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A Subnanosecond Jitter Trigger Generator Utilizing Trigatron Switch and Avalanche Transistor Circuit Weidong Ding, Member, IEEE, Yanan Wang, Chuan Fan, Yang Gou, Zhong Xu, and Lanjun Yang
Abstract— High-performance trigger generators with high amplitude, fast rise time, low jitter are essential for large-scaled pulsed-power systems. Most of the trigger generators are also tiny multistage pulsed-power systems with complicated structures. In this paper, a high-performance trigger generator was proposed by combining the advantages of low-jitter semiconductor switch and high-power gas switch. An avalanche transistor Marx circuit was developed. It was used to trigger a two-stage Marx generator based on trigatron switch. The output characteristics of the Marx circuit based on avalanche transistors and the two-stage Marx generator were studied. The experimental results show that a subnanosecond jitter, nanosecond rise time, high-voltage trigger generator can be achieved by triggering trigatron switch with an avalanche transistor circuit. Index Terms— Avalanche transistor, jitter, trigatron switch, trigger generator.
I. I NTRODUCTION
T
RIGGER generators have been widely used in pulsedpower systems to trigger gas switches. The working performance of a gas switch is highly dependent on the characteristics of the trigger generator [1]. In a large-scaled pulsed-power system, usually plenty of gas switches must be triggered synchronously or in a certain time sequence to ensure correct operation. For example, hundreds to thousands of gas switches should be triggered in an optimized time sequence to achieve the desired output in linear transformer driver (LTD) [2], [3]. In a programmable pulsed-power driver for isentropic compression experiments, the triggering time sequence of 240 modules can be adjusted according to the different experimental material [4]. In these systems, highperformance trigger generators with high amplitude, fast rise time, low jitter are essential. In general, a trigger generator is also a tiny multistage pulsed-power system, in which the next stage is triggered by the preceding one. The triggering impulse of the first stage
Manuscript received October 3, 2014; revised January 3, 2015; accepted January 31, 2015. Date of publication March 31, 2015; date of current version April 13, 2015. This work was supported by the State Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an, China. W. Ding and L. Yang are with the State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China (e-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected]). Y. Wang, Y. Gou, and Z. Xu are with Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China (e-mail:
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]). C. Fan was with Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China. He is now with Chongqing Electric Power Corporation, Chongqing 400014, China (e-mail:
[email protected]). Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2015.2402178
is usually transistor–transistor logic (TTL) signal or optical signal, whilst the final output impulse of the trigger generator is up to several kilovolts, tens of kilovolts or hundreds of kilovolts. A proper method to amplify the initial signal step by step is crucial for a trigger generator to achieve good working performance. Nowadays, many types of trigger generators have already been developed. 1) A trigger generator can be achieved if a charged capacitor discharges to a load via a trigatron switch. Peng et al. [5] have got 150 kV trigger impulse with a jitter less than 1 ns. A high-voltage dc power supply and a high-voltage trigger generator for trigatron switch are essential for this design scheme, thus it is a bit complicated. 2) Another typical trigger generator, such as TG803-1, utilized transformer or Tesla transformer to raise output voltage and gas switch to sharpen rise edge [6]. 3) Marx circuits are also widely used in trigger generators. Compact Marx generator utilizing gas switches can generate trigger impulse with amplitude as high as 200 kV and with a rise time as short as 50 ps [7]–[9]. In addition, Marx circuits based on semiconducting switches have gained great attention in recent decades [10]–[13]. Wu et al. [12] have developed Marx generator based on insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with an output of 60 kV. Marx circuits based on avalanche transistors have been used to trigger optical systems, the time jitter and rise time are usually very low though their output voltage are in the range of several kilovolts [14]–[19]. Marx circuits based on semiconducting switches can easily operate in repetitive mode. 4) MacGregor et al. [20] have developed a trigger generator using Blumlein line and corona-stabilized trigatron switch, which can output 70 kV impulse. 5) The trigger generator used in Chen et al.’s [1] experimental setup is based on solid-state opening switch. 6) Zutavern et al. [21] have developed a trigger generator based on photoconductive semiconductor switches, which is considered as a promising technology. Focia and Frost [22] have developed a low jitter, fast rise time, high peak power, high pulse repetition rate, gas-switched pulse generator system. A five stage Marx-like pulse generator utilizing trigatron switch can generate output of about 100 kV with a rise time of 4 ns. The Marx-like pulse generator is triggered by an all solid-state trigger, which consists of a four-stage semiconductor Marx generator based on IGBTs as the primary pulse generator, a pulse sharpening circuit using a
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DING et al.: SUBNANOSECOND JITTER TRIGGER GENERATOR UTILIZING TRIGATRON SWITCH AND AVALANCHE TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT
Fig. 1.
