Visualization of Goertler Vortices During Restricted

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appearance, to the exhaust from these nozzles, of a “cap" giving it the ... streamwise counter-rotating vortices resulting in a striation pattern ... axis in the streamwise direction) is produced in .... stronger peak is a result of the converging fan of.
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