Jul 31, 2009 - K2t P2t S5t Mg3t. Poultry litter. 550a. 0.55. 1Sources: Wang et al. (2012a,b) and Qinhua Shen (unpublished); 2Horg/Corg = 0.67mol mol-1 ...
A Biochar Classification System and Associated Test Methods Marta Camps Arbestain, James E. Amonette, Balwant Singh, Tao Wang and Hans Peter Schmidt [a]Introduction In this chapter, a biochar classification system related to its use as soil amendment is proposed. This document builds upon previous work: “Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil” (IBI, 2012) (aka IBI Biochar Standards), “Guidelines for biochar production: European Biochar Certificate” (EBC, 2012) (aka EBC Biochar Standards) and the “Biochar C stability test method for C market protocol development” (Budai et al., 2013) (aka IBI Stable C Protocol). It should be noted that the EBC Biochar Standards document was developed by scientists to prescribe the voluntary European industrial standard but not issued by the EU Commission. The present document constrains its scope to materials with properties that satisfy the criteria for biochar as defined by either the IBI Biochar Standards or the EBC Standards (Annex I), and it is intended to minimize the need for testing beyond that required by the above‐mentioned standards. The classification system envisions enabling stakeholders and commercial entities to (i) identify the most suitable biochar to fulfil the requirements for a particular soil and/or land‐use, and (ii) distinguish the application of biochar for specific niches (e.g., soilless agriculture). It is based on the best current knowledge and will need to be improved as new data and knowledge become available in the scientific literature. [a]Biochar Classification System The main thrust of this classification system is based on the direct or indirect beneficial effects that biochar provides from its application to soil. We have classified the potential 1
beneficial effects of biochar application to soils into five categories with their corresponding classes, where applicable (Figure 9.1): (i) C storage value, (ii) fertilizer value, (iii) liming value, (iv) particle‐size, and (v) use in potting mixes and soilless agriculture. Figure 9.1 A classification system of biochar based on its potential benefits. The C storage value (sBC+100) stands for stock BC+100 and is obtained by multiplying the organic C content of the biochar (Corg) by the estimated fraction of Corg in the biochar that remains stable in soil for more than 100 years (BC+100). Minimum levels for available P2O5, K2O, S and MgO are based on the needs to fulfil the demand of an “average corn crop (grain) considering a maximum biochar dose of 10 t ha‐1. Units of available nutrients, CaCO3 equivalence (CaCO3‐eq) and particle fractions are on % mass basis of biochar.
[b]C Storage Value and Classification The rationale for the C storage value is provided by the IBI Stable C Protocol (Budai et al., 2013), which proposes a test method to estimate the fraction of organic C (Corg) in biochar that remains stable in soil for more than 100 years (BC+100). The methodology is founded on extrapolations from medium‐term (3 to 5 years) incubation experiments of biochars carried out under controlled and optimal environmental conditions to support decomposition (Zimmerman, 2010, as extended in Harvey et al., 2012; Singh et al., 2012) to long‐term decay models. Neither the impacts on plant productivity nor the effects on native soil C stocks (e.g., positive or negative priming) were considered by the Protocol because of insufficient scientific evidence at this time and variability in the direction and magnitude of these effects depending on soil and biochar type. The effect of soil type and plant roots on biochar C stability was not considered either. With the availability of more data, this methodology will be updated to include the influence of specific biochar‐soil type
2
interactions, as well as the effects of biochar amendments on the decomposition or stabilization of native organic C (‘priming effects’), and plant productivity. In the IBI Stable C Protocol, estimates of the fraction of C in biochar expected to remain stable for more than 100 years (BC+100) were plotted against their corresponding molar H/Corg ratios and their equivalences for molar H/Corg values of 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 at 95% confidence obtained (Table 9.1). Thus, a biochar sample with an H/Corg value of 0.7 would be predicted to have a BC+100 of 58.2% indicating that 58.2% of the Corg measured in biochar will likely remain stable for at least a century. The IBI Stable C Protocol conservatively established cut‐offs at values of H/Corg of 0.4 and 0.7 and ascribed a BC+100 of 50% for biochars with an H/Corg between 0.4 and 0.7 and a BC+100 of 70% for those with an H/Corg ≤ 0.4 (Table 9.1; Figure 11.4 in Chapter 11) to distinguish “stable” and “highly stable” Corg in biochars, respectively. The approximate aromaticity of biochars at H/Corg ratios of 0.4 and 0.7, according to the methodology proposed by Wang et al. (2013), is estimated to be 92 and 74%, respectively (Table 9.1). The guidelines provided by the IBI Stable C Protocol were based on laboratory incubations carried out at 30°C (Zimmerman, 2010) and at 22°C (Singh et al., 2012). Incubations at lower temperatures would yield higher estimated BC+100 values for a given H/Corg as shown in Figure 11.4d (Chapter 11). Table 9.1 Molar H/Corg ratios, percentage of aromaticity based on Wang et al. (2013) corresponding to these molar H/Corg ratios, BC+100 equivalences at 95% confidence (mean, lower limit and upper limit), and cut‐off values as established by the IBI Stable C Protocol (Budai et al., 2013).
H/Corg
Aromaticity
BC+100
BC+100
BC+100
BC+100
Mean
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Cut‐off values 3
Mol mol‐1
%
%
%
%
%
0.4
92
80.5
72.6
88.2
70
0.5
87
73.1
67.1
78.9
50
0.6
81
65.6
60.5
70.6
50
0.7
74
58.2
52.5
63.8
50
The C storage value of a specific biochar not only depends on the assigned value of BC+100 but also on the total Corg held in it. Therefore, the storage value is obtained using equation [1] and referred to as stock BC+100 (sBC+100) in g kg‐1. sBC+100 = Corg x BC+100
[1]
In Figure 9.2, Corg values of different biochars are multiplied by either 50% or 70%, depending on whether their corresponding H/Corg ratios are ≤0.4 or between 0.4 and 0.7 (conservative cut‐off values established by the IBI Stable C Protocol), rendering a dataset that follows two slopes. Based on the sBC+100 obtained, five C storage classes have been recognized in the proposed classification system: Class 1 (sBC+100