The Influence of Bayesian Networks Structure on Rock ... - ScienceDirect

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 191 (2017) 206 – 214

6\PSRVLXPRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLHW\IRU5RFN0HFKDQLFV

7KH,QIOXHQFHRI%D\HVLDQ1HWZRUNV6WUXFWXUHRQ5RFN%XUVW +D]DUG3UHGLFWLRQZLWK,QFRPSOHWH'DWD 1LQJ/LD 5-LPHQH]D;LDQGD)HQJE b

a Technical University of Madrid, ETSI Caminos, C. y P, C/ Profesor Aranguren s/n, Madrid, 28040, Spain School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, No. 336, West Road of Nan Xinzhuang Xilu, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, P.R. China

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ıș  8QLD[LDO WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK RI URFN 876  ıW  8QLD[LDO FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RIURFN8&6 ı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© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI(852&. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of EUROCK 2017 Keywords:5RFNEXUVW%1%D\HVLDQQHWZRUNV1DwYH%D\HVFODVVLILHU7UHHDXJPHQWHG1DwYH%D\HVFODVVLILHU%1DXJPHQWHG1DwYH%D\HV FODVVLILHU,QFRPSOHWHGDWD&URVVYDOLGDWLRQ

 



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:OHHQLQJ#JPDLOFRP

1877-7058 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license

(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of EUROCK 2017

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.05.173

207

Ning Li et al. / Procedia Engineering 191 (2017) 206 – 214

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nputs in the BN )RU WKH ORQJWHUP SUHGLFWLRQ FRQVLGHUHG KHUHLQ ZH FRQVLGHU ILYH SDUDPHWHUV ZLWK SRWHQWLDO LQIOXHQFH RQ URFN EXUVWEXULHGGHSWKRIWKHWXQQHO+ PD[LPXPWDQJHQWLDOVWUHVVDWWKHVXUURXQGLQJURFN076 ıș XQLD[LDOWHQVLOH VWUHQJWKRIURFN876 ıW XQLD[LDOFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIURFN8&6 ıF DQGHODVWLFHQHUJ\LQGH[:HW $EULHI GHVFULSWLRQRIWKHVHSDUDPHWHUVLVSUHVHQWHGEHORZ 2.2. Description of the database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

