1 Introduction - UPCommons

0 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size Report
Sep 28, 2001 - [5] R.E. Bank and A. Weiser. Some a posteriori error estimators for ... [28] J. Mazars and G. Pijaudier-Cabot. Continuum damage theory: ap-.
                                                      ! "#$#%& '   

   

    ! (      !  )  * )   (      "*     * +        "!      "   ,   *  *     )           "   * " !  *      -.     ,   *    !   )!  (  .   )" / * (  !  (   "   * ) * , " )   (      )!  (      





 

    

 

  

          



  

                        

               

                                                  !                          "  

#

!              #

  

               $



          "   %#& ! '                     



     (     

       

         

                     

          )           !                       "  

!            

                 !            

)   )  



)

)           "      )                   

  *

)  

                  

  !                

)  

                +  %#&                  %$ ,&                 # //)0 %1&      $

-(  . 

        %2 3 4&

  %5&         6     "              7                                           %8 #9 ## #$ #, #1& :                   %#2 #3&

!                 )

                   6                        '                )

  ;                             

:    

      "       !  (    !                         

 ! A A     >       ?  ?     > @ ?  ?   = >        *+



 ?



?

@



     

!    <    

 >

@

    >

  

 @ 9  ? 

                   !

            )   

0    

   >

  

      

 



@





 

   >

  

 

        

#

 >   >



 >



                     

               >

@ 9

?

?

!        

 

   

          * 

   *         ) .       6         

       

 

        

    ! B  0         (     )     

 

@

! )     



     "

@ # $



 



 >

 







  

  

$

       





!          > 

A @

      >

 >A  

!                    

 (   

 

!     "  

 @   



                   =                               

,

                            !                      

 @ %  !     



C    

       

&

 



 



,

           

    <                   

       

  @ # $             !          >            !                *          

 

   >



              

   (   

                      



          

!         '     

    .             

!

    





 

  



   @

  

        .

                               

 

    #

       

   0        !     

 

@

   

7     ) )    1

 

      >

   >

1

        

   )      # 



    

! 

  0           (    !      !

             (   

 (                (   



 



     

 

   



   

  

  (              " D

  

D



!         

1



    

!



        

   (   





   



@

  



!        %#4&    

               

     

                 !"

 @    

      #                     $   %     

  #          #      @

D

  

2

      D

#

3



                         &'(       D

   

*           " D      )         





     

    

7       "       

)      )            )

  '             "  

        

              

           :      

)                    

       *  

      1   ! 

  

      !      #

       1                       

@

   

 

7           

  

4

           

              

                          



     

*            (              



  

!         

                  

2

(a)

(b)   #  

(c)

!         

   

    

                  

   +                   >                   

          C                                 >

@

 5



         ##

!     







¼



   '   



            .    > H          

 

@





>

¼

@





@



!

       

 

#$

             .       

        )                     

I    

 



 

      



G                     

     



   

 



;         

                

  

#,

6                                 

 

   



   

!                   

   + 0 1  %#2&

 

@ @

   @  %   & J  %   & J      J   J $     

   !          









   

!                 

 

!          (