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Schematic of the subnanosecond jitter trigger generator.
ferrite core magnetic switch, and a transformer as the voltage raising circuit. The statistical triggering jitter of the all solidstate trigger is as low as 130 ps. However, this design scheme is very complicated. In general speaking, semiconductor circuit has low jitter, while gas spark switch can be used for high voltage and large current. In this paper, a novel design scheme is proposed to achieve high-voltage and subnanosecond jitter trigger generator. A compact two-stage Marx generator with trigatron switch is built and it is triggered by an avalanche transistor circuit with output impulse greater than 8 kV. The output characteristic of the trigger generator is studied in detail. II. E XPERIMENTAL S ETUP A. Schematic of the Subnanosecond Jitter Trigger Generator The schematic of the subnanosecond jitter trigger generator proposed in this paper is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of a microcontroller unit (MCU), a 10-stage Marx generator based on avalanche transistors, a two-stage Marx generator, and some auxiliary devices. The MCU generates a 5 V TTL signal, which can trigger the trigger circuit T1 based on avalanche transistor. The circuit T1 gives a triggering signal with an amplitude of 30–40 V to a 10-stage Marx generator T2 based on avalanche transistors. The 10-stage Marx generator T2 gives a trigger impulse of 8 kV, which is used to trigger the trigatron switch inside the two-stage Marx generator T3. The final output of the two-stage Marx generator is about 40 kV. B. 10-Stage Marx Generator Based on Avalanche Transistors The schematic circuit of the 10-stage Marx generator based on avalanche transistors is shown in Fig. 2. The main capacitors C1 –C10 are charged to a certain voltage Vc by a dc power supply (Vcc , 0–3 kV, Tianjin Dongwen High Voltage Power Supply Company Ltd.) via the isolating resistors Rc1 –Rc10 and Rc1 ’–Rc10 ’. In this paper, four types of capacitors: 1) mica capacitor; 2) ceramic capacitor; 3) chip capacitor; and 4) metalized polypropylene capacitor were tested as the main capacitors. Six avalanche transistors (FMMT 415 or FMMT417, Zetex Semiconductors) in series,
Fig. 2. Schematic circuit of the 10-stage Marx generator based on avalanche transistors. TABLE I PARAMETERS OF THE AVALANCHE T RANSISTORS
for example, Q11-Q16, act as one switching element at each stage in the Marx circuit. The emitter-base breakdown voltage VEBO and collector–emitter breakdown voltage VCEO were measured and the results are shown in Table I. A 1.5-M resistor is connected in parallel with each avalanche transistor to make the potential distribution of stacked avalanche transistors uniform. The avalanche transistor Q11 is triggered by a triggering signal generated by the circuit T1 shown in Fig. 1. All the other avalanche transistors break down under overvoltage. The printed circuit board was designed carefully to decrease the residual inductance of the erected Marx circuit. The output load of the Marx generator was a 10 m coaxial cable with a matched impedance of 50 or 75 when the output characteristics of T2 were investigated. However, the end terminal of the coaxial cable was open circuit when it was used to trigger the two-stage Marx generator T3. Usually, the amplitude of open-circuit output waveform at the cable terminal is nearly two times that with a matched load. The circuit T1 to trigger the 10-stage Marx generator T2 is also based on avalanche transistor. Its schematic is shown in Fig. 3. The voltage divider, which consists of R L1 and R L2 , is used to adjust the amplitude of output impulse. C. Two-Stage Marx Generator The compact two-stage Marx generator used in this paper is shown in Fig. 4. The switch S1 is a trigatron switch, which is triggered by the 10-stage Marx generator based on avalanche transistors. The switch S2 is a simple sphere–sphere spark gap. The capacitors C1 and C2 are ceramic capacitors with capacitance of 1 nF. The compact two-stage Marx generator is housed in a metal cylinder, which is filled with high pressure
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Fig. 3.
