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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 62 (2015) 403 – 409
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Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4401, United States
Department of Communication Technology & Networks, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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