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Energy Procedia 12600 (201709) 1003–1010 Energy Procedia (2017) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
72nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2017, 6-8 72nd Conference of the ItalianSeptember Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2017, 6-8 2017, Lecce, Italy September 2017, Lecce, Italy
Combustion System Development of an Opposed Piston 2-Stroke Combustion Development an Opposed Piston TheSystem 15th International Symposium of on District Heating and Cooling2-Stroke Diesel Engine Diesel Engine Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor Enrico Mattarelli*, Giuseppe Cantore, Carlo Alberto Rinaldini, Tommaso Savioli Enrico Mattarelli*, Giuseppe Carlo Alberto Rinaldini, Tommaso Savioli temperature function forCantore, a long-term district heat demand forecast Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli, 10, 41125 Modena, Italy Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Vivarelli, 10, 41125 Modena, Italy
I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Abstract a IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal Abstract b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel,is78520 Today, the interest towards 2-stroke, opposed-piston compression-ignition engines higherLimay, than France ever, after the announcement of c Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, Today, theproduction interest towards 2-stroke, opposed-piston engines isInhigher than ever, after the France announcement of imminent of a 2.7L 3-cylinder light truckcompression-ignition engine by Achates Powers. comparison to other 2-stroke designs, the imminent production of a 2.7L 3-cylinder light truck engine by Achates Powers. In comparison to other 2-stroke designs, the advantages in terms of scavenge and thermal efficiency are indisputable: a perfect “uniflow” scavenge mode can be achieved advantages in terms scavenge andcontrolled thermal efficiency areheat indisputable: perfectreduced “uniflow” scavenge mode cantransfer be achieved with inexpensive andof efficient piston ports, while losses are astrongly by the relatively small area. with inexpensive and efficient piston controlled ports,is while heat losses are strongly reduced DI by Diesel the relatively small transfer area. Unfortunately, the design of the combustion system completely different from a 4-stroke engine, since the injectors Abstract Unfortunately, the on design of the combustion system this is completely from a 4-stroke Diesel engine, since the injectors must be installed the cylinder liners: however, challenge different can be converted into a DI further opportunity to improve fuel must be installed onadvanced the cylinder liners: however, this challenge can be converted into a further opportunity to improve fuel efficiency, adopting combustion concepts. District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the efficiency, advanced combustion where concepts. This paper adopting isgas based on a previous the These main geometric parameters of an opposed piston at 270 greenhouse emissions from thestudy, building sector. systems require high investments which are engine returnedrated through the kW heat This paper iswere based on a previous study, where the main geometric parameters of an work opposed piston engine rated at 270ofkW (3200 rpm) defined with the support of CFD 1D-3D simulations. The current will focus on the influence an sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, (3200 rpm)combustion were defined with developed the supportbyoftheCFD 1D-3D simulations. TheCFD-3D current work will holding focus on the influence of an innovative system, authors by means of further analyses, constant the boundary prolonging the investment return period. innovative of combustion system, developed by the authors by means of further CFD-3D analyses, holding constant the boundary conditions the scavenging The main scope of this paperprocess. is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand conditions of the scavenging process. The numerical study eventually demonstrates thatLisbon an optimized 2-S OP engine canstudy. achieveThe a 10% improvement on of brake forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in (Portugal), wasDiesel used as a case district is consisted 665 The numerical study eventually demonstrates that an optimized 2-S OP Dieselengine, engine while can achieve a 10% improvement on brake efficiency at full load, in comparison to an equivalent conventional 4-stroke reducing in-cylinder peak pressures buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district efficiency fulltemperatures. load, in comparison to an equivalent conventional 4-stroke engine, while reducing in-cylinder peak pressures and turbineatinlet renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were and turbine inlet temperatures. compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. ©The 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. results showed that when only weatherLtd. change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications © 2017 2017 The Authors. Published Elsevier nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering © The Authors. Published by by Elsevier Ltd. committee of the 72nd Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific (the error inunder annual demand was than 20% for all weather considered). However, afterMachines introducing renovation Peer-review responsibility of lower the scientific committee of the 72scenarios Conference of the Italian Thermal Engineering nd Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 72 Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association. Association scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). Association. The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the Keywords: Opposed Piston; 2-Stroke; Diesel engine; CFD; combustion decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and Keywords: Opposed Piston; 2-Stroke; Diesel engine; CFD; combustion renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested be059 used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and * Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 059 2056151; could fax: +39 2056126 improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. * E-mail Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 059 2056151; fax: +39 059 2056126 address:
[email protected]
E-mail address:
[email protected]
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2017 Authors. Published Elsevier committee Ltd. Peer-review underThe responsibility of theby scientific of the 72 nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering
Peer-review Association. under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 72 nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 72nd Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.268
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Enrico Mattarelli et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 1003–1010 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
1. Introduction 2-Stroke Diesel engines are very promising in the automotive field for their intrinsic down-speeding and/or downsizing potential, due to high torque density, as well as for their enhanced fuel efficiency [1, 2].
