Use of Computer Simulation in Evaluating Airbag ...

Use of Computer Simulation in Evaluating Airbag System Performance Russel Brantman and David Breed Breed Corp.

ABSTRACT

MODEL APPLICATION TO AIRBAG SYSTEM DESIGN

THROUGH THE USE o f t h e VODS c a n p u t e r simul a t i o n model, t h e a u t h o r s have d e s i g n e d d r i v e r s i d e a i r b a g s y s t e m s f o r t h e 1980 S e r i e s Ford LTD, t h e Dodge Diplomat, and t h e C h e v r o l e t Impala. These c a r s were t h e n r e t r o f i t t e d w i t h a Breed a l l - m e c h a c i c a l a i r b a g s y s t e m t a i l o r e d f o r e a c h c a r , and b a r r i e r c r a s h t e s t e d a t 30 mph by NHTSA. System performance r e s u l t s were exc e l l e n t , and p r e d i c t e d v e r s u s a c t u a l 5 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e d r i v e r dummy i n j u r y m e a s u r e s were i n e x c e l l e n t a g r e e m e n t d i f f e r i n g by l e s s t h a n 1 5 % . THE MODEL was t h e n used t o p r e d i c t a i r b a g s y s t e m dummy i n j u r y m e a s u r e s i n 665 NHTSA crashes. I n a l l b u t two of t h e s e c r a s h e s , t h e i n j u r y measures s t a y e d below 80% of t h o s e a l l o w e d by FMVSS 208. P r e d i c t e d a i r b a g r e s u l t s f o r t h e 1984 NCAP c r a s h t e s t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n detail.

THE MODEL WAS THEN USED t o c o n d u c t p a r a metric studies t o identify desired characterist i c s f o r t h e s e n s o r , g a s g e n e r a t o r , a i r b a g , knee b o l s t e r , and s t e e r i n g column a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e c r a s h p u l s e a n d compartment geometry of t h e t h r e e v e h i c l e s t o be t e s t e d . THE OUTCOME OF THESE STUDIES were t h e f o r c e t i m e , f o r c e - d e f l e c t i o n , and g e o m e t r i c p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e a i r b a g s y s t e m components t h a t would p r o d u c e optimum performance o v e r t h e r a n g e of c o n d i t i o n s s t u d i e d . L a b o r a t o r y t e s t s were t h e n conducted on t h e s y s t e m components and m o d i f i c a t i o n s were made u n t i l t h e d e s i r e d component performance was achieved. THE RESULT was t h e d e s i g n of t h r e e a i r b a g s y s t e m s t h a t worked e s s e n t i a l l y a s p r e d i c t e d on The r e s u l t s o f t h e i r f i r s t airbag crash t e s t s . t h e s e t e s t s , and t h e comparison t o model p r e d i c t i o n , a r e d i s c u s s e d below. VALIDATION

MODEL DESCRIPTION THE COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL used i s c a l l e d VODS ( V e h i c l e Occupant Dynamics S i m u l a t o r ) . VODS models t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l motion o f t h e dummy and r o t a t i o n o f t h e t o r s o and head. It is a lumped mass computer model o f a n o c c u p a n t i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h a n a x i a l s y m e t r i c a i r b a g mounted on some s u p p o r t i n g s t r u c t u r e such a s a s t e e r i n g wheel o r d a s h b o a r d . S t e e r i n g column c o l l a p s e and r o t a t i o n a r e c o n s i d e r e d . Particular attent i o n h a s been g i v e n t o t h e i n c l u s i o n of c h e s t d e p t h and d i s t r i b u t e d i n e r t l a , t h e p r o p e r f o r c e d e f l e c t i o n loading and unloading c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e knee b o l s t e r , t e t h e r e d bag geometry and s t e e r i n g column c o l l a p s e and r o t a t i o n e f f e c t s . APPENDED TO THE FRONT END o f t h e s i m u l a t i o n program i s B r e e d ' s SENSOR model, which p r e d i c t s t h e sensor t r i g g e r i n g time f o r a given crash p u l s e . T h i s e n a b l e s a c o m p l e t e b e g i n n i n g t o end p r e d i c t i v e s i m u l a t i o n o f t h e t o t a l performance of a c o m p l e t e a i r b a g system.