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Circuit T1 to trigger the 10-stage Marx generator T2.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 4.
Typical output signal of the trigger circuit T1.
Compact two-stage Marx generator based on gas switches.
Fig. 7. Typical output waveform of the five-stage Marx generator T2 based on avalanche transistors. (The main capacitors are mica capacitors, the capacitance of each stage is 2 nF.)
Fig. 5. Section view of the compact two-stage Marx generator based on gas switches. (a) Front view. (b) Side view.
nitrogen gas. The section view of the compact two-stage Marx generator is shown in Fig. 5. The load of the two-stage Marx generator is a high-voltage coaxial cable (RG 214) with impedance of 50 , the terminal of the cable is open circuit. In our experiments, the output waveform at the output terminal of the cable is measured by a Tektronix P6015A probe and a Tektronix DPO3054 oscilloscope. III. R ESULTS A. Trigger Circuit T1 The typical output signal of the trigger circuit T1 is shown in Fig. 6. The amplitude of triggering signal is about several tens of volts, which can be adjusted by changing the resistance of R L1 and R L2 shown in Fig. 3. B. Marx Generator T2 A five-stage Marx generator based on FMMT 415 was built and tested for us to find a good combination of the circuit parameters before the final 10-stage prototype was designed.
The typical output waveform of the five-stage Marx generator T2 based on avalanche transistors is shown in Fig. 7. It was measured with a resistive load of 50 . The output waveform has an amplitude of 5.2 kV and a 10%–90% rise time of 6.3 ns. The dependency of the output parameters of the five-stage Marx generator on the capacitance and type of the main capacitor is shown in Fig. 8. In this experiment, the charging voltage of the main capacitors is 1.8 kV, and the resistance of the isolating resistor is 1 M, the amplitude of the output triggering signal of T1 is 10 V and the resistive load is 50 . It is found the larger the capacitance of the main capacitor is, the higher the amplitude of the output waveform becomes. The reason for the high amplitude might be the high-voltage efficiency of the Marx generator with large main capacitors. It seems good to increase the capacitances of the main capacitors for high-voltage output impulse. However, the large capacitance will lead to the large current flowing through the avalanche transistors, which will shorten the lifetime of the avalanche transistors. Therefore, the maximum capacitances of the main capacitors are limited. In our experiments, the proper capacitance of the main capacitor is about 2 nF. The amplitude of the output waveform is also dependent on the type of the
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Fig. 9. Effect of the resistance of the isolating resistor on the amplitude of output waveform of the five-stage Marx generator (with a load resistor of 50 ).
Fig. 8. Dependency of the output parameters on the capacitance and type of the main capacitor. (a) Amplitude. (b) 10%–90% rise time.
main capacitor, which might be due to the different dielectric losses of different capacitors. The 10%–90% rise time of the output waveform is affected by both the capacitance and the type of the main capacitor. Different type of capacitor has different residual inductance, thus lead to different rise time. In this paper, the mica capacitor is selected for most of the experiments. The amplitude of the output waveform of the five-stage Marx generator T2 is slightly affected by the resistance of the isolating resistors, as shown in Fig. 9. As the resistance of the isolating resistors becomes larger, the charging voltage becomes lower and the voltage efficiency becomes larger, the two factors lead to the slight change of the amplitude of the output waveform together. The dependency of the output parameters of the Marx generator T2 on the amplitude of the output triggering signal of T1 is shown in Fig. 10. The experimental results show that the amplitude in the range of 30–40 V is the best, the reason might be the good synchronization of the Marx generator when the amplitude of the triggering impulse is in this range. The photo of the final printed circuit board of the 10-stage Marx generator based on avalanche transistors is shown in Fig. 11. It is about 18-cm long and 10-cm wide. The discharging route is designed as S-type to reduce the residual inductance.
