TFNG CXCL12, SDF 1 JAC11, AGS, AHD OCA2, P, PED, Dl5S12, BOCA OCA2, P, PED, D15SlL, BOCA TYR 'fYR OCA2, P, PED, D15Sl2, BOCA TYRPl, CAS2, GP75 FfTR2A ALDH2 GABRA2 ALDOA

CYP1lB2 CYP 1lB 1, P450C 11, FHl GFAP INDUFVL UQOR1 HGD,AKU SLC 16A2, DXS 128, XFCT -41-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

(3) Allergic rhinlti~, susceptibility to, 607154 (3) AJopecia univer~alis, 203655 (3) Alpen; syndrome, 203700 (3) Alpha~ 1~antichymotrypsin deficiency (3) Alpha-actinin--3 deficiency (3) Alpha~methylacetoacetic acidwia, 203750

IL13, ALRH HR,AU POLG, POLCil, POLGA, PEO SERP1NA3, AACT. ACT ACTN3 ACATl

iJJ Alpha-methylacyl~CoA

racema:';c deficiency

(3) Alp}m-thalassemia/mental retadatinn syndrome, 30 l 040 (3) A lpha~thalasscmia myelodysplasia syndrome, somatic, 300448 (3) Alport syndrornto_ 301050 (3) A lpoti :';yndrom:::,, autosGmaJ rece:';sive, 203780 (3) Alport syndrome, autosomal recessive,

en

2031so AJstrGm syndrome, 203800 (3) Alternating hemiplegia of childhood, 104290 (3) Alveolar sofl-part sarcoma, 606243 (3) A lzbcimer disea:';e-1, AP1'-relat:::d (3; Alzheimer clisease--2, 104310 0) Alzheimer di~ease-4, 606889 (3) A lzbeimer disease, laic-onset, 104300 (.")) Alzheimer disease, late~on:';et, susceptibility to, 104300 (3) Alzheimer disease, late~onset, susceptibility to, 104300 (3) A lzbdmcr disea:';c, susceptibility to, 104300 (3)

Alzheimer i)) Alzheimer (3) Alzheimer Alzheimer Alzheimer Alzheimer

di~ease, su~ceptibility

to, 104300

disease, susceptibility to,, 104300

d1sease, susceptibil1!y to (3) disease, susceptibility to (3) disea:';e, type 3, 60782? (3) disease, type 3, T,vith ~pastic parapares1s and apraxia, 607822 (3) A lzbdmcr disea:';c, type 3, witb spastic parapare~is and U11USlml plaques, 607822 (3) Amelogenesis impertecta 2, hypoplastic 5292780 LDOCX

AMACR ATRX, XH2, XNP, J'vfRXS3, SHS ATRX, XH2, XNP, NLRXS3, SHS COL4A5, ATS, ASLN COL4A3 COL4A4 ALMS1, ALSS, KlAA0328 ATP1A2, FHM2, J\/IHP2 ASPCR1, RCCJ7, ASPL, ASPS APP, AAA, CVAP, ADl APOE,AD2 PSEN2, AD4, STM2 APBB2, FE65L1 NOS3 PLAU, URK ACE, DCP1, ACF1 MPO PAC1P1, PAXIPJ L, PTIP A2l\lf BLMH, BMH PSENl,AD3 PSENl,AD3 PSENl,AD3

ENAM -42-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

local, 104500 (3) Amclogconesis imperfecta, 301200 (3) /\melogenesis impertecta, hypomaturation~ hypoplastic t)1Je, with taurodomism, l045JO (3) Amelogenesis imperfecta, hypoplastic, and openbite malocclu~ion, 608563 Amelogenesis impertecta, pigmented hypGmaturatlon type, 204700 (3)

en

Amish infantile epilepsy syndrome, 609056 (3) ATvlP dcaminase deficiency, erythrocytic(-")) Amyldd neurGpathy, famiUaL several allelic types (3) Amyloidosis, 3 or more types (3) AmylGidosis. cerebromieria.L Dutch type (3) Amyloidosis, Finnish type, 105120 (3) Amyloidosis, hereditary renal, 105200(3) Amyloidosis, renal, 105200!)) Amyloidosis, senile systemic (3) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 8, 608627 (3) Amyotrophic lateral sclemsis, due to SOD I deficiency, 105400 (3) Amyotrophic lateral sclero"is. juvenik, 205100 (3) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, susceptibility lO, 105400 (3) Amyotrophic latera 1 sclerosis, susceptibility to, 105400 (3) Amyotrophic lateral ~clemsis, ~usceptihility to, 105400 (3) Analbuminemia (3) Analgesia from kappa-opioid receptor agonist, female~specific (Tl Anderson disease, 607689 (_")) Androgen in"ensitivity, 300068 (3) Anemia, congenital dyserythropoietic, type I, 224120 (Tl Anemia, Diamond-Blackfan, 105650 (3) Anemia, hemolytic, due hl PK deficiency (3) Anemia, hemolytic, due to LTJVIPH1 deficiency, 266120 (3) Anemia, hemolytic, I:th~nulL regulatur type, 268150 (3) A1lemia, hypochromic microcytic, 2061 00

AMELX, AMG, AlHl, i\.i\11GX DLX3, TDO

ENAivl KLK4, El\ifSPl, PRSS 17 SlAT9, ST3GALV AMPD3 'f'TR, PALB APOAl APP, AAA,. CVAP, ADl GSN FGA LYZ 'TTR, PALB VAPB, VAPC, ALS8 SODL ALSI ALS2, ALSJ, PLSJ, IAHSP

DCTNl NEFH PRPH ALB JVlClR SARA2, SARli5, Cv1RD AR, DHIR, TFM, SBMA, KD,, SMAX1 CDAN1, CDA1 RPS19, DBA PKLR, PK1 INTSC3, LTMPH1, PSNl RHAG, RHSOA ~RAMP2

!JJ 5292780 LDOCX

~43~

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

Anemia, neonatal hemolytic, fr:ltaJ and nearfatal (3)

SPTB

A.nernia, sideroblas1ic/hypochrom1c ( 3) Anemia, sideroblastic, w1th ataxia, 30J 310

ALAS2, /;NI-1 l, ASB ABCB7, ABC7, ASAT

(3) Aneurysm, familial arterial ( 3) Angelrmm ~yndrome, 105830 (3) Angelman f:;yndrome, l 05~30 (3)

Angioedema, hereditmy, l 06100 (3) Angioedema induced by ACE inhibitors, susceptibil1ty to (3) Angiofibroma, spomdic (3)

COL3Al MECI'2, RTT, PPJVfX, ::VfRXl6, MRX79 UBE3A, ANCR ClNH, HAEl, HAE2, SERPTNGl XPNPEP2 MEN!

Angiotensin J-conve1ilng enzyme, benign serum increase (3) Anhaptnglobinernia (3) Aniridia, type TL, 106?10 (3)

ACE, DCP1, ACE1

Ankylosing spoldylitis, susceptibility to, 106300(3) Anophthalmia 3, 206900 (."5) Anorexia nervosa, susceptibility to, 606788 (3) Anterior segment anomalies and cataract (3)

HLA-B

HP PAX6, AN2, MGDA

SOX2, ANOP3 HTH2A EY/>l, BOR

Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis, 107250 (3)

FOXE3, FKHL12, ASJV1D

Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis

FOXCl, FKHL7, FREAC3

iJJ Anterior segment mesenchymal dysgenesis and cataract, 107250 (3) Antithwmbln IH deficiency (3) Antley-Bixler syndmme, 207410 (."))

PrrxJ AT3 POR

Anxiety-related persumlity traits (3; Aortic aneurysm, ascending, and dissection (3) A pe1i syndrome, 101200 (3)

SLC6A4, HTT, OCDl FBNl, IvlFS1, 'yndrnme 1, modifier of~ 209900 (3) Bardet--Bicdl syndrome, 209900 (3) Bardet-Biedl t'yndrnme 2, 209900 (3) Bardet~Biedl syndrome 3, 600151 ('' -"') Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4, 209900 (3) Bardct-Biedl syndrome 5, 209900 (31 Bardet~Biedl syndrome 6, 209900 (3) Bardet-Biedl syndrome 8, 209900 (3) Bare lymphocyie syndrome, type L 604571

AH:tE., APECED TG, AITD3

en

DRD4 FOXCl, FKHL7, FREAC3 USP9Y, DFFRY S\'CP3, SCP3, COR 1 FOXEI, FKHL15, TlTF2, TTF2 PTEN, MMACl PTEN, MMACl BBSl ARL6, BBS3 BBS7 BBS2 ARL6, BHS3 BBScone monochromacy, 303700 (3) Bombay phenotype (3)

en

Bombay phenotype Bone mineral density variability 1, 601884 5292780 LDOCX

KITouth neurupathy, X-linked dominant, 1, 3onoo (31

NEFL, CMT2E, CJVITlF GDAP 1, CM'T4A, CVfT2K, CMT2G ivlPZ, CMTlB, CMTDl3, CHM, DSS 'tYfFZ, Cfv1'T1H, CMTDT3, CHM, DSS GDAPl, CMT4A, CvlT2K, CJVIT2G

en

CHARGE syndrome, 214800 (3) Char syndrome, 169l0o Cbediak-Higashi syndrome. 214500 (3) Cherub ism, 118400 (3)

en

CHILD syndmme, 308050 (3) Cbito1riof:;idase deficiency (3) Chloride diarrbea, congenitaL, Finnish type, 214700 (3) Cholelithiasis, 600803 (3) Cholestasis, beni.f:,'l1 recun-ent intrahepatic, ?43300 (3) Cholestasis, familial intrahepatic, of pregnancy, 147480 (3) Cbolestasis, progressive familial intrahcpatic L 2 J J 600 (3) Chole~tasis, progressivc familial intrahepatic 2, 601847 (3) Chokstasis, progr;:;ssive familial intrahepatic 3, 602347 (31 Cholestasis, progressive familial intrahepatic 4, 607765 (3) 5292780 LDOCX

GDAP1, CM'T4A CMT2K, CMT2G iv1TMR2, Civ1T4B1 SBFL MTJV1R 13. CMT4B2 SBF2, MTMR13, CMT4B2 KlAA1985 fNDRGl, HMSNL, CMT4D GJBL CX32, CMTXl CHD7 'fFAP2B, Cf::lAR CHSl, LYST SH3BPL CRPJVI !NSDHL CHIT SLC26A3, DHA CLD ABCB4, I'GY3, ::VfDR3 ATP8B1, FJCl, BRlC. PFICl ABCB4, I'GY3, IVlDR3 A'lY8Bl, FIC1, BRIC, PF!Cl i\BCBll, BSEP, SPGP, PFIC2 ABCH4, PGY3, MDR3 HSD3B7, PFTC4

