The aim of the study was to observe the relationships between jumping tests, running acceleration and maximal speed of sprinters. Top-level. Estonian sprinters ...
Acta Academiae Olympiquae Estoniae Vol. 15 No. 1/2, pp 9-16, 2007
THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN JUMPING TESTS AND SPEED ABILITIES AMONG ESTONIAN SPRINTERS Mikola Misjuk, Mehis Viru Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Science, University of Tartu
Abstract The aim of the study was to observe the relationships between jumping tests, running acceleration and maximal speed of sprinters. Top-level Estonian sprinters participated in the tests. The average age was 20.8 ± 4.1 for female and 21.1 ±3.8 for rriale sprinters. The tests took place in the period 2005-2008, four times in indoor and once in outdoor conditions. Testing was invariably performed shortly before competition season - in January before indoor season and in May before outdoor season. The following running tests were performed: 30 m from starting blocks (also the time for the first 10 m was registered) and 30 m from flying start. The jumping tests included: a countermovement jump with swinging movement of the arms, a standing long jump and a standing 5-step jump. The results indicated that the most informative test for monitoring sprint training among Estonian top sprinters was the standing 5-step jump. The countermovement jump had the most significant correlation with running acceleration (the first 10 m run from the blocks).
Introduction In our modern times it is not only training that ensures better results; effective training demands high level training monitoring methods in order to continuously obtain objective infonnation about athlete's physical condition. Existing literature on sprint training suggests various tests to estimate sprinters' specific physical abilities [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The most popular tests consist of sprinting and jumping tests. The sprinting tests
usually include 10 m, 20 m am 30 m sprint running from crouch start and from blocks, 30 m sprint from flying start, 60 m and 150 m running from crouch start [2, 5, 6, 7, 12]. The jumping tests include various countermovement jumps, a standing triple jump, a standing 5-step and a 10-step jump [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. In addition, also shot throwing, fast skipping and bounding running have been used [1, 12]. This study employs the time of the 30 m sprint from blocks and 30 m from flying start as proxies for running speed. The 30 m sprinting from blocks is deflned as running acceleration and 30 m sprinting from flying start as maximal speed [4].
Methods The subjects of the study were Estonian sprinters training at the national team level. Testing took place five times, always just before the competition season. The correlation coefficients were calculated based on over-time averages of the individual sprinter's test results. Electronic measurement system developed and built by Ivar Krause (Estonia) was used to measure the time of the running tests. In addition to the sprinting time of 30 m from blocks, the reaction time and the time of first 10 m from blocks were followed. The standing long jump and the standing 5-step jump were perfonned into the sand pit. The countermovement jump was performed with a swinging movement of arms (hereafter countermovement jump). The countermovement jump was measured by MicroMuscleEab test (Ergotest, Norway), using infrared sensors. The correlations between the jumping tests and the speed abilities were estimated by the Pearson correlation analysis.
Results Women The correlation analysis indicated a statistically significant negative correlation between the time of the first 10 m from blocks and the standing 5-step jump and the countermovement jump (p < 0.01) (Tables 2-A). A significant negative correlation was also found between the time of the 10
30 m sprint from blocks and the standing 5-step jump (p < 0.01) while no statistically significant correlation was established between the 30 m sprint from blocks and the countermovement jump. The 30 m sprinting time from flying start had negative correlation with the standing 5-step jump and the countermovement jump (p < 0.01). No significant correlation occurred between the standing long jump results and the run tests. Men Similarly to the results of female sprinters, a statistically significant correlation was found between the first 10 m sprinting from blocks, the standing 5-step jump and the countermovement jump (p < 0.05) (Tables 5 7). The results of the 30 m sprinting from blocks again had the only statistically significant correlation with the standing 5-step jump (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the 30 m sprinting time from blocks and the countermovement jump, which was significant for the first 10 m sprinting from blocks. As to the 30 m sprinting from the flying start, none of the jump tests was significantly correlated with the running time. Similarly to the women's results, no statistically significant correlation was established between the standing long jump results and the running tests.
Discussion Similarly to previous studies [3, 7, 9], we found a statistically significant correlation between the time of the first 10 m sprinting from blocks and the countermovement jump. The level of statistical significance was p < 0.01 for women and p < 0.05 for men. Unlike in the study by Cunha [4], no significant correlation was found between the 30 m sprinting from blocks and the countermovement jump, regardless of the sex of the test group. Hence, it can be concluded that the result of the 30 m sprinting from blocks is not that strongly related to the muscle power level than that of the first 10 m sprinting from blocks. No significant correlation occurred between maximal running speed (30 m from fiying start) and the countermovement jump results in male sprinters. This coincides with the results of the Cunha [4] study. Contrarily, a significant positive correlation was found between the countermovement jump and maximal speed in female sprinters.
