application of remote sensing, gis and gps for efficient

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND GPS FOR EFFICIENT URBAN MANAGEMENT PLAN – A CASE STUDY OF PART OF HYDERABAD CITY Dissertation work submitted in partial fulfillment For the award of degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (GEOSPATIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)

By

AKANBI ADEYINKA KABIR ROLL NO-10031G2014

CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA OCTOBER - 2012

CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENT INSTITUE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Kukatpally, Hyderabad - 500 085

CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT I / We certify that the dissertation work entitled “APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND GPS FOR EFFICIENT URBAN MANAGEMENT PLAN – A CASE STUDY OF PART OF HYDERBAD CITY” submitted by AKANBI ADEYINKA KABIR (ROLL NO: ROLL NO - 10031G2014) in partial fulfillment of the Master of Science Degree of the Department is a bonafied work, and can be placed before the Examination Board for their consideration.

Approved

Dr.M.ANJI REDDY

External Examiner

(Dissertation Supervisor)

II

CERTIFICATE

This is to cetify that the dissertation work entitled “APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND GPS FOR EFFICIENT URBAN MANAGEMENT PLAN – A CASE STUDY OF PART OF HYDERBAD CITY” submitted by AKANBI ADEYINKA KABIR (ROLL NO: ROLL NO - 10031G2014) in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Science in Geospatial Science Technology, Centre for Environment, IST, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad. It is record of bonafied work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. His work is found to satisfactory.

The result embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted to any university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Dr.M.ANJI REDDY) PROFESSOR & DIRECTOR J.N.T.U. HYDERABAD III

DECLARATION The

dissertation

SENSING,

GIS

work

entitled

AND

“APPLICATION

GPS

FOR

OF

EFFICIENT

REMOTE URBAN

MANAGEMENT PLAN – A CASE STUDY OF PART OF HYDERBAD CITY” submitted by AKANBI ADEYINKA KABIR (ROLL NO: ROLL NO - 10031G2014) has been carried out by me at, Centre for Environment, IST, JNT University, Hyderabad. This work is original and has not been submitted for any other degree or diploma of this or any other University.

AKANBI ADEYINKA KABIR

DATE:

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am extremely grateful to Dr.M.ANJI REDDY, Professor & Director-UFR, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University for his able guidance and constant encouragement at every step during the progress of my work.

I am extremely thankful to Dr.T.Vijaya Lakshmi, Assistant Professor, Centre for Environment, J.N.T.University, Hyderabad, Dr. Ch. Sasikala, Professor & Head, Centre for Environment, J.N.T.University, Hyderabad Dr. V. Hima Bindu, Associate Professor, Centre for Environment, J.N.T.University, Hyderabad for their help during the execution of the project.

I am very much thankful to my co-mentor Dr.K.Santosh Kumar & Dr.A.Vamshi Krishna Reddy Lecturer, Centre for Environment, J.N.T.University, Hyderabad for providing with requisite information and correction of the thesis.

I would like to express my sincere thanks to J.Swaraj, Research Scholars & P.Srikanth, Lab Assistant, Centre for Environment, J.N.T.University, Hyderabad, I am grateful to teaching staff, research scholars, and non-teaching staff of Centre for Environment, I.S.T, J.N.T.University, Hyderabad for their cooperation.

My profound and unreserved gratitude goes to almighty God, I appreciate his mercies and loving kindness over my life, my caring father and my loving mother, whom from cradle till now has cared for me, giving me moral and financial support, may you live long to eat the fruit of your labor and special thanks to my friends & all my classmates

V

for their help in all stages of my project work and all those who have directly and indirectly contributed for the completion of this project.

AKANBI ADEYINKA KABIR

VI

ABSTRACT Role of urban planning and management in Hyderabad is becoming more and more crucial due to the dramatic increase in urban population and allied urban problems. Hyderabad is experiencing a rapid urbanization rate and becoming one of most developed cities in India. Urbanization contributes many advantages in terms of economics, but if uncontrolled, would produce negative consequences to the physical, social and natural environment. With the advancement of Geographical Information System (GIS), which considerably influenced the dynamic nature of urban and regional planning, incorporation of GIS becomes imperative for better and improved decision-making in urban planning and management. It offers a solution to the urban problems and decision-making, which is more reliant to the real-time spatial modeling. The integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing has provided a tool, which can contribute to much clearer understanding of real planning problems as well as prescriptive planning scenarios to enhance the quality of urban planning and management.

