Indian Cartographer Vol. XXXIV: 2014
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES FOR SUB-SURFACE WATER POTENTIALITY MAPPING IN MINING AREA: A CASE STUDY OF PANDABESWAR BLOCK IN BARDDHAMAN DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA Dr. Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay, Mr. Kunal Kanti Maiti, Dr. Debashish Chakravarty Department of Remote Sensing & GIS, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur-721102, West Bengal, & Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur -721302. Email:
[email protected] Abstract Sub-surface water is attracting an ever increasing interest due to scarcity of good quality water and growing need for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. It has become crucial not only for targeting the sub-surface water potential zones but also monitoring and conserving this important resource. Sub-surface water is located beneath the earth’s surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rocks formations. It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the sub-surface water structure. It ultimately makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans. It is naturally replenished from above as surface water from rainfall, streams and rivers. It infiltrates into the ground and form sub-surface water. Pandabeswar block is one of the coal mining zone of Barddhaman districts, West Bengal, India. Drinking water crisis is one of the major problem in this area. The study is about to explore the sub-surface water availability and nature of sub surface water in the mining area of this block.Remote Sensing (RS) data and Geographical Information System (GIS) were integrated to identify the potential zones for sub surface water. The Indian Remote sensing Satellite IRS ID, linear image self-scanning (LISS) III of geo-coded false color composites (FCC), generated from the bands 2,3and 4 on 1:50,000 scale was used for the present study. The Survey of India (SOI) Toposheet maps 73M/2 and 73M/6 on a scale of 1:50,000 equal to the corresponding imagery were used for the preparation of the base maps. The imagery was visually interpreted to delineate geomorphologic units and land use/land cover with the help of standard characteristic image interpretation elements like tone, texture, shape, size, pattern and association. All the data are preprocessed and projected to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection system. In this study various thematic maps i.e., soil, geology, drainage density, contour, slope, land use/land cover, mining zone and sub surface water zones were prepared using the remote sensing data along with the existing maps in the GIS platform. The sub-surface water availability of the mining area is qualitatively classified into different classes i.e., very good, good, moderate, low, very low; based on overlay analysis by assigning weight value and field survey for site verification. The final map could be used for various purposes like location of drinking water wells, irrigation tube wells and management of sub-surface water in this area. The result depicts the sub-surface water potential zone in this study area and found to be helpful in better planning and management of the area. Keywords Sub-surface water, Remote sensing, GIS, Water Potential Zone, Weight Value.
Theme: Water Resources
1.
ntroduction In
ub-surface water w is attraccting an everr increasing iinterest due to scarcity oof good qualiity water and d Su growingg need for doomestic, agriicultural andd industrial uuses. It has become b cruciial not only for targetingg the sub--surface wateer potential zones, but also a monitorring and connserving thiss important resource r [1]. Sub-surfface water iss the water loocated beneaath the earth’s surface inn soil pore sppaces and in the fracturess of rockss formations. It originatess as rainfall or o snow, andd then movess through thee soil into thee sub-surfacee water strructure, wheere it ultimateely makes itss way back to surface strreams, lakes, or oceans. It I is naturally y replenishhed from abbove, as surfface water from f rainfalll, streams, and a rivers innfiltrates into o the groundd [2].This study preseents the resuult to generaate sub-surfaace water pootentiality maapping by inntegrating off various thematic maaps derived from f both reemote sensinng and conveentional methhods using Geographical G l Informattion System..Drinking waater crisis is one of the m major problem ms in this arrea. The stud dy is about too explore the sub-surfaace water availability andd nature of suub-surface water w in the m mining area of o this block.. 2.
A Aim
Iddentification of Sub-surfaace water pottentiality maapping in minning area thrrough remotee sensing andd GIS techhniques. 3.
O Objectives off the Study Area A
i). ii). iii). iv). v).
Laand use & Land cover Cllassification to delineate the study areea. M Mining area iddentificationn. Collection of tthe relevant data, both thhe remote sennsing and fieeld survey daata. Thhe Digital Elevation Moodel (DEM) is i prepared tto generate thhe slope lenggth and steep pness detailss off the mining area. Fiinally Sub-suurface water potential zonnes mappingg.
4.
Sttudy Area
Thhe study arrea Pandabbeswar whicch is under Barddhamaan district and a it is situated between n Damodar and a Ajoy rivver. Total areea of the sttudy is 37.800 sq mile (97.89 km2).Lattitude : 23 38’ 3 30” to 23 3 44’ 30” N, Longitudde : 87 10’ 0” to 87 30’ 3 45”E, Suurvey of Indiia Toposheeet No. – 73 M/2,73M/6. F Fig.1 Locatioon Map of thhe study area. 5.
