ADVANCED Advanced Building Skins

ADVANCED

BUILDING SKINS 3-4 November 2015, Bern, Switzerland

Advanced Building Skins

10th Conference on Advanced Building Skins 3-4 November 2015, Bern, Switzerland

ISBN: ISBN 978-3-98120538-1

Economic Forum Landsberger Str. 155 80687 Munich, Germany [email protected] DE129771557

© Copyright: EF ECONOMIC FORUM

CONTENT

A1-1: Benefits of translucent building envelope made of DSC-integrated glassblocks Luisa Pastore, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy A1-2: Glazed photovoltaic-thermal component for building envelope structure Tomas Matuska, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic A1-3: Energy, daylight and thermal analysis of a geodesic dome with a photovoltaic envelope Marco Lovati, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy A1-4: Solar-driven form finding - Functionality and aesthetics of a solar integrated building envelope Walter Klasz, University of Innsbruck, Austria A1-5: Designing energy generating building envelopes Daniel Mateus, University of Lisbon, Portugal A1-6: The importance of the basic material research for the development of innovative BIPV Michele Pellegrino, CR ENEA Portici, Italy A1-7: Technical challenges for the cell interconnection in a customized BIPV module Wendelin Sprenger, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany A2-1: Photovoltaic technologies used in the prototypes of the Solar Decathlon Europe 2014 Núria Sánchez-Pantoja, University Jaume I, Castelló, Spain A2-2: The Ekihouse: an energy self-sufficient house based on passive design strategies Rufino Hernéndez, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain A2-3: NexusHaus: prototype for a green alley flat Petra Liedl, School of Architecture, University of Texas at Austin, USA A2-4: RhOME for denCity - Inertial mass for lightweight drystone stratigraphy Chiara Tonelli, University of Roma TRE, Rome, Italy A2-5: A critical review of the Solar Decathlon: origins, evolution, and future Jamie Russell, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland A3-1: Integration of photovoltaics in a load-bearing timber-glass façade Vitalija Rosliakova, Vienna University of Technology, Austria A3-2: Photovoltaics in architecture: separating facts from fiction Dieter Moor, ertex solartechnik, Austria

CONTENT

A3-3: The architectural potentials of solar technology in energy-efficient renovation Roland Krippner, Technische Hochschule Nürnberg, Germany A4-1: A size-flexible, shade robust photovoltaic system for integration in roofs and façades Josco Kester, ECN Solar Energy, Netherlands A4-2: Symbiosis between solar technologies in the building envelope Chiara Tonelli, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy A4-3: Simple models for architecture with BIPVT or BIST Christoph Maurer, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany A4-4: Transformation of a historical coal bunker into a solar power station using multi-colored BIPV Kerstin Müller, baubüro in situ ag, Basel, Switzerland A4-5: Innovative solar thermal concentrating roof-integrated collector Mauro Caini, Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering -University of Padua A5-1: Integration of photovoltaics in office and commercial buildings: economical and energy optimization Valérick Cassagne, TOTAL - New Energies, Paris La Défense, France A5-2: Fostering BIPV in the Mediterranean area Giuseppe Desogus, University of Cagliari, Italy A5-3: Strategies to increase the deployment of PV in façades Christian Renken, CR Energie Sarl, Collombey, Switzerland A7-1: Performance analysis of solar air heating systems for the refurbishment of commercial buildings Benoit Sicre, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Switzerland A7-2: Venetian blinds as a solar thermal collector in a mechanically ventilated transparent façade Alfredo Guardo Zabaleta, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain A7-3: Integrating solar vacuum tubes in a high rise building façade Walid el Baba, Webco sarl, Beirut, Lebanon A7-4: Architectural integration of solar collectors made with ceramic materials Jordi Roviras Miñana, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain A7-5: Thermal analysis of a flat evacuated glass enclosure for building integrated solar applications Trevor Hyde, Center for Sustainable Technologies, University of Ulster, UK

CONTENT

B1-1: Impacts of building envelope options on hospital energy performance Heather Burpee, University of Washington, USA B1-2: Reducing the length of stay in hospitals with daylight optimization Helmut Köster, Köster Tageslichtplanung, Frankfurt, Germany B1-3: Daylight quality in healthcare design Sahar Diab, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan B2-1: A parametrical study for the optimization of daylighting in advanced façades Nelly Moenssens, University of Leuven, Ghent, Belgium B2-2: Control strategies and user acceptance of innovative daylighting and shading concepts Michaela Reim, Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Germany B2-3: Building envelope design for enhanced daylight distribution Erika Figueiredo, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, Brazil B2-4: Light and outside vision at restaurants Urtza Uriarte, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona Tech, Spain B2-5: Parans solar lighting system Rawan Allouzi, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Amman, Jordan B3-1: Optimised solar shading control systems for passive houses in cold climates Søren Gedsø, Erichsen & Horgen, Oslo, Norway B3-2: Measurement method for solar heat gain coefficient of high-performance façades using small solar spectroradiometers Takefumi Yokota, Nikken Sekkei Ltd, Tokyo, Japan B3-3: Geometric focalization of sun rays in residential building applications Alexandra Saranti, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, Greece B3-4: Comparing the efficiency of solar shading devices in reducing building cooling needs Olivier Dartevelle, Architecture et Climat, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium B3-5 Modelling of an anidolique daylight system Daich Safa, University of Mohamed Khider, Biskra, Algeria