-56-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

Choksteryl ester storage disease (3) Chondrocaldnosis 2. 118600(3) Chondrodysplasia, Grebe type, 200700 (3) Chondrodysplasia punctata, rhizorneJic, type 2, 222765 0) Chondmdyfiplw,ia ptmctata, X-linked dominant, 302960 (3) Chondrodysplasia pnnctata, X-linked recessh'e. 302950 (3) Chowtrosarcoma, 215300 (3) Chondrosarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid (3) Chondrosarcoma, extraskeletal myxoid (3) Chorea, hereditary benign, 118700 13) Choreoacanthncytosis, 200150 (3) Choreuathetusis,, hypothyroidism,, and respiratory distress (3l Choroideremia, 303100 (3) Chromosome 22q 13.3 deletion syndrome, 606232 (3) Chronic gran1Jlomatous disease, autosomal, due to deficiency of CYB/\, 233690 (3) Chronic granulomatous disease due to deficiency ofNCF-L 233700 (3) Chronic granulomatous disease due to deficiency ofNCF-2, 233710 (3) Chwn1c granulomatous disease, X-J1nked, 306400 (3) Chronic infections, due to opsonin ddi.:oct 0) Chudley-Lowry syndmme. 309490 (3) Chylomicronemia syndrome, familial (3) Chylomicron retention diseas;:;., 246700 (3) Chylomicron retention disease >vith Marinesco-Sjngren syndwme, 607692 (3) Ciliary dyskinesia, primary, 1, 2426so Ciliary dyskinesia,, primary,, 3 608644 (3) ClNCA syndrome, 607115 (3) Cirrhosis, cryptogenic (3) CiJThosis. cryptogenic (3) Cirrh~•sis,, noncryptogen!c, ~u~ceptibility to, 215600 (3) Cirrhosis. noncryptogenic, susceptibility to, 215600(3) Cirrhosis, North American Indian childhood type, 604901 (3l Citrullinem1a, 215700 (3)

en

5292780 LDOCX

LTPA ANKH, l-l.ANK, ANK, CMDJ, CCAL2, CPPDD GDF5, CDMPJ GNP.A.:r, DHAPAT EBP, CDPX2, CPXD, CPX ARSE, CDPX1, CDP'XR EXT1 CSMF E\VSH L, E\VS TITF 1, NKX2A. TTF 1 VPS 13/1., CHAC TITFL NKX2A. TTF1 CHM, TCD PSAP2, PROSAP2, KJAA 1650 CYBA NCF1 ~CF2

CYBB, CGD MBL2, MEL, IVlBP l ATRX, XH2, XNP, J'vfRXS3, SHS LPL, LTPD SARA?. SARlR. CMHJ) SARi\2, SAR1B, CMRD DNAIL C1LDL TCS, PCD DNAH5, HLL PCD, C1LD3 CLI\SL Clorf7, FCU, FCAS KRT!8 KRTS KRT18 KRT8 ClRHlA, NAIC TEX292, K1\.A1988 ASS -57-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

CitruU!nemia,, adult~onset type 11, 603471 Citrullinemla, type 11, neonatal--onset,

/ ..!' 't.

\, ·')

en

6ossl4 Cleft lip/palate ectodennal dysplasia syndrome, 225000 (3) Ckft lip/palate, nonsyndromic, 608874 (3) Cleft pahue \Viih ankyloglos~ia, 303400 (3) Cleidocranial dyspla~ia, 119600 (3) Coats disease, 300216 (3) Cockayne syndrome, type A, 216400 (3) Cockayne ~yndrome, type B, 133540 (3) Codeine sensitivi ly (3) Coffin~Lowry syndrome, 303600 (3) Cohen syndrome, 216550 (3) Colchicine resistance (31 CoJd~induced vvith thrombocytopenia, 300367 (3) Dysfibrinogenemia, ' and factor VIII, combined deficiency of, 227300 (3) Factor VTI deficiency (3) Factor X deficiency (3) Factor XI deficiency, autosomal dominant (3) Factor Xl deficiency, autosomal recessive (3) Factor Xll deficiency (3) Factor XIITA deficiency (3) Factor XTI1B deficiency (3) Familial Mediterranean 1hcr, 249100 (3) Fanconi anemia, complementation group A, 227650 (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

EPOH LOR GJB3, CX3L DFNA2 GJB4, CX30.3

TGFBR2, I-IN1'CC6 RNF6 LZTSL F37., FEZ1 \\'\VOX FOR

ESR1, ESR ETHEl, HSCO, D83198 EWSRl, E\VS LDHA, LDH1 EXT1 EXT2 FZD4. EVR1 LIU'5, m,1ND1, LRP7, LR3, OPPG, VBCH2 LRP5, BMNDJ, LRP7, LR3, OPFG, VBCH2 ~DP,ND

FAX6, AN2, MGDA NPClLl GLA FSHMD1A, FSHD1A

HFL CFH, HUS JV1CFD2 F7 FlO F11 FJl

Fl2, HAF F13Al, FUA FEB JVlEFV, MEF, FMF F/;NCi\, FACl\, FAl, FA, FAA

-73-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-701.101

Fe Ib, 2322:20 (3) Glycogen storage d1sease lc, 232240 (3) Cllyc~!gen storage disease 11, 232300 (3) G-lycogen storage disease IIb, 300257 (3) Glycogen storage disease Hia Cll Glycogen storage discase JJTb (3) G-lycogen storage disease IV, 232500 (3) Glycogen storage disease, type 0, 240600

GK AMT,NKHGCE GCSI-L NKT--I GLDC, HYGN l, GCSP, GCE, NK H GNMT PHKG2 PHKA2, PHK PHKA2,PHK G6PC, G6PT G6PTJ G6P'T1 GAA LAMP2, LAMPB AGLGDE AGL,GDE GBEl GYS2

!)) 5292780 l.DOCX

~77~

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-701.101

Glycogen sturage disease VT (3) Glycogw storage disease Vll \3) U:M !-gangliosidosis (3) GTv12-gangliosidosis. AB variant (3) GM2-gangliosldos.is, several f()rms, 272800 (3)

PYGL PFKM GLBl GM2A HEXA, TSD

Gnthodiaphyseal dyspla~ia, 166260 (3) Goiter, congenital (3) Goiter, noncndemk. simple (3) Goldbcrg-Shprlntzen megacolon syndrome,

TMEM16E, GDDl T'PO, 'l'PX

en

'fG,ATTD3 IU/v\1279

60946o Gonadal dysgenesis, 46X Y, parliaJ, with mlnifascicuJar neuropathy,, 607080 (3)

DHH

C"onadal dysgenesis, XY type (3) GR£\CTLE syndrome, 603358 (31

SRY, TDF BCS 1L, FLNMS, GRACILE

Graft-versus-host disease, protection , PAPB, ACLS M'i'05A, M"'r"H12, GS1 F..AB27A, 10\.c\f, GS2 MLPH GHRFfR STAT5B

KiFl

HOXA.J3, HOXIJ OAT

ATP2C 1, BCPM, HHD CTSC, CPPI, PALS, PLS, HJ'vTS HOXA 13, HOX lJ

CPO PANK2, NBLid, PKAN, HARP SLC6Al9, HND TP73L TP63, KET. EEC:L, SHFM·4, Uv1S, RHS ABCA L ABC!, HDLDT l, TGD ESR1, ESR -78-

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-70L!Ol

augmented (3) Hearing loss, lmv· frequency sensorineural, 600965 (3) Hemi block mmprogressi.ve, 1 139oo Heart block, progressive, type T, 113900 (3) Heinz body anemia (3) Heinz body anemias, alpha-(3) Heinz body anemias, beta-(3) HEI..LP syndrome, maternal, of pregnancy (3) Hemangioblastoma, cerebellar, somat1c (3) Hemangioma, capillary infantile, somatic, 602089 (3) Hemangioma, capillary infantile, somatic, 602089(3) Hematopuiesis, cyclic, 162800 (3) Hematuria, familial benign (3) Heme oxygenase- I defic1ency (3) Hemiplegic migraine, familial, 141500(3) Hemochromatosis (3) Hemochromatosis, juvenile, 602390 (3) Hemochronmtosit', juvenile, digeB1c, 602390 (3) Hemuchromatosis, type 2A, 602390 (3) Hemochromatosis, type 3, 604250 (3) Hemochromatosis, type 4, 606069 Cll

en

Hemoglobin H disease (3; Hemolyiic anemia due to adenylate kinase deficiency 0) Hemolytic anemia due to band 3 defect defect (3) Hemolytic anemia clue to bisphosphoglycemte mutase deficiency (3) Hemolytic anemia due to G6PD detl.ciency (3) Hemolyiic anemia due to gamma·· glutamylcysteine synthetase deficiency, 230450 (3) Hemulytic anemia du::; to glucusephospbat::; isomerase deficiency (3) Hemolyt1c anem1a due to glutath1one synthetase deficiency, 231900 (3) Hemolytic anemia due to hexokinase deficiency (3) Hemolytic anemia due to PGK deficiency (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

'WFSl, \\/FRS, 'vVFS, DFNA6

SCN5A, LQT'3, IVF, f::l.B 1, SSS1 SCN5A I..Q"I3, IVF, HBL, SSS1 HBA2 HBA1 FfBH HADHAMTPA VHL FLT4, VEGFR3, PCL lillR

ELA2 COL4A4 HMOXl CACJ"fAJA, CACNL1A4. SCA6 HFE, HLA-H, HFE1 HAMP, LEAPl, HEPC, HFE2 HAMP, LEAP1, HEPC, HFE2 HJV, HFI:2A TFR2,HFE3 SLC40/'!.l, SLC11A3, FPNl, IREGL HFT:A HBA2 AKl SLC4Al, AEL EPB3 BPGJVI G6PD. G6PD1 GCLC,GLCLC

GPI GSS, CJSHS HKl

PGK1, PGKA -79-

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-701.101

Hemolytic anemia due to tnosepbosphate

·rpfl

isomera~"

defici"ncy (3) syndrome, 235400 (3) Hemophagocytic lymphoh1stiocytos1:;,, fa_miJial, 2, 603553 (3) I-Temolytic~uremk

