Conceptualizing IoT Architectural Framework for

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Conceptualizing IoT Architectural Framework for Smart Cities Ikerionwu Charles, Ajere Ikenna Uzoma Department of Information Management Technology Federal University of technology, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— The emergence of Internet of things (IoT) provided opportunities to enhance the economic growth of countries through its application in agriculture, transport, energy, health, industries etc. Research indicates that the key technologies driving IoT includes wired and wireless communications, edge computing, radio frequency identification, mobile devices, sensors and actuators. In pursuance of the understanding of IoT, this paper reviews extant literature of related works primarily to demonstrate the concept, operation and application of IoT. The main contribution of this work is the development of a conceptual IoT architectural framework that comprises sub-systems such as transport, energy, air quality, cloud based historical data, and traffic for a smart city. Further, the paper developed a smart power structure as a sub-system within the conceptualized IoT architectural framework. Implementation of the framework could provide a platform for potential smart cities. Keyword: Internet of Things, Building Information Modelling (BIM), Sensors, Smart city, Communication, Edge computing

INTRODUCTION Internet of things is (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that is swiftly gaining ground in the field of wireless telecommunications and related technologies [1]. It brings together technologies from different fields – wireless and mobile communications, nanotechnology, radio frequency identification (RFID), sensors, actuators with the aim of internetworking physical objects–machines, vehicles, buildings, soil, bridges, roads, wearable devices and other items embedded with electronics and software to enable these objects collect and exchange data [2]. The exchange of data between these objects is coordinated to provide services that will ultimately benefit people in the developed and developing countries. IoT architecture consists of four integrated specific components: the “sensor” that captures the data from its

surrounding; the “smart” tool that captures the “big data” and analyses the data to figure out its implication and what to do thereafter; the “actuator” acts to affect the change in our physical environment based on the data captured by the sensor and analyzed by the smart tools [3]. Finally, the ubiquitous network connections (wired and wireless), enable the real-time communication among the sensor, smart tools and the actuator. To demonstrate the operational process of IoT system, [4] consider an optical character reader that captures (sense) the identity number of a staff’s vehicle in an organization, analyses (smart) and compares the identity number of the vehicle to an identity number in a cloud database (through the network) and sends a signal to the gate of the organization to open (actuator) for the vehicle to go in. In the event of a mismatch, the vehicle would not be allowed to pass through. The recent advances in broadband technology could provide IoT a platform to interconnect billions of uniquely addressable sensing systems using the internet to share data freely among them. In so doing, IoT could become one of the technologies with the capabilities of transforming lives. One of the areas of its application is in agriculture. An IoT design that focuses on soil moisture sensors in the farm would detect the level of soil elements - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium etc. and alert the famers to the exact needs of food crops. Also, it has found usage within the energy sector, whereby, sensors are embedded in the design to capture data about the quantity of electricity consumed by domestic and industrial appliances in real time and provide this information to the user and electricity operators with a view to regulating usage and controlling cost [5]. In communication network, IP-connected sensors can monitor traffic patterns and provide data on how to improve an intracity transportation system with a goal to making it smarter. Although successes have been recorded in IoT implementation in most developing countries, there are shortfalls and challenges especially in key economic sectors. Research [6] has shown that standardization, privacy, network foundation, security and managing heterogeneity are challenges

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2017 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electro-Technology for National Development (NIGERCON)

confronting implementation of IoT. Therefore, this paper would review extant literature on IoT from three specific perspectives: understanding the concept of IoT, related research work on IoT, and IoT as a key factor in economic growth. In effect, this paper develops a conceptual architectural framework for a smart city. Each sub-system of the smart city is focused on a key economic sector such as energy, environment (air quality), public transport, and health. Fig. 1 presents the research strategy adopted in this paper, which led to the development of a conceptual architectural IoT framework. The process includes four specific steps that culminated to the development of the smart architectural framework in the fifth step.