CONTENT

B4-1 Holistic Refurbishment Stefan Oehler, Werner Sobek, Frankfurt, Germany B4-2: Smart façades for existing, non-residential buildings: An assessment Konstantinos Panopoulos, International Hellenic University, Thermi, Greece B4-3: Energy performance of existent external walls in Istanbul Özlem Karagöz, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey B4-4: Timber passive solar façade – an adapative façade for the refurbishment of existing buildings Antonio Spinelli, Politecnico di Torino, Italy B4-5: Integrating structural glass systems in historic building facades Meltem Nevzat, International University, Haspolat, Cyprus B5-1: Performance based retrofitting of façades for nearly zero-energy buildings Sheikh Zuhaib, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland B5-2: Towards user-oriented plug & play façades - Upgrading the energy performance of row houses Mieke Oostra, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, Netherlands B5-3: The use of BIM in the restoration of the Teatro Lirico Lidia Pinti, Politecnico di Milano, Italy B5-4: End effectors for an automated and robotic façade component Kepa Iturralde, Chair for Building Realization and Robotics, TU Munich, Germany B5-5: Retrofitting building envelopes in warm regions Carolina Caballero Roig, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain B6-1: Resilience of Swiss offices to climate change: A comparison of four buildings with different façade typologies Dominic Jurt, Lucerne University of Applied Science and Arts, Switzerland B6-2: Building envelope: assessment and certification of its performance Valentina Puglisi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy B6-3: Comparing the eneregy efficiency of a timber curtain wall with an aluminium system Nebojša Buljan, Permasteelisa Group, Rijeka, Croatia

CONTENT

B6-4: Optimal characteristics and dimensions of glazing components in building skins David Kammer, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland B6-5: A new approach for advanced building skin design and testing: the BUILDING FUTURE lab Corrado Trombetta, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Italy B6-6: Design choices and thermal simulations of a test cell facility - Performance tests and building envelope components Giulio Cattarin, Politecnico di Milano, Italy B6-7: Condensation within building skins: temperature-gradient calculation, modelling and finite-elements simulation Amir Hassan, WSP, Alberta, Canada B6-8: Simulations with reflective and absorbent materials for a better acoustic quality of the building skin Stefania Masseroni, Politecnico di Milano, Italy B6-9: The effects of pavement albedo changes on conditioning energy use in buildings as a function of building skin properties Pablo Rosado, Heat Island Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA B7-1: Thermal bridging assessment and its impact on the building energy performance Katerina Tsikaloudaki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece B7-2: Impact of infiltrations in energy demand of a dwelling: Sensitivity to infiltrations for Mediterranean climate Silvia Guillén-Lambea, University of Zaragoza, Spain B7-3: Lessons of bioclimatic passive design in the Herbert Jacobs II house by Frank Lloyd Wright Juan Sebastián Rivera Soriano, Universidad de la Salle, Bogotá, Colombia B7-4: Validation of the PHPP program calculations in Mediterranean climates Beatriz Rodríguez Soria, Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain B7-5: Commissioning and optimization of a new office building Niels Radisch, Ramboll, Copenhagen, Denmark C1-1: Conserving energy with biodiverse building skins Bruce Dvorak, Texas A&M University, USA

CONTENT

C1-2: Passivhaus envelope with modular straw panels Bjørn Kierulf, Createrra, Senec, Slovakia C1-3: Environmental implications of cork as thermal insulation in façade retrofits Jorge Sierra-Pérez, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain C1-4: The potential application of agro-based polymers in building façades Mahjoub Elnimeiri, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, USA C2-1: Thermal performance of lightweight walls with phase change materials (PCM) Efraín Moreles, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Morelos, México C2-2: Difficulties of heat transfer from PCM type board to ambient room Martin Zálešák, Tomas Bata University, Zlin, Czech Republic C2-3: Simulation of the thermal performance of translucent phase change materials and whole-building energy implications Philipp Kräuchi, Lucerne University of Applied Science and Arts, Switzerland C2-4: Application of PCM panels of different solidus temperatures on inner wall surfaces to reduce seasonal heating/cooling loads Craig Farnham, College of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Japan C2-5: Ultramarine blue pigment with thermal storage for buildings María Isabel Arriortua, Universidad del País Vasco, Bizkaia, Spain C3-1: Application of phase-change materials in buildings Rami Alsayed, Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia C3-2: Year-round comfortable environment in a multi-storey building by melting and solidification of PCM Vadim Dubovsky, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel C3-3: Optimization of PCMs installed on walls and ceilings for light-weight residential buildings Paulo Tabares, University of Denver, Colorado, USA C3-4: Aerogel insulation enhanced with phase change material for energy conservation in structures George Gould, Aspen Aerogels, USA C3-5: Comparison of PCM-active thermal storage systems integrated in building enclosures Vasken Dermardiros, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada

CONTENT

C4-1: Light-weight panel for buildings: an integrated optimization process Fabio Manzone, Politecnico di Torino, Italy C4-2: Comparing the energy saving of timber frame cladding with PUR foam insulation Zdeněk Fránek, Technical University Liberec, Czech Republic C4-3: A new stucco coating based on pearlescent pigments for improving wall thermal insulation Alessandro Premier, Iuav University of Venice, Italy C4-4: Soil as skin: ancient rammed earth and passive solar technologies in the modern age Martin Knap, Atlin, British Columbia, Canada C5-1: Performance assessment of advanced materials in architectural envelopes Roberto Garay Martinez, Tecnalia, Spain C5-2: Investigations on vacuum insulation panels based on medium sized powders Roland Caps, VA-q-Tec, Germany C5-3: Making thermal insulation adaptive Nikolaus Nestle, BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems, Ludwigshafen, Germany C5-4: Aerogel insulation in refurbishment Michal Ganobjak, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia C6-1: VIP in building applications Steffen Knoll, Porextherm GmbH, Germany C6-2: Evaluation of architectural VIP in Japan Atsushi IWAMAE, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan C6-3: Application of Vacuum Insulation Panels in Canada’s North Doug MacLean, Energy Solutions Centre, Whitehorse, Canada C7-1: Application of aerogel technology in curtain wall façades David Appelfeld, Dow Corning Belgium D1-1: Unitised façade assemblies for high rise residential buildings Ron Fitch, Trimo UK Ltd. D1-2: The dynamic response of the semi-closed cavity skin to changing of load condition Fumihiko Chiba, University of Technology, Toyohashi, Japan