Fig. 10. Effect of the amplitude of the output triggering signal of T1 on the output parameters of the Marx generator T2 (with a load resistor of 50 ).
Fig. 11.
Photo of the Marx generator based on avalanche transistors.
The output impulse of the Marx generator T2 based on FMMT 415 is measured as the number of its stages increases from 5 to 10. The charging voltage of the main capacitors is 1.8 kV and the triggering impulse is 30 V. It is found the amplitude of the output waveform is almost proportional with the number of its stages, as shown in Fig. 12. The rise time of output waveform of the Marx generator T2 increases
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Fig. 12. Dependency of the output characteristic on the number of the stages of Marx generator based on FMMT 415 (with a load resistor of 50 ).
Fig. 14. Amplitude and rise time of the output waveform of the Marx generator T2 based on FMMT 415 with different resistive load (R L ). TABLE II F INAL O UTPUT PARAMETERS OF THE M ARX G ENERATOR T2 BASED ON AVALANCHE T RANSISTORS
Fig. 13. Schematic of the 10-stage Marx generator considering the voltage-dividing effect. (a) Circuit diagram. (b) Equivalent circuit diagram.
slightly as the number of the stages increases. The rise time of the output waveform of the Marx generator with odd stages is larger than that with even stages due to larger residual inductance for the last single stage. It seems as if the amplitude of the output waveform is unlimited when the number of the stages is large enough. However, the conducting resistance of the avalanche transistor is of a certain value. When the number of stages enlarges, the amplitude of the output waveform will saturate due to the voltage-dividing effect of the conducting resistance and the load resistance, as shown in Fig. 13. The amplitude of the output waveform can be estimated using the following regardless of the effect of residual inductance and the isolating resistors: Vo = n × Vc ×
RL n × m × Rq + R L
(1)
where Vo is the amplitude of the output waveform, n is the number of the stages, Vc is the charging voltage of the main capacitors, R L is the load resistance, m is the number of stacked avalanche transistors in each stage, and Rq is the conducting resistance of each avalanche transistor. The charging voltage Vc is slightly less than the dc power supply
voltage Vcc due to the voltage-dividing effect of the charging resistors and the equalizing resistors (It is not shown in Fig. 2, its resistance is 1.5 M for each avalanche transistor) parallel to the avalanche transistors. Simple estimation shows that the conducting resistance of the avalanche transistor is about 1.1 . It implies that the amplitude of the output waveform is limited considering the conducting resistance. The amplitude and rise time of the output waveform of the 10-stage Marx generator T2 for different resistive load is shown in Fig. 14. As shown in Fig. 14, the rise time decreases as the load resistance increases due to a shorter time constant L/R, where L is the residual inductance and R is the sum of conducting resistance and the load resistance. The amplitude of the output waveform of T2 increases as the load resistance (the experiments were conducted without coaxial cable, and a load resistor R L is connected in parallel with Rc10 ’) increases due to the voltage-dividing effect of the conducting resistance and the load resistance. As the load resistance decreases, the load current increases, and the conducting resistance of the avalanche transistor might decrease slightly due to the negative resistance characteristics. The amplitude of the output waveform of T2 is nearly proportional to the charging voltage VC of the main capacitor, which must be in the range between m × VCEO and m × VCBO. The final output parameters of the Marx generator T2 is summarized in Table II. It is shown that about 8 kV triggering impulse can be obtained on a 50 resistive load, with a low rise time. Ten continuous output impulse waveforms are
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Fig. 15. Ten continuous output impulse waveforms (the resistance of the load is 75 ).