D Data and Methodology
R senssing Satellitte (IRS) ID, linear imaage selfThhe Indian Remote scanningg (LISS) III of geo-codded false collor composittes (FCC), generated g from thee bands 2,3aand 4 on 1:550,000 scale was used for f the preseent study. The Surrvey of Indiaa (SOI) Topoosheet maps 73M/2 and 73M/6 on a scale of 1:50,0000 equal to thhe correspon nding imagerry were usedd for the preeparation ofbase maps. The imagery was visuually interppreted to delineate geomorpphologic uniits and landd use/land cover c with tthe help of standard characteeristic imagee interpretatiion elementss like tone, texture, shaape, size, pattern and associattion. All the data are pre-processe p ed and projeected to the Universaal Transversee Mercator (UTM) projection system m.
ull part of theprocess is complete byusingthe ARC GIS model buillder environnment and a Fu graphicaal flow chart of the modeel is plotted inn the followiing figure(figg-2) :Fig. 2 sub-surfacee water modeler
6.
R Result And Discussion D
Iddentification of the sub-ssurface waterr potential zoones in the study s area is use to prepared throughh differentt thematic m maps from remote sensingg data, soil map m and geoological mapps. Elevation n informationn of this study s area is shown throuugh Cartosatt Digital Elevvation Modeel (DEM) datta(bhuvan website). w Thee highest elevation is 113 meter and a lowest elevation e is -49 meter(m mining area) in this studdy area. Thiss study area lowest eleevation is staay on open caast coal miniing area.
Fig. 3 DEM D Map of the study areea. i) So oil Map Thhe two soil groups g foundd in the studdy area have been brieflyy described w with other ex xamples too. About foour type of soil series fouund in the stuudy area. W114:--Shallow, mooderately weell drained, cooarse loamy Soils3 occurrring on genttly sloping too a)) unndulating plain with graavelly loamyy surface annd moderatee erosion. A Associated with w shallow, im mperfectly drrained, graveelly loamy so oils3 b)) W107:--Very deep, well draineed, coarse looamy soils1 is occurringg on very geently slopingg vaalleys on unddulating plateau with loam my surface aand moderatee erosion. Asssociated witth very deep, m moderately weell drained fiine loamy sooils2 c)) W096:--Shallow, moderately well drained, gravelly loaamy soils3 ooccurring on very gently y sloping to unndulating plaain with graavelly loamyy surface and moderate erosion associated withh shhallow, well drained, finee loamy soilss3
W064:--Very deep, moderately, well draineed, coarse loamy soil1. O Occurring onn very gently y d)) sloping valleyys on undulaating plateauu with loamyy surface andd moderate eerosion. Asssociated withh N & LUP, L SOIL MAP) M veery deep, mooderately welll drained finne loamy soills2 (Source: N.B.S.S
Fig. 4 Sooil Map of thhe study areaa ii)
D Drainage Den nsity Map
Thhe drainage map is extraact by hydrollogy model ARC A GIS sooftware from m the Cartosaat DEM data. The surfface water innfiltration is found to bee more in thhe channel flow. Sub-surrface water prospects p aree found too be poor inn the very hiigh drainagee density areeas as majorr part of the water poureed over thenn during rainfall r is loost as surfacce run-off with w low inffiltration to meet sub-suurface water. This studyy areadrainnage densityy is found in the Middle Eastern E part. So this areaa has poor suub-surface waater prospectt due to o high drainage d dennsity.
Figg. 5 Drainagee Density Maap of the study area iii)
Sllope Map
Sllope plays a key role inn the sub-suurface water occurrennce as infiltraation is inverrsely related to slope. In this stud dy area norrth-west, weest and soutth-west part have loow sub-surfface water prospect duue to high gradientt slope becauuse this regiion is open cast mining area sloppe is high. L Lower slope is the high sub-surface recharge zone. This study area water potentiality p northernn and westernn part area sllopes very geently so this area is highly sub--surface waater rechargee capability zone. Fig. 6 Sloope Map of tthe study area.
iv)
G Geological M Map
a maximuum area coveer Raniganj, Laterite serries and diffeerent geological series iss Inn the study area alluvium m and barakaar, Ironstonee shales. Geoological mapp is preparingg ARC GIS software ussing digitizess techniqu ue and attribbute is giving g the main geological g m legend. The hard rocks are decrrease in sub-map surface water w recharrging and sofft rocks are increasing i thhe sub-surfacce water rechharge capacitty. Alluvium m and baraakar series is highly sub-ssurface wateer recharge caapability region.