CONTENT

D1-3: Technological and behavioral aspects of perforated building envelopes Bader Alatawneh, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy D1-4: Innovative block on housing in the Mediterranean climate Calogero Montalbano, Politecnico di Bari, Italy D1-5: Acceptance by durability: Quality assurance and insurance favour the use of innovative façades Iris M. Reuther, Technische Universität Graz, Austria D1-6: Including traditional architectural elements to optimize building skin Joan Ramon Dacosta Díaz, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain D1-7: Optimum solutions to satisfy preference façades and energy consumption of an office building Ali Alajmi, College of Technological Studies, Mishref, Kuwait D1-8: Evolution of building envelopes through creating living characteristics Elaheh Najafi, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran D2-1: Shrinkage and temperature effects in glass-concrete composite panels Pietro Crespi, Politecnico di Milano, Italy D2-2: Light transmitting concrete Andreas Roye, LUCEM GmbH, Germany D2-3: Improvement of indoor air quality using photocatalytic cement-based mortars Chiara Giosuè, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy D2-4: Functional lightweight and air purifying concrete Jos Brouwers, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands D2-5: Infra-lightweight concrete in multi-story residential buildings Claudia Lösch, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany D2-5: Experimental investigation of thermal mass in hemp-lime concrete walls Oliver Kinnane, Queen’s University, Belfast, United Kingdom D3-1: Mechanical properties of wood-cement compounds Daia Zwicky, University of Applied Sciences, Fribourg, Switzerland D3-2: Wood-cement compound-based load-bearing wall elements Niccolò Macchi, University of Applied Sciences, Fribourg, Switzerland

CONTENT

D3-3: Thermal and acoustic insulation properties of Wood-cement compounds Alireza Fadai, Vienna University of Technology, Austria D3-4: Numerical simulations of the overall building-physical performance of wood-cement compound-based building skins Joachim Nathanael Nackler, Vienna University of Technology, Austria D3-5: Combustibility of wood-cement compounds Daia Zwicky, University of Applied Sciences, Fribourg, Switzerland D3-6: Economic and ecological performance of wood-cement compound-based wall elements Wolfgang Winter, Vienna University of Technology, Austria D4-1: Energy self-sufficient Otaniemi campus Satu Kankaala, Aalto University Properties Ltd., Espoo, Finland D4-2: Zero-Energy Urban Quarters in moderate climates: Developing guidelines at the building and urban planning levels Udo Dietrich and Lena Knoop, HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany D5-1: An approach for the sustainable urban development: starting from the building Antonella Calderazzi, Politecnico di Bari, Italy D5-2: Zoning ordinances as tools for energy self-sufficiency Anders Nereim, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, USA D5-3: APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect Kazutomo Irie, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Tokyo, Japan D6-1: The efficacy of policy instruments to reduce the energy use of privately owned dwellings Bram Entrop, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands D6-2: Polices to reduce market barriers for building performance Irene Boles, Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology, New Zealand D6-3: Energy performance of buildings in Santiago, Chile: results of unregulated and high solar radiation context Claudio Vásquez Zaldívar, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile D6-4: The user’s benefit as financial reference for building refurbishments Carmen Alonso, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain

CONTENT

D6-5: The influence of end user perception on the economic feasibility of sustainable building skin renovations Bob Bogers, University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands D7-1: Optimization through life cycle costs analysis - Social housing retrofitting in Italy Angela Poletti, Politecnico di Milano, Italy D7-2: Retrofitting for social housing: A sustainable solution towards zero energy buildings Gianpiero Evola, University of Catania, Italy D7-3: A cost approach to evaluate sustainable building design for a social housing complex Antonio Talarico, Politecnico di Torino, Italy D7-4: Industrialised renovation strategies and prefabrication – Cost optimisation and added values in focus Sonja Geier, Lucerne University of Applied Science and Arts, Switzerland E1-1: Discomfort glare with complex fenestration systems and the impact on energy use when using daylighting control Sabine Hoffmann, University of Kaiserslautern, Germany E1-2: Structural sealant glazing: reinventing the wooden window Marc Donzé, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland E1-3: Thermal properties of door and window access systems Wolfgang Rädle, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland E1-4: New material for an ecological solution for wooden window frame enlargements Urs Uehlinger, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Switzerland E1-5: Modelling complex fenestration systems in TRNSYS – a comparison between a simplified and a detailed thermal model Giuseppe De Michele, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy E1-6: Building Elements Smart Technology (BEST) - Analysis of thermal behaviour of windows in old buildings Pierfrancesco Prosperini, University of Camerino, Ascoli Piceno, Italy E1-7: Measuring condensation water in the interspace of coupled windows Max Bauer, Sapa Building Systems GmbH, Ulm, Germany

CONTENT

E2-1: Energy Frames - A new technology for intelligent glazed façades Frederik V. Winther, Rambøll, Copenhagen, Denmark E2-2: Analysis of potential biomimetic applications of skin and shell analogies on the building envelope Leopoldo Saavedra, Technical University Munich, Germany E2-3: Adaptive architectural envelopes for temperature, humidity and CO2 control Marlén López, University of Oviedo, Gijon, Spain E2-4: Lightweight modular structure for an energy-efficient adaptive building envelope Maria Eftychi, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus E3-1: Adaptive façades Network Andreas Luible, Lucerne University of Applied Science and Arts, Switzerland E3-2: Monitoring energy and comfort performance of transparent adaptive façades Valentina Serra, Politecnico di Torino, Italy E3-3: Experimental facilities for adaptive façades characterization Francesco Goia, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway E3-4: Adaptive façade systems – A review of performance requirements, design approaches, use cases and market needs Christian Struck, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, Netherlands E3-5: Adaptive façades System Assessment Shady Attia, University of Liège, Belgium E3-6: Design for façade adaptability – Towards a unified and systematic characterization Roel Loonen, Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands E4-1: Prototyping of composite structural envelopes through CNC and robotic fabrication Chris Knapp, Bond University, Queensland, Australia E4-2: Advanced ceramic environmental screens Rosa Urbano Gutierrez, University of Liverpool and Amanda Wanner, Leeds Beckett University, UK E4-3: Metal mesh shading devices optimization by parametric approach design Andrea Zani, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