$YDLODEOH

0LVVLQJ

0LQ

0D[

0HDQ

+>P@











6WDQGDUG GHYLDWLRQ 

076>03D@













8&6>03D@













876>03D@













:HW













6HWRILQWHUYDOVZLWKFRXQW > @  @

6WDWHRIHDFK SDUDPHWHU 6KDOORZ 0HGLXP

@@ 'HHS9HU\GHHS > @  @ /RZ 0HGLXP @ > @  @

+LJK /RZ

0HGLXP

@ +LJK > @  @ /RZ

0HGLXP

@ +LJK > @  @ /RZ

0HGLXP

@

+LJK

208

Ning Li et al. / Procedia Engineering 191 (2017) 206 – 214

&DQGLGDWHVWUXFWXUHVDQGWUDLQLQJRIWKH%1 3.1. Brief introduction of the BN %D\HVLDQ QHWZRUNV DUH GLUHFWHG DF\FOLF JUDSKV WKDW FDQ KDQGOH SUREDELOLVWLF UHODWLRQVKLSV DPRQJ D VHW RIYDULDEOHV7KHQRGHVUHSUHVHQWUDQGRPYDULDEOHVVRWKDWGLUHFWFDXVDOLQIOXHQFHVEHWZHHQWZRQRGHVZLOOEHOLQNHG E\DQDUURZDQGWKHODFNRIDQDUURZLQGLFDWHVWKHLUFRQGLWLRQDOLQGHSHQGHQFH>@ 3.2. Candidate structures 7KH LQLWLDO VWHS IRU FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZLWK %1V LV WR GHILQH WKH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH QHWZRUN 7KH PRVW FRPPRQ LVSUREDEO\ WKH 1DwYH %D\HV FODVVLILHU ZKLFK DVVXPHV FRQGLWLRQDO LQGHSHQGHQFH DPRQJ WKH LQSXW SDUDPHWHUV 6HH>@ IRU D UHFHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ WR WXQQHO VTXHH]LQJ  7KRXJK WKH LQGHSHQGHQFH DVVXPSWLRQ LV VRPHZKDW QRW DFFXUDWH LW KDV VXFFHVVIXOO\ RXWSHUIRUPHG PDQ\ FRPSOH[ FODVVLILHUV ZKHQ WKH IHDWXUHV DUH QRW VWURQJO\ FRUUHODWHG >@ 7R LPSURYH 1DwYH %D\HV WZR DSSURDFKHV DUH SRVVLEOH VHOHFWLQJ D IHDWXUH VXEVHW DQG UHOD[LQJ WKHLQGHSHQGHQFH DVVXPSWLRQV 6HOHFWLQJ IHDWXUH VXEVHWV VHH >@  DLPV WR ILQG D JRRG VXEVHW RI IHDWXUHV DQG WR FRQVWUXFWD1DwYH%D\HVFODVVLILHURYHUVXFKVXEVHWRQO\7KHµUHOD[LQJLQGHSHQGHQFH¶DSSURDFKZDVILUVWHPSOR\HG E\ >@ ZKR DVVXPHG LQGHSHQGHQFH RQO\ EHWZHHQ IHDWXUHV RI GLIIHUHQW JURXSV RI GDWD ZKHUHDV >@ SURSRVHG WKHWUHHDXJPHQWHG1DwYH%D\HV7$1 DQGWKH%1DXJPHQWHG1Dw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³ZHDN´LQPRVWFDVHVH[FHSWIRUWKH8&6±8768&6±:HWDQG876±:HW UHODWLRQVKLSVZKLFKFDQEHGHILQHGDV³PRGHUDWH´WR³VWURQJ´LIWKHFDWHJRUL]DWLRQVSURSRVHGE\>@DUHIROORZHG ,Q SDUWLFXODU ȡ8&6876   ȡ8&6:HW   DQG ȡ876:HW   ZLWK DOO RWKHU FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV EHLQJ VPDOOHU LQ DEVROXWH YDOXH WKDQ   %DVHG RQ WKH SUHYLRXV GLVFXVVLRQ WKUHH FDQGLGDWH VWUXFWXUHV RI WKH %1 DUH LOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJ)LJDOVRVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLVZKLFKZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGEHORZ  )RU WKH VXEVHTXHQW DQDO\VLV ZH GLYLGH WKH GDWDEDVH LQWR WZR VXEVHWV ²URFN EXUVW DQG QRQURFN EXUVW² KHUH 7KH DYDLODEOH FDVH KLVWRULHV DUH XVHG WR WUDLQ WKH %1 $IWHU VHOHFWLRQ RI WKH %1 VWUXFWXUH WKH FRQGLWLRQDO SUREDELOLW\RIRQHYDULDEOHJLYHQWKHRWKHUQHHGVWREHGHILQHG)RUGLVFUHWHYDULDEOHVFRQGLWLRQDOSUREDELOLW\WDEOHV &37V FDQEHXVHGWRTXDQWLI\WKHFRQGLWLRQDOSUREDELOLW\RIWKHµHQGQRGH¶KDYLQJRQHRILWVSRVVLEOHYDOXHVJLYHQ WKDW WKH µRULJLQ QRGH¶ KDV RQH RI LWV SRVVLEOH YDOXHV $QG D SURFHVV RI ³EHOLHI XSGDWLQJ´ XVLQJ WKH -XQFWLRQ 7UHH DOJRULWKPFDQDOVREHHPSOR\HGWRXSGDWHWKH&37VDVQHZHYLGHQFHLVDYDLODEOH 3.3. Training the BN and belief updating $V WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI %1V WR KDQGOH FRQWLQXRXV GDWD LV OLPLWHG >@ WKH :(.$ VRIWZDUH LV HPSOR\HG WR JURXS WKHGDWD LQWR LQWHUYDOV FRQWDLQLQJ DSSUR[LPDWHO\ WKH VDPH QXPEHU RI FDVH KLVWRULHV >@ 7DEOH  VXPPDUL]HV WKHLQWHUYDOV GHILQHG DQG WKH QXPEHU RI GDWD ZLWKLQ HDFK LQWHUYDO 1RWH WKDW WKHVH LQWHUYDOV GHILQH DSSOLFDELOLW\ UDQJHVRIWKHGHYHORSHG%1 7KH%1VWUXFWXUHVGHILQHGLQ)LJFDQEHOHDUQHGIURPWKHWUDLQLQJGDWDVHWHYHQZKHQGDWDIURPFDVHKLVWRULHV DUHLQFRPSOHWH7KH([SHFWDWLRQ0D[LPL]DWLRQ(0 DOJRULWKP>@LVHPSOR\HGWRHVWLPDWHDQGFDOFXODWHWKH&37V IRUHDFKQRGH7KH(0DOJRULWKPDOWHUQDWHVEHWZHHQDQH[SHFWDWLRQVWHSDQGDPD[LPL]DWLRQVWHS,QWKHH[SHFWDWLRQ VWHSWKHGDWDVHWLVFRPSOHWHGE\XVLQJWKHFXUUHQWSDUDPHWHUHVWLPDWHVșWRFRPSXWHH[SHFWDWLRQVIRUWKHPLVVLQJ YDOXHV VXFK FRPSOHWHG GDWD VHW LV WKHQ XVHG LQ WKH PD[LPL]DWLRQ VWHS WR ILQG D QHZ PD[LPXP OLNHOLKRRG HVWLPDWHșƍ IRU WKH SDUDPHWHUV 7KLV HVWLPDWH LV WKHQ XVHG WR FRPSOHWH WKH GDWD VHW LQ WKH QH[W LWHUDWLRQ RIWKHDOJRULWKP DQGWKH DOJRULWKP FRQWLQXHV IRU D SUHGHWHUPLQHG QXPEHU RI LWHUDWLRQV RU XQWLO LW KDV FRQYHUJHG )XUWKHUGHWDLOVRIWKH(0DOJRULWKPFDQEHIRXQGLQ>@

209

Ning Li et al. / Procedia Engineering 191 (2017) 206 – 214

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

 D 



 



E

 F )LJ7KUHHGLIIHUHQW%1VWUXFWXUHVZLWKWKHSDUDPHWHUVVHOHFWHGDQGUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLVD1DwYH%D\HVFODVVLILHUE7UHHDXJPHQWHG1DwYH %D\HVFODVVLILHUF%1DXJPHQWHG1DwYH%D\HVFODVVLILHU

5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ 4.1. Development of the BN for three classifiers 1HWLFD >@ LV HPSOR\HG WR WUDLQ WKH %1 XVLQJ WKH GDWD VHW RI FDVH KLVWRULHV 7KH (0 DOJRULWKP LV DSSOLHG LQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKWKH-7DOJRULWKPWRµOHDUQ¶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

210

Ning Li et al. / Procedia Engineering 191 (2017) 206 – 214

7DEOH&RQIXVLRQPDWULFHVRIQRGH³5RFNEXUVW´XVLQJWKUHHGLIIHUHQWFODVVLILHU 3UHGLFWHG

&ODVVLILHU

1DwYH%D\HV

7$1

%$1





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± >@=