11
A positive correlation was bund between mnning acceleration ability (10 m and 30 m from blocks) and standing 5-step jump result in female (p < 0.01) and male (p < 0.05; sprinters. This coincides with the similar study by Nesser et al. [10] W|ho found a negative correlation between standing 5-step jump results and the time of 40 m from blocks. Unlike in men, a negative correlation was' also confirmed between the 30 m sprinting from flying start and the standing 5-step jump (p < 0.001). Vertical jumps are usually considered to be more reliable compared to horizontal jumps as they can be repeated more easily [4]. This study found no significant correlation between the standing long jump result and the mnning time, while a significant negative correlation was found between the result ofthe countermovement jump and the sprinting time. This could be caused by a relatively low number of observations for the test. Among different jump tests the countermovement jump and the squat jump are considered to be the most informative for sprinters [8].
Conclusion This study revealed that the result ofthe standing long jump is not significantly related to the results of mnning tests. Hence, this test is not a very informative one for sprinters. The countermovement jump is significantly related to the first 10m sprinting from blocks and can be recommended for tbe evaluation of running acceleration ability Fjor female sprinters also the 30 m sprint time fromflyingstart is significantly correlated with countermovement jump result. The standing 5-step jump proved the most informative test. Significant correlations were detected between the standing 5-step jump and all the mnning tests, except for the result ofthe 30 m sprinting from flying start in male sprinters. This study confirmed that jumping tests provide valuable information for training monitoring of sprinters.
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the head coach of Estonian sprint team Valter Espe and sprint coach Eeonhard Soom for helping us to cany out this study. 12
o o
o o
00 Os
fN
o fN
Os Os fN
lo r'i
lO
O
oo
(N
'S
'B.
B
ON
—
m
m
en
C O o n!
s
(^
•a
Ü
r (U
e
Os lO
^^
lo
OO lo
O
r—
ro o
m
o
O ON
Os
lO
i/j
O O
O
o o
ean
3
lO
ON
Q T3
e
S w
o
'^
fN fN
O
fN fN
'^
en
o o
athl ete
o
OO CI
O
OO
.38
c
o O
C
G
F
o
en
n o
lA
Standing jump
P ¿3
i jump
P
1 Runs: 30 m spr 1 flying sta 30 m spr 1 blocks 10 m spri 1 blocks Jumps: Standing 1 long-jum Countem
O
13
fi
es
o
"a C e«
C
s
Vi
14 o
u o u es
o Xi u u
s
.Q
o
ex
o
ç o
in
S -S g -3
M
a
_3 M tí
_O
tsû
fi
Ë
fi
t
3
intf rom s
•a
•3
nmov ump 4885
u
Ë OJ
ex * *
Vi
ON ON VO
o 1 tn
oc
„
-
Ë o
Vi
t;
o
o
Ë
00 CN
©
O
1
S
ex Ë 3
3
,
U
(N
o
Vi
.2
ei
001
o
Cl
0.0,
c
Cl
0
pri
^—s
10
locl
•a B
S Cl
fro
s
•3
Cl
clci
'S, B
10m sprint from the start Standing long jump Standing 5-step jump Countermovement jump -0.3867 -0.3696* 0.3521* 10 m sprint from start
_B
a
•Si
.B
H
0
s
d
n
V
e
a
0
m Z
15
References 1. Babic V, Harasin D, Dizdar D. Relations of the variables of morphological characteristics to the kinematic indicators of maximal speed running. Kinesiology, 2007, 39 (1): 28|-39. 2. Blazevich AJ, Jenkins DG. Predicting sprint running times from isokinetic and squat lift tests: A regression analysis. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19981 12(2): 101-103. 3. Bret C, Rahmani A, Dufour. AB, Mesonnier L, Lacour JR. Leg strength and stiffness as ability factors in 100 m sprint running. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 2002, 42 (3): 274-81. 4. Cunha L. The relation between different phases of sprint run and specific strength parameters of lower limbs. ISBS Symposium proceedings, Beijing 2005. 5. Dare B, Kearney B. Speed training. Track Coach, 1988, 103: 3289-3295. 6. Dick FW. Development of maximum sprinting speed. Track Coach, 1989, 109: 3475-3480. 7. Kukolj M, Ropret R, Ugarkovic D, Jaric S. Anthropométrie, strength and power predictors of sprinting performance. Joumal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 1999,39: 120-122. 8. Markovic G, Dizdar D, Jukic I, Cardinale M. Reliability and validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. Joumal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2004 18 (3): 551-555. 9. Maulder PS, Bradshaw EJ, Keogh J. Jump kinematic deteraiinants of sprint acceleration performance from starting blocks in male sprinters. Joumal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2006, 5: 359-366. 10. Nesser TW, Latin RW., Berg- K, Prentice E. Physiological determinants of 40-meter sprint performance in young male athletes. Joumal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 1996] 10: 263-267. 11. Wilson GJ, Newton RU, Murphy AJ, Humphries BJ. The optimal training load for development of dynamic athletic performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 1993, 25: (11) 1279-1286. 12. Vittori C. Monitoring the training of the sprinter. New Studies in Athletics, 1995, 10: 339-^4.
16