TABLE 1 COMPARES THE INJURIES p r e d i c t e d by t h e VODS Model w i t h t h o s e a c t u a l l y s u s t a i n e d by dummies i n f o u r 30 mph a i r b a g f r o n t a l b a r r i e r c r a s h e s c o n d u c t e d by Breed C o r p o r a t i o n under c o n t r a c t w i t h NHTSA. The p r e d i c t e d r e s u l t s a r e o b t a i n e d by f i r s t r u n n i n g t h e SENSOR model t o p r e d i c t s e n s o r f i r i n g t i m e and t h e n r u n n i n g t h e VODS Model t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e d i c t e d i n j u r i e s . The SENSOR Model h a s been i n u s e f o r many y e a r s and h a s been proven c a p a b l e o f p r e d i c t i n g s e n s o r f i r i n g t i m e s w i t h i n two m i l l i s e c o n d s . The p r e d i c t i o n s i n T a b l e 1 were made u s i n g t h e a c t u a l c r a s h t e s t p u l s e and t h e a i r b a g s y s t e m p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h a t s p e c i f i c t e s t . F o r example, t h e a c t u a l a i r b a g v e n t s i z e was u s u a l l y found t o d e v i a t e from t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e measured v e n t s i z e was used i n t h e a b o v e p r e d i c t i o n s . Breed C o r p o r a t i o n a l s o p u b l i s h e s a p r e d i c t i o n of t h e i n j u r i e s p r i o r t o each crash. THE AGREEMEMT between t h e a c t u a l and p r e d i c t e d i n j u r i e s , a s shown i n T a b l e 1, a r e a l l

0148-7191/85/0520-1188S02.50 Copyright 1985 Society of Automotive Engineen, lnc.

w i t h i n 158 of t h e FMVSS 208 p e r c e n t a g e v a l u e s . P r e d i c t i o n s made p r i o r t o t h e c r a s h have been within 20%. CRASH 761, which was a 30 rnph c e n t e r l i n e p o l e i m p a c t , r e s u l t e d i n s u b s t a n t i a l i n t r u s i o n of t h e f i r e w a l l i n t o t h e p a s s e n g e r compartment. T h i s i n t r u s i o n c a u s e d e x c e s s i v e r o t a t i o n of t h e s t e e r i n g column and r e s u l t e d i n a 43 c h e s t "Gn spike l a t e i n t h e pulse. The VODS model, a s w i t h a l l c u r r e n t o c c u p a n t s i m u l a t o r s , d o e s n o t Consider i n t r u s i o n , and t h u s was n o t c a p a b l e of p r e d i c t i n g t h i s s p i k e . However, t h e peak v a l u e p r i o r t o t h i s i n t r u s i o n s p i k e i s i n v e r y good agreement w i t h t h e predicted value. ALTHOUGH IT I S NOT LISTED i n t h e t a b l e , t h e r e was a l s o good a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e t i m e p h a s i n g a t which t h e maximum i n j u r i e s o c c u r r e d between t h e p r e d i c t e d and a c t u a l r e s u l t s . USING THE MODEL TO PREDICT AIRBAG PERFORMANCE

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CONDITIOXS The f i r s t two s e c t i o n s of t h i s p a p e r have been d e v o t e d t o d e s c r i b i n g t h e VODS computer s i m u l a t i o n model and i t s v a l i d a t i o n . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , w e w i l l u s e t h e model t o p r e d i c t how a i r b a g s m i g h t p e r f o r m i n c a r s s u b j e c t e d t o a l a r g e spectrum of c r a s h p u l s e s . For t h i s study, w e a r e g o i n g t o u s e o n e c a r geometry and s t e e r i n g column. I n p a r t i c u l a r , s i n c e w e have done a g r e a t d e a l o f m o d e l l i n g u s i n g t h e Ford LTD Crown V i c t o r i a , we w i l l u s e t h a t c a r ' s i n t e r i o r geometry and i t s column s t r o k e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c which i s v e r y s u i t a b l e f o r an a i r b a g system. We w i l l assume t h a t t h e s t e e r i n g column i s w e l l s u p p o r t e d and t h a t t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t room f o r a n a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e s i g n e d knee b o l s t e r . AIRBAG I N J U R Y PREDICTION FOR NHTSA DATA One p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o answer BASE t h e q u e s t i o n " I s t h e r e some c r a s h p u l s e t h a t would make i t i n a p p r o p r i a t e t o p u t an a i r b a g i n c e r t a i n cars?". To answer t h i s q u e s t i o n , we d e c i d e d t o a n a l y z e how t h e Breed a l l - m e c h a n i c a l a i r b a g module would h a v e p e r f o r m e d on a l l of t h e c r a s h e s i n t h e NHTSA Data Base u s i n g t h e above v e h i c l e i n t e r i o r and c o n d i t i o n s a s d e s c r i b e d . AS OF THE END OF 1 9 8 4 , t h e r e were 779 crashes available. Of t h e s e , 179 were e l i m i n a t e d from t h e s t u d y b e c a u s e t h e y were e i t h e r r e a r impacts, perpendicular s i d e impacts, o r cases where t h e r e was a l a c k of v a l i d a c c e l e r o m e t e r d a t a . On t h e o t h e r hand, 65 o f t h e c r a s h e s were v e h i c l e t o v e h ~ c l ei m p a c t s and t h u s p r o v i d e d two s e t s of a c c e l e r o m e t e r d a t a . Thus, 665 c a s e s were analyzed. THE PROCEDURE was t o u s e t h e SENSOR Model t o p r e d i c t when t h e a i r b a g would be i n i t i a t e d and t h e VODS Model t o p r e d i c t t h e i n j u r i e s . Many o f It is not t h e crashes involved angle impacts. s t r i c t l y a p p r o p r i a t e t o u s e t h e VODS Model f o r t h e s e c a s e s s i n c e it o n l y u s e s l o n g i t u d i n a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s and r o t a t i o n s . However, t h e s e c a s e s were n o t e l i m i n a t e d on t h e argument t h a t f o r e a c h s u c h a n g u l a r i m p a c t , one c o u l d p o s t u l a t e a f r o n t a l impact y i e l d i n g a s i m i l a r c r a s h p u l s e . The purpose of t h i s a n a l y s i s i s t o t r y t o see i f t h e r e i s any c r a s h p u l s e which c o u l d n o t be e f f e c t i v e l y h a n d l e d by an a p p r o p r i a t e l y d e s i g n e d a i r b a g system.

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I T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THE NHTSA c r a s h l i b r a r y c o n t a i n s o v e r 140 35 rnph f r o n t a l b a r r i e r c r a s h e s , a s w e l l a s a number o f 60 t o 70 rnph c a r t o c a r c r a s h e s , b a r r i e r c r a s h e s i n e x c e s s of 40 mph, p o l e and breakaway p o l e c r a s h e s , and t h r e s h h o l d deployment and nondeployment c r a s h e s . A s s u c h i t i s p r o b a b l y t h e most e x t e n s i v e and v a r i e d publically available crash l i b r a r y i n existence. AS A CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS, we r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e i n j u r y m e a s u r e s s h o u l d s t a y below 80% of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f FMVSS 208. W e w i l l n o t p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s a n a l y s i s i n d e t a i l ; however, t h e o n l y two c r a s h e s where t h i s c r i t e r i a was n o t m e t w e r e a 3 4 . 5 rnph v e h i c l e t o b a r r i e r R e n a u l t LeCar and a 43.3 rnph Dodge C h a l l e n g e r , which was s t r u c k by a n i m p a c t e r g o i n g a t e q u a l speed. In t h e f i r s t c a s e , a c h e s t "G" o f 50 was reached ( b 5 % of t h e s t a n d a r d ) , and i n t h e second c a s e , a c h e s t "G" of 56 was r e a c h e d ( 9 5 % of t h e s t a n d a r d ) . Also, F i g u r e s 1 and 2 p r e s e n t t h e c r a s h p u l s e . t h e f i r s t (VEL) and second (TRV) i n t e g r a l s of t h e p u l s e a r e shown, g i v i n g t h e v e l o c i t y and d i s p l a c e ment of a f r e e mass r e l a t i v e t o t h e p a s s e n g e r compartment. THE ACCELERATI0:;S PRESENTED i n F i g u r e s 1 and 2 , r e p r e s e n t t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n of t h e c a r r e l a t i v e t o a c o o r d i n a t e s y s t e m moving a t t h e p r e - c r a s h velocity. T h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s done i n o r d e r t o a l l o w e a s y comparison o f d i f f e r e n t c r a s h modes and t o p e r m i t t h e f i r s t a n d second i n t e g r a l s t o show t h e v e l o c i t y and d i s p l a c e m e n t of a f r e e mass r e l a t i v e t o t h e passenger c a r i n t e r i o r . I T I S BEYOND THE SCOPE of t h i s p a p e r t o d i s c u s s a l l of o u r NHTSA s t u d y r e s u l t s . We w i l l , however, l o o k a t one g r o u p i n d e t a i l , t h e 1984 NCAP c r a s h e s . AIRBAG I N J U R Y PREDICTIONS FOR THE 1984 35 MPH NCAP CRASHES USING THE METHODOLOGY t h a t was d e s c r i b e d above, T a b l e 2 p r e s e n t s t h e a i r b a g i n j u r y r e s u l t s p r e d i c t e d by t h e VODS Computer Model f o r t h e 36 c r a s h e s r u n i n t h e 1984 35 mph NCAP Program. N a t u r a l l y , c e r t a i n a s p e c t s of t h e a i r b a g s y s t e m must be t a i l o r e d t o t h e c r u s h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e a u t o m o b i l e . Thus, a n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number follows t h e "predicted i n j u r i e s n l a b e l i n t h e Table, i n d i c a t i n g t h e p a r t i c u l a r a i r b a g system used t o p r e d i c t t h e i n j u r i e s . Because o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n s enumerated a b o v e , n o a t t e m p t was made t o o p t i m i z e t h e a i r b a g s y s t e m f o r any of t h e s e c r a s h p u l s e s , b u t r a t h e r t o select from p r e d e f i n e d s y s t e m s we had p r e v i o u s l y i d e n t i f i e d a s l i k e l y candidates f o r c e r t a i n crush c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . In many c a s e s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e i n j u r i e s p r e d i c t e d i n Table 2 c o u l d b e maximum v a l u e s . On t h e o t h e r hand, t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e r e i s s i g n i f i c a n t i n t r u s i o n i n t o t h e p a s s e n g e r compartment d u r i n g t h e accident o r t h a t t h e r e i s i n s u f f i c i e n t space p r o v i d e d f o r an a p p r o p r i a t e knee b o l s t e r o r a i r bag, t h e s e i n j u r y p r e d i c t i o n s might be exceeded. The c r a s h p u l s e % r e p r e s e n t e d by t h i s c o l l e c t i o n of NCAP c r a s h e s s p a n s most o f t h e 3 5 rnph f r o n t a l b a r r i e r s p e c t r u m . I n e a c h c a s e , t h e a i r b a g system performance met t h e d e s i r e d c r i t e r i a .

THE RESULTS OF THIS STUDY i n d i c a t e t h a t a n e f f e c t i v e a i r b a g system could be designed f o r almost any shape c r a s h pulse. H I C ' s , CHEST "G's", and femur l o a d g d o n o t of c o u r s e , f u l l y d e s c r i b e t h e i n j u r i e s r e c e i v e d by a n occupant i n a c r a s h . I n a l l b u t a few o f t h e NCAP c r a s h e s , t h e d r i v e r ' s f a c e c o n t a c t e d t h e . s t e e r i n g wheel o r s t e e r i n g column hub. I n most o f t h e s e c a s e s , s i g n i f i c a n t f a c i a l i n j u r i e s would have r e s u l t e d . These f a c i a l i n j u r i e s would n o t , o f c o u r s e , be p r e s e n t i n a i r b a g c r a s h e s , Simil a r l y , t h e c h e s t " G 8 s " e x e r t e d by a n e a t b e l t are much more c o n c e n t r a t e d t h a n t h o s e e x e r t e d by a n a i r b a g . For t h e s e r e a s o n s , t h e H I C and c h e s t "G" v a l u e s i n T a b l e 2 c a n n o t b e s t r i c t l y compared. I T SHOULD ALSO BE EMPHASIZED t h a t n o a t t e m p t was made t o o p t i m i z e t h e a i r b a g system f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r c a r f o r t h i s study. Subject t o t h e a s s u m p t i o n s above, w e would e x p e c t t h e i n j u r y measures t o b e s u b s t a n t i a l l y lower a f t e r t h i s optimization process. WORK I N PROCESS

THE ANALYSIS OF THE NHTSA DATA BASE i s a n on-going p r o j e c t . A s more d a t a becomes a v a i l a b l e , t h e appropriate c a r i n t e r i o r s w i l l be s u b s t i t u t e d f o r t h e LTD i n t e r i o r used above. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e Breed C o r p o r a t i o n ' s VODS I11 Model w i l l b e r e a d y f o r v a l i d a t i o n s h o r t l y . T h i s model i s a f u l l t h r e e d i m e n s i o n a l model which i n c o r p o r a t e s a s i m u l a t i o n of t h e a i r b a g dynamics s t a r t i n g from i t s i n i t i a l f o l d e d s t a t e t h r o u g h f u l l deployment, i n c l u d i n g i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e occupant and c a r i n t e r i o r . T h i s model when coupled w i t h t h e approp r i a t e s o l i d s m o d e l l i n g s o f t w a r e and g r a p h i c s p r o c e s s o r , w i 11 p e r m i t a complete animation of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between t h e a i r b a g system components and t h e occupant and t h e v e h i c l e i n t e r i o r . CONCLUSIONS THE VODS MODEL h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d i t s a b i l i t y t o a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t i n j u r y measures p r i o r t o running a c r a s h test. I t i s t h e r e f o r e a valuable t o o l i n r e d u c i n g t h e number of c r a s h e s and s l e d t e s t s t h a t a r e needed t o e v a l u a t e a n a i r b a g s y s t e m The VODS model can a l s o b e u s e d , a s w e have done, t o p a r a m e t r i c a l l y e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t s of d e s i g n changes i n a n a i r b a g system, and t h u s i s a v a l u a b l e t o o l f o r a i r b a g system d e s i g n e r s . THE VODS MODEL h a s a l s o demonstrated t h a t , a s l o n g a s t h e i n t r u s i o n i n t o t h e pasoenger comp a r t m e n t i s k e p t t o a minimum and t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t space a v a i l a b l e f o r an appropriately d e s i g n e d a i r b a g and knee b o l s t e r , a i r b a g s y s t e m s can t h e n be d e s i g n e d t o p r o t e c t o c c u p a n t s i n any a u t o m o b i l e , a t s p e e d s f a r i n e x c e s s of t h o s e r e q u i r e d by FMVSS 208 f o r f r o n t a l i m p a c t s . WORK I S CURRENTLY under way t o e v a l u a t e a i r b a g s y s t e m s i n a n g u l a r c r a s h e s u s i n g t h e more powerful VODS 111 Model.

TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AIRBAG INJURIES WITH ACTUAL BREED AIRBAG INJURIES BREED/NHTSA CONTRACT HIC 754 FORD LTD 1 9 7 9 , 4 1 5 0 LBS, 3 0 . 0 MPH VTB 280 PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES BREED AIRBAG 247

%**CHEST 44 44

FEMUR

%

73% 73%

1700 1635

76% 73%

FORD LTD 1 9 8 0 , 4 2 6 0 LBS, 2 9 . 9 MPH POLE 210 21% PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES BREED AIRBAG 187 19%

28 47% 25* 42%

1450 1330

64% 59%

786 DODGE DIPLOMAT 1 9 8 3 , 4 1 2 0 LBS, 2 9 . 9 MPH VTB 450 45% PREDICTED INJURIES 461 46% ACTUAL INJURIES BREED AIRBAG