communications amongst its heterogeneous constituents. In this context, study [9] indicates that be assemblage refers to objects or devices working together, to doing things that none of these objects could do on their own. These objects have the potential to connect to the Internet and provide their data to derive actionable insights on its own or through other connected objects. In this context, an object can be anything – a vehicle, airport, machinery, people, city, shoe, phone etc. In terms of a vehicle solution, you can understand the driver’s behavior and vehicle usage [10]. From a connected machine solution, you determine at what time it requires servicing; from a connected airport solution, we can deduce how busy is the airport, how long it takes to check-in and security checks. Finally, from a connected shoe solution, you understand its usage – life span and the connected application can automatically alert you to buy a new pair when its expiry date approaches According to [11], business computing and industrial process control led to the emergence of IoT. Usually, organizations such as banks, government offices, telephone and insurance set up computing systems that include large hardware and software components, but the emergence of mobile devices and cloud computing have reduced the trend of end users’ acquisition. The cloud based technology encouraged connection of multiple independent mobile devices in business establishments and government offices [12]. Similarly, industries and factories have migrated from analog – digital – automation states. More so, information is centralized, manually operated valves, and pneumatic switches, which automate independent systems are connected to embedded sensors. IoT provided the platform for the convergence of these technologies [2]. Specific technologies that make up IoT to include telecommunications and networks; mobile devices and their many applications; sensors, embedded systems, edge computing and cloud computing [11]. According to [13], the concept of IoT means digital materiality where physical objects are embedded with software to perform extra functions. These extra functions are performed when the software manipulates the digital representation of the physical object, which is referred to as digital materiality. In effect, physical materiality refers to objects that can be seen, touched, and referenced to a place and time. For example, a bicycle embedded with a microchip would interpret and record the rider’s heartbeat. A running shoe with a microchip has a digital materiality that it can record representations of movement in a digital format, whereas one without the chip cannot [13]. By embedding a software in a physical object, [14] believe designers could expand the existing physical materiality. For example, a microchip in an automobile can be programmed to record a driver’s acceleration, braking, and speeding as he or she drives and can then communicate with the driver’s insurance company, that in turn could reduce insurance premiums for good driving patterns. However, in the absence of key enabling technologies, IoT as a phenomenon would not have been feasible. Therefore, in the next section we discuss these enabling technologies.

Fig. 1: Research strategy

Researchers have presented different concepts explaining IoT, and in the next section we discuss these concepts and state our view point. This paper is organized into the following sections: introduction, concept of IoT, enabling technologies, related works, architectural framework for a smart city, discussion and conclusion. THE CONCEPT OF IOT The word that became a “buzz” today, “Internet-of-Things (IoT)” was first introduced by Kevin Ashton while asserting that IoT could be created by adding radio frequency identification and other sensors to everyday objects [7]. Over the years the buzz has gained more meanings from various researchers. However, in this paper, we would define IoT as an integration of ubiquitous heterogeneous devices and systems communicating through wireless or wired medium for a common purpose. To achieve this purpose, the architecture is designed to aggregate pervasive data, model, analyze, and give predictions, which would lead to real-time actions. In line with systems integration, [8]-[9] proposed the assemblage concept, whereby IoT is conceptualized as a “whole” that is more than the sum of systems, and the identity of the whole is constructed by its constituents which emerge from the continuous 707

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forwarded to the cloud as historical data. The main benefits of fog computing include enhanced security to the fogging nodes, privacy control, business agility and lower operating expenses [21]. Real-time applications and other devices accesses required data in micro-seconds, and thus, sending a whole raw data to the cloud and its later analysis would threaten successful implementation of IoT applications that could save lives [22]. Based on the concepts and enabling technologies, we present related works done by researchers in the next section.

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Key technology drivers for IoT are classified into the following specific areas: communication, identification, recognition and tracking. The ability to identify “things” is very important for the success of IoT [15]. The concept of interaction in IoT involve billions of devices and each device is uniquely identified to be monitored remotely. Identification involves addressing. It is important to differentiate between identification and addressing because there could be instances where two objects/devices could have the same name but different addresses. Identification refers to the object’s identity (ID) while addressing refers to the object’s physical location in the network [16]. Primarily, the essence of these (addressing and identification) is to improve communication and tracking of devices within the network. Similarly, the deployment of RFID system provides identification technologies that include the electronic product code (EPC) and the ubiquitous code (ucode). The RFID system is composed of one or more RFID reader(s) and several RFID tags [17]. The reader sends a query signal to the tag which if present in the surrounding area responds with its tag ID on reception of a signal. The maximum range between the RFID tag and reader is two hundred meters. Tags can be passive, active or semi passive/active. Sensors work with RFID systems to gather data about the surrounding environment from related objects within the network. The data is sent to a sink node in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using WSN protocols which passes the data to a data warehouse or a cloud database through the internet [16]. Sensor data could be about temperature, soil ph, water level, humidity of the surrounding area etc. The integration of sensors with RFID systems will lead to the development of many applications that will augment environmental awareness. Some of the addressing protocols for IoT include the traditional IP protocols - IPv4, IPv6 and the Internet engineering task force (IETF) low power wireless personal area network (LoWPAN). IPv4 is the addressing protocol currently used in IP network to uniquely identify hosts. However, the number of available addresses in IPv4 is limited when compared to the number of devices that will need unique identification in IoT. Hence the migration to IPv6 which provides about 2128 unique IP addresses. The application of LoWPAN provides a compensation mechanism over IPv6 that would make its addressing appropriate for low power wireless networks [18]. Additional technologies include cloud and fog computing, jointly referred to as CloudIoT, which are synonymous to successful implementation of IoT. Historical data are stored and made pervasive in storages housed in the cloud. Cloud technology encourages management and processing of sensor data online [19]. Fog computing is a key technology implored in IoT to provide quick access to analyzed data within the edge of the network where the data is generated [20]. Instead of sending the raw data to the cloud for storage and subsequent analysis, data is quickly analyzed at the edge of the network, made available to requesting devices and later

IV RELATED WORKS Energy management In the context of a smart city, [5] developed an IoT platform that enables interoperability and the correlation of real-time building energy profiles with environmental data from sensors, which are embedded in building and grid models. Primarily, the developed IoT infrastructure enables energy management and simulation of new control policies in a smart city. In doing so, it assesses the quality of the energy model of buildings. To achieve this primary objective, the researchers presented their development as an integration of two specific components: the integration of heterogeneous data sources at building and district level; and the simulation of novel energy policies at district level aimed at the optimization of the energy usage accounting also for its impact on building comfort. For the ease of operation, the developed IoT platform was integrated into the existing system through the shared Web’s open standard protocols. Then, actuations’ commands were sent to the devices located at distant districts. Similarly, domestic devices such as electric lamps, heaters and other appliances could be remotely managed and controlled to reduce the energy consumption through IoT [23]. The management and monitoring of these devices over the Internet adopted low cost ubiquitous sensing system from ZigBee WSN. Clean and low cost energy is crucial for our environment and millions of connected pervasive devices over the Internet. Over the years, different researchers have proposed a smart approach for managing and controlling energy. In the manufacturing sector, rising energy prices, increasing ecological awareness, and changing consumer behaviors are driving decision-makers to prioritize green manufacturing [24]. Pervasive devices Research [15] suggests a framework that cuts across many areas of modern day living, which provides a seamless sensingactuation functions that generates information to teeming devices connected through wireless sensor network technologies. Interestingly, generated information is shared across platform to present a common operating picture. Similarly, the framework provides the ability to draw inferences, measure and understand the environmental indicators from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The overall cloud implementation adopted the Aneka technologies, which is based on the interaction of private and public clouds. In conclusion, the researchers 708 IEEE NIGERCON 2017

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proposed the need for expanding the convergence of wireless sensor networks, Internet and distributed computing directed towards technological research community.

systems such as transportation and manufacturing systems [28][29]. For example, the development of intelligent transportation systems, which would be monitored by locating its exact location, driver’s driving speed, possible road traffic and predictive behaviors. In the manufacturing sector, IoT has provided vital solutions to planning, scheduling, and controlling of manufacturing systems at all levels [30]. However, to improve the quality of services delivered to end users, IoT technical standards need to be designed to define the parameters for information exchange, processing, and communications between diverse things [31]. Thus, the success of IoT depends on the technical standardization of components, which would provide interoperability, compatibility, reliability, and effective operation on a global scale. Organizations such as International organization for standardization, IEEE, European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization, China Electronics Standardization Institute, International telecommunication Union and American National Standards Institute are working together to provide a unified standard that would bring out the full benefits of IoT [32]. To further understand specific areas where IoT applications have made significant gains, the paper reviewed additional research work on energy, health, transport, environment, agriculture, traffic and manufacturing sectors. These are presented in table 1.

Health care The advancement witnessed in computing and communication technology over the years ushered in an integration of new breed of low-cost, low-power communication for everyday devices [25]. Equally, this advancement extended to the health sector, especially in health care record database management and e-health [26]. To provide a seamless implementation of ehealth application, [25] proposed an IoT communication framework for distributed worldwide health care applications that would be used in mobile devices. Precisely, the researchers concluded that the designed framework provides IoT solutions that could send different messages by priorities and categories so that urgent emergency notifications can be managed within a bounded time. Industries The ubiquity of radio-frequency identification, wireless sensor networks, sensor and mobile devices have given rise to the establishment of smart industrial base and systems [27]. As one of the emerging technologies, IoT has provided solutions that have transformed operation and role in existing industrial

Table 1: Additional related works S/No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

IoT Sub-system Energy Health Transport Environment Agriculture Traffic Manufacturing

Authors/Researchers [5], [33], [34] [35], [25], [36] [37], [16], [29], [38] [39], [40], [33], [41] [42], [43], [44], [45] [46], [47] [27], [28]

generates unprocessed static big data, which are then analyzed and stored for real-time applications. In each sub-system, the generated data is analysed at the edge of the network for quick access by a requesting application or device. The architecture is made up of four different coordinating levels - smart city subsystems, data source, Application Programming Interface (API), and mobile and desktop apps.

V SMART IOT ARCHITECTURAL FRAMEWORK Fig. 2 is conceptualized from the detailed review of current literature and related works. It presents an architectural framework for a smart city. The figure comprises of specific sub systems - energy, public transport, air quality, traffic etc., that are integrated for a common purpose. Each sub system

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Fig. 2: Smart city architectural framework However, to reap the full benefits of IoT, IEEE standardization committee provided a working guide which defined the architectural framework of IoT. The architectural framework “provides a reference model that defines relationships among various IoT verticals (e.g., transportation, healthcare, etc.) and common architecture elements” [48]. The model defines a blueprint that provides data abstraction and quality trust in the system, which includes security, protection, privacy, and safety. The standard covers the establishment of the building block for each sub-system and its ability to integrate with other systems.

could be harvested through vibration, thermal extraction, and light, but research [23] suggest that wireless energy harvesting is the most promising solution to reducing high cost of energy consumption in IoT. Energy consumptions in smart homes are monitored to provide real-time data indicating what has been consumed by the occupant, and further broken down to each device’s consumption. Where the energy is provided by a supplier, these data are relayed to the provider and analyzed for real-time decisions. Data are stored either in the local server or made pervasive by making it available in the cloud. Most buildings integrated with building information modelling (BIM) provides better management for smart homes because sensors, information management technology, monitoring devices etc., are incorporated in the design of the building.

Energy Energy is costly and a key requirement for every IoT component. It includes communicating sensors, interacting devices, data storage, data processing and Internet as a platform. From smart city to smart homes, there are unlimited number of physical devices interacting continuously for a common purpose. These Device-to-Device(D2D) communication through a wireless medium involves large consumption of energy [49]. Thus, long term and selfsustainable operation are key components for operational integrated devices. In such a scenario, communicating devices should be energy-aware and potentially capable of harvesting their required energy from ambient sources [33]. Such energy

Fig. 3 presents the smart energy source and usage in a smart home and other consumers within a smart city. The city has a source of energy in addition to smart homes and other components that could generate green energy in-house.

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Fig.3: Smart power structure. Table 2: Public transport smart components

The smart home is BIM enabled with devices and sensors monitoring and relaying the data to a provider - if the energy is from external source. Else, the data provided by the sensor, electronic and electrical devices are monitored at real-time by the user. Other consumers within the city include many devices and sensors positioned around the city to power telephone lines, traffic lines etc. The industrial base is made up of devices, sensors, electrical and electronic components which consumes different levels of electricity. Fig. 3 indicates that the huge data collected every second are deposited in the repository, analyzed and made available either in the local server, the cloud environment or both.