The opposed-piston design (figure 1) is one of the most interesting propositions, since it combines the advantages of piston controlled ports (no poppet valves, no camshafts) to the efficiency of asymmetric uniflow scavenging [3-9].
Q
Fig. 1. Sketch of an Opposed Piston 2-stroke engine
With a proper offset of the exhaust crankshaft (depicted in red, in figure 1) from the intake crankshaft (depicted in blue), as well as with an optimized design of scavenge and exhaust ports, trapping efficiency can be dramatically enhanced, in comparison to other 2-Stroke designs. Another fundamental advantage of using opposed piston is the elimination of cylinder head, thus reducing the surface area of the combustion chamber, which in turn results in a reduction of engine heat rejection to the coolant. The after-treatment and charging devices can benefit from this additional heat available in the exhaust. Moreover, a strong turbulence can be generated within the cylinder, helping the combustion process. In comparison to a 4-stroke engine, or to different types of uniflow scavenged two strokes [10-14], the opposed piston concept needs a second crankshaft, as well as a mechanical device to merge the power of the two axes. This transmission must be carefully designed, otherwise the intrinsic advantage of the elimination of the poppet valves could be completely lost. The goal of this study is to assess the influence of an efficient combustion system, specifically developed for the opposed piston engine presented in a previous publication [15]. The main features of the analyzed engine are reviewed in table 1. The compression ratio presented in table 1 is defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum cylinder volume, without any offset between the exhaust and the inlet crankshaft. When an offset is applied, as in this case, the cylinder time-volume law changes, and the compression ratio tends to decrease a little bit (from 18.0:1 to 17.3:1). However, if the compression ratio is calculated as the ratio of the cylinder volume at exhaust port closing to the minimum cylinder volume, this parameter is almost not affected by the crankshaft offset. Much more significant is the influence on ports timing: as the offset increases, the exhaust port opening advance from the inlet crankshaft bottom dead center (bdc) goes up, while the closing retard decreases of the same quantity, see figure 2. Ports timing controls the scavenging process, and it has a fundamental impact also on combustion. The CFD calculations reported in [15] show that a positive increment of the offset angle makes the trapped charge increase (lower cylinder pressure at scavenge ports opening, thus higher delivery ratio; early closure of the exhaust, thus better trapping efficiency). Due to the reduced retard from bdc of the exhaust port closure, as well as for the bigger trapped mass, the compression stroke yields higher pressure values around top dead center (tdc), with an ensuing reduction of the autoignition retard. On the other hand, the early opening of the exhaust ports has a very little influence on the completion of combustion, but it tends to reduce the expansion work, thus the cycle efficiency. The numerical results obtained in the previous project suggest to select an offset angle of 10°, as the best trade-off among the above mentioned conflicting requirements.