Fig. 16. Measured breakdown voltage of the gas switch inside the two-stage Marx generator.
overlapped in Fig. 15. The jitter of the output waveform of T2 is less than 200 ps. C. Output Impulse of the Two-Stage Marx Generator The measured dc breakdown voltage of the gas switch Vb is shown in Fig. 16. It is used to calculate the voltage ratio of the trigatron switch. The operating performance of the trigatron switch is highly dependent on the voltage ratio, which is a key parameter of trigatron switch. The voltage ratio is defined as the following: Vdc Voltage ratio = Vb
(2)
where Vdc is the working voltage of the trigatron switch, and the Vb is the breakdown voltage. The command-output time delay of the overall system is defined as the time from the edge of TTL signal to the edge of the final output impulse. The jitter of the command-output time delay is also analyzed. The parameters of the output impulse are shown in Fig. 17. Each experiment was repeated for 20 times and the average value and deviation are given. As shown in Fig. 17,
Fig. 17. Parameters of the output impulse for different voltage ratios (the gap clearance of the gas switch is 1 mm and the gas pressure is 0.5 MPa). (a) Amplitude and rise time. (b) Time delay and jitter.
the amplitude of output impulse increases when voltage ratio increases due to higher charging voltage. On the contrary, the rise time decreases when voltage ratio increases. The e-folding time ttot of a gas switch can be estimated according to Martin’s formula [23]–[25] ttot = τL + τR L τL = Z 0.5 ρra τR = 88 4/3 Z 1/3 E b
(3)
where τ L is the inductive term, τ R is the resistive phase, L is the inductance of the gas switch, Z is the driving impedance, ρra is the relative gas density, and E b is the working electric field. The inductance L can be given by the following: b ≈ 14d (4) L = 2d ln a where d is the length of the spark channel in centimeters. The inductance L is about 1.4 nH for a gap of 0.1 cm.
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TABLE III E STIMATED VALUE OF THE e-F OLDING T IME
The driving impedance Z can be roughly estimated by the following: Lc + Z2 (5) Z = Z1 + Z2 = C where Z 1 is the impedance of ceramic capacitor, Z 2 is the impedance of the high-voltage coaxial cable, L c is the residual inductance of two ceramic capacitors, and C is the capacitance of two ceramic capacitors. The driving impedance Z is about 56.3 if L c is 20 nH. Assuming that the gas clearance is 1 mm, the gas pressure is 0.5 MPa, and the residual inductance L c is 20 nH, we can estimate the e-folding time ttot , which is shown in Table III. It is shown that the estimated e-folding time is comparable with the rise time of the output impulse. And as the working electric field increases, the rise time will decreases. The time delay and jitter also decrease when voltage ratio increases. It seems that the time delay is too long. However, the main part of the time delay is the transmission time of the 10 m coaxial cable, which connects the 10-stage Marx generator and the two-stage Marx generator. The minimum jitter is about 240 ps. The high working gas pressure is necessary to obtain short rise time for gas switch. As the voltage ratio is kept to a certain value (0.55), it is found that the time delay increases when gas pressure increases, as shown in Fig. 18. It might be explained by the fact that the drift velocities of electrons and ions decrease as the gas pressure increases. The jitter has no obvious regularity because the statistic time lag and the formation time lag are all affected by gas pressure. Because the voltage ratio is kept to a certain value, the amplitude of output impulse increases as the gas pressure increases, as shown in Fig. 18(c). It is also found that the amplitude is almost the same for different gap clearances as the gas pressure is low, which might be due to the small pd nearby the extreme point of the Paschen curve. The typical output impulse is shown in Fig. 19. It was measured at the output terminal of the high-voltage coaxial cable, which is shown in Fig. 4. The output terminal of the cable is open-circuit thus the voltage at the output terminal will reach nearly twice the input voltage in the duration of 2τ , where τ is the transmission time of the cable. The output impulse has a rise time of about 2.2 ns, an amplitude of 37 kV, and a jitter of 240 ps. The oscillation on the top of the waveform might be due to the reflection inside the two-stage Marx generator. The oscillation would disappear and the peak voltage would decrease if the damping resistance of the circuit becomes large enough.