G M of the stuudy area. Map Fig. 7 Surface Geological v)
Land use/ Laand cover Map M
L Land use-Lannd cover maap of Pandabbeswar blockk in Barddhaaman district mining areaa is preparedd by usingg LISS-III reemote sensinng data with special referrence to on screen s digitizzed classified techniquess through ARC GIS software paackages. Thiis classificattion techniqques trainingg sight pixell reflectancee sample collected annd this digiitally land use u land cover map m is prepaared. Land use u pattern as a River, Lakes/Ponds, Sociaal forestry, sandy areass, mixed settlemeent, mining/IIndustrial, Crop C land annd scrub land opeen importantt and may prrovide the paath ways for sub--surface wateer movemennt. For exampple river and lakees/ponds andd sandy areaas are very im mportant to prov vide sub-surfface water. Depending on the potentiality we are give the diffferent weigghtage of each claass in land usse map in thiss study area. F 8 Land use/ Fig. u Land covver Map of thhe study areaa vi)
C Contour Map p
Contour map is extract from fr Cartosaat DEM dataa as a 10m interval. This map withh the help off contour value we iddentify the mining zonee area an delineatee this area. A digital elevation model is basicallyy a data sttructure reprresenting reectangular grids off terrain dataa composed of o cells arrannged as a raster, where w each ceell is compossed of a floaating point value eqquivalent to the elevatioon of that geeographic point above mean seea level, from m the DEM itt has been found thhat theelevatiion of the stuudy area is 0 to 113m above thhe mean seaa level (MSL L). The Conntour with mining map m of the sttudy area hass been shownn (Fig-9). F Fig. 9 Contouur with mining Map of thhe study areaa
Different P Parameter for sub-su urface wateer Prospectt and therre Themes and classs vii) hod) weights(assign meth Slope Map Them me Weight (15) ( Parameteer Vaalue Steep 1 Moderatee 2 M Moderately L Low 3 Gentle 4 Very Genttle 5 Soill Map Them me Weight (225) Group-B B 5 Group-C C 4 Drainage Density D Map p Theme Weeight (15) Very low w 5 Low 4 Moderatee 3 High 2 Very Higgh 1 Land L use Laand cover M Map Theme Weight W (30) River 1 10 Lakes/Ponnds 8 Social Foresstry 4 Sandy areas 9 M Mixed Settlem ment 1 M Mining/Indus strial 3 Crop Landds 7 Scrub S Land open o 6 Geologgy Map Theme Weightt (15) Alluvium m 8 Barakar serries 7 Ironstone shhales 5 Laterite 6 Raniganj seeries 3 Tabble-2:Differeent parameteer and theme weight viii)
Preparation n of Mining map
M Mining Map of the studyy area is preeparing from m Survey of India Topposheet andd LISS- III satellite s dataa. SOI Toposheet has been collected and geeo-referencedd with UT TM projectioon system, WGS W 84 datuum. Then thee data hass been digitized the minning area andd prepare thee Mining map of the study s area.Thhese areas arre three types of mines there are colliery, c coaal quarries annd open casst mining. Colliery, cooal quarries is i identifyTooposheet mapp and open n cast miningg is identify satellite imaagery. F 10 Mininng Map of thhe study area. Fig.
ix)
Sub-surface water potentiality Map
Sub-surface water prospects map preparing procedure has to be given the following steps are- at first drainage network map is extract the DEM data and drainage density map is prepare, soil, Land use Land cover map and geology vector map convert to raster map. The raster thematic map of 5th parameter as slope, geology, soil, drainage density, land use land cover maps were arranged of raster calculation model equation are given below. (Land use land cover*30+soil type*25+drainage density*15+slope*15+geology*15) =100 The final cumulative map generated by above weightage value range from 1 to 10. The final cumulative map is classified into 5 classes as very low, low, moderate, high & very high sub-surface water prospect zone. This study area opencast coal mining zone is due to hard rock’s layer sub-surface water potentiality is very low. In this study area northern part nearest to Ajoy river plain is due to sandy area and very gentle slope sub-surface water recharge capability is very high. Fig. 11Sub-surface water potentiality Map of the study area
Field Photographs collected from different field place of the study area The field photo no.1 is showing collection of GPS survey reading of the study area. The photograph no. 2isof sub-surface water stack in open cast coal mining area.The photograph 4 is showing the surface waterbody condition. The photo 5 is showing the highest elevation point of the study area. The photographs no. 3 & 6 is open cast coal mining area. 7. i). ii).
Conclusion The final Sub-surface water potential map could be used for various purposes like location of wells for domestics use like drinking water and irrigation by pump/ deep tube-well for sustainable agricultural purpose and management of sub-surface water in this area for future prospect. The result depicts the sub-surface water potential zone in this area and found to be helpful in better planning and management of ground water.
iii).
Geological character like Fault, Fold and lineament are prospective zones for groundwater exploration and development in this study area.
8.
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