HF L CFT-L HUS PRF1, HPLH2

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, t1unilial 3, 608898 (3) Hemophilia A (3) Hemophilia B (3)

UNC13D, I\•11JNC13-4, HPLH3, HLH3, FHU F::.:, F::.:C, HEi\lA F9, HEMB PI, L'V\T

Hemorrhagic diathesis due to \{grave over ()}antithrombin\' Pittsburgh (3) Hemorrhagic diathesis due to taclm V deficiency (3) Hemosiderosis, syst(;mlc, due to aceruloplasminemia, 604290 (3) Hepatic adenoma,. 142330 (3) Hepatic failure, early ons(;t, and neurologic disorder Hepatic lipase deficiency (3) Hepatoblastoma (3) Hepatocellular cancer, 114550 (3) Hepatocellular carcinoma, 114550 (3) T-iepatocellular carcinoma, 1J4550 (3) Hepatocellular carcitwma,, 114550 (3) Hepatocellular carcinoma 0) Hepatocellular carcinoma, childhood type, 114550(.)) Hepatocellular carcinoma, ~omatic, 114550 (3) Hen::ditm)' hemonhagic telangiectasia~ 1, 187300 (3) Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia~2, 600376 (3) Hereditary persi~tence of alpha-fetoprotein i)) Hennansky~PudJak syndrome, 203300 (3) Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, 203300 (3) I-Iennansky~Pudlak ~yndrome, 203300 (31 Hermansky-pudlak syndrome, 203300 (3) Henmmsky~Pudlak syndrome, 203300 (3) Hennansky--Pudlak ~yndrome, 608233 (3) T-Iermansky-Pudlak syndrome 7, 203300 (3) Heterotaxy, visceral, 605376 (3) Heterotaxy, X-linlvvi;h deafness, 148350 (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

IGFlR 1GF2 GlF, lF IRi\K 4, REN 64 FOXCL FKHL7, FREAC3 Pff'X?, LDG2, R1EG1, RGS, IGDS? FOXCL FKHL 7, FREAC3 'fF FTHJ ., FTHL6 GHl, GHN

lVD FGFRJ, FLT2, KAL2 FGF R2. HEK, CFD 1, JWS 'ITMM8A DFN1, DDP, TvfTS, DDP1 KCNE1, JLNS, LQT5 KCNQJ, KCNA9, LQT1, KVLQT1, ATFBl INPHP1, NPH1, SLSN1

Aim ATRX, XU2, XNP, MRXS3, SI-TS J'v1ADH4,, DPC4, SMAD4, JlP KLKJ, KLKR FGFR 1, FLT2, KAL2 KAL 1, KMS, ADMLX ~AGA

IL6, IFNB2, BSF2 JGKC DNAHll,DNAHCll DNAH5, HLJ, PCD, CILD3 DNAIJ, CJLDJ, 1CS, FCD TBCE, KCS, KCS 1, HRD PlLX6, AN2, J\/IGDA GJB2, CX26, DFNB1, PPK, DFNA3, KJD, HTD VSXl, RlNX, PPCD, PPD, KTCN GJB2, CX26, DFNB l, PPK, DFNi\3, KJD, HTD -88-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-701.101

Keratosis foHkularis spinulosa ckcalvans, 308800 (3) Keratosis palmoplantaria striata, 148700 (3) Keratosis palmoplantaris striata f, 148700 (3) Keratosis palmoplantaris striata IJ (3) Keratosis pahnoplllntllris s1xillta m, 607654

SAT, SSAT, KFSD KRT1 DSGJ DSP, Kl'PS2, PPKS2 KRTl

iJJ Ketoacidosis due to SCOT deficiency (3) Keutd syndrome, 245150 (3) Kindle1' syndmme, 173650 (3) Kininogen deficiency (3)

SCOT, OXCT MGP,NTI K1ND1, URP l, C20orf42 KNG

K lippeJ-Trenaunay syndrome, 149000 (3) Kniest dysplasia, 156550 (3) Knobloch syndrome, 267750 (Tl K:rabb;:; disease,, 245?00 (3) L--2-hydroxyglutark aciduria, 236792 (3) Lactate dehydmgenase-B deficiency (Tl Lacticacidemia due to PDX1 deficiency, ?45349 (3) Langer mesomellc dysplasia, 249700 (3) Langer mesomelic dysplasia, 249700 (_")) Laron (hvarfism, 262500 (.3) Larson "ynd:rom;:;, 150?50(3)

VG5Q, H1JS8497l, FLJl 0283 COL2Al COL18Al, KNO

LaryngoonychoclJtancous syndrome, 245660 (3)

GALC L2HGDH, Cl4orfl60 LDHB PDX1 SHOX, GCFX, SS, PHOCr SHOXY GHR FLNB, SCL AOT LAMA3,LOCS

Lathosterolosis, 607330 (3) LCHAD deficiency (3) Lead poisoning, susceptibility to (3) Leanness, inherited (3) Leber congenital amaDrosis, 204000 (3)

SC5DL, ERG3 HADHA MTPA ALAD AGRP, ART, AGRT

Leber congenital Leber congenital Leber congenital Leber congenital Leb;:;r congenital

CRX, COJ~D2, CRD FJ'GRlP l, LCA6, CORD9 RPE65, RP20 A1PL1, LCA4 GLTCY2D, GLTC2D, LCAJ,, CORD6

amaurosis, 204000 (3) amaurosis, 204000 (3) amaurosis-2, 204100 (3) amaurosis, 604393 (3) amaurosis, type 1, 204000

(3) Leber congenital amaurosis, type HI, 604232 (3) Left-right axis malformations (3) Left-right axis malformations (3) Left ventricular n~.mcompaction, familial isolated. 1, 604169 (3) Left ventricular noncompaction with congenital heart defects, 606617 (3) 5292780 LDOCX

CRBJ, RP12

RDH12, LCA3 ACVH2B EBAF, TGFB4, LEFTY2, LEFTA, LEFTY A DTNA, DJ 8S892E, DRP3., LVNC1 DTNA, D18S892E, DRP3, LVNCl

-89-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

Legiunaire disease, susceptibility to, 608556 (3) Leigh syndrome, 256000 (3) Leigh syndrome, 256000 (3) Leigh syndrome, 256000 l3) Leigh syndrome, 256000 (3) Leigh ~yndrome, 256000 (3) Leigh syndmme. 256000 (3) Leigh syndrume, 256000 (3) Leigh syndrome, 256000 l3) Leigh syndrome, due to COX deficiency, 2:;6000 (3) Leigh syndrome due to cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, 256000 (3) Leigh ~yndrome, French-Canadian type, 220111 (3) Leigh sy11drome, X-linked, 308930 (3) Leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer,

BCS l L, FLNJ\,TS, CiRACILE DLD, LAD, PHE3 NDUFS3 INDUFS4, AQDQ fNDUFS7, PSST NDlJFS8 NDUFV1. UQOR1 SDHA, SDH2, SDHF SURFl COX15 LRPPRC, LRP 130, LSFC PDHAl, PHElA FH

en

605839 Ldomyomatosis, diffuse, 'vVith Alport syndrome, 308940 (3) Leopard sy11drome, 1s11oo Leprechaunism, 246200 (3) Leprosy, susceptibility to, 607572 (3) Leri- \V eill clyschondrosteosls, 127300 (3)

en

en

Leri-\V ei.ll dyschondrosteosis, nnoo Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 300322, (3) Leukem-ia- I, T-cell acute lymphocytic (3) Leukemia--2, T-cell acute lymphoblastic (3) Leukemia, acute lymphobla~tic (3) Leukem-ia. acute lymphobla~ti.c (_";) Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic (3; Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic, susceptibility to (3) Leukemia, acute 1ymphocylic (3) Leukem-ia, acute myeloblastic (3) Leukemia, acute myelogenous (3) Leukemia, acute myelogenous, 601626 \3) Leukem-ia. acute myelo-id, 60J 626 (3) Leukemia, acute myeloid, 6016?6 (3) Leukemia, acute myeloid, 601626 (3) Leukemia, acute myeloid, 601626 (3) Leukemia, acute myeloid, 6016?6 (3) Leukemia, acute myeloid, 601626 (3) Leukemia, acute myeloid, 601626 (3) Leukemia, acute myeloid, 601626 (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

'ITJ:t5, T1L3

COL4A6 PTPN ll, PTP2C, SHP2, NS 1 INSR PHKN, PARK2, PDJ SHOX, GCFX, SS, PHOG SHOXY FfPRT1, HPRT 'fALl, TCL5, SCI.. Ti\L2 FLT3 NBS1, NBS ZNFNJAJ, 1KJ, LYF1 HOXD4, HOX4B BCR, CML, PHL, ALL ARNT KRAS2. Rc\.SIC Gl\1PS AFJO ARHGEFJ2, LARG, KTAA0382 CALM, CLTH CEBPA,CEBP CHTC2, BTL FLT3 TGT, PET LPP -90-

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-701.101

Leukemia, Leukemia, Leukemia, Leukemia, Leukemia,

acute acute acute acute acute

myeloid, myeloid, myeloid, myeloid, myeloid,

601626 (3 601626 (3 601626 (3) 60J 626 (3) reduced survival

in (Jl Leukemia, acute myelomonocytic (:n Leukemia, acute promyelocytic, NPi\l!RARA type (3) Leukemia, acute promyelocytic, NtJMi\/R,\R/, type (3 I Leukemia, acute pmmyelocytic, PL2F/RARA type (3) Leukemia, acute promyelocytic, PJ\IILiRAJ{i\ type (3l Leukemia. acute promyeloyctic. STAT5B/Ri\Ri\ tyTJe (3) Leukemia, acute T ~cell lymphoblastic (:n Leukemia, acute 'f-eel! lymphoblastic (3) Leukemia, chronic lymphatic, susceptibility to, 151400 (3) Leukemia, chronic lymphatic, susceptib1lity to, 151400 (3) Leukemia, chronic myeloid, 608232 (3) Leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytlc, 607785 (3) Leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic, 607785 (3) Leukemia, juvenile mydomonocyiic, 607785