Fig. 18. Output parameters versus gas pressure. (a) Time delay. (b) Jitter. (c) Amplitude.
Nowadays, the trigger generators used in LTD usually have an amplitude higher than 100 kV [26], [27]. Thus from the view of utility, the output voltage of the trigger generator proposed in this paper is not high enough to trigger switches of LTD up till now. In the future, the number of stages of the Marx generator, the capacitance of the ceramic capacitors, and the length of the output cable should be adjusted to improve the parameters of the output impulse. The improved trigger generator might be used to trigger the switches of LTD.
DING et al.: SUBNANOSECOND JITTER TRIGGER GENERATOR UTILIZING TRIGATRON SWITCH AND AVALANCHE TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT
Fig. 19.
Final output waveform of the two-stage Marx generator.
IV. C ONCLUSION In this paper, an avalanche transistor Marx circuit was developed. It was used to trigger a two-stage Marx generator based on a trigatron switch. The output characteristics of the Marx circuit based on avalanche transistors and the two-stage Marx generator were studied. The experimental results show that a subnanosecond jitter, nanosecond rise time, and high-voltage trigger generator can be achieved by triggering trigatron switch with an avalanche transistor circuit. R EFERENCES [1] Y. Chen, J. Dickens, J. Mankowski, and M. Kristiansen, “Evaluation of a triggered 50 kV, 100 Hz, sub-ns jitter high pressure gas switch with pressure, trigger magnitude and gas temperature,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 975–982, Aug. 2011. [2] G. A. Mesyats, Pulsed Power. New York, NY, USA: Kluwer, 2005, ch. 14. [3] S. T. Rogowski et al., “Operation and performance of the first high current LTD at Sandia National Laboratories,” in Proc. 15th IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Conf., Monterey, CA, USA, Jun. 2005, pp. 155–157. [4] S. F. Glover, F. E. White, K. W. Reed, and M. J. Harden, “Genetic optimization for pulsed-power system configuration,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 339–346, Feb. 2009. [5] P. Liu, A. Qiu, F. Sun, and Y. Jiahui, “Development of a subnanosecond jitter eight-output 150-kV trigger generator,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Conf., Washington, DC, USA, Jun./Jul. 2009, pp. 613–617. [6] D. L. Smith, J. Hammon, J. M. Wilson, H. C. Harjes, and W. B. S. Moore, “FANTM: First article NIF test module,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1316–1323, Oct. 2000. [7] M. M. Kekez, “Simple sub-50-ps rise-time high voltage generator,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 62, no. 12, pp. 2923–2930, Dec. 1991. [8] J. Gao, Y. Liu, J. Liu, J. Yang, and J. Zhang, “Development of a repetitive wave erection Marx generator,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1936–1942, Oct. 2009. [9] J. R. Mayes, W. J. Carey, W. C. Nunnally, and L. Altgilbers, “Subnanosecond jitter operation of Marx generators,” in Pulsed Power Plasma Sci., Dig. Tech. Papers, Las Vegas, NV, USA, Jun. 2001, pp. 471–474. [10] K. Gregory, P. Stevenson, and R. Burke, “Four-stage Marx generator using thyristors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 3996–3997, Nov. 1998. [11] J. H. Kim, M. H. Ryu, B. D. Min, S. V. Shenderey, J. S. Kim, and G. H. Rim, “High voltage pulse power supply using Marx Generator & solid-state switches,” in Proc. 31st Annu. Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc., Nov. 2005, pp. 1244–1247. [12] Y. Wu, K. Liu, J. Qiu, X. Liu, and H. Xiao, “Repetitive and high voltage Marx generator using solid-state devices,” IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 937–940, Aug. 2007. [13] H. D. Sanders and S. C. Glidden, “Long lifetime optically triggered solid state Marx,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Power Modulators High Voltage Conf., Las Vegas, NE, USA, May 2008, pp. 13–16.
