Comparison of locomotor behaviour between white

0 downloads 0 Views 868KB Size Report
F u s u i R e s e r v e. G r o u p 1 w a s t h e. m o s t ...... sa. lutatorylemur. s (Lepilemur edwardsia. nd Avah occidentalis).J.Zoo1. L. o nd.241:325 — 341 ...
Cur r e nt   Zoo l o gy  55(1): 9—1 9,2009  

Com pari son of l ocom ot or behavi our bet ween whi t e- headed l angurs  

Tr ac hy pi t he cus   l euc oce phal us  and  Franq oi s’l angurs  T. f r anf oi s i  i n  Fus ui,Chi na 

J i nr ong  XI ONG ,Shi hua  GONG ,Chenggang  QI U ,Zhaoyuan LI   1.Facul t y of  Conservat i on Bi ology,Sout hwest  Forest r y Uni versit y,Kunmi ng  650224, Chi na  2.Depart ment  of W i l dli f e Conser vat i on,Guangxi  Forest y Bur r eau, Nanni ng  530022,Chi na  3.Bi odi versi ty and Nat ure Conser v ati on Cent re,Sout hwest  Forest y Uni r versi t y,Kunming  650224, China 

Abstract   W e s tudi ed t he locomotor behavi our of whit e—headed l angurs   Z  ^ 

k c  l eucoce phal us and Francoi s’ langurs 

T. 加 n  t o  t es t   t wo  hypot he s es:(1)t hes e   monkey s   have  e vol ve d  l oco mot or   a bi l i y  t t o  s uppor t  t hei r   a ct i vi t i e s   on  l i mes t one  hi l l s,   and(2)Fr anc oi s’l ang ur s  have   e vol ved  mor e   di ver s e   l o como t o r   s ki l l s   t ha n  whi t e —he aded  l a ng ur s.Dat a   wer e  co l l e ct ed  f r o m  1996—  1998 and i n 2005 in Fusui  Nat ure Reserve,Guangxi,and showed t hat  the t wo speci es had si mi l ar l ocomot or  t yp e s, but  Franqoi s’  

l angur s  had  mor e  l oc omot or   modes(26)t ha n  whi t e— hea ded  l ang ur s(1 2).Quadr upe dal   wal ki ng   and  l ea pi ng  wer e  t wo  ma j or   t ype s,   and whi t e—headed langurs were more arbor ea l t han Franqois’ langurs.W e suggest  t hat, whi l e keepi ng t hei r ancest ra l locomotor  t ypes,t h e t wo species have evol ved new t ypes  al l owi ng them t o l i ve on l imest one cl i fs. Compared t o whi t e-headed l angur s,   Francoi s’ l angur s have more di verse locomotor modes  that probably have a llowed t hem t o li ve i n more habi t at  t ypes .

As  an 

ev ol ut i o nar y  o ut c ome,Fr a nqoi s’l ang ur s  ha ve  a  l ar ger   di s t r i but i on  r a ng e [Cur r en t   Zoo l ogy 55 (1):9—1 9,20 09].   Key words  Locomot or  behavi our,Evol ut i on,W hi te. headed langurs, Franqoi s’ l angur s 

Locomot or   behavi our   has  s i gni f i cant   bear i ng  on  pr imat e   evol ut i on.   St udi es  have  been  carr i ed  out  

Tr ac h y pi t he c u s (wi t h  a  mor e  f o l i v o r o us  di e t, Fl e a g l e,   1977b)   as  wel 1.   Fl eagl e  and  Mi t t er mei er (1 980 )  

ext ensi vel y i n pr osi mi ans, New W or l d  monkeys, Ol d 

proposed  a  ser i es   of  r el at i ons hi ps   bet ween  l ocomot or  

Wor l d   monke y s,an d  a pe s( Ge bo,1 987,1 992;Dag o s t o,  

behavi our, body si z e, and t he f or est  s t r at a us ed by a 

1989, 1992; W ar r en, 1997; Gat her, 1980, 1991;  

gi ven s peci es. Thei r  concl usi ons  became worki ng hypot h—  

Fl eagl e, 1 978a, b; Fl eagl e et  a1., 1981; Cant, 1977,  

eses  t hat  have been t est ed by ot her s us i ng dat a f r om 

1986, 1987,1988;Dor an,1993; Hunt, 1991, 1992a,  

var ious  pr imat e gr oups, but  a gr eement  has   not  been 

b; Ros e, 1978, 1979; Cannon and Lei ght on, 1994;  

r eached (see McGr aw,1998).  