CONTENT

E4-4: Advanced BIM tools for building planning, collaboration and analysis Kai Oberste-Ufer, DORMA, Germany E5-1: Exchanges between physical computing and performative parametric models Mate Thitisawat, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Lauderdale, USA E5-2: Application of interactive 3D visualization and computation for energy appraisal: enhancing BIM practices in small companies Vladeta Stojanovic, Abertray University, Dundee, United Kingdom E5-3: Lighting performance simulation and adaptive control of an advanced building skin based on human behavior inputs Kristis Alexandrou, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus E6-1: Performance analyses of tensile membrane façades Eve S. Lin, Tensile Evolution, Irvine, CA, USA E6-2: A lightweight plug-in adaptive envelope to reduce the energy consumption of existing buildings Styliana Gregoriou, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus E6-3: Coated textiles: smart wraps for old and new buildings Katja Bernert, Mehler Texnologies GmbH, Germany E6-4: Performace analyses of the Ducati superbike pavilion Mariangela De Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, Italy E7-1: Climate-dependent wind-driven passive ventilative cooling potential in Central and Southern Europe Mario Grosso, Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy E7-2: Natural ventilation in existing buildings by hybrid draft guard Jan de Wit, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Enschede, Netherlands E7-3: Advanced control of natural ventilation with solar and noise protection Shuqing Cui, Mines Paris Tech, France E7-4: Performance of the traditional building envelope in Malta Antonio Mollicone, University of Malta, Iklin, Malta F2-1: From „Building Integrated“ to „Building oriented“ Photovoltaics Urs Muntwyler, Head, Laboratory for Photovoltaics, Berner Fachhochschule, Switzerland

CONTENT

F2-2: Hybrid, stromproduzierend und transluzent: Ein wegweisendes Fassadensystem für die Mobiliar AG Bern Daniel Meyer, GWJARCHITEKTUR AG, Bern, Schweiz F3-1: Concepts for mechanically biased membrane and film constructions in conjunction with standardized façade systems Marcel Ebert, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Studies, Bauhaus University Weimar, Germany F4-1: Sun protection and comfort - comfort by optimizing profit by building simulation Eva-Maria Pape, Director, Institute for Energy-Efficient Architecture, University of Applied Sciences Cologne, Germany F4-2 Optimization of building design with simulations of building energy consumption Emil Grüniger, Soltherm AG, Altendorf, Switzerland F4-3: Simulation of captive use for building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) Samuel Summermatter, Head Engineering Department, BE Netz AG, Switzerland F4-4: Einfluss der Wärmespeicherfähigkeit auf die energetische Flexibilität von Gebäuden Monika Hall, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Institut Energie am Bau F5-1: Polypyrrole: Additional functions for facades made of biomaterials Michael Sailer, Unit Innovative Technology in Construction, Saxion University of Applied Science, Enschede, The Netherlands F5-2: Biologically-degradable building envelopes of the future Daniel Friedrich, Engineering and Architecture, University of Lucerne, Switzerland F5-3: Ecological and energetic aspects of facade elements made of formed TRC Kevin Pidun, Department of Plastic, RWTH Aachen, Germany F5-4: Phase change materials for the climate control of a residential building Nadège Vetterli, for International Building, Engineering and Architecture, University of Lucerne, Switzerland F5-5: Building Information Modeling in the LCA of building production Georg Reitschmidt, Department of Construction Informatics and Sustainable Building, Technical University of Central Hesse, Giessen, Germany F5-6: Effect of vapor-permeable and reflective materials on radiation moisture, heat transfer and durability of facades Heinrich Thielmann, HTC, Grenoble, France

CONTENT SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR SPONSORS

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Technological and behavioral aspects of perforated building envelopes in the Mediterranean region Maria Luisa Germanà*, Bader Alatawneh*, Rabee M. Reffat** *

Department of Architecture, University of Palermo-Italy, **Assiut University-Egypt

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Perforated building envelope presents a global contemporary architectural trend which is connected – in some circumstances – to the traditional perforated models, such as ‘Mashrabiyya’, ‘Takhtabush’, ‘Qmariyyah’, etc. This study focuses on perforated models that have archetypical perforated elements within buildings and have technological and behavioural functions reflecting socio-cultural values, economic situation, and environmental needs of the building’s users. An analytical comparison (technologically and behaviourally) has been conducted between the selected contemporary cases of perforated buildings and the traditional models, by considering various aspects of the building’s envelope, and taking into consideration the interaction between perforated envelopes and occupants. After discussing the global trend, an ultimate goal of this paper is to discuss the appropriateness and potentials of advanced solutions of contemporary perforated envelopes in the Mediterranean region in order for an appropriate integration of technological and behavioural aspects to be obtained in the future of this trend. Keywords: Contemporary perforated envelope, traditional perforated models, appropriateness, technical and behavioral aspects, users interactions, Mediterranean region.

1. Chronological transformation of perforation A historical reading of architecture is not the main focus of this study, but an important highlighting for the transformation of perforation ideas can be clarified briefly. The architectural and urban production of the old cities or villages stemmed from the nature of each society, and reflected the realistic image of life of each community [1]. The relationships between the traditional cities and the socio-economic and socio-cultural contexts are also connected to the climate and to the environmental context [2]. Many examples showed that the urban fabric of the old cities was derived from the dynamic synthesis of environmental, social and cultural factors. Streets, alleys, and squares played an integrative role on the environmental and socio-cultural levels. Furthermore, buildings were interlocked to each other (back to back buildings), as one system considering environmental role and socio-cultural connections. This was common in the tropical and in the temperate climatic regions (e.g. the Arab world and the Mediterranean region), a thermal balance was obtained in the traditional buildings to provide a thermal comfort for occupants in hot summer and cold winter, during the day and at night. The balance was evidential in the flooring system, in the underground floor, and in the setbacks of upper floors [3]. It is worth mentioning that the emergence of traditional perforated elements in the architecture of these contexts helped to: (a) enhance the integrative system, (b) allow the passage of natural air, (c) provide an indirect natural lighting, and (d) produce shade and shadows, in addition to its important role in achieving the privacy for occupants. The use of perforation has endured later (in modern cities, in urban expansion zones, in urban fringes, or in rural contexts) as a functional response to the climatic conditions to some extent. Three different approaches th synthetize the wide range of the accumulated experiences: an approach during the 20 century, which was disconnected from the past, by using the perforation slightly in a functional way (e.g., ‘Notre dame du haut’, ‘Unité d’habitation de Marseille’, and ‘Maison de Jeunes’ by Le Corbusier). The second approach was a disparity of perspectives between imitating, copying, or reshaping of the traditional architectural perforated models in their form [4], accompanying with other individual innovations that took both function and identity into consideration (e.g. ‘Dar Assalam’ by Hassan Fathy and ‘Institute of the Arab World’ by Jean Nouvel). st Thirdly, by the beginnings of the 21 century, a new rising trend of perforation has emerged in the world, by a significant change of techniques, technologies, functions, materials, and other related aspects (e.g. ‘Abbink X