Smart city sub component

Public transport

Application

Connector (Embedded technology)

Fuel/Gasoline station Traffic report

GIS Cloud storage

Nearest Ambulance Nearest hospital Morgue Electric motor charger Air quality

GIS GIS GIS GIS Sensor

Air quality In our environment, the main sources of air pollution are vehicles and industries [50]. The World Health Organisation says air pollution has emerged as a significant threat to human life worldwide [51]. Thus, management, control and real-time monitoring of pollutants are key to our good daily living. Sensors are embedded throughout the smart city, and smart homes. The communication between embedded air quality sensors and devices within the smart city is desirable in our environment. Sensor’s readings are quickly made from devices indicating the level of air quality.

Public transport As a key component of a smart city, identified as a sub-system in fig. 2, public transport is linked to most daily services and life-saving services. For example, in table 2, the public transport which includes train, buses, taxis, tram, etc., could be linked to real-time applications. A moving bus or taxi that is embedded with an air sensor would detect the quality of air within its surrounding. The next fuel or gasoline station, nearest ambulance, hospital, and morgue would be detected through a mapped geographical information system (GIS). The concept of a smart transport system is possible through the integration of embedded technologies identified in table 3 as connectors. To translate the concept of IoT into a real world entails the integration of several enabling technologies [1]. In this case, the aggregation and communication between devices and embedded technologies as shown in fig. 3 forms the backbone of a smart transport system.

Cloud based open data The cloud based open data is a historical data stored in the cloud which provides easy and quick access to analyzed data. The data emanated from the smart city sub-systems and other wireless and wired connected devices. These data have been analyzed to support decision making when both wireless and non-wireless devices fetch the data. In fig. 1, pervasive realtime data are stored in the cloud primarily to necessitate quick access and decision making. VI DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 711 IEEE NIGERCON 2017

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The extant literature and related works, focused on a single subsystem [5]-[21],which were identified in the conceptual architectural framework (Fig.2). This study shows that the implementation of a single sub-system alone (e.g., health, transport, or energy) would not make the entire city smart. The review of relevant literature culminated to the development of a conceptual architectural IoT framework fitted for a smart city. The architecture of IoT for a smart city is an integration of subsystems that generate huge data required for decision making. However, the generated data is static and unprocessed, then it is subjected to big data analytics, from where real-time data are generated and stored either in the local server or in the cloud. Users can now access real-time data using mobile or desktop applications through the application programming interface. To reduce the access time of critical data by mobile devices and IoT applications, raw data are processed within the edge of the network where the data are produced and later forwarded to a storage in the cloud as historical data. In doing so, edge computing effectively improves smart city performances through reduced latency and acceptable level of security. Although several researchers conceptualized IoT as a phenomenon from different angles, but the summary of this paper posits that IoT is an integration and communication of heterogeneous devices for a common purpose. IoT has been applied in several sectors such as health, agriculture, industries, homes, energy transport, etc. In so doing, smart cities have improved revenue generation through taxation, improved quality of life established through smart transportation, and monitoring the quality of air in our surroundings. This translates to an overall improvement in the city’s economy, whereby quality human resources are provided for every sector of the economy. A functional smart city involves unlimited number of devices and systems interacting concurrently with each other through wireless or wired mediums. In smart homes, BIM is a foundational technology that provides the required platform for information technology components that would drive embedded smart tools. Similarly, communication between devices require broadband technology – undoubtedly a 5th generation wireless network would be enough to carry the huge data produced by the smart city sub-systems. Thus, 5G network is a “high motor-way” required to transport data in a smart city. This is evidenced in the world successful cities that have migrated to a “smart city status” such as Seoul, Barcelona and Helsinki [52]. Future work could be directed towards availability of cost effective bandwidth. IoT operation is centered on frequent generation of big data which are transferred between millions of devices, and thus, an enabling size of bandwidth is a requisite for a successful smart city. Although there have been improvements in wireless networks such as ZigBee, LoRaWan, Z-wave [53], 5G network, because of its advantages fill this gap especially in a wide area network but its cost has dulled the number of smart cities especially in the developing countries.

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