NPMJ NUP214, D9S46E, CAN, CAIN RUNXl, CBF/\2, AJ'vfLl \:VHSCLLL NSD3 FLT3

AFJQ NPMl NUMAl ZNF145, PLZF PJ\1L, MYL STAT5B

AFJO CALTvl, CL'l'J-i ARLJ J, ARLTSJ P2RX7, P2X7 BCR, CML, PHL, ALL GRAF NFL VRNF, \VSS, NFNS PTPNll, PTP2C, SHP2, NSl

(3) Leukemia/lymphoma, B-cell, 2 (3) Leukemia/lymphoma, chronic B-ceH, 151400

BCL2 CCNDL. PRAD1, BCL1

(3) Leukemia/lymphoma, T -cell ( 3) Leukemia, megakaryoblastic, of Dovvn syndrome,. 1906~5 (3) Leukemia, megakaryoblai>tic, with or \Vithout Down syndrome, 190685 (3) Leukemia, Pbilade lphi a chromosomepositive, resistant h! imatinib l3) Leukemia, post ..chemotherapy, susceptibility to (3) Leukemia, ·r-eel! acme lympbubJastk (3) Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 116920 (3) Leukoeilcephalopathy ·with vanishiilg white matter, 603 896 (3) 5292780 LDOCX

TCRA GATAJ, GFJ, ERYFL NFEJ GATAl, Gfl, ERYFl, NFEl ABLJ

INQOL DLis, mutiple, 151900 (3) L1poprotein lipase deficiency (3) Lissencepbaly-J, 607432 (3) Lis~encephaly syndrume, Norman~Ruberts type, 257320 (3) Lissencephaly, X-liYlked, 300067 (3) Lissencephaly, X-Jinked with ambiguous genitalia, 300215 {3) Listeria monocytogenes, susceptih1lity to (3) Loeys-Dietz syndrome, 609192 (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

ETF2H2 EIF2B3 E1F2H5. LVWlVL CACH, CLE ETF2B4 LHCGR PTEN, MMAC1 SCNNJB SCNN1G, PHA1 CDKN2A, MTS1, P16, MLfVl, CJ\1IV12 TP53, P53, LFS 1 CHFK2, RAD53. CHKL CDSJ,, LFS2 LIG4 TP73L, TP63, KET, EEC:L SHFM4, LMS,RHS AGPAT2, LPAAR HSCL, BSCL1

BSCLL SPG 17 L!VlNA, LMN 1, El'v1D2,, Fl'LD, CMD 1 A, HGPS, LGJVID lB PPARG, I'PARG1, PPARG2 PPARGC1A PPARGC1

ST/i.R C\.P11 A, P450SCC

ECJVI1 HMGA2, HJVfGTC, BABL, LIPO LPP !v1EN1 HMGA2, HlvlGlC, BABL, LlPO LPL, LIPD PAI-AH1BJ, LlS1 RELN,RL DCX, DBCN, LISX ARX, TSSX, PRTS, MRXSI, NLRX36,

iv1RX54 CDH!, UVO TGFBR1 -92-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-701.101

L.1eys-Dktz syndrume, 609192 (3) Longe,,lty, exceptional, 152430 (3) Longevity, reduced, 152430 (3) Long QT syndrome-1, 192500 (3) Long QT syndrome-2 0) Long QT syndrome-3, 603830 (31 Long QT syndrome 4, 600919 (3) L.mg QT syndrome-5 (3) Long QT syndrome-6 (3) Long QT syndrnme-7, 170390 (3) Lov-.·er molm neuron disease, pmgressive, without sensory symptoms, 607641 (3) Lmve syndrome, 309000 (3) Low renin hypertension, susceptibihty to (3) LPA deficiency, congenital (3) Lumbar disc disease, susceptibility to, 603932(3) Lung cancer, 21 J980 (3) Lung cancer,, 211980 (3) Lung cancer, 211980 (3) Lung cancer, somatic, 211980 (3) Lupus nephritis. susceptibility to !J) Lymphangiolelvvith renal disease and diabetes mellitus Lymphedema. hereditary 1, 153100 (3) Lymphedema, heredita1y II, 153200 (3) Lymphocytic leukemia, acute T-cell (3) Lymphoma. B-cell non-Hodgkin, soma!ic (3) Lymphuma, diffuse large ce1J (3) Lymphoma, follicular (3) Lymphoma, ]\ifALT (3) Lymphoma, mantle cell (3) Lymphoma, n~m-Hodgkin (3) Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin (3) Lymphoma, progression of (3) Lymphoma, somatic (3) Lymphoma, T -cell \3) Lymphoproliferative syndrome, X-linked, 308240 (3)

'fGFBR2, HN1'CC6 CETP AKAP10 KCNQJ, KCNA9, LQ'rl, KVLQTJ, ATFB1 KCNH2, LQT2, HERG SCN5A, LQT3, IVF, HB 1, SSS1 ANK2, LQT4 KCNE1, JLNS, LQT5 KCNE2, IvllRPl, LQT6 KCNJ2, HHTRKl, KTR2.1, IRK1, LQT7 DCTNl OCRL, LOCR, OCRL1, NPHL2 CYP11B2 LPA ClLP KRAS2. RASK2 PPP2R1B SLC22AlL, B\VSCRlA, lMPTl MAP3K8, COT, EST, TPL2 FCGR2A, JGFR2. CD32 TSC1, LAM TSC2, LAfvl FOXC2. FKHLJ 4, M.F·TT 1 FOXC2, FKHL.l4, MFH1 FOXC2, FKHL14, MFH1

n)

5292780 l.DOCX

FLT4, VEGFR3, PCL FOXC2, FK.HL14, MFHl RAP1GDS1 ATM, A'TA, ATJ BCL8 BCLlO BCLlO A'fl\1, ATA, AT l RAD54B RAD54L, HR54, HRAD54 FCGR2B, CD32 MAD1L1, TXBP181 iv1SH2, COCAl, FCCI, HNPCC1 SH2Dl/.._, LYP, Tl\1D5, XLP, XLPD

-93-

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-701.101

Lynch cancer family synd:rume TL, 114400 (3) Lysinuric proaein intolerance, 222700 (3) i'vlachado-Joscph disease, J 09150 (3) Macrocytic anemia, refractory, of 5qsyndrome, 153550 (3) Macwthrumbocytupenia, 300367 Macular comeaJ dystrophy, 217800 (3)

en

J'vlSHL, COCA 1, FCC l, HNPCC 1 SLC7A7, LPI A'lXN3, MJD, SCA3 TRFJ.,MAR Gi\TAL GFL ERYF1, NFEl CHST6, T\tCDCl

Macular degeneration, agreJatcd, 1' 603075 (3)

HF1, CFH, HLTS

J'vTacular degenemtinn, age-related, l, 603075 (3) Macular d;:;generation, ag;:;-related, 3, 608895 (3) Macular degeneration, juvenile, :248200 (3)

HMCNl, FBLN6, FIBL6

Macular d;:;generation, X-li:nked atrophic l3) J',,lacular dystrophy (3)

RPGR, RP3 . CRD, RP15, COD1 F,DS, RP7, PRPH2, PRPH, A VIviD, AOFl'vfD ABCA4, ABCR STCiD 1, FFM, RP 19

Macular dystrophy, age-related, 2, 153800 (3) Macular dystrophy, autosomal dominant, chrnmm,ome 6-linked, 600 ll 0 (3) Maculm· dyslropby, vitellifbnn, 608161 (3) Macular dystrophy, vitdliform type, 153700 (3) Maculopathy, bull's-cye, 153870 Major depressive disorder and accelerated response to antidepressant d111g treatment,

c:n

FBLN5, ARMD3 CNGB3, ACHl\13

ELO\iL4, ADMD, STGD2, STGD3 RDS, RP7, PRPT::l2, PRPH, AVMD, AOFJ\tlD VJ\/ID2

VMD2 FKHP5., FKHP51

en

608616 Malaria, cercbml, reduced risk of, 2483 J 0

CD36

(3) Malaria, cerebral, susc;:;ptibility to, 248310 (3)

CD36

Malm1a, cerebral, snsceptibil1ay to (3) Ma lana. cerebral, susc;:;ptibility hl (3)

TCAI'vrJ 'fNF,TNFA

Ivialaria, resistance to, 248310 (3) J'vTalaria, 1'esis!ance to, 248310 (Tl Malignant hypcrthcm1ia susceptibility 1, 145600 (3) Malignant hyperthermia susceptibility 5, 601887(3) Malo:nyH.~uA d:::carboxylase deficiency, 248360 (3) MALT lymphoma (3) Mandibuloacral dysplasia with type B 5292780 LDOCX

GYPC,GE,GPC fNOS2A, NOS2 R'r"RL MHS, CCO CACNAl S, CACNL1A3, CCHL1A3

MLYCD, J\tlCD M/,LTl, MLT ZMPSTE24, FACEl, STE24, J'vlADB -94-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

lipodystrophy, 608612 (J) Mannosiclosis, alpha-, types I and II, 248500

MAN2B 1, MANE

(3)

i'vlmmosidosis. beta, 24X5J 0 (3) Maple sy:rup urine disease,, type Ia, 248600 (3)

MAJ''IBA, MANB J BCKDHA MSUD 1

Maple symp wine disease, type Th (31 Maple syrup urine disease, type n \3) Maple syrup urine disease, type IH, 248600

BCKDHB, E1B DBT, T:3CA'fE2 DLD, LAD., PHE3

(3) J'vTarfan syndrome, 154700 (3) Marfan syndmme. atypical (3) Maroteaux~Lamy syndrome, several forms (3)

FBN 1, ::VfFS 1, \V1\fS COLJA2 ARSB, NLPS6

Marshall syndrome, 154780 (3)

COLIJ/\l, STL2

MASA syndrome, 303350 (3) J',,1ASP2 deficiency (3)

UCAM, CAMLL. HSAS1 J\tlASP2 FBNJ, MFS l, \VJVfS

MASS t~yndrome, 604308 (3l Mast cell leukemia i)) Mastucytosis \-Vith associated hematologic disorder (3) :\,fast syndrome. 248900 (j) May~Hegglin anomaly, 155100 (3) McArdle disease, 232600 (3) McCune-Albright syndrome, 174800 (3) McKusick~Kaufma11

syndrome, 236700 (3)

McLeod syndrom" (3) McLeod syndrome 1.vith ll(;uroacanthosis (3) J'vTedullary cystic kidney disease 2, 603860 (3) Medullary thyroid carcinoma,, 155240 (3) Meclullmy thyroid carcinoma, familial, 155240(3) Medu !lob lastoma, J 55255 (3) MeduJlobJastoma, d"smoplastic, 155255 (3) Ivieesmann corneal dystrophy, 12210() (3) J'vTeesmann corneal dystrophy, 122100 (3) Megakaryoblasti.c leukemia, acute (3) Megakncephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts, 604004 (3) Megaloblastic anemia~ 1, Finnish type, 261100(3) Megaloblastic anemia--1, Norwegian type, 261100 (3) Melanoma (3 J 5292780 LDOCX

Krr, PBT Kfi, PBT ACP33, MAST, SPG2!