Enrico Mattarelli et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 1003–1010 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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Table 1. Main features of analyzed opposed-piston Diesel engine Parameters
Values
Bore x Stroke [mm]
84.3 x 109.5
Number of Cylinder/Pistons
3/6
Total Displacement [cc]
3665
Air Metering system
Turbocharger + supercharger + intercooler
Fuel Metering system
Common Rail, piezo-injectors (2000 bar)
Target Brake Power [kW] @3200rpm
270
Target Peak Torque [Nm] @1600rpm
930
Number/height of scavenge ports [#/mm]
12/12.5
Number/height of exhaust ports [#/mm]
8/24.2
Crankshafts offset [c.a. deg.]
10
Compression Ratio at offset=0°
18:1 Port Geometric Area [mm^2]
scavenge
5000
exhaust
4000 3000
2000 1000 0
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
Scavenge Crank angle - CA° after TDC
Fig. 2. Scavenge and exhaust ports area, plotted as a function of the inlet (or scavenge) crankshaft angle
The most important constraints considered in the design of the combustion system are: peak cylinder pressure: 160 bar; maximum injection pressure: 2000 bar; turbine inlet temperature upper limit: 800 °C; minimum trapped airfuel ratio at full load: 18; back-pressure at the turbine outlet, at maximum speed: 1.9 bar. In order to put the 2-S engine performance in context, a comparison is made with a state-of-the-art 4-Stroke automotive engine, whose features are reviewed in table 2. This engine is analyzed by using GT-Power, and the CFD-1D model is strictly derived from an experimentally calibrated model, presented in a previous project [16]. The reference 4-stroke model includes the experimental values of: friction mean effective pressures, intake/exhaust valves discharge coefficients, turbine/compressor parameters, burn rates and air-fuel ratio limits corresponding to a Euro VI compliant calibration. 2. Numerical optimization of the combustion system The numerical study is divided into two phases: the first one focuses on the combustion process, considering only the cylinder, after ports closing (no manifolds, imposed initial flow field and charge composition); in the second step, a whole engine cycle is simulated several times, keeping the same boundary conditions and changing the initial mass, from a cycle to the following one, until reaching steady conditions. In both cases, the operating point under investigation is the most critical, i.e. the one at rated power (3200 rpm, relative air-fuel ratio: 1.2, about 20% of residuals in the trapped charge) The tool adopted for CFD-3D simulation is a customized version of the KIVA-3V code, developed and calibrated in the last years through a number of similar research projects [14, 16]. Engine performance is predicted by means of a GT-Power model, incorporating all the detailed information provided by the parallel 3-D analyses. In
Enrico Mattarelli et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 1003–1010 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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particular, this information includes the scavenge patterns (i.e. the correlation between the amount of residuals trapped within the cylinder and the fraction of exhaust gas leaving the cylinder through the exhaust port), the effective time-area diagrams of ports (effective port area as a function of crank angle), and of course the burn rates (instantaneous fraction of burnt fuel, referred to the total injected fuel mass). In the first phase, the influence of the number of injection points, the injector nozzle geometry and its orientation is investigated by KIVA, along with the injection strategy; initial conditions are provided by a GT-Power model. In the second phase, the most promising design is analyzed, considering different injection timings. In this case, GTPower provides the boundary conditions, while the scavenge quantities are calculated at each cycle. The preliminary CFD-3D analyses enabled to find an optimum design for the combustion system, that cannot be disclosed in this paper. The injection strategy is further optimized by means of the full cycle analyses (second phase). A view of the computational grid created for this purpose is presented in figure 3. Table 2. Main features of the reference 4-S HSDI Diesel engine Parameters
Values
Bore x Stroke [mm]
95 x 100
Compression Ratio
16:1
Layout
V6-60°
Total Displacement [cc]
4251
Air Metering system
1 VGT Turbocharger+ intercooler
Injection system
Common Rail, piezo-injectors (2000 bar)
Top Brake Power [kW] @3600rpm
285
Top Brake Torque [Nm] @1600rpm
930
EGR
High Pressure + Low Pressure
Fig. 3. Computational grid built for the full cycle analysis
The best result is found for a single-shot injection at 1300 bar, starting at 10 cad before TDC. For this setting, combustion is complete (efficiency 100%), despite the high amount of residuals (22%) and the relatively low air-fuel ratio (17). Figure 4 shows the calculated traces of cylinder pressure, temperature, rate of heat release and cumulative released heat. In order to put the previous results in a more general context, a comparison is made among the non-dimensional combustion rates of different Diesel engine types at rated power. The selected references are the 4-stroke automotive turbocharged engine (see Table 2) and a 2-stroke loop scavenged automotive prototype [15]. In all the cases, fuel injection is made up of a single shot at high pressure. The curves are shifted in order to have 50% of fuel burned at the same crank angle (32° in the plot). It may be observed that combustion in the OP engine is remarkably similar to that found in the reference 4-stroke engine. Conversely, the loop scavenged engine reaches the maximum speed at the very beginning of the process, then the curve becomes similar to the others.