McGr a w, 1   998).Qua dr u peda l  wa l ki ng,c l i mbi ng,a nd 

W hi t e— headed l angum Tr achypi t hecus  l eucoce phal us  

l eapi ng appear ed at  an ear l y st age of  pr imat e evol ut i onar y 

a nd  Fr a nc o i s ’l a ng ur s  T. f r a nf o i s i,t wo  f ol i v o r o us  pr ima —  

h i s t o r y (Wa l ke r, 1 979), a nd  t h us  a r e  r e g a r de d  a s  

t e s(Li  a nd  Ro g e r s, 2 006; Xi ong, 2006), l i ve  o n 

ancest r al  char act ers  of  pr i mat es. Br aehi at i ng (i ncl udi ng 

l i mest one hi l l s  i n Sout h Chi na and I ndochi na (Li,  

s uspens i on)i s  a f eat ur e of   fr ugi vor ous  pr imat es,such as 

1993b;2003w ; Gr oves,2001; Su et  a 1.

g i bbo ns(Hy l o ba t e s  s pp.,Ca nno n a nd  Le i g ht o n,1 994;   Ca r pe n t er ,1 940),gr e a t  a pe s(Po ngo   py gmae us  ab e l i i,   S ug ar d j i t o,  1 98 2),  a nd  s o me  n eo t r o pi c a l   pr ima t e s   (Pi t h e c i a  pi t he c i a a nd  Chi r o po t e s  s at anas,Fl e a g l e  a nd  

ver t i ca l di mensi on of  l i mest one  hi l l s  di f f erent i at es  t hem 

Mel dr um , 1988; Al ouat t a pal l i nt a, Cebus  c apuci nus,  

di s cont i nuous. Second。 t he cl i fs  mean t hat  onl y ski l f ul  

Ge bo, 1 99 2; At e l e s  ge o fr o yi, Ca nt ,1 9 77, 1 986).  

cl i mber s can t ravel   rom  f one si de of   a l i mest one  hi l l  t o t he  

Fol i vor ous  pr imat es  adopt  di f f er ent  l ocomot or  modes; t hey  wal k  quadr upedal l y  and  cl i b   mor m e  t han  f rugi vor es  

(Fl e a g l e, 1 9 77a,1 978a,b).Thi s  di fer e nc e  ca n  be   seen  bet ween  f ol i vor ous   col obi nes  and  f r ugi vor ous  

ma c aq ues(Mc Gr a w,1 996;Geb o  an d Cha pma n,1 995)   a nd  be t wee n Pr e s b y t i s( wi t h  a   mor e   f r ug i v o r ous   di e t )a nd  



2002).The  

f r om non.1 i mes t one habi t at s. Fi r st. i t  has  changed t he 

spat i al  r el at i onshi p  bet ween  t r ees  f rom  hor i z ont al  t o  ver t i ca l,   so   movement   bet ween  t r ee   canopi es   i s 

ot her. Thus. i t  i s  pr edi ct ed t hat  t he l angur s may have   evo l ved uni que  l ocomot or  behavi our  t o  al l ow t hem t o  move 

ar ound  l i mes t one   hi l l s.   i n  addi t i on  t o  quadr u peda l  wal ki ng, cl i mbi ng, and l eapi ng. Dat a ar e avai l abl e on 

t h e   e c ol og y  o f   wh i t e- he ad e d l a ng ur s (Li ,19 92,1 993a,   b; Li  and Roger s,2004a, b, 2005a,b, c; Li  et  a 1.,  

Recei ved Feb. 06,2008; accept ