Heidi Barnes, Rob Sleigh, Mike Resso, Fangyi Rao, Russ. Kramer ... RFIC. 2015. PAM-4. ⢠M=number of distinct signal levels. ⢠Each symbol carries log. 2.
RFIC 2015
Verification of 56 Gbps PAM‐4 Simulation and Measurement Results Lieven Decrock TE Connectivity
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RFIC 2015
Participants • TE Connectivity : Lieven Decrock, Rutger Smink, Chad Morgan, Masayuki Aizawa, Han van het Bolscher
• Keysight Heidi Barnes, Rob Sleigh, Mike Resso, Fangyi Rao, Russ Kramer
• National Technical University of Athens Dimitris Apostolopoulos, Stefanos Dris, Nikos Argyris, Christos Spatharakis and Ioannis Lazarou
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Introduction • • • •
What is multilevel signaling? How to compare simulation and measurement? Hardware Setup and Measured data Software implementations – ADS (Keysight) – FlexDCA (Keysight)
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MultiLevel Signaling • For a channel of bandwidth B Hz, the Nyquist rate is symbols per second • For binary signaling, each symbol carries one bit of information, so the information rate is 2B bits per second • With a fixed channel bandwidth, the increase in information can be reached by increasing the amount of information encoded in a symbol
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PAM‐4 • M=number of distinct signal levels • Each symbol carries log2 M bits of information – e.g. M=2 1; M=4 2; M=8 3 – The overall information rate rises to 2B log2 M
• PAM‐4 = 4 amplitude levels – 2 bits of information in every symbol • 2x throughput for the same Baud rate • 28 Gbaud PAM‐4 = 56Gb/s
– Lower SNR, more susceptible to noise
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HOW TO COMPARE SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT? WMJ‐4
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SNR ‐ Definition • SNR = Signal to Noise Ratio • SNR is defined as the power ratio between a signal and the noise (unwanted signal)
• •
10
•
10
,
20
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SNR Margin • SNR margin = useful metric to evaluate a backplane performance • • • SNRth depends on a given BER, e.g. 10‐12
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SER Assume all symbols are equi‐probable, Symbol Error Rate (SER) for an M‐PAM system is given by 1 ,
where Pij=probability of receiving symbol j when symbol i was transmitted
J. Proakis and M. Salehi, “Digital Communications, 5th Ed.”, McGraw‐Hill 2008
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Probability Assuming Guassian noise, the probability is given by 1 2
1 2
,
2
,
2
Ai = amplitude of the detected voltage level of symbol i ∞; , ∞) Ath,j = decision threshold ( , = root mean square value of noise for symbol i Histogram with Gaussian distributions for a PAM‐4 scheme (M = 4)
Szczerba et al., “4‐PAM for High‐Speed Short‐Range Optical Communications”, Opt. Commun. Netw. Vol4, No,11 Nov 2012
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SER Theoretical M
1 1
Assumptions : • all symbols are equally spaced • decision thresholds Ath,j are equidistant from adjacent symbols • ; assuming distance is equal for all M • : standard deviation of additive white noise WMJ‐4
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SNR theoretical Given dB
, the formula for SER can be rearranged 20
2
1
1
Assumption : Employing Gray coding, then
SNRth can be calculated based on given BER SNRth for different BER thresholds (dB) BERth=10‐6
23.0
BERth=10‐9
25.0 WMJ‐4
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SNR@PAM‐4 Measured/Simulated PAM‐4 signal
Matlab processed eye -0.8
Gaussian Distribution
-0.6
‐0,718 0,030
-0.4 -0.2
‐0,239 0,028
0 0.2
‐0,238 0,027
0.4 0.6 0.8
SNRtheoretical = 23.0dB@BER 10‐6 SNRreceiver = 25.3dB
SNRmargin (dB) = 2.3dB WMJ‐4
‐0,716 0,031
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SNR Example • • • •
SNRmargin = 2.3dB : What does this mean? SNRtheoretical is fixed e.g. 23dB (BER=10‐6;M=4) There is 2.3dB margin above BER of 10‐6 e.g. A BER of 10‐9 might be possible
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PAM‐4 MEASUREMENT
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Measurement Set‐Up Set‐up Generator
Post‐processing
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Input Signal Quality 25G
32G
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40G
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SNR Margins of Input Signal
No EQ
MEASUREMENT
ADS
FlexDCA
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
25
5.6
3.6
tbd
tbd
tbd
tbd
28
5
2.9
tbd
tbd
tbd
tbd
32
3.8
1.8
tbd
tbd
tbd
tbd
35
1.4
‐0.6
tbd
tbd
tbd
tbd
40
‐1.2
‐3.2
tbd
tbd
tbd
tbd
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Measurement Setup
Keysight – Infiniium – DSO‐X 93364Q – Digital Storage Oscilloscope – 33GHz – 80GSa/s
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Strada Whisper Backplane System
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SNR with link
FFE
MEASUREMENT
ADS
FLEXDCA
1.5inch
1.5inch