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de Haas House’, ‘Seville Ceramics Museum’, ‘San Telmo’ Museum Extension). The new trend can be perceived to some extent as an architectural leap of perforation as it has emerged in conjunction with digital technologies. The contemporary concepts of buildings’ envelopes reflect the complexity of themes focused not only on environmental design, where the external appearance of a building was recognized, but also on the relationships between indoor and the outdoor environments. Accordingly, the connection between the contemporary trend and the traditional solutions has the opportunities to rethink of the future advancements in building envelope in terms of shape, form and performance.

2. Types of the traditional perforations There were several perforated elements or models in the traditional buildings, in different regions of the world, especially regions that have temperate or tropical climate. This is quite rational due to the appropriate motivations responding to the climatic conditions. Furthermore, the socio-cultural considerations have stimulated the use of perforation in certain regions of the world, especially in the conservative communities. Several types of perforation have emerged in the past and epitomized in models such as ‘Mashrabiya’, ‘Takhtabush’, ‘Taqa’, and ‘Qamariya’, in the perforated roofs or domes. These models can be shortly explained as follows: 1. ‘Mashrabiya’ is one of the leading attributes of the Arab-Islamic architecture; it can be observed in the old cities of Baghdad, Damascus, Cairo, Jeddah, Tunis, etc. (Fig.1). The ‘Mashrabiya’ has many functions; controlling the passage of daylight, controlling the natural air flow, cooling of the natural air, and assuring a considerable level of privacy that is essential in the conservative Islamic communities. According to Hassan Fathy [5], the south sunlight entering a room has two components: the direct high-intensity sunlight and the lower intensity reflected glare. The perforations of ‘Mashrabiya intercept the direct solar radiation, and soften the uncomfortable glare. The ‘Mashrabiya’ provides security and its form is considered as an aesthetic value. It is covered by a wooden lattice (a structure consisting of strips of wood crossed and fastened together with a certain shaped spaces left between them). It is used as an archetypical element to provide privacy which is a main factor (visually, acoustically, and olfactory) in Arab-Islamic culture [6]. The latticed screen has openable windows which provides flexibility for the interaction between users and the envelope. As observed and mentioned there, the exhibited archaeological models of ‘Mashrabiya’ in the Louvre Museum, shows that the terracotta material was also used historically for the latticed screens in some regions such as Iran and India.

Figure 1: Examples of the Mashrabiya in different regions. References from left to right: photo by M.L.G. 2013; http://www.sowarmasraya.com/ImageInfoPreview.aspx?PhotoId=21066>, (06/2015); , (06/2015); https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Detail_Palace_of_the_Winds%2C_Jaipur.jpg>, (06/2015).

2. ‘Qamariya’ is a sort of nearly semi-circular openings. The first use of ‘Qamariya’ was before 4000 years ago in the era of the state of Sheba in Yemen [7]. It was mostly covered by a colored glass, and was located above an external window, or above the main door, to produce a colored daylight inside the internal spaces as an aesthetic value. The perforation of ‘Qamariya’ had several shapes (Fig. 2), decorations (foils or leaves patterns), colors, techniques, etc. Similar elements were used in the Gothic architecture, in another shape and with different meanings, to play a role in the symbolism of light [8].

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3. ‘Taqa’ is a small simply-shaped opening (rectangular, square, etc.). It was used in a linear, in a diamond, or in hierarchical arrangement at the end of the building’s facades as clarified by Jihad Awad [9], or above windows and doors (Fig. 2). These elements played a good role in facilitating the natural ventilation, and in increasing the passage of natural light into the building.

Figure 2: Taqa (left), & Qamariya (right), Yemen, (06/15).

4. The ‘Takhtabush’ is a setting area between the house courtyard and the backyard (type of loggia), with perforated panels that provide shade and increase privacy in the semi-outdoor setting area. As it is located between two open spaces, a stream of natural air permeates the place of setting by convection property [1], which offers a comfortable setting area for occupants.

Figure 3: An example of the Takhtabush in Suhaymi house - Egypt. References from left to right: , (06/2015); , (06/2015).

5. The perforated roofs or domes (Fig. 4) are sometimes classified as ‘Qamariya’, but they were a perforation into the roofs or domes, by making small cylindrical holes, to enhance the passage of daylight to the interior spaces that require extra-lighting, without prejudice to the concept of privacy (e.g. Ayoubi Castle, Halab Syria, & Turkish bath, Hebron - Palestine). Sometimes, glass bottles or something else closed the holes, to prevent rainwater from going inside (based on Hebron Rehabilitation Committee archives for the historical Turkish Bath).

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Figure 4:The perforated domes and roofs in traditional buildings, (Left: in Hebron - Palestine, Right: in Kelibia -Tunisia). Reference from left to right: Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, Palestine; photo by M.L.G. 2013.