Enrico Mattarelli et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 1003–1010 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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In-cylinder average Pressure
In-cylinder average Temperature
Rate of Heat Release
Cumulative released heat
Fig. 4. CFD-3D cycle analysis results at 3200 rpm, full load (Opposed Piston engine)
2S-loop
2S-OP
4S
50
60
0.035
0.03
dX/dq
0.025
0.02 0.015 0.01
0.005 0
0
10
20
30
40
70
80
90
Crank Angle ° Fig. 5. Comparison of non-dimensional combustion rates for 2 and 4-stroke engines at rated power.
100
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3. Comparison to the 4-S reference engine The combustion rates calculated by KIVA-3V at some engine speeds, full load, are entered in the GT-Power engine model, in order to compare the Opposed Piston 2-S engine equipped with the new combustion system to the reference 4-Stroke engine. Analyzing figure 6, it may be observed that the two engines have identical brake performance (torque and power, fig. 6a). However, in the 2-stroke engine the ratio of trapped air to fuel is 20% higher, enabling a reduction of soot (fig. 6b). Also NOx emissions are expected to be lower, since the fresh charge is always diluted by burnt gas (15% on average, see fig. 6b). Obviously, in the OP engine the heat rejected through the cylinder walls is strongly reduced (-20%, on average, fig. 6c), but also the Turbine Inlet Temperature (TIT) is more than 100 degrees lower, an important advantage when adopting a variable geometry turbine. P_2S
800
250
600
200
400
150
200
100
0 1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
AFR (trapped)
300
BRAKE POWER - kW
BRAKE TORQUE - Nm
b)
P_4S
AFR_2S
40 35
25
30
22.5
25
20
20
17.5
15
15
10 5
10 1000
50 3500
1500
HeatLoss_2S
120
1000
100
900
80
800
60
700
40
600
20
1500
2000
2500
d)
HeatLoss_4S
1100
500 1000
3000
0 3500
GIMEP_2S
Friction_4S
3000
0 3500
GIMEP_4S
PCYL_2S
PCYL_4S 180
50
150
40
120
30
90
20
60
10
30
0 1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 3500
ENGINE SPEED - rpm
Pumping_2S
f)
Pumping_4S
IndEff_2S
IndEff_4S
BrakeEff_2S
BrakeEff_4S
30
50
50
25
25
48
48
20
20
46
46
15
15
44
44
10
10
42
42
5
5
40
40
0
0
38
38
-5 1000
1500
2000
2500
ENGINE SPEED - rpm
3000
-5 3500
Indicated Efficiency - %
30
Pumping Power - kW
Friction Power - kW
Friction_2S
2500
60
ENGINE SPEED - rpm
e)
2000
ENGINE SPEED - rpm
Gross IMEP - bar
TIT_4S
res_4S
12.5
Heat Loss (Cylinder)- kW
Turbine Inlet Temperature - K
TIT_2S
res_2S
27.5
ENGINE SPEED - rpm
c)
AFR_4S
30
Exhaust Residuals - %
T_4S
Peak Cylinder Pressure - bar
T_2S 1000
36 1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Brake Efficiency - %
a)
36 3500
ENGINE SPEED - rpm
Fig. 6. Comparison between the 2S engine equipped by the new combustion system and the reference 4-S engine of Table 2. Full load operations analyzed by GT-Power.