M YH9, J'vlHA, FTNS, DFNA17 P''{GM GNAS, GNASl, GPSA, POH, PHPlB,

PHPlA,AHO klKKS, HMCS, KMS, MKS. BBS6 XK

XK Ul'.10D, HNFJ, FJI-IN, 1\fCKD2, ADMCKD2 RET,MEN2A INTRK1, TRKI\., MTC PTCH2 SLTFU, SUFUXL, SUFLTH KRT12 KRT3 MKLL At\-'lK.L, MAL MLC1, LVM, VL CUBN, TFCR, J\KiAl AJ\/IN CDK4, CMM3 ~95~

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

Melanoma and neural system tumur syndrome, 155755 (3) J\,Tehnoma, cutaneous malignant, 2, 155601 (3)

CDKN2A,, JV1TS1, P16, MLM, CMM2

Melanoma, cutaneous malignant, susceptibility to ( 3) Melanomrr, maligmmi sporadic (3) Melanoma, melignant, somaiic (3)

XRCC3

Meleda disease, 248300 (3; Ivklnick-Neeclles syndrome, 3 093 50 ~ 3)

SLURPl, MDM FLNA, fLNl, ABPX, NHBP, OPDl,

\lelm·heostosis 1vith osteopoikilosis, 155950

OPD2, FJ\fD, JYINS LEMD3, TvlANJ

(3) l'vlemory impairment, sJJsceptibility to (3) Meniere disease 156000 (3) ()

BDNF COCH, DFNA9

Meningioma, 607174 (3) J',,leningioma, 60717 4 ( 3) Meningioma, NF2~lelated, somatic, 607174

CDKN2A, MTS1, P16, 1\fLM, C'MM2

STK 1 L PJS, LKB 1 BRAF

MNl. MGCR PTEN,MMACl INF2

i)) Meningioma, SIS~ related ~3) Meningococcal disease, susceptibility to (3) :\,fenkes disease, 309400 (Tl Menwl retardalion, nonsyndromic, autusomal recessive., 249500 (3) J',,lental retardation, nonsyndromic,

PDGFB, STS t,1BL2, MBL, lVlBP l ATP7A, MNK, MK, OHS PRSS J 2, BSSP3 CRBN,MRT2A

autosomal recessive, 2A, 607417 (_)) Mental reiardati.on, X-linked, 300425 (3) Mental retardation., X~Jinked, 30045~ (3)

NLGJ'-'[4, K1AA 1260, AlJTSX2 J'v1ECP2, R"TT, PPMX, MRX16,, MRX79

Mental retardation, X-linked 30, 300558 (3l Mentalleiurdatiml, X-linked, 34, 300426 (_)) Memal retardalion, X-linked 36, 300430 (3)

PAK3, MR.';:JO" MR..X47 TL 1RAPL, MRX34 ARX, lSSX, PR'TS, MRXS l, MRX36,

Mental retardation, X-linked (3) Mental retardation, X-linked-44, 300501 (3) Mental re!ardati.on, X-linked 45, 300498 (3) Mental retardation., X~Jinked 54, 300419 0) Mental retardation, X-linked 58, 300218 {3) Memal retardalion, X-linked, 60, .300486 (3) Mental retardation, X~linked~9, 309549 ~3) Mental retardation, X-linked, fRA_,'I(E type (3) Mental retardation, X~ linked, JARlD1 C~ related, 300534 (3) Mental retardation, X -linked 1lonspeci fie, 309541

c.n

5292780 LDOCX

MRX54 SLC6AS, CRTR FTSJJ, JM23, SPB 1, MR.X44, J\,TRX9 ZNF8J, MRX45 ARX, lSSX, PRTS, MRXS 1, MRX36, MR.cX54 TM4SF2, MXSl, A15 OPHNl FTSJL JM?3, SF'BL, MRX44, MRX9 FJVIR2, FRAXE, MRX2 SMCX, MRXJ, DXS1272E, XE169,, JARlDlC GD11, RABGD!A, MRX4l, 1VfRX48

~96~

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

Mental retardation., X-Jlnked nonspecific, 63, 300387 (3) J\,Tental retardation, X-linked nonspecific, type 19 (3) MentaJ retardation, X-linked nunspecific, type 46, 300436 (3) Memul retardation, X-bnked nonsyndromic

FACL4, ACS4., MRX63 RI'S6K/\J, RSK2, MRX 19 ARHGEF6, J\t1RX46, COOL2 AGTR2

iJJ Mental retardation., X-Jlnked nonsyndrumic

FGDL FGD'(, AAS

(3) Mental retardation, X-linked nonsyndromic (3)

ZJ..JF41

Meesmann corneal dystrophy, E2JOO (3) Ivleesmann corneal dystrophy, 122100 (3) Megakaryoblastic leukemia, acute (3)

KRT12 lillT3 MKLl, AMKL, MAL

Megakncephalic leukoencephalopathy \Vith subcortical cysts, 604004 (3) Megaloblastic anemia-1, Finnish type,

MLC1. LVM, VL

en

26lloo Megaloblastic anemia-1, Norvvegian type, 261100 (3) :\,fehnoma (3) !'vlelanoma and neural system tumor syndrome, 155755 (3) i\,lelanoma, cutaneous malignant, 2, 155601 (3) Melanoma, cutaneous mali.rp1ant, susceptibility to (3) Melanoma, malignant sporadic (3) Melanoma, melignant, somutic (3) Meleda disease, 248300 (3) MeJnick-Needles syndrome, 309350 (J) Melm+u:ostosis with osteopoikilosis, !55950 i)) Memory impairment, susceptibility to (3) Ivkniere disease 15 6000 (3) ( ) Men1ngioma, 607174 (Jl Meningioma, 607174 ( 3) Meningioma, NF2~JeJawd, somatic, 607174 (3) Meningioma, SJS-related (31 Meningococcal disease, susceptibility to (3) f,,lenkes disease, 309400 (3) Mental retardation, nonsyndromic, autosomal recessive, 249500 (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

CUBN, TFCR, MGAl AMN CDK4, CMM3 CDKN2A, MfS l, P 16, MLM, CMM2 CDKN2A, MTSl, P16, MLIVl, CMIV12 XRCC3 STKll, PIS, LKBl BRAF SLURPL 1\:JDM FLNA FLN1, ABPX, NHBI\ OPDL OPD2, fMD, MNS LEMD3, 1\fANl BDNF COCH, DFNA9 1vlNL MGCR P'TEJ'-;, MMACJ NF? PDGFB, STS MBL2, MBL, MBP1 ATP7A, MNK, IVlK, OHS PRSS 12, BSSP3

-97-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-701.101

Mental retardation,, nonsyndrom!c, autosomal recessh'c, 2A, ti07 417 (3) J\,Tental retardation, X-linked, 300425 (3) i'vlemal retardation, X-linked, 30045:C: (3) MentaJ retardation, X-linked 30, 300558 (3) ;\lental retardation, X-linked, 34, 300426 (3) Mental retardation, X-bnked 36,300430 (3) Mental retardation,, Ivkntal retardation, Mental retardation, Mental retardation,

X-Unked (3) X-linked-44, 300501 {3) X-linked 45, 300498 {3) X-linked 54. 300419 (3)

l'vlental retardation, X-linked 58, 300218 0) Mental retardation, X-bnked, 60, 300486 \3) MentaJ retardation, X-linked-9. 309549 (3) ;\,lental retardation, X-linked, fRA.cXE type (3) Mental reiardation, X -linked, J ARID l Cr;:;lated, 300534 (3) Mental retardation, X-linlced nonspecific, 309541 Memal retardation, X-linked nonspecific, 63, 300387 (3) ;\,lental retardation, X-linked nonspecific, type 19 (3) Mental retardation, X -linked nonspecific, type 46, 300436 (3) Mental retardation, X-linked nonsyndromic (3) Memal retardation, X-linked nonsyndromi.c (3) Mental retardation, X-linked nonsynclromlc (3) Mental re!ardation, X-linked nonsyndromic, DLG3-related (3) Ivkntal retardation, X-linked, SnyderRobinson type, 309583 (31 Memal retardation, X-linked, INitb isolated grcnvth hormone dd]ciency, 300123 (3) Mental retardation, X-linked, with progressive spasticity, 300279 (3) MentaJ retardation, X-linked, 'genous leukemia, acute (3) tvlydogenous leukemia, acute (3) Myeloid leukemia, acute, ]Vf4Eo subtype (3) Myeloid maUgnancy, predisposition to (3; Mydokathexis, isolated (3) Myelomonocytic leukemia, chronic (3) Myeloperoxidase deficiency, 254600 (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

RAPSN, CMSJD, CMSJE

CHAT, C?vTS1A2 HAPSN, CJ\tlS J D, C!VlS J E

FCCMS CHRND, ACHRD, SCCMS, CMS2A, FCCMS CHRNE, SCCMS, CMS?A, FCCMS, CMSlE, CJVISID CHRNA L ACHRD, C1VfS2A, SCCvfS, FCCMS CHRNBL ACHRB, SCCMS, CMS2A, CMSlD CHRND, ACHRD, SCCMS, CMS2l\, FCCMS CHRNE, SCCMS, CMS?A, FCCMS, CMSlE, CJVISID IL12RB1 JFNGR1 TFNGR2, IFNGTJ, IFGR2 STAT1 fNRAMI'l, NRAMI' JvlDS J FACL6,ACS2 TRFI, MAR JAK2 FACL6, ACS2 lRFl,MAR CBFB CSF1R,FMS CXCR4, D2S201E, NPY3R, 'vVHlM PDGFRB, PDGFR '[yff-'0

-103-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-701.101

Myeloproliferative disorder with co"inophilia,, 131440 (3)