Despite the multiplicity of types of the traditional perforated models, but some of them were used and spread more than others, where the most prevalent element in the past was the ‘Mashrabiya’, due to its important cultural, environmental and social values. Also the ‘Mashrabiya’ played a significant role in assuring the identity of the place. Some contemporary architects used the ‘Mashrabiya’ idea abstractly in various ways and means, but mostly they have focused on the environmental values (e.g., ‘Masdar City residence’ in the UAE, ‘Mashrabiya house’ in Jerusalem, ‘The sea towers’ in Abu Dhabi, etc.).

3. The contemporary trend of perforation The contemporary perforated buildings (partially or fully perforated) represent an increasing phenomenon. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, it is important to select and analyse a certain number of the contemporary cases of perforated envelopes, to investigate the nature of the perforation, the purposes and functions of perforation, basis and rules of the new trend, and its relation to the local contexts (technologically and behaviourally).

3.1 Multi-cases selection criteria The case study method is used as an empirical inquiry that investigates the contemporary phenomenon of perforation within its real-life context. The study is organized to include multi-cases from the world, to explore the technological and behavioural aspects represented in this trend. The selected cases are 57 as representative samples and were determined according to the following criteria taking into consideration the categorizations of cases were determined according to their percentages in the identified cases during the data collection and pruning phase (more than 200 cases were identified): - Selecting cases from different climatic zones in the world (temperate and tropical zones), to identify the relationship between perforation and the local climates, and the relationship with different cultural values or behaviours in different geographical regions. The selected number of cases includes: 21 cases from the marine west coast zone, 12 cases from the Mediterranean zone, 9 cases from the dry arid or semi-arid zones, 2 cases from the highlands zone, one case from the humid continental zone, 7 cases from the humid subtropical zone, and 5 cases from the tropical wet & dry zones. - The site location of each case (urban, rural, urban fringe, old city, etc.) was important to be considered as it plays a role in determining the relationship between the building and its surrounding context. 21 cases were located in suburbs, 19 cases inside cities, 5 cases in the cities centers, 5 cases in the urban fringes, 3 cases in the old cities, 2 cases in the rural areas, and 2 cases in islands. - The site topography of each building was taken into consideration while selecting the cases (mountainous, flat, hilly, etc.), due to its effect on the way that the building was oriented or located. The selected numbers in these categories are: 48 cases located on flat lands, 7 cases located on mountainous lands, and 2 cases located on hilly lands. - Different categories of buildings’ uses were selected (residential, commercial, educational, cultural, offices,


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et.). This is an indicator for what function and what type of users the perforated building envelope was designed. The selected numbers in these categories are: 17 residential, 6 educational, 11 cultural, 7 office buildings, 4 commercial, 2 industrial, 3 recreational, 2 medical, 2 religious, and 3 community centres. All of the selected cases are already constructed and were chosen from the period from the beginnings of st the 21 century until now, as the study focuses on the most recent cases. Due to the comprehensiveness of collected description on the selected cases and the limited space available in this paper, then it comes beyond the scope to present all of these cases. However, an explanation is provided for one case as an illustrative example. The description includes three parts: (a) textual information: as a short paragraph description, (b) structured information: as a tabulated data (Tab.1), and (c) visual information: as an image illustration. The textual information is important to realize the contextual reasons beyond the design concepts and is considered as the initial base for the comparative analysis stage. The structured information is a tangible approach to deal with information explored indirectly and collected from diverse references and resources. The visual information offers image illustration with two or more images to clarify and graphically present the description of perforation. Example: NYU Global Center for Academic and Spiritual Life Location: New York , USA Architect: Machado & Silvetti Dates: 2009-2012 Site context: Inside the City Use: Educational-cultural Users group: Public Users

Site topography: Climatic zone: Floors no.:

Flat Land Humid Continental 5 Floors

Table 1: Example of the description table as used for each selected case (the authors).

3.2 Analysis of the selected cases The analysis of contemporary buildings relies on two aspects; firstly, the technological aspect which includes three main components (perforation, construction, and environmental issues). Secondly, the behavioural aspect includes also three main components (usability adaptability, and connectivity). These components have been divided to sub-sections to facilitate its utilization and the comparative analysis. The applicable inputs to each case are illustrated in bold text. The analytical aspects, components, or the sub-sections can be extended, but the focus here is on the aspects related only to the perforation, taking into consideration the accessibility and measurability of data for each selected case. Tables 2 and 3, show an example of analysis Tables for NYU Global Centre for Academic and Spiritual Life. Similarly to this example, the other 56 cases were presented using these Tables and structured as a database. Technological components of the building’s envelope Construction data Environmental issues Type of intervention of the perforation: Perforated material resistance to moisture: Newly added \ Previously built Highly \ moderately \ Slightly Envelope faces shape: Perforated material resistance to heat gain Flat \Deconstructed \Organic \ Composite and heat loss: Highly \ Moderately \ Slightly Type of perforated material: Using insulations within envelope: Glass\ Concrete\ Stone\ Metal\ Earth\ Used\ Not used \ NA Wood\ Terra cotta \ Composite No. of inclined perforated faces: Type of material behind the perforation: Drainage of rain penetrated behind 0 \ 1 \ 2 \ 3 \ 4 \ More Glass \ Concrete\ Stone\ Metal\ Earth\ perforations: Considered \ Not considered \ NA Wood \ Composite No. of perforated layers: Approx. thickness of perforated material: Natural ventilation method: 0 \ 1 \ 2 \ More 1- 10mm \ 2-5cm \ 5-25cm \ Over 25cm Manually \ Mechanically \ Smart \ NA Perforation pattern shape: Approx. depth between perforated Using smart envelopes: Geometric \ Floral \ Symbolic \ Used \ Not used \ NA material and the main external wall: 0 \ 1-50 cm \ 1m \ more than 1 m Organic \ Composite \ Changing Approx. perforation ration in each The perforated material is common in the Using renewable energy systems within the local context: Yes \ No envelope: Used \ Not used \ NA face: 1-10% \ 10-35% \ 35-50% \ Over 50% Perforation pattern geometry is Lightness of the perforated material: Percent of natural light transmission to common in the local context? Yes\ No Light \ Slightly Heavy \ Heavy inside: 1-10% \ 10-35% \ 35-50% \ Over 50% Concept of perforation: Existence of windows beside perforation: Seasonal changes of envelope elements: Aesthetic \ Identity \ Environmental \ Existed \ Not existed\ Few existence No change \ Changeable Else Preventing birds roosting method: Respecting the nature: Considered \ Not considered \ NA Highly \ Moderately \ No respect \ NA Perforation data No. of perforated faces of the envelope: 1\ 2\ 3 \ 4\ More Orientation of the perforated faces: (S \ N \ E \ W \ SE \ SW \ NE \ NW) Status of roof perforation: Perforated \ Not perforated

Table 2: The analysis of technological components of the perforated envelopes, example of NYU (the authors).