Enrico Mattarelli et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 1003–1010 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
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The values of gross mean indicated pressure (the specific work transmitted from gas to piston during the compression-expansion strokes, fig. 6d) are almost double in the 4-S engine: as a result, more aggressive and efficient combustion strategies can be adopted in the 2-Stroke engine, while complying with the constraint of maximum cylinder pressure (which remains about 10 bar lower than in the reference 4-S engine). The smaller amount of energy rejected by the engine (in terms of heat losses and exhaust enthalpy), as well as the more efficient combustion strategies, yield a better gross indicated efficiency (+15%, on average, fig. 6f). This advantage is slightly reduced when considering the brake efficiency, figure 6f, since the 2-Stroke engine requires more energy for sweeping the cylinder: as visible in figure 6e, at 3200 rpm the pumping power is 22 kW against 14 kW (however, brake power is almost 20 times larger, so the influence of this loss is quite low). The difference in terms of friction power, figure 6e, is negligible: the intrinsic loss due to the double crankshaft and the higher mean piston speeds are compensated by the lack of a valve-train. The best brake efficiency of the 2-S engine is obtained at 2000 rpm (44.0%), while the best point for the 4-S power unit is at 1800 rpm (40.7%). On average, the advantage of the 2Stroke engine is about 10%. Figure 7 compares the two engines in terms of brake specific fuel consumption and specific NOx. The last parameter is calculated by GT-Power using a model experimentally calibrated on the 4-Stroke engine, thus the results are only qualitative. The graph clearly shows the enhancement of fuel efficiency provided by the optimized 2-S engine, while, in terms of NOx emissions, an improvement can be observed only at medium-high speeds (>2000 rpm), thanks to the internal EGR. A further reduction of NOx is probably possible adopting less “aggressive” injection strategies. bsfc_4S
bsNOx_2S
bsNOx_4S
240
8
230
7
220
6
210
5
200
4
190
3
180 1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
bsNOx - g/kWh
bsfc - g/kWh
bsfc_2S
2 3500
ENGINE SPEED - rpm
Fig. 7. Comparison between the 2S engine equipped by the new combustion system and the reference 4-S engine of Table 2: brake specific fuel consumption and NOx emissions are plotted at full load
Conclusions The paper analyzes the influence of an optimized combustion system on the performance of a new 3-cylinder, opposed-piston two stroke Diesel engine, total displacement 3665 cc, rated at 270 kW (3200 rpm). This engine is compared to a conventional 4-stroke, V6, 4225 cc turbocharged Diesel engine, Euro VI compliant. The two engines have the same brake performances.