PDGFRB, PDGFR

J\'Tyoadenylate deaminase deficiency (3) i'vlyocardia11nfarction, decreased susceptibility to (3) ;\lyocardial infarction susceptibility ( 3) Myocanlialinfurction, m~ceptibility to (3) Myocardial infarction, susceptibility to (3) Myocardial Infarction, susceptibility tu (3) Iviyocardial infarction, susceptibility to (3) Myocardial infm·ction, susceptibility to (3) Myocardial infarction, susceptibility to (3)

Al\.1PD1 F7

Myocardial infarction, susceptibility to, 608446 (3) Myocardial infarction, msceptibility to, 608446 (3) ;\,lyoclonic epilepsy, juvenile, 1' 254770 (31 Myoclonic epilepsy, severe, of in[mcy,

GCI.M, GLCLR

en

6ono8 Myoclonic epilepsy v;lth mental retardatkm and spasticity, 300432 (3) :\,fyoglobinuria/hemolysis due to PGK deficiency (3) Myokymia with neonatal epilepsy,, 606437 (3) Myoneurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy syndrome, 603041 Myopathy,, actin, congenital, V·!ith cores (3) Myopathy, actin, congenitaL with excess of thin myofilument~, 161800(3)

en

Myopathy, cardioskdetal, desmin-related, witb cataract, 60881 0 (3) Ivlyopathy, centrom.1clear, 160150 (3) Myopathy, congenital (3) Myopathy, desmin-related, cardioskeletal, 601419(3) Iviyopathy, distal, \Vith anterior tibial onset, 606768 (Tl Myopathy, distaL vvith decreased caveolin 3 (3) tvlyopathy due to CPT ll deficiency, 255110 (3) Myop8thy due to phospbogJycerat;:; mutase deficiency ( 3) Myopathy, Laiilg distal, l60Sll0 (3) Myopathy, myosin swrage, 608.358 (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

APOE,AD2 ACE, DCPI, i\CEl ALOX5AP, FLAP LGALS2 LTA, TNFB ()LRL LOXI 'fFfBD, THRf\1

TNFSF4, GP34, OX40L EFHC1, fLJ10466, EJJVIl GABRG2, GEFSP.l, CAE2, ECA2 ARX, lSSX, PRTS, MRXS 1, MRX36, t,1RoX54 PGK!, PGKA KCNQL ERN1 ECGFl ACTA1, ASMA, NEM3,, NEMl ACTA1, ASJV1A, NEfVl3, NEMl CR'{ AH, CR YA2, CTPP2 JV1Yf6 ITGA7 DES, CMDH DYSF, LGMD2B CAV3, LGMDlC CPT2 PGAM2, PGAMM

MYI-T7, C1VfH1, 1\fPDl 'LYf'(T-i7, CMFf 1, MPD 1

-104-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-701.101

Myopathy,, nemaline,, 3, 161800 (3; Myotllinopathy, 609200 (3) J\'Tyotonia congenita, atypical, acetazolamide-responsive, 608390 Myotonia congenita,, dominant, 160800(3) ;\lyotonia congenita, recessive, 255700 (3) Myotonia k.iur, recessive (31 Myotonic dystrophy, 160900 (3) Myotonic dystrophy, type 2, 602.66~ (3) Iviyotubular myopathy, X· linked, 310400 (3) Myxoid liposarcoma (3) \lyxoma, intracanliac, 255960 (3) N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency, 237310(3) Nail-patella syndrome, 161200 (3) Nail-patella syndrome with upen-angle glaucoma, 137750 (3) Nance-Horan syndmme, 302350 (3) J'.:f arcolepsy, 1614oo Nasopharyngeal carcinoma,, 161550 (3) Nasu-Hakola disease, 221770 (3) Nasu-Hakola disease, 221770 Cil Naxos disease, 601214 (:n N emal ine myopathy, 161800(3) Nemaline myopathy 1, autosomal dominant, 161800 (3) Nemali.ne myopathy 2, autosomalJ'CCessive, 256030 (3; Nemaline myopathy, Amish type, 605355 (3) Neonatal ichtbyosis-sclewsing cholangitis syndrome, 607626 (3) Nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, 300539 (3) Nephrolithiasis, type I, 310468 (_)) Nephrolithiasis, uric add, susceptibility to, 605990 (3) Nephronophthisis 2, infantile, 602088 (3) Nephnmopbthisis 4, 606966 (3 J Nephron~>phtbisis, adolescent, 604387 (3) N ephronophthisis, juvenile, 25 61 00 (3) Nephmpathy, chronic hypocomplementemic (3) Nephropathy \VJth pretibial epidermolysis bullnsa and deafness, 609057 (3) Nephrosis-J, congenital, Finnish type,

ACTA1, ASMA, NEM3,, NEMl TTID,MYOT SCN4A, T-f'tPP, NAC!A

n)

en

5292780 LDOCX

CLCN1 CLCN1 CLCNJ DMPK, DM, DMK ZNF9. CNBPJ ., DM2., PROMM MTJVIl, IVlTM..X DD1T3, GADD153, CHOP10 PRKAR1A, TSE1, CNCl, CAR NAGS LMXlB, NPS1 LJV1X1B, NPSl

INns 1-JCRL OX 'fP'53, P53, LFS1 TREI\!I2 TYROBP, PLOSL, DAPl2 JUP, DP3, PDGB TPM2, TMSR AMCDL DA1 TPM3, NEJ\ill NEB, NEM2 TNNTl. ANI\,1 CLDN 1, SETviP l AVPR2, DlR, DI1, ADHR CLCN5, CLCKL NPHL2, DENTS ZNF365., LTAN TNVS, 1NV, NPHP2, NPI-12 NPHP4, SLSN4 NPHP3, NPH3 INPHPl, NPHl, SLSNl HFJ, CHI, HU S CD151, PETA3, SFAl NPHS1, NPHN -105-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

?56300 (3; Nephrotic syndrome, steroid-resistant, 600995 (3) Netherton syndrome. 256500 (3) Neural tube defects, maternal risk of, 601634 (3) Neuroblastoma, 256700 (3) Neuroblastoma, 256700 (3) Neurudegencration, pantothenate kinaseassociated, 234200 (3) Neuroectodermal tumors, supratentm-ial primitive, with ca!'C-au-lait spots, 608623 (3) Neurofibromatusis,, familial spinal, 162210 (3) Neurofibromatosis-N nonan s yndmme, 6013?1 (3) Neurofibromatosis, type 1 0) Neurofibromatosis. type 2. 101000 (3) Neurofibromatosis, type I, vv·ith leukemia. 162200 (3; N euroflbrosarcoma ( 3) Neuropathy, conge11ital hypomyeli11ating, 1' 605253 (3) Neuropathy,, congeniwl hypomyelinating,, 605253 (3) Neuropathy, distal hereditmy molol. 608634

PDCN, NPHS2, Slli"'J l SP1J'-'IK5, LEKTI MTHFD, MTHFC INME 1' Nl\123 PMX2B. NBPHOX, PHOX2H PANK?, NH1Al, PKAN, HARP PMS2, P1\fSL2, HNPCC4 NFL VRNF, vVSS, NFNS

fNFJ, VRNF, \VSS, NFNS INFl, VRNF, \VSS, NFNS INF2 't\ifSli2, COCA l, FCC1, HNPCC l t,1XI1

EGRL KROX20 MPZ., CM"IlH., CMTDT3., CHM., DSS HSI'Bl, HSP27, C1\fT2F

(3) Neurupathy, distal hereditary motor, type fL 158590 (3) Neuropathy, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type 1' 162400 (3) Neuropathy,, hereditary sensory and autonomic, type V, 608654 (3) Neuropathy, hereditary sensory, type IT, 20 13oo Neurupathy, nxmrent, with pressure palsies, 162500 (3) Neutropenia, alloimmune neonatal (31 Nemropenia, congenital, 202700 (3; Neutfl.>penia, severe congenital, 202700 (3) Neutropenia, severe congenital, X-linked, 300299(3) Neutr~.>phil immunodeficiency syndrome, 608203 (3) Nevo syndrome, 601451 (3) Nevus, epidennal. epidennolytic

en

5292780 LDOCX

HSPB8, H 11, E21G 1, DHMN2 SPTLCl, LBCl, SPT1, HSN1, HSAN NGFB, HSAN5 HSN2 PMP22,, CMT1 A, CMT1 E, DSS FCGR3A, CD16, IGFR3 ELA2 GFIL ZNF163 \VAS, IMD2, THC RAC2 PLOD, PU:ml KRT10 -106-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

hyperkeratutk type, 600648 (3) Ne\vfoundland rod-cone dystrophy, 607476

RLBPl

(3)

Nicotine addiction, protection from (3) Nicotine addiction, ~usceptlbi1ity to, 18~890 (3)

C\"P2A6, C\'P2A3, CYP2A, P450C2A CHRNA4., ENFLl

Nicotine dependence, ~u~ceptibility to, J 88890 Niemann-Pkk disease, type A, 257200 (3) Niemann--Pick disease, type B, 607616 13) Niemmn-Pick disease, type Cl, 257220 (3) Niemann-pick disease, type C2, 607625 (_"i) Nkmann~Pick disease, typeD, 257220 (3) Night blindness, congenital stationary (3) Night bl1ndness, congenital stationmy, type L. 310500 (3) Night blindness, congenital stationm:v, type .), 163500 (3) J'.:fight blindness, congenital stationary, X..)) linb:;d, type 2, 300071 ('' Night blindness, congenital stationery, rhodopsin-related (3) Nijmegen breakage syndrome, 251260 (.3) N@aka myopathy, 605820 (3) Noncompaction of ldt ventricular myocardium, isolated, 300183 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, somatic, 605027 (3)

GPR51, GABBR2

c.n

SMPDL NPD SMPDl, NPD iNPCl, NI;C NPC2, HEJ NPC1, NPC GNATl CSNBl, 1'--FYX PDE6B, PDEB, CSNB3

-~

CACNAJF, CSNB2

_

RHO, RP4, OPN2 NBSl, NBS GNE, GLCNE, lHMJ, DMRV, NM TAZ, EFE2, BTHS, CMD3A, L'VNCX

en

N onsmall cell lung cancer (3) Nonsnmll cell lung cancer, response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor in, 211980 (3) ;\kmsma1J ceJllung cancer,, sumatic (3) Noonan syndrome L 163950 (3) Norrie disease (3) Norum disease, 245900 (3) Norvvalk virus infection, resh;tance to (3) Nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency, immunodefic1ency due to (3) Obesity, adrenal insuft1ciency, and red hair (3) Obesity, autosomal dominant, 601665 (3) Obesity, hyperphagia, and developmemal delay l3) Obesity, hyperphagia, and developmental delay (3) Obesity, late~onset, 601665 (3) 5292780 LDOCX