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[14] S. M. Oak, K. S. Bindra, B. S. Narayan, and R. K. Khardekar, “A fast cavity dumper for a picosecond glass laser,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 308–312, Feb. 1991. [15] V. N. Rai and M. Shukla, “A high-voltage pulser circuit with subnanosecond rise time,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2134–2136, Jun. 1994. [16] V. N. Rai, M. Shukla, and R. K. Khardekar, “A transistorized Marx bank circuit providing sub-nanosecond high-voltage pulses,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 447–449, 1994. [17] A. I. Bishop and P. F. Barker, “Subnanosecond Pockels cell switching using avalanche transistors,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 77, no. 4, pp. 044701-1–044701-5, 2006. [18] M. Inokuchi, M. Akiyama, T. Sakugawa, H. Akiyama, and T. Ueno, “Development of miniature Marx generator using BJT,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Pulsed Power Conf., Washington, DC, USA, Jun./Jul. 2009, pp. 57–60. [19] J. Liu, B. Shang, and Z. Chang, “High voltage fast ramp pulse generation using avalanche transistor,” Rev. Sci. Instrum., vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 3066–3067, Aug. 1998. [20] S. J. MacGregor, J. M. Koutsoubis, and S. M. Turnbull, “The design and operation of a compact high-voltage, high pulse repetition frequency trigger generator,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1899–1905, 1998. [21] F. J. Zutavern et al., “DC-charged GaAs PCSSs for trigger generators and other high-voltage applications,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 38, no. 10, pp. 2708–2715, Oct. 2010. [22] R. J. Focia and C. A. Frost, “A compact, low jitter, fast rise time, gas-switched pulse generator system with high pulse repetition rate capability,” in Proc. IEEE Pulsed Power Conf., Washington, DC, USA, Jun./Jul. 2009, pp. 1227–1232. [23] X. Liu, High Pulsed Power Technology. Beijing, China: National Defense Industry Press, 2007, ch. 6. [24] Z. Z. Zeng, Introduction to Practical Pulsed Power Technology. Xi’an, China: Shaanxi Science and Technology Press, 2003, ch. 3. [25] T. H. Martin, A. H. Guenther, and M. Kristiansen, Eds., J. C. Martin on Pulsed Power. New York, NY, USA: Plenum, 1996, ch. 10. [26] T. Liang, X. Jiang, Z. Wang, F. Sun, P. Cong, and A. Qiu, “Characteristics study of multigaps gas switch with corona discharge for voltage balance,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 340–345, Feb. 2014. [27] J. R. Woodworth et al., “New low inductance gas switches for linear transformer drivers,” Phys. Rev. Special Topics-Accel. Beams, vol. 13, no. 8, p. 080401, Aug. 2010.
Weidong Ding (M’14) was born in Hubei, China, in 1976. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in high voltage and insulation technology from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 1997 and 2000, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, in 2007, under the support of the Okazaki Kaheita International Scholarship Foundation. He is currently an Associate Professor with Xi’an Jiaotong University. Dr. Ding was a recipient of the Excellent Student Award of the IEEE Fukuoka Section in 2005.
Yanan Wang was born in Henan, China, in 1990. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 2014, where he is currently pursuing the master’s degree.
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Chuan Fan was born in Chongqing, China, in 1989. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 2011 and 2014, respectively. He is also with Chongqing Electric Power Corporation, Chongqing.
Yang Gou was born in Chengdu, China, in 1991. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 2014, where he is currently pursuing the master’s degree.
Zhong Xu was born in Neijiang, China, in 1990. He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 2013, where he is currently pursuing the master’s degree.
Lanjun Yang was born in 1968. He received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees from Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 1989 and 1994, respectively. He was with Baoguang Group Inc., Shanghai, China, as an Assistant Engineer, from 1989 to 1991. Since 1994, he has been with Xi’an Jiaotong University. He is currently a Professor of High-Voltage Technology with the School of Electrical Engineering. The studies that he is processing are gas discharging theory and application, pulsed-power technology, and online monitoring technique for electrical insulation and power equipment.