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Enrico Mattarelli et al. / Energy Procedia 126 (201709) 1003–1010 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000
The new combustion system enables a strong improvement of indicated efficiency at full load (+15%), thanks to a complete and fast combustion (similar to a 4-stroke engine), coupled to a strong reduction of heat losses through the walls, due to a reduction of heat transfer areas (the opposed piston engine has no cylinder heads). Exhaust gas temperatures are reduced too, because of the higher air-fuel ratios and the higher amount of exhaust residuals. The advantage in terms of indicated efficiency is slightly reduced when considering brake efficiency, because of the higher pumping losses (the 2-S engine needs an additional supercharger). However, the 2-S engine enables a 10% reduction of fuel consumption, on average. Soot emissions at full load are expected to decrease in the 2-S engine, because of the higher air-fuel ratios (+20%). A reduction of specific NOx emissions is predicted at medium-high speeds, thanks to the internal EGR. At low speed, NOx are higher, because of the fast combustion, but they could be reduced adopting a different injection strategy. The values of gross indicated mean effective pressure are almost one half of the equivalent 4-stroke engine: this is a fundamental advantage for injection calibration, since it enables the implementation of innovative combustion concepts, requiring more freedom from cylinder pressure constraints. References [1] Tribotte, P., Ravet, F., Dugue, V., Obernesser, P., Quechon, N., Benajes, J., Novella, R., and De Lima, D., " Two Strokes Diesel Engine Promising Solution to Reduce CO2 Emissions," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, (48), 2295-2314 2012, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1202. 2. Heywood, J. B. and Sher, E., “Two-Stroke Cycle Engine: Its Development, Operation and Design”, Taylor and Francis, ISBN: 978-1-56032831-5, 1999 3. Herold, R., Wahl, M., Regner, G., Lemke, J. et al., "Thermodynamic Benefits of Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-2216, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-2216. 4. Hofbauer, P., "Opposed Piston Opposed Cylinder (opoc) Engine for Military Ground Vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1548, 2005, doi:10.4271/2005-01-1548. 5. Peng, L., Tusinean, A., Hofbauer, P., and Deylami, K., "Development of a Compact and Efficient Truck APU," SAE Technical Paper 200501-0653, 2005, doi:10.4271/2005-01-0653. 6. Regner, G., Herold, R., Wahl, M., Dion, E. et al., "The Achates Power Opposed-Piston Two-Stroke Engine: Performance and Emissions Results in a Medium-Duty Application," SAE Int. J. Engines 4(3):2726-2735, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-2221. 7. Regner, G., Johnson, D., Koszewnik, J., Dion, E. et al., "Modernizing the Opposed Piston, Two Stroke Engine for Clean, Efficient Transportation," SAE Technical Paper 2013-26-0114, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-26-0114. 8. Redon, F., Kalebjian, C., Kessler, J., Rakovec, N. et al., "Meeting Stringent 2025 Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Regulations with an Opposed-Piston, Light-Duty Diesel Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1187, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1187. 9. Naik, S., Redon, F., Regner, G., and Koszewnik, J., "Opposed-Piston 2-Stroke Multi-Cylinder Engine Dynamometer Demonstration," SAE Technical Paper 2015-26-0038, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-26-0038 10. Fellberg, M., Huber, J., and Duerr, J., "The Development of Detroit Diesel Allison's New Generation Series 53 Engines," SAE Technical Paper 850259, 1985, doi:10.4271/850259 11. Knoll, R., "AVL Two-Stroke Diesel Engine," SAE Technical Paper 981038, 1998, doi:10.4271/981038. 12. Hori, H., "Scavenging Flow Optimization of Two-Stroke Diesel Engine by Use of CFD," SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0903, 2000, doi:10.4271/2000-01-0903. 13. Nuccio, P., Marzano, M.R.,” R&D of a New G.D.I. 2-Stroke Engine with a Unidirectional Scavenging Flow and a Force-Feed Lubrication System”, SAE Paper 2007-32-0025. 2007 14. Mattarelli, E., Rinaldini, C., and Wilksch, M., "2-Stroke High Speed Diesel Engines for Light Aircraft," SAE Int. J. Engines 4(2):2338-2360, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-24-0089. 15. Warey, A., Gopalakrishnan, V., Potter, M., et al., "Comparison of different scavenging concepts on two-stroke high-speed diesel engines”. Proceedings of THIESEL2016, Conference on Thermo-and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Direct Injection Engines. Valencia (Spain), 9-13th September 2016 16. Mattarelli, E., Rinaldini, C., and Golovitchev, V.,“Potential of the Miller cycle on a HSDI diesel automotive engine”. Applied Energy, Volume 112, 2013, Pages 102-119, ISSN 0306-2619, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.05.056.