CASP10, lVfCH4, ALPS2 IRFl, JVIAR EGFR BRAF PTPN ll, PTP2C, SHP2, NS 1 fNDI', ND LCAT FLTT2, SE NP POMC iv1C4R AKR1C2, DDH2, DD2, HAKRD INTRIC, TRKB AGRP, ART, AGRf ~107-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

Obesity, mlld, early~onset, 601665 (3) Obesity, morbid, with hypogonadism (3) Obesity, morbid, iVith hypogonadism (3) Obesity, resistance to (3) Obesity, sc:overe, 601665 (3) Obesity, severe, 601665 (3) Obesity, severe, and type II dillbetes, 601665 (3) Obesity, Obesity, Obesity, Obesity,

severe, due tG kptin deficiency (3) sn·ere, susceptibility to, 601665 (3) susceptibility to, 300306 (3l susceptibility to, 601665 (3)

NI, PAPB, ACLS GPR56, Tfv17XJ"fJ, BFPP BMPRlA, AC\iRLK3, ALK3 MADH4, DPC4, SJ'vTAD4, JTI' TRF6, VWS, LPS, PT'I', PPS, OFC6 COL4AJ ALAD T-H,1BS, PBGD, UPS HMBS,PBGD, UPS LTROS UHOD LTROD HFE, HLA-H, HFEl PPOX MECP2, KJ"f, PPMX, MRX16, MRX79 NUN SNRPN LHCGR STOXl, PEE4 EPHXl AGT, SERPTN/\_8 KLKB1, KLK3 -114-

WSGR Docket '-'o- 44063-70L!Ol

Premature chromosome c,mdensatl,m with microcephaly and mental retardation,

J'v1CPH1

en

6068ss Pl'ematun;; ovarian failure, 30051 J (3) Premature uvanan failure 3, 608996 (3) Primary lateral sclerosis, juvenile, 606353 (3) Prion disease Vv'ith protTacted course, 606688 (3) Progressive external ophthalmoplegia \vith mitochondrial DNA deletions, 157640 (3) Pmgrcssive external ophthalmoplegia with mitochondrial DNA del::;tions., 157640 (3) ProgrcssiYe external ophthalmopkgia with mitochondrial DNA deletions, 157640 (3) Pro_s'l.mniJ poor metabohzer (3) Prolactinoma, hyperparathyroidism, carcinoid syndrome \3) Prolidase deficiency (3) Prop::;rdin dd'ickncy, X~ linked, 312060 (3) Propionicacidemia, 606054 (3) Propionicacidemia, 606054 (3) Pmstate cancer 1, 176807,601518 (3) Prostate cancer, 176@7(3) Prostate cancer, 176807 0) Prostate cancer (3) Pro:;,tate cancer, familiaL 176807 (3) Prostate cancer. hereditary, 176807(3) Prostate cancer, progression and metastasis oi~ 176807 (3) Pl'Ostate cancer. somatic, 176807 (3) Prostate cancer, sGmat!c, 176807 (3) Prostate cancer, susceptibility to, 176807 (3) Prostate cancer, susceptibility to, 176807 (3) Prostate cancer, susceptibility to, 170807 (3) Prostate cancer. susceptibility to, 176807 (3) ProteinS ddlciency (3) Proteinw·ia, ln>vv molecular ivelght, with hypcrcalciuric nephrocalcinosis (3; Protoporphyria, e1:vihropoktic (3) Protoporphyria, erythropoietic, recessive, INith liver failure (3) 5292780 l.DOCX

DlAPH2, DlA, POF2 FOXL2, BPES, BPESJ , PFRK, POF3 ALS2. ALSJ, PLSJ. IAHSP PRNP, PRTP Cl0orf2, T\VlNKLE, PEOl, PEO POLG, POLGl, POLGA, PEO SLC25A4, i\NTl, Tl, PE03

CYPlC, CYP2C19 J\tlENl PEPD PFC, PFD PCCA PCCB RNASEL, RNS4, PRCAl, HJ'Cl BRCA2, FANCDl PTEN, MMACl AR, DHTR, TFM, SBJ\fA, KD, SJVL1PS3A,

SFJVID

~AGLU

CARDJ5, NOD2, lBDl, CD. ACUG. -120-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

Sarcoidosb, susceptibility to, 181 ()()() (3) Sarcoidosis, susceptibility to, 181000 ( 3) Sarcoma, synovial (3) Sarcoma,, synovial (3) SARS, progression of (3) Schimke immunoosseou~ dysplasia, 242900 (3) Schindler disease, type L 609241 (3) Schindler disease, type Ill, 609241 (3) Schizencephaly, 269160 (3) Schizoaffcctive disorder. susceptibility lo, 181500 (3) Schizophrenia 5, 603175 (3) Schizophrenia, chronic (31 Schizophrenia, susceptibility to, 181500 (3) Schizophrenia, susceptibility to, 181500 (3) Schizophrenia, susceptibility to, 181500 (3) Schizophrenia, susceptibility to, 181500(3) Schizophrenia, susceptibility to, 181500 (3) Schizophrenia, susceptibility to, 181510 (3) Sclrizophrenia, susceptibility to, 4 600850 (3) ScJT\Vannumatosis, 162091 (3) Schwartz-.Jampd syndrome, type L 255800 (3) SC1D, autosomal recessive, T-negative/Bpositive type (3) Sclerosteosis, 269500 (Jl Scurvy (3) Sea-blue histiocyte disease, 269600 (3) Seasonal affective disurder,, susceptibiJ ity to, 608516 (3) Sebastian syndmme, 605249 (3) Seckel syndrome 1' 21 0600 (3) Segrnva syndrome, recessive (3) Seizures, at:::brile, 604233 (3) Seizures, ben1gn familial neonatal-infantile, 607745 (3) Selective T-cdl defect (3) Self-healing collodion baby, 242300 (3) SE!VfD, Pakistani type (3) Senior-Loken syndrome-1, 266900 (3) Senior- Loken syndrome 4, 606996 (3) Senior-Loken syndrome 5, 609254 (31 Sensory ataxic neuropathy, dysarthria, and 5292780 l.DOCX

PSORAS1 BTNL2 HLA-DR1B SSXl, SSRC SSX2 ACE, DCP L ACE 1 SMARCALl, HARP, STOD NAGA NAGA EMX2 DlSCl TR-\R4 API', Al'v\, CVAP, AD 1 COMT DlSCl HTR2A RTN4R NOGOR SYN2 EPN4, EPNR, IUAA017L SCZD1 PRODH, PRODH2, SCZD4 NF2 HSPG2, PLC, SJS, SJA, SJSl JAK3, JAKL SOST GULOP, GULO APOE,AD2 HTR2A MYH9, MBA, FTNS, DFNA17 ATR, FRP 1, SCKL ·rH,TYH SCN2Al, SCN2A SCN2Al, SCN2A ZAP70, SEX, S"I'D TGMl, ICR2, Lll PAPSS2, A TI'SK2 NPHPl, NPH1, SLSN 1 INPHP4, SLSN4 TQCB l, NPHP5, KTAA0036 POLCi, POLCfl, POLGA, PEO -121-

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-701.101

ophtha lmoprm-:sis,, 157640 (3) Sepiaptcrin reductase: deficiency (3) Sepsis, susceptibility to (3) Septic shock, susceptibility to (3) Septo,)ptlc dysplasia, J 82230 (3) Se:rtoli cell-only syndrome, susceptibility to, 305700(3) Severe combined immunodeficiency, Athabascan type, 602450 (3) Severe combined immunodeficiency, B cellnegative, 601457 (3) Sevenc: combined immunodeficiency. B cellnegative, 601457 l3) Severe combined immunodeficiency due to ADA deficiency, 1o:noo Severe combined immunodeficiency due to PTPRC dd'iciency (3) Seve1'e combined immunodeficiency, T -cell negative. B-cdl/natural killer cell-positive type, 600802 (3) Severe combined immunodeficiency, Tnegative/B-positive type, 600802 Cil Severe combined immunodeficiency. Xlinked, 300400 (3) Sex reversal, XY, \vith adrenal faihm: 0) Sezary syndrome (3) Shah-Waardenburg syndrome. 277580 iJJ Short ~tature, auto~omal dominant, with normal serum growth hormone: binding protein (3) Short stature, idiopathic (3) Shurt stature, id!upathic familial, 604271 (3)

en

Short stature, idiopathic familial, 604271 (3) Short stature, pituitary and cerebellm' defects, and small sella turcica, 606606 Shprlntzen~Go ldbe:rg syndnm1e, 18?212 (3) Shwadumm-Diamond syndrome, 260400 (3) Sialic acid storage disorder, infantile, 269920 (3) Sialldosis, type l, 256550 (3) Sialidosis, type It 256550 (3) Sialuria, 269921 \_/.,." ..)) Sickle cell anemia \}) Sick sinus syndrome, 608567 (3) Silver spastic paraplegia syndrome, 270685

en

5292780 LDOCX

SPR CASP12, L'/,SP12Pl 'fNF, TJ'-'IFA HESXL RPX LTSP26 DCLREJ C, ARTE\tlS, SCTDA

Rc\.Gl

RAG2 ADA PTPRC, CD45, LCA IL7R

CD3D, T3D 1L2RG, SClDX1, SClDX, 1MD4

FTZFL FTZL SFl BCL10 EDN3 GHR

GHR SHOX, GCFX,. SS, PHOG SHOXY LHX4 FBN1, MFS 1, \VMS SBDS, SDS SLCl7A5, S1ASD, SLD INEUl, NEU, SlALl

iNEUl, NEU, SIALl GNE,, GLCNE, IBM?, DMRV, NM HBB SCNSA, LQT3, TVF, HB L SSS1 BSCL2. SPG 17 -122-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

