Climate change: Impact on Productivity and Quality of ...

Climate change: Impact on Productivity and Quality of Temperate Fruits and Its Mitigation Strategies

M. K. Verma, Ph. D., ARS, FSHI Principal Scientist (Hort.) Division of Fruits & Horticultural Technology ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi – 110 Presentation for National workshop on “Climate Change Impact, Mitigation, and Adaptation for Sustainable Horticulture, held on July 23–24, 2015 at Amity School of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, Noida, India

April 22, 2013

Climate change sends India's apple farmers up the Himalayas • Apples in the Himalayan foothills are seeing the worst effects of climate change. • Temp. rose 0.6oC (global), 1.5oC (Himalayas) & 3.4oC (winter temp.) • reduction in snowfall by 36% (1980-2012), • Apple cultivation in low altitudes reduced by 77 % (Solan) 19872007.

• Areas turning from sub-temperate to sub-tropical Prof. Kamaljit S. Baba, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

February 24, 2013

Arunachal apples losing taste due to climate change • Apple produced in Arunachal Pradesh are now gradually losing their taste and even turning sour as a result of climate change. • Due to very heavily and erratic rains which dilutes the sugar content of the crop

Temperate fruit growing regions in India ■ North Western Himalaya (J&K, H.P., U.K.) ■ Parts of North Eastern Himalaya (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Darjeeling)

■Horticulture is a backbone of the states economy. ■ 75% people & 70% of GDP depends on Hort/agriculture

Features of temperate climate ■ Extreme cool winters and mild summers ■ Growing period range from 2200

Apricot, apple, necterines and prune

Ladakh

Kinnor, Lahaul, Spiti, Pangi &Bharmour

Parts of Uttarakashi, Chamoli, Pithoragarh & Almora districts

J&K

H.P.

UK

Important

Fruit Crops Grown in the Temperate Region

Fruits and nuts

•

Peach

Apple

Pear

Nectarine

Apricot

Plum

Prune

Persimmon

Strawberry

Blueberry

Ribes

Walnut

Almond

Chestnut

Pecan nut

Pear

Quince

Sweet Cherry

Kiwi Fruits

Pecan nut kernel

Olive

Raspberry

Pistachio nut

Hazelnut

Growth in area (l ha), production (l. tons) and productivity (t/ha) of temperate fruits from 1960-61 to 2010-11 Crop

1960-61

Area

Prodn

2011-12

Prodty Area

Prodn

Percent growth from 1960-61 to 2011-12 Prodty Area Prodn Prodty

Apple

0.44

1.85

4.15

2.89

28.91

10.00

556.8

1462.7

140.9

Pear

0.06

0.33

5.41

0.379

3.34

8.81

531.6

62.84

Peach

0.10

0.43

4.30

0.364

2.43

6.67

264

9121.2 0 465.11

Plum

0.03

0.19

3.66

0.246

1.99

8.09

720

947.30

121.0

Apricot

0.03

0.08

2.75

0.048

0.167

3.42

60.00

108.75

24.36

Cherry

0.01

0.03

2.50

0.032

0.133

4.12

220.0

343.30

64.80

Almond

NA

NA

NA

0.023

1.63

0.70

-

-

-

Walnut

0.14

0.12

0.85

0.308

0.36

1.16

120

200

36.47

NHB, FAO, 2010-11

55.11

 Although, in one hand there has been seen marked growth in area and production of these crops but in other hand productivity has left far behind as compared to advanced countries.  The low productivity is mainly attributed by several factors including environmental, physiological and biological.

 Over the years, environmental changes playing a significant role like occurrence of erratic rain, snowfall and increase in temperature

Changes in temperature and precipitation vis-a-vis apple acreage in Himalayan States during 1980–2010 State

Period

J&K 1980-85 Ladakh 1986-90 1991-95 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2008 2001-2002 2009-2010

Avg. Annual Rise in Temp. (oC) Temperatur e (oC) (1980-2010)

Precipitation (mm)

Area (ooo Approx. new ha) area covered under higher elevations

13.01 13.58 13.12 13.91

726 817 784 585 682 763 Reduced (1973-2008)

63.09 66.85 71.33 82.18 96.34 138.19 0.609 0.836

14.46 13.32 -

1.45-2.32

6510 8496 25110 227

State

Period

Avg. Annual Temp. (oC)

Uttarakhand

1980-85 1986-90 1991-95 1996-2000 2001-2005 2006-2009

12.40 11.45 13.69 13.90 13.84 13.91

1980-1985 1991-2000 2001-2007 1980-1985 2005-2007 1980-1985 2005-2007 1980-1985 2005-2007 1980-1985 2005-2007

13.03 13.77 14.40 -

H.P. Solan/Kangra Mandi/Chamba /Sirmaur Shimla/Kullu Kinaur/LahulSpiti

Rise in Temperature (oC) (1980-2008)

1.51

1.37

Precipitation (mm)

Area (ooo ha)

Approx. new area covered under higher elevations

1394 1430 1104 1067 935 1245

-

4180 24320

1323 1270 1023 -

46.80 83.20 90.20 953 549 12368 29172 30975 51491 2532 8965

52.70 51.80 55.98

31.66

36400 7000 404 16804 20516 6433

 Variation in temperature rise is visible (1980-2009)  Early melting of glaciers and floods  Change in cropping pattern/systems

Rise in annual mean temperature by (oC)

Impact of climate change in Himalayan states (Erratic climate/ climate change) 2

1.89

1.51

1.37

1 0 J&K

UA

HP

 Warmer and extended winters – erratic changes  Erratic and reduced winter precipitation and snowfall  Depletion of ground water and water scarcity

This formerly paddy land has been converted into an orchard in Khan Sahib

Shift in apple cultivation towards higher altitude and cold arid areas  Shift in ecological zones Apple production in Ladakh

 Majority of the apple orchards in UK have become unproductive over the year – low chilling (?)  Incidence and resurgence of insect and diseases of horticultural crops

(Future potential area)

Unproductive orchards in lower altitudes in U.K.

Fruit bearing peach trees in U.K.

 Mechanical damage during active growing stage directly responsible for canker & gummosis Hail storms and low temperature during spring – common phenomenon now. Crop failure in high chill fruit crops under low altitutes  Dry spell during late spring and early summers

Early blooming of fruit blossoms and flowers due to warmer temperatures during February and March in Kashmir has been damaging fruit produce as sudden late snows in February and March devastate blossoms

Effect on flowering  Bud burst is advanced and the onset of growth occurs earlier as in apple where most of the trees sprout 2-3 weeks earlier

than

normal

Occurrence of late snowfall- causes heavy damage to almonds- coincided with full bloom

sprouting

(mid April )

 Due to change in bud opening in March, they may become Susceptible to frost damage

Apricot in bloom-coincided with late winter snow fall

Effect on fruit quality  Apples fails to attain their characteristic

deep

red

color if night temperature are high (11.5 & 21)

 High

temperature

and

moisture stress increases sunburn apples,

&

cracking

apricot,

pomegranate etc.

in

cherry,

Effect of climate change on diseases and insects 

Wetter, warmer winters favours incidence of

diseases

like

Phytophthora,

Fusarium etc. 

Drier, warmer summers favours diseases such as

Alternaria,

powdery mildew,

sooty bark diseases (under

moisture

Powdery mildew of apple at dry and warmer summers

Mite attack on apple

Apple scab in warm and humid temperature Apple aphid in dry summer

stress) 

Warm and humid

temperature favours

apple scab 

Woolly aphis

Very dry summers results in increase in population of red spider mite and aphids --- more problem of attacks on apple (Orson, 1999)

Flea beetle in warm and humid climate

Mitigation strategies I. CROP IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIES Introduction of low chilling cultivars. Diversification with other high value fruit crops (peach, apricot, olive , kiwi fruit etc.) Development of new genotypes having resistance to high temperature.

Low chilling Apple •There are few varieties adapted to mild winter climates (chill hours below 500). • Dorsett Golden (250), Anna (300), Tropic Mac (300), Tropic Sweet (300), 88-20 (375), Ein Scheimer (400), 60-39 (400), Tamma, Neomi, Tropic Beauty, Gallia Beauty, Winter Banana, Tame, Vered

Anna (300),

Tropic Beauty,

Dorsett Golden (250),

Winter Banana,

Tropic Sweet (300),

Pear (Pyrus communis & P. pyrifolia) • Patharnakh, Gola, Leconte, Keiffer, Smith, Baghugosha, China Pear, Pineapple, Baldwin, Tenn, Flordahome, Ayers Hood, Orient, Carnea, Tsu Li, Ya Li, P. calleryana (rootstock requires 400 chilling hours)

Keiffer,

Flordahome,

Ayers Hood,

CITH Apricot-1

CITH Apricot-3

CITH Apricot-2

Low Chilling peaches Chilling Hours (Hrs)

Cultivars

Less than 100

Okinawa (50), Red Ceylon (50),

100-150

UF Sun (100), FlordaGrande (100), Flordabelle (110), Flordared (110), Flordawon (110), FlordaPrince (150), FlordaGlo (150), Tropic Beauty (150)

>150-200

UF Beauty (200)

>200-250

Sunred (210), Flordabest (250), UFO (250)