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Usability of envelope Main users of building (age & gender): Children \ Youth\ old \ All Males \ Females\ Both Users physical relation to the perforation: Reachable \ Not reachable \ NA Seeing outside status: Easy \ Difficult \ Blocked view Open-ability of envelope windows: Openable \ Not openable \ NA Users ability to go between the main wall and the perforated envelope if a space is existing: Able \ No ability \ NA

Behavioral components of the building’s envelope Adaptability with design Physical security of envelope: Secure \ Not Secure \ NA Psychological security of envelope: Secure \ Not Secure \ NA Privacy on the visual level : Gained \ Slightly gained \ Not gained\ NA Privacy on the acoustical level: High \ Moderate \ Slight \ NA Feeling of closure: High \ Moderate \ Low \ NA

Connectivity to context

Pattern relation to the local culture and identity: Related \ Not related \ Neutral \ NA Occupants ability to contact adjacent buildings visually: Able \ Slightly able\ No ability \ NA Ability to contact occupants of neighboring buildings verbally: Able \ No ability \ NA Ability to contact the passing pedestrians visually: Able \ Slightly able \ No ability \ NA Ability to contact the passing pedestrians verbally: Able \ No ability \ NA

Table 3: The analysis of behavioral components of the perforated envelopes, example of NYU (the authors).

3.3 Technological comparison (past and present) Focusing on the changes of materials, techniques, concepts, constructions, and environmental issues of the perforated envelopes, a technological comparison is conducted. Starting by the material of perforated envelopes; the outcome of the 57 cases analysis showed that a noticeable change was happened to the use of perforated materials between the past and the present. In the past, wood, pottery, and terracotta were mainly used for ‘Mashrabiya’ and ‘Takhtabush’, the earth material and stone were used for other traditional models depending on the main construction material of the envelope itself. Therefore, the analysis showed that the perforated metals were used in 28 cases, the perforated concrete was used in 15 cases (in different regions), the bricks were used for 7 cases (mostly in the far east countries; e.g., Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand, Australia). The stone was used for 5 cases, the terracotta was found in one case only, and the ceramic was used also for one case only. This indicates the considerable concentration on the use of metals, especially that the perforated envelope was mostly found in an additional layer in front of the main envelope of the building. This may seem to be technically as a rational change, due to the advantages of the lightweight materials. But, are metals efficient economically and environmentally, can they be used in different climatic zones? What about heat gain and heat loss? It depends on the climatic region and the insulation methods. In this case, a wider discussion can be raised on this point, especially in the case of the Mediterranean region. Regarding the contemporary perforation patterns, they were mostly (50 cases) simple-shaped geometries (such as using circles, squares, rectangles, etc.). They have no significant relation to the patterns of the past, or to the local architectural identity. On another side, the perforation ratios were determined without any specific reference. The main reason behind determining perforation ratios was technological. Sometimes, the holes of perforation were large enough to the extent of reaching a window size, and sometimes they were very small holes, which prevent the ability to see outside, and to communicate with the outdoor community. On the contrary, the traditional ‘Mashrabiya’ for example, has unity in its perforation ratio, with a significant sign of the patterns to the local identity in each place (e.g., the Arab-Islamic identity), which helps the observer to distinguish their location and history. The contemporary trend of perforation has a certain attention toward the environmental issues including provision of shades, control of light and air passage, etc. Furthermore, these models of perforation were designed sometimes to be kinetic and moveable, but in many cases were fixed layers in front of the main envelope like a protective fence. Accordingly, the perforation become an architectural industry and a business issue for many manufacturing companies, due to the great interest in this trend within envelopes, interiors, or furniture. This helps easily to improve the product, and to have more technologically solved and economical products in the future.

3.4 Behavioral comparison (past and present) Focusing on changes of usability of the perforated envelopes, the users adaptation, and the connectivity to the local context, a behavioural comparison is conducted. An emergence of a Transitional Space between inside and outside the building was noticed in several cases (16 cases). Where the space is accessible and


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usable by occupants (Fig. 5). This Transitional Space is separated from inside by either fully or partially solid wall, or by a glass curtain wall. It is separated from outside by a perforated envelope and has variable width which makes it usable by occupants in the 16 cases, and it was unusable (little depth; less than 50 cm) or non-existent in other cases. On the other hand, this space was involved within the internal spaces in the model of traditional ‘Mashrabiya’ (no separation between the transitional space and the internal spaces). The separation was sometimes only by changing the level of the ‘Mashrabiya’ (raised from the floor level) to become a place to sit on (Fig. 6). Several contemporary cases have the concept of ‘Mashrabiya’, but no cases have the actual roles of “Mashrabiya”. Very few paid attention towards the contexts where the ‘Mashrabiya’ had emerged. Despite all, there is a potential here to explore advantages of this Social Transitional Space to be developed and obtained in more advanced ways (relatively to the social contexts). The flexibility and open-ability of the perforated envelopes provides a better interaction between the building’s users and the envelope itself, as a way to communicate with the outdoor environment. The openability of the envelope facilitates the connectivity between inside and outside. Unlike the ‘Mashrabiya’ model, about 34 of the selected cases have fixed (immovable) perforated envelopes. Other 11 cases have fixed envelopes, but they have windows alongside the perforated panels (partially perforated). The other remaining cases have flexible (moveable or open-able) perforated panels, which positively provide comfort for users. Following the technological comparison, the flexibility is not the only important issue, the tiny perforations and the fixed perforated panels make the interaction, and the passage of daylight difficult or impossible in some cases. The climate plays a certain role in determining the ratio of perforation, but it shouldn’t lead to the production of a physically environmental envelope.