1.5inch
Gbaud Bbps BER=10‐6 BER=10‐9 BER=10‐6 BER=10‐9 BER=10‐6 BER=10‐9 25
50
‐2.3
‐4.4
tbd
tbd
tbd
tbd
28
56
‐2.3
‐4.4
tbd
tbd
tbd
tbd
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Next Steps? 1. Recreate the generator signal by software 2. Compare software generated signal with hardware generated signal 3. Apply Link connection in software
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KEYSIGHT ADS
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PAM‐4 Signal Generator Sub‐Circuit • PAM‐4 signal generator sub‐circuit has been built in ADS • Two uncorrelated PAM‐2 sources used as input, emulating a typical PAM‐4 measurement setup PAM‐2 Input 1 PAM‐4 Output PAM‐2 Input 2
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56Gbps@200mm stripline • PAM‐4 Signal at 56 Gbps on 200 mm Stripline
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56Gbps@500mm stripline • PAM‐4 Signal at 56 Gbps 500 mm Stripline with CTLE & FFE
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ADS Generator Circuit • Circuit of PAM‐4 Signal Generator with 50mm Stripline adding losses and jitter
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ADS Generator Output
No EQ
MEASUREMENT
ADS
FlexDCA
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
25
5.6
3.6
5.5
3.5
tbd
tbd
28
5
2.9
4.4
2.4
tbd
tbd
32
3.8
1.8
2.4
0.4
tbd
tbd
35
1.4
‐0.6
1.4
‐0.7
tbd
tbd
40
‐1.2
‐3.2
0.4
‐1.7
tbd
tbd
RiseTime : 16ps (20‐80)
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ADS with 11.5 inch link
Tuned generator circuit Model 11.5 inch link
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ADS Link Output • PAM‐4 generator with 11.5inch backplane link
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ADS Link Output
FFE
Measurement
ADS
FlexDCA
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
25
3.2
1.1
1.6
‐0.4
tbd
tbd
28
1.6
‐0.5
‐2.0
‐4.1
tbd
tbd
RiseTime : 16ps (20‐80)
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PAM‐4@ADS : Conclusions • ADS circuit has been tuned by using the 25Gpbs/BER 10‐6 setting • Generator compatibility varies with datarates – Good correlation at 25Gbps and 35Gbps – Further optimization needed at different datarates due to bandlimited components in the link
• Link simulation does show up to 3.6dB (@28Gbps) with measurement data
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KEYSIGHT FLEX DCA
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What is FlexDCA? N1010A FlexDCA Remote Access Software provides oscilloscope, eye/mask and jitter mode measurement capabilities on your PC. The powerful new software application provides offline and connected measurement capability for both the 86100C DCA‐J and 86100D DCA‐X oscilloscopes (Source : www.keysight.com)
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Signal Settings
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PAM‐4 Signal Generation PAM4 Signal 1A and PAM4 Signal 1B differentially combined into D1A
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FlexDCA Generated Output
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FlexDCA Generator Output Measurement
ADS
FlexDCA
PAM‐4 No EQ
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
25
5.6
3.6
5.5
3.5
5.6
3.6
28
5
2.9
4.4
2.4
5.2
3.1
32
3.8
1.8
2.4
0.4
3.7
1.3
35
1.4
‐0.6
1.4
‐0.7
1.4
‐0.6
40
‐1.2
‐3.2
0.4
‐1.7
‐1.3
‐3.3
RiseTime : 16ps (20‐80)
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FlexDCA Link Output
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FlexDCA Link Output
FFE
Measurement
ADS
FlexDCA
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
BER=10‐6
BER=10‐9
25
3.2
1.1
1.6
‐0.4
‐4.4
‐6.5
28
1.6
‐0.5
‐2.0
‐4.1
‐8.0
‐10.0
RiseTime : 16ps (20‐80)
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PAM‐4@FlexDCA : Conclusions • FlexDCA is an easy to use tool to generate and analyse data signals • FlexDCA does allow postprocessing on NRZ and PAM‐4 signals • Correlation study needs further focus
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Future Plans • System Vue integration with FlexDCA, to use full functionality of commercially available tools • Using IBIS‐AMI models in ADS channel simulator to use real‐life component performance parameters • Keysight PAM4 generation equipment • Implementation of Crosstalk, DFE, multilevel DFE, verying jitter, etc. WMJ‐4
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System Vue SystemVue is a focused electronic design automation (EDA) environment for electronic system‐ level (ESL) design. It enables system architects and algorithm developers to innovate the physical layer (PHY) of wireless and aerospace/defense communications systems and provides unique value to RF, DSP, and FPGA/ASIC implementers. As a dedicated platform for ESL design and signal processing realization, SystemVue replaces general‐purpose digital, analog, and math environments. SystemVue "speaks RF", cuts PHY development and verification time in half, and connects to your mainstream EDA flow. WMJ‐4
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