>250-300

UF 2000 (300), UF Blaze (300), Flordadawn (300), Early Amber (310), Flordasun (310), UF Sharp (325), FlordaKing (350), Flordacrest (350), Gulfking (350), Desert Gold (350), Jewel (350)

>300-350

Early Amber (310), Flordasun (310), UF Sharp (325), FlordaKing (350), Flordacrest (350), Gulfking (350), Desert Gold (350), Jewel (350)

Chilling Hours (Hrs)

Cultivars

>350-400

Gulfcrimson (400), Gulfprince (400), Sun Ripe (400), Florda Home (400), La Festival (400), La Pecker (400), Rio Grande (400)

>400-450

Tejan (420), Rechan (450), Tex Star (450)

>450-500

Whiterobin (500), Bonita (500), Sunfire (500), Ventura (500), May Gold Su (500)

>500-550

Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)

>550-600

Gulfcrest (525), Flordaqueen (540), Sungold (540)

>600-650

Springtime (650), June Gold (650)

>650-700

Maygold (660), Junegold (660), Springtime (660), Armgold (660), Suwannee (660),

Others

Tropic Snow, Parbhat, Pratap, Khurmani, Sharbati, Safeda Early Cream, Saharanpur Prabhat, Shan-i-Punjab, Shaharanpur No. 6, Ranjit Bagh Early, Safeda (LR Brothers), Shaharanpur Hybrid 3, China Flat, Babcock

Red Ceylon – 50 CU

Flordaprince – 150 CU

Sunraycer (250)

Early Grande – 100 CU

UF Sun – 100 CU

Babcock – 350-400 CU

Sunmist (275)

Tropic Beauty - 150 CU

Flordaking – 350- CU

Sunred

Low Chilling plum and prune

Gulfbeauty

Gulfrose

Gulfblaze

Gulfruby

Almond (Prunus dulcis) • • • • •

Achak (266), Desmayo Largueta (309), Ramillete (326), Marcona (435), Marta (478), Antoneta (514), Ferragnes (558) California Papershell, Hybrid 15, Pathick.s Wonder, JKS-55, H98,

California Papershell

Marcona (435)

Ferragnes

CITH Walnut-1 CITH Walnut-2

CITH Walnut-3

CITH Walnut-4

CITH Walnut-5

CITH Walnut-6

CITH Walnut-9

CITH Cherry-1

CITH Walnut-7 CITH Walnut-8

CITH Walnut-10

CITH Cherry-2 CITH Lodh Apple-1

II. Agro- techniques Proper

drought

management,

moisture

conservation,

critical irrigation, water harvesting) Anti-hail nets/guns- prevent damage to some extent. Foggy

and

cloudy

weather-leads

to

russetting

and

flyspeck-early genotypes and early harvest prevent damage. Weather forecasting- helps in taking advance measures in

a changing scenario for predicting crop growth, yield, and insect pests resurgence

Moisture conservation techniques

Moisture conservation techniques

Drip irrigation in Almond orchards for effective water utilization

Prevention/protection from hailstorm

Energy harvest through plant architectural engineering. Espalier resulted in highest yield as compare to the Single axis. Coe Red Fuji and Granny Smith recorded highest yield 58.31 and 48.07 t/ha and 24.47 and 17.12 t/ha.

Spindle Bush, Head and Spread and Modified Leader, the cultivar Golden Delicious, Mollies Delicious and Starkrimson resulted in highest yield.

High density orcharding

Red Globe fruiting in Tatura trellis system

Flowering in Fantasia nectarine in Tatura trellis system

Crop diversification

III. Plant protection strategies  Development of disease insect forecasting system and efficient management methods.  Preparation of data base for development of model for disease insect forecasting.  Strengthening surveillance of pest and diseases

 To study the pattern of increasing climatic variability and change could lead to rapid build up of pathogens and insect pests

Conclusion  Climate change impacts are to be looked not in isolation but in conjunction with all the aspect of agriculture and allied sectors  Effects of climate change on horticulture sector are still uncertain  In the light of possible global warming, researchers should give more emphasis on development of heat- and drought-resistance crops  Research is needed to define the current limits to these resistances and the feasibility of manipulation through modern genetic techniques  Both crop architecture and physiology may be genetically altered to adopt to warmer environmental conditions  At the regional level, those charged with planning for resource allocation, including land, water, and agriculture development should also take climate change into account  Continuation of current and new initiatives of research so as to minimize the effects of climate change at farm, regional, national and international level. It will help to provide a detailed picture of how world horticulture and agriculture could change.  Formulation and implementations of policies and other adaptations in horticultural systems that would minimize the negative effects of climate change and exploits the beneficial effects