46 49

77% 82%

1890 1800

84% 80%

GM C 5 9 3 0 A 1 B BODY (IMPALA) 1 9 8 5 3 0 . 4 MPH VTB 320 32% PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES BREED AIRBAG 289 29%

43 44

72% 73%

1450 64% 1 4 2 5 . 63%

-

28%** 25%

%

761

-

-

-

** *

PERCENTAGE OF FMVSS 2 0 8 ALLOWABLE A 4 3 G SPIKE OCCURRED LATE IN THE PULSE DUE TO SEVERE FIREWALL INTRUSION RESULTING IN EXCESSIVE COLUMN ROTATION.

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m

h * O

TABLE 2 COMPARISON OF PREDICTED BREED AIRBAG INJURIES WITH ACTUAL BELTED INJURIES 1 9 8 4 3 5 MPH NCAP CRASHES HIC 612 NE?CURY COUGAR 1 9 8 4 , 3 5 6 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES - OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

620 652

% * CHEST

%

FEMUR

%

60%* 65%

31 55

50% 1690 91% 1090

75% 48%

613 CHEVROLET CORVETTE 1 9 8 4 , 3 6 8 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES - OlOlOlOlAN 530 ACTUAL INJURIES 784

55% 78%

29 40

50% 1450 66% 645

65% 28%

624 OLDSMOBILE CUTLASS 1 9 8 4 , 3 7 0 0 LBS 720 PREDICTED INJURIES - 01020103AN ACTUAL INJURIES 781

705 78%

32 40

55% 1310 66% 1145

60% 50%

625 PONTIAC PARISENE 1 9 8 4 , 4 1 4 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES - OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

530 NA

55%

34 52

55% 1470 86% 360

65% 16%

632 RENAULT ENCORE 1 9 8 4 , 2 6 0 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01030104AN ACTUAL INJURIES

370 912

35% 91%

33 63

55% 1360 104% 529

60% 23%

633 J E E P CJ MPV 1 9 8 4 , 3 1 8 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES - OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

410 460

40% 46%

41 46

70% 1470 76% 1295

65% 57%

644 FORD LTD 1 9 8 4 , 3 6 8 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

680 646

70% 64%

32 58

55% 1650 96% NA

75%

661 CHEVROLET CAVALIER 1 9 8 4 , 3 1 1 0 LBS 460 PREDICTED INJURIES - OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES 884

45% 88%

36 43

60% 1490 71% 815

65% 36%

665 PLYMOUTH COLT VISTA 1 9 8 4 , 2 9 8 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01040104AN 330 ACTUAL INJURIES 1530

35% 153%

39 71

65% 1390 118% 1700

60% 75%

35% 30%

34 31

55% 1460 51% 845

65% 37%

-

-

-

667 PONTIAC FIERO 1 9 8 4 , 3 0 0 0 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

-

PERCENTAGE OF FMVSS 2 0 8 ALLOWABLE

350 309

TABLE 2 CONTINUED COMPARISON OF PREDICTED BREED AIRBAG INJURIES WITH ACTUAL BELTED INJURIES 1984 35 MPH NCAP CRASHES H IC 668 PLYMOUTH CONQUEST 1984, 3170 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01020103AN 630 ACTUAL INJURIES 1118