VII

CONTENTS

PAGE NO

________________________________________________________________________ CERTIFICATE

II

DECLARATION

IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

V

ABSTRACT

VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VIII

LIST OF TABLES

XI

LIST OF FIGURES

XII

1.0

INTRODUCTION

01 – 26

1.1

GENERAL

1

1.2

WORLD URBANIZATION

1

1.3

TREND OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA

3

1.4

DEGREE OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA

5

1.5

URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF INDIA

6

1.6

MILLION-PLUS CITIES IN INDIA

8

1.7

URBAN SCENARIO OF ANDHRA PRADESH

10

1.8

GRADE WISE URBAN POPULATION

11

1.9

BASIC FEATURE AND PATTERN OF INDIA’S URBANIZATION

12

1.10

PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION

12

1.11

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

13

1.12

REMOTE SENSING

16

VIII

1.13

GIS

16

1.14

GPS

18

1.15

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

18

1.15.1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

19

1.15.2 DEMOGRAPHY

21

1.15.3 COMPARATIVE DEMOGRAPHY WITH OTHER CITIES

24

1.15.4 DENSITY PATTERN

25

1.16

OBJECTIVES

25

2.0

LITERATURE REVIEW

27-39

2.1

GENERAL

27

2.2

CASE STUDIES

27

2.3

REMOTE SENSING & GIS FOR EFFICIENT URBAN PLANNING

31

2.4

GIS IN MUNICIPALITIES

32

2.5

URBAN GIS

33

2.6

URBAN SPRAWL

34

2.7

MIRZAPUR MUNICIPAL GIS

36

2.8

LAND COVER / LAND USE MAPPING & CHANGE DETECTION

37

2.9

NATIONAL URBAN INFORMATION SYSTEM(NUIS) SCHEME

37

3.0

MATERIALS AND METHDOLOGY

40-60

3.1

GENERAL

40

3.2

DATA PRODUCTS USED

41

IX

3.3

GIS DATA TYPES

42

3.3.1

GENERATION OF TOPOGRAPIC MAPS

42

3.4

ATTRIBUTE DATA

43

3.5

REQUIREMENTS STUDY PHASE

43

3.6

DESIGNING PHASE

43

3.7

WORK STAGES

44

3.8

METHODOLOGY FOR WORKFLOW

45

3.8.1

TOPOGRAHPICAL SURVEY

48

3.8.2

USE OF SATELLITE IMAGES

49

3.9

METHODOLOGY FOR DATA CONVERSTION

50

3.9.1

DATA ACQUISITION

50

3.9.2

DATA EVALUATION

50

3.9.3

DATA VALIDATION

51

3.9.4

DATA PROCESSING

51

3.9.5

DATABASE STRUCTURE AND DESIGN

51

3.9.6

DIGITIZATION/VECTORIZATION

52

3.9.7

GROUND SURVEY FOR GEOCODING & GEOREFRENCING

54

3.9.8

PLOTTING & SUPPLY OF HARD/SOFT COPY MAPS

55

3.10

METHODOLOGY FOR GIS AND MIS

55

3.10.1 METHODOLOGY PROPOSED FOR GIS & MIS

55

3.11

56

THE MODULES BEING PROPOSED IN THE GIS SOLUTION ARE

3.11.1 NON-GIS BASED MODULES – MIS

X

59

4.0

GENERATION OF SPATIAL AND ATTRIBUTE DATA

60-99

4.1 PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING THEMAIC MAPS

60

4.2 BASE MAP

62

4.3 DRAINAGE MAP

63

4.4 ROAD NETWORK MAP

64

4.5 MASTER PLAN APPROACH & DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN ATTRIBUTE DATA 5.0

65 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

100-112

*REFERENCES LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1

Degree of urbanization in world, regions, continents and selected countries

Table 1.2

Trend of urbanization in India 1901 – 2001

Table 1.3

Degree / index of urbanization 1901-2001

Table 1.4

Number of towns and percentage of urban population by size class

Table 1.5

Million - Plus Cities In India: 1951 – 2001

Table 1.6

Urbanization Trends In India And Andhra Pradesh: 1901-2001

Table 1.7

Grade Wise Distribution Of Urban Population

Table 1.8

Stages Of Development Of Hyderabad

Table 1.9

Population Growth In Hyderabad 1901- 2001

Table 1.10

Demographic Characteristics: Hyderabad And Andhra Pradesh

Table 1.11

Comparative Demography Of Other Cities

Table 3.1

Data Type and Sources of Acquisition

Table 4.1

Statement showing the correlation of Old and New house numbers XI

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1

Process of Urbanization in India

Figure 1.2

Degree of Urbanization in India

Figure 1.3

Growth of City by size class

Figure 1.4

Stages of development of Hyderabad

Figure 1.5

Population growths in Hyderabad

Figure 1.6

Comparative Demography

Figure 3.1

Methods in data collection

Figure 3.2

Features of the Base Map

Figure 4.1

Thematic Map

Figure 4.2

Base Map

Figure 4.3

Drainage Map

Figure 4.4

Road Network Map

XII

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1

GENERAL

Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. Kingsley Davis has explained urbanization as process (Davis, 1962) of switch from spread out pattern of human settlements to one of concentration in urban centers. Historical evidence suggests that urbanization process is inevitable and universal. Urban areas grow in area and population every day, calling for more resources, better living spaces and improved administration. In 1950, only 28 percent of the world population was urban. Today, more than 45 percent of the world stays in urban areas (UNCHS Habitat, 2001). By 2008, more than half will be living in urban areas, and it is expected by 2030, this figure will cross 60 percent (World Bank, 2005). Urban areas change in its structure and morphology in varied manner, owing to natural growth as well as the socioeconomic aspirations of the cities. With the rise of global networks of capital, the race between cities to compete has coupled with actions to cope with its own growth. In this backdrop, the position of environment becomes an element of criticality, concern and debate.

1.2. WORLD URBANIZATION: The urbanization is measured based on the percent urban population and urban-rural ratio. The percent urban population and urban-rural ratio in the World is given at Table 1.1. In the World, about 47 percent population lives in urban areas by 2001. In the More Developed Countries about three quarters of people live in urban areas, in the Least Developed Countries only around a quarter of the population live in urban areas. When XIII

measured in terms of urban-rural ratio, in the More Developed region of the world, three times as much population lives in urban areas in comparison to rural areas. In contrast, in the Least Developed countries, only about a third of every hundred (person living in rural areas) lives in urban areas. Among the Continents, the lowest proportion of urban population is found in Asia being only thirty-seven percent. The urban-rural ratios for Africa and Asia are almost equal being around sixty, which is strikingly much less when compared with Europe, Northern America and South America. Brazil is the most urbanized and Bangladesh is the least urbanized among the ten most populous countries in the world, with around eighty-one percent and twenty-five percent of population living in urban areas respectively. Among the most populous countries, Brazil has over four persons living in its urban areas for every person in rural area. Notwithstanding the difference in definitions of what constitutes an urban area in various countries, it is clear that the degree of urbanization in India is among the lowest in the world.

DEGREE OF URBANIZATION IN WORLD, REGIONS, CONTINENTS AND SELECTED COUNTRIES – 2000 S. Percent Urban – Rural Region/Continent /Country No. Urban Population ratio 1 World 47.0 89 2 More Developed Region 76.0 317 3 Less Developed Region 39.9 66 4 Least Developed Region 26.0 35

XIV

5 Africa 37.9 6 Asia 36.7 7 Europe 74.8 8 South America 79.8 9 North America 77.2 10 China 32.1 11 India 27.8 12 USA 77.2 13 Indonesia 40.9 14 Brazil 81.3 15 Pakistan 37.0 16 Russian Federation 77.7 17 Bangladesh 24.5 18 Japan 78.6 19 Nigeria 44.0 Source: World Urbanization Prospects – The 1999 Revision – United Nations Note: For India the data relates to Census 2001 Table 1.1

61 58 297 395 339 47 39 339 69 435 59 348 32 367 79

1.3 TREND OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA India shares most characteristic features of urbanization in the developing countries. Number of urban agglomerations / towns has grown from 1827 in 1901 to 5161 in 2001. Number of total population has increased from 23.84 crores in 1901 to 102.7 crores in 2001 whereas number of population residing in urban areas has increased from 2.58 crores in 1901 to 28.53 crores in 2001 and the trend of urbanization in India is shown in Table 1.2 and Fig 1.1. India is at acceleration stage of the process of urbanization.

Table 1.2 TREND OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA 1901 - 2001 Census Years

Number of Urban Agglomerations / Towns

Total Population (in crores)

Urban Population (in crores)

Rural Population (in crores)

1901

1827

23.84

2.59

21.25

XV

1911

1825

25.21

2.59

22.62

1921

1949

25.13

2.81

22.32

1931

2072

27.90

3.35

24.55

1941

2250

31.87

4.42

27.45

1951

2843

36.11

6.24

29.87

1961

2363

43.92

7.89

36.03

1971

2590

59.82

10.91

48.91

1981

3378

68.33

15.95

52.38

1991

3768

84.43

21.72

62.71

2001

5161

102.70

28.54

74.16

Source: Census of India

Fig 1.1

1.4 DEGREE OF URBANIZATION IN INDIA The degree or level of urbanization is defined as relative number of people who live in urban areas. Percent urban [(U/P)*100] and percent rural [(R/P)*100 and urban-rural ratio [(U/R)*100] are used to measure degree of urbanization. These are most commonly used for measuring degree of urbanization. The ratio U/P has lower limit 0 and upper limit 1 i.e. 0