Figure 5: Examples of the contemporary transitional space in different cases References from left to right; http://www.archdaily.com/575463/b-b-house-studio-mk27/ (06/15); (06/15); http://www.arthitectural.com/sohne-partnerarchitekten-caldor-hotel/ (06/15). http://aasarchitecture.com/2015/02/residence-in-cape-town-by-three14-architects.html (06/15).

Figure 6:The Mashrabiya’ section, and the transitional social space (the authors).

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Following the categories of building use, the perforation can be found in the traditional architecture mostly in houses to obtain privacy and social integration within conservative communities, in addition to its environmental role. But for the contemporary trend, nearly all categories have been found as perforation cases, for several objectives, mainly for ornamentation and environmental considerations.

4. The appropriateness of perforation in the Mediterranean region The Mediterranean region is considered as an example within this study because it includes several countries that have some or all of the perforated models in their traditional architectures (e.g. Turkey, Spain, Italy, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, etc.). The contemporary trend of perforation is global, but it is concentrated in some countries or regions more than others. For example, 19 of the selected cases are located in the Mediterranean; 8 of them in France, 5 in Spain, 3 in Palestine, 2 in Italy, and one in Lebanon. Some questions that can be raised include: why the countries where the traditional perforation was used widely, have less contemporary cases? Why France is the most active in using the contemporary perforation? Is it a figment of the fashion era? Or are there other reasons such as economic matters or the presence of the manufacturers of the perforated materials? What reasons stay beyond this trend? For the case of Mediterranean region, it is known of many available conservative communities. Therefore, the necessity to provide privacy in the designed envelopes is evident and required. In addition, the environmental problems are still the main focus of the world researchers. This means that the architecture of today didn’t meet yet the occupants needs for a comfortable living (this is a general hypothesis, excluding some innovative cases). The selected cases have approximately no focus on social issues to be considered in the future design of the perforated envelopes. Less focus was given to the economic aspect of the perforated envelopes, and costs of construction or maintenance. But more focus was on the basic environmental issues of the perforation, such as shuttering the facades, creating shades, eliminating or increasing daylight passage, preventing direct heat gain, and controlling natural air passage. Accordingly, there is a need to address ways and means wherein social and economic considerations can be improved. Even though metal as a building material was used in many cases of the contemporary perforations, but there have been attempts in the Mediterranean basin to revive the earthen architecture which is newly active in some countries such as Palestine, Morocco and other countries, due to its economic, technological and technical values, and its contribution to provide an identity to the buildings. This is implemented using new ways and modern techniques that help to improve the quality of earthen building, by bringing it in line with the requirements of the present. These attempts have emerged recently due to the inability of people with average and low income levels to build their homes using the high cost natural stone or the concrete. On the other hand, the earth material can be re-used for both of the construction of new buildings and the refurbishment of the existed ones [10], to accommodate environmental needs, and even beyond that to exploit the possibility for the development of Transitional Social Space, which enhances the interaction between occupants and surrounding environment, socially, visually, physically, and psychologically. Hot summer and a relatively cold winter characterize the Mediterranean climate. Metals that are actively used in the contemporary perforated buildings, are characterized by fast gaining and losing of heat, if their properties are not improved, or if the main external wall is not effectively treated. The use of metals in buildings envelopes is not common in the Mediterranean. Therefore, metals cannot be highly suitable materials for this climate if it is not modified and processed. Hence, there is a crucial need to identify alternatives for more appropriate materials. Accordingly, the main questions are what and when the perforated envelope can be an appropriate solution for the Mediterranean region?. Nevertheless, it is highly appropriate because it is an inherited style that fulfils a cultural value. But the appropriateness of contemporary design methods and suitable materials has to be explored or innovated while social and economic needs should be taken into consideration.

5. The future extended research There is a need to formulate design rules, introduce alternatives, and provide recommendations to derive the design of future perforated envelopes in the Mediterranean region. This study forms the basis for developing an extensive research in this field. This paper introduced comparison of technological and behavioural


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aspects of the perforated building envelope in the Mediterranean region and reflected on its appropriateness. However, more extended results, discussions, and recommendations will be hopefully clarified in the near future. This includes the need to highlight advanced models or rules of designing the perforated envelopes (in the Mediterranean context, taking Palestine as an example) regarding the socio-cultural values, environmental needs, and economic situation of people in a certain context.

6. References [1]

Y. Waziri, “Islamic Architecture and The Environment”, Series of World Knowledge, Kuwait, 2004. (Arabic language).

[2]

V. Olgyay, “Design With Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism”, Hardcover March 21, 1963.

[3]

M. Salqini, “Environmental Architecture”, 1 ed., Dar Qabis publishing press, Beirut, 2004. (Arabic language).

[4]

T. Abdelsalam, Gh. M. Rihan, “The impact of sustainability trends on housing design identity of Arab cities”, Journal of Housing and Building National Research Center, vol. 9, 2013, pp. 159-172.

[5]

H. Fathy, “Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture”. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986.

[6]

O. Zukelpee, A. Rosemary, B. Laurie, “Privacy, modesty, hospitality, and the design of Muslim homes: A literature review”, Frontiers of Architectural Research, Elsevier. vol. 4, 2014, pp. 12-23.

[7]

T. M. Smith, “Yemen: Travels in Dictionary Land-The Unknown Arabia”, hardback & paperback, U.S., 1997.

[8]

B. Fletcher, “A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and th Amateur”, 20 ed., Routledge, London, 1996.

[9]

J. Awad, “Rural Houses in Palestine”, Riwaq, Ramaalah, 2012. (Arabic language).

[10]

B. Alatawneh, M.L. Germanà, “Earth for Social Housing in Palestine: An alternative for a sustainable refurbishment of buildings’ envelopes”, The International Congress on Earth Architecture in North Africa, Marrakesh, 2015. (In press).

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