-

%

CHEST

%

FEMUR

%

65% 111%

32 57

55% 1540 95% 385

70% 17%

669 HONDA CIVIC 1984, 2310 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

560 571

55% 57%

37 34

60% 1480 56% 2412

65% 107%

674 DODGE DAYTONA 1984, 3000 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01040104AN ACTUAL INJURIES

320 507

30% 50%

37 47

60% 1360 78% 800

60% 35%

620 2955

60% 295%

34 63

55% 1490 104% 615

65% 27%

682 TOYOTA COROLLA 1984, 2680 LBS OlOlOlOlAN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES

610 630

60% 63%

32 41

55% 1670 68% 1025

75% 45%

685 TOYOTA COROLLA 1984, 2610 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01030104AN ACTUAL INJURIES

570 432

55% 43%

32 37

55% 1370 61% 775

60% 34%

686 NISSAN 300 ZX 1984, 3370 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

690 789

70% 78%

29 45

50% 1490 75% 1612

65% 71%

688 CHEVROLET CELEBRITY 1984, 3590 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN 400 518 ACTUAL INJURIES

40% 51%

32 31

55% 1440 51% 452

65% 20%

-

681 FORD TEMPO 1984, 3080 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

-

-

-

-

689 PONTIAC TlOOO 1984, 2746 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01030104AN ACTUAL INJURIES

420 1886

40% 188%

31 42

50% 1380 70% 1405

60% 62%

693 NISSAN STANZA 1984, 2814 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01040104AN ACTUAL INJURIES

310 1459

30% 145%

40 58

65% 1380 96% 455

60% 20%

-

TABLE 2 CONTINUED COMPARISON OF PREDICTED BREED AIRBAG INJURIES WITH ACTUAL BELTED INJURIES 1984 3 5 MPH NCAP CRASHES HIC

%

CHEST

300 534

30% 53%

36 37

60% 1490 61% 1189

65% 52%

380 1362

40% 136%

36 48

6081380 80% 781

60% 34%

703 DODGE CARAVAN 1984, 3791 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES - 01020103AN ACTUAL INJURIES

630 973

65% 97%

33 44

55% 1450 73% 660

65% 29%

705 HONDA CIVIC 1984, 2311 LBS -F;:EDICTED INJURIES - 01030104AN ACTUAL INJURIES

460 586

45% 58%

36 43

60% 1380 71% 1065

60% 47%

520 1094

50% 109%

31 58

50% 1470 96% NA

65%

707 JEEP CHEROKEE MPV 1984, 3645 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES 01020103AN 520 850 ACTUAL INJURIES

50% 85%

31 44

50% 1490 73% 312

65% 13%

%

FEMUR

%

694 HONDA CIVIC 1984, 2510 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

-

696 CHEVROLET PICKUP 1984, 4830 LBS 01010101AN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES

-

697 FORD PICKUP 1984, 4076 LBS 01 030104AN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES

-

706 MERCURY MARQUIS 1984, 4313 LBS OlOlOlOlAN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES

-

-

711 RENAULT 1984, 3102 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES - 01030104AN ACTUAL INJURIES

330 2053

35% 205%

46 43

75% 1380 71% 861

60% 38%

720 TOYOTA 1984, 3616 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES - 01050107AN ACTUAL INJURIES

260 984

25% 98%

43 50

70% 1560 83% 2356

70% 104%

670 1992

65% 199%

33 44

55% 1660 73% 790

75% 35%

722 NISSAN 200 SX 1984, 2880 LBS PREDICTE3 INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL I KJURI ES

-

TABLE 2 CONTINUED COMPARISON OF PREDICTED AIRBAG INJURIES WITH ACTUAL BELTED INJURIES 1984 35 MPH NCAP CRASHES HIC

%

738 BUICK ELECTRA 1985, 3850 LBS 01030104AN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES

470 HA

45%

739 FORD MUSTANG 1984, 3560 LBS OlOlOlOlAN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES

590 894

743 ISUZU IMPULSE 1984, 3230 LBS 01030104AN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES 745 HONDA PRELUDE 1984, 2780 LBS OlOlOlOlAN PREDICTED INJURIES ACTUAL INJURIES

-

CHEST

FEMUR

%

50% 1360 NA

60%

NA

60% 89%

30 55

50% 1480 91% 1005

65% 44%

380 1769

40% 176%

28 46

45% 1390 76% 1190

60% 52%

340 659

35% 65%

34 43

55% 1460 71% 555

65% 24%

746 MITSUBISHI TREDIA 1984, 2740 LBS OlOlOlOlAN PREDICTED INJURIES 620 ACTUAL INJURIES 1314

60% 131%

33 87

55% 1620 145% 912

70% 40%

50% 65%

38 43

65%1470 71% 307

65% 13%

-

-

-

-

747 TOYOTA TERCEL 1984, 2440 LBS PREDICTED INJURIES OlOlOlOlAN ACTUAL INJURIES

-

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