(3) Simpson--Golabi-Behmd syndrome, type 1, 312870Cll Sitosterolcmia, 210250 (3) Sitosterolemia, 210250 (3) Situs ambi_guus (3) Situ~ inversus viscerum, 270100 (3) Sjogren~Larsson syndrome, 270200 (3) Skin fragility~'Nocdly hair syndrome,. 607655 (3) Slow acetylation (31 Slowed nerve conduction velocity, AD, 608236 (3) Small patdla syndrome, 147891 (3) S1\fED Strurhvick type, 184250(3) SmitJd·'ineman~Myers syndrome, 3095~0 (3) Smith~Lemli~Opitz

syndmme, 270400 (3) syndrome. 182290 (3) Smith~McCort dyspla-;ia, 607326 (3) Solita1y median maxillary central incisor, 147250 Cil Somatotrophinoma (3) Smith~i\lagenis

Sorsby fundus dystrophy, 136900 (3) Sotos syndrome, 117550 (_)) Spastic ataxia, Charlevoix~Saguenay type. 270550 (3) Spastic paralysis, lnhmtile onset ascending,

GPC3, SDYS, SGBS 1 ABCG5 ABCG8 ~ODAL DNAHll, DNAHC11

ALDH3A2, ALDH 10. SLS, FALDH DSP, KPPS2, PPKS2

INAT2, Ai\C2 ARHGEFlO, K1AA0294 TBX4 COL2A1 ATRX,. XH2,. XNP, NLRXS3, SHS DHCR7, SLOS RA rJ, SJVfCR, SMS DYM, FLJ90130, DMC, SMC SHH, HP£3, HLP3, SMJ\Kl GNAS, CiNASl, GPSA, POFL PHP1B, PHP1A, AHO TIMP3, SFD !NSDI, J\R/;267, STO SACS, ARSACS ALS2, ALSJ, PLSJ, IAHSP

t.:;oTn"~c ~~,))

Spastic paraplegia 10) 604 J 8 7 ( 3) Spastic paraplegia~ 13. 605280 (3) Spastic paraplegia-2, 312920 (3) Spastic paraplegia~3/\, 1826oo Spastic paraplegia~4, 182601 (3) Spastic parapkg1a~6,, 600363 (3) Spastic paraplegia··?, 607259 (3) Specific granule deficiency, 245480 (3) Speecb~lan:,YJ.mge disorder~ 1, 602081 (3) Spermah!genic failure, susceptibility h! (3) Spherocytosis-} (3) Spherocy!osis-2 (3) Spherocytosis, hereditary (3) Spherocytosis, hereditary, Japanese type (3) Spherocytosis, recessive (3)

en

5292780 l.DOCX

KlF5A, NKHC, SPG10 HSPDl, SPG13, HSP60 PLPl, PMD SPC13A SPG4, SPAST NlPA 1, SPG6 PGN, SPG7, CMAR, CAR CEBPE, CRPl FOXP2, SPGll, TNRClO, CAGH44 DAZ.L DAZH, SP'G""'r.LA SPTB ANK1, SPI-12 SLC4A 1, AEl, EP'B3 EPB42 SPTAl ~ 123~

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-701.101

Spina bifida, 601634 (3) Spina blfida, ri~k c{ 601634, 182940 (3) Spina biflda, risk of, 601634, 182940(3) Spi1ml and bulbar muscular atrophy of Kennedy, 313200 (3) Spinal muscrular atrophy, late-onset, Finkel type, 182980 (3) Spinal muscular atwphy-1, 253300 (3) Spinal muscular atr~.1phy-2, 253550 (3) Spinal muscular atrophy--3, 253400 (3) Spinal muscular atwphy-4, 271150 (3) Spinal muscular atrophy, di.stal, type v ' 600794 (3) Spinal muscular atrophy, distal, type V, 600794(3) Spinal muscular atrophy,, juvenile (3) Spinal muscular atrophy \Yith respirato1y distress, 604320 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia-] 0 (3) SpinucerebeHar ataxia-1, J 64400 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia 12, 604326 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia 14,605361 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia J7, 60TJ 36 (3) Spinocen::beHar ataxia-/.\ 183090 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia 25 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia-27, 609.307 Cll Spinocerebellar ataxia 4, pure Japanese type, 117210(3) Spinocerebellar ataxia -6, 183086 (3) Spinocerebellar lllaxia-7, 164500 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia 8, 608768 (3) Spinocerebellar ataxia, autusumaJ recessive 'vvith axonal neuropathy, 607250 (3) Split hand/foot malformation, type 3, 600095 i)) Split-hand/foot maJf(!rmatkm, type 4, 605289 (3) Spondy locarpotarsal t'ynostosis syndrome, 272460 (3) Spundykx:ostaJ dysostosis, aut1.1son1al recess1\.re, L 277300 (3) Spondylocostal dysostosis, autosomal recessiv::: ?, 608681 (3) Spondylocpimetaphyseal dysplasia, 608728 (3) Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Kimberley 5292780 LDOCX

J'vlTHFD, M'IHFC MTR MTRR AR, DT::l'IR, TFfvl, SBTviA, KD, SlVfAXl VAPB, VAPC ALS8 SMN l, SMA 1, SMA2, SMNL SMA L SMA2, SMN1, Sivl.Al, SIV1A2, Sl\1Nl, S1\fA l, S1\fA2, BSCL2, SPG 17

SMA3, SMA3, SJVLt\.3, SI'vL·\3,

SMA4 SMA4 SJVIA4 SJ\·TA4

GARS, SiviAD1, CJ\H2D HEXB 1GHMBP2, SMUBP2, CATFl, SMARDl ATXJ'-'rJ 0, SCA 10 ATXN1, ATXJ., SCAJ PPP2R2B PRKCCi, PKCC, PKCG, SCAI4 ·rBP, SCA17 ATXNL, ATX2, SCA2 SCA25 FGF 14, FHF4, SCA27 PLEKf::lG4 CACNAlA, CACNL1A4, SCA6 AT.A'J'-'0, SCA7, OPCA3 SCA8 TDPJ SHFM3,DAC ·rp t3L, TP63, KET, EEC3, SHFM4, LMS,RHS FLNB, SCT, AOT DLL3, SCDOl MESP2 iv1ATN3, EDM5, HOA AGCl, CSPCil, MSK16, SEDK -124-

WSGR Docket "o. 44063-70L!Ol

type, 608361 (3) Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Omani typ",

en

608637 Spondylocpipbyseal dysplasia tarda, 313400 (3) Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarcla with prugres~ive lirthropathy, 208230 (3) Spondy lometaphyseal dysplasia, Japanese type (3) Squamous cdl carcinoma, burn scar·· related, somatic (31 Squamous cell carcinoma, bead and neck, 601400 (3) Squamous cdl carcinoma, head and neck, 601400(3) Stapes ankylosis syndrome \Vithout symphalangism, 184460 (3) Stargardt disease~l, 248200 (.")) Stargardt disease 3, 600110 (3) Startle 1.lisease, autosom/US, 193900 (3) Williams-Beuren syndrome, 194050 {3) Wilms tumor, 194070 (3) VVilms tumur, s
-139-

WSGR Docket '-'o. 44063-70L!Ol

SH.F; STA'Il Neurotrophin!TRK Signaling NTRK2; Ivli\PKl: PTPN11; PlK3CA; CB.EBl; FOS: PTK3CB; I'TK3C3; MA.PKH; MAPK3; KRAS; I'IK3C2A; RAF1; MAP2K2; AKT1; PlK3R1; PDPKJ; MAP2K1; CDC42; JUN: ATF4 FXRiRXR Activation lNS; PPARA.; FASN: R.XRA.: AKT2; SDCl; IV1APK8: APOB; ?vTAPKlO; PPARG; MTTP; JvfAPK9; PPARGClA; TNF; CREBHP; AKT1; SREHFJ; FCiFR4: AKT3; FOXOl Synaptic Long Term PRKCE: RAP1A; EP300; PRKCZ; MAPK1; CREB1; Potentiation PRl(CI: GNAQ; CAiv1K2A; PRKDl: JVIAPK3; KPu\S; PRKCD; PPP1 CC; Rt\Fl; CREBBP; MAP2K2; J'vff\I'2Kl; A'TF4; PRKCA Calcium SignaUng RAPlA: EP300; HDAC4; J\t1APK1: HDAC5: CREBL CAMK2A: MYH9: MAPK3; HDAC2; HDAC7A: HDACll: HDA.C9; HDAC3; CREBBP; CALR: CAMKK2; ATF4; HDAC6 ELKl; MAPKl: EGFR; PlK3CA; FOS; PlK3CB: PIK3C3; EGF Signaling MAI'KH; MAPK3; PIK3C2A; Rt\Fl; JAK 1; I'IK3R 1; STATJ: ivlAP2K1; JUN: PRKCA: SRF; S'TATJ Hypoxia Signaling in th;:; EDN1: PTEN; EP300; NQ01: UBE2J; CREB1: AHNT; HIFlA; SLC2A4; NOS3: TP53; LDHA; AKTl: ATM; Cardiovascular System VEGFA; TIJN; /\ TF4; VHL; HSP90AA 1 LPS/lL-1 Mediated Inhibition lRAKl; MYD88; 'TRAF6; PPARA; RXRA; ABCAl; d:' HXH. Function MAPK8; ALDH1A1; GSTP1: MAPK9; ABCBl: TH.AF2; TLR4; TNF: MAP3K7; NR1H2; SREBFl; JUN: IL1R1 LXRIRX.R Activation F/;SN; RXRA: NCOR2; ABCA 1; NFKB2; IRF3; RELA; NOS2A; TLR4; TNF: RELB; LDLR; NR 1H2; NFK BJ; SREBFl: IL1RJ; CCL2: 1L6; MMJl9 PRl(CE; CSNKlE; MAPKl; CAPNSl: AKT2; CAPN2; Amyloid Proc;:;sslng CA.I'Nl; 1\1APK3; MA.PK13; JvfAPT; JvfAPK14; AKT1; PSENl; CSNKJAJ; GSK3H; AKT3; APP 1L-4 Signaling AKT2; PIK3CA; PIK3CB; P1K3C3; JRSL KRAS; SOCSl; PTPN6; NR3Cl: PIK3C2A: JAKl; AKTl: JAK2; PlK3Rl: FRAPJ; AKT3; RPS6KB1 FP300; PCAF; BRCA1; GADD45A; PLKl; H'fRC; Cell Cycle: G2/M DNA CHEKL ATR; CHEK2: Y'vVHAZ: TP53; CDKNJA: Damage Checkpoint Regulation PRl(DC: ATivi: SFN; CDI,., ....

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