Zika Virus

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Zika Virus – Emergence, Evolution, Pathology, Diagnosis and Control: Current Global Scenario and Future Perspectives – A Comprehensive Review ARTICLE in THE VETERINARY QUARTERLY · APRIL 2016 Impact Factor: 0.72

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Muthannan Andavar Ramakrishnan

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Zika Virus – Emergence, Evolution, Pathology, Diagnosis and Control: Current Global Scenario and Future Perspectives – A Comprehensive Review

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Singh, Raj; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Dhama, kuldeep; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Pathology Malik, Yashpal; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Biological Standardization Muthannan Andavar, Ramakrishnan; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Veterinary Virology Karthik, K; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Bacteriology and Mycology Tiwari, Ruchi; DUVASU, microbiology Saurabh, Sharad; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Division of Biological Standardization Sachan, Swati ; Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Immunology Section Joshi, Sunil; Cellular Immunology Lab, Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, School of Medical Diagnostics & Translational Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 20508, USA

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Keywords:

Zika virus, flavivirus, emergence, evolution, epidemiology, transmission, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, control

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Abstract The present review converses the Zika virus (ZIKV) which has attained global concern due to its rapid pandemic potential. Looking into the impact of Zika disease, the World Health Organization (WHO), on February 1, 2016, declared it as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” (PHEIC). Though ZIKV was first isolated in 1947, till the larger outbreak which occurred in Yap Island in 2007, the virus was put into the innocuous pathogen category. The main mode of virus transmission is through mosquito vector but the global movement of the human population has also increased the risk of its transmission. The unprecedented behavior of

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this virus in the recent times is its linkage reflected for fetal anomalies and possible association with neurological disorders like Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Since the knowledge of the pathogenic potential of ZIKV is comparatively new, complete information regarding this virus is yet to be available to the scientific community. More information will help in designing better and effective vaccine to tackle this emergency. The present review discusses in details the

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etiology of ZIKV, its emergence and evolution, genetic and molecular characterization, epidemiology and timeline, current scenario, hosts and vectors/carriers, transmission and spread,

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clinical signs and pathology, pathogenesis, immunity and immunobiology, advances in diagnosis, surveillance and monitoring, vaccine development, prevention and control strategies, treatment and focus for exploring novel/emerging therapeutic regimens to counter this important pathogen.

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The updated information presented would help to devise appropriate disease prevention and control strategies for this pandemic threat.

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Keywords: Zika virus, flavivirus, emergence, evolution, epidemiology, transmission, pathology,

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diagnosis, treatment, control

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Legends of Figures Figure 1. Structure of Zika virus and its genome. Zika possess ss+ve sense RNA which has 7 non structural genes and 3 structural genes (C, M, E). M exists as prM (immature form) which gets cleaved to pr and M with aid of furin enzyme.

Figure 2. Phylogenetic analysis of genes encoding polyprotein in Zika virus. Maximum likelihood tree was generated from nucleotide sequences of 33 Zika virus strains (complete open

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reading frame) retrieved from GenBank utilizing GTR+G+I model. The tree was rooted with Tick-borne encephalitis virus reference sequence (GenBank accession number NC_001672). Numbers at the nodes represent percent bootstrap support values based on 1,000 replicates. Strains/isolates are represented according to their name, accession number, country of origin and year of collection/isolation/submission. Strains from Americas (1a) together with those from

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Asian and Oceania (1b) constituted the Asian lineage (red). The African strains/isolates clustered to form the African lineage (green) and grouped into East (2a), Central (2b) and West (2c)

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African sub-clades. The ancestral and reference strains are denoted by blue dot and red asterisk, respectively.

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Figure 3: The genealogy of Zika viral strains/isolates. The TCS network showing 33 haplotype connected parsimoniously. Individual discs indicate haplotypes with the size of the disc

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proportional to the number of accessions in the haplotype. The strain “MR 766” accession no. AY632535 (in peach colored eclipse) was identified as basal (ancestral) haplotype. Hatch marks

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represent nucleotide changes during evolution.

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Figure 4: Landmarks in Zika virus research. The red areas depicts Zika virus presence and/or serological reports (Since 1947 to February 2016).

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Figure 5. An overview of Zika viral disease and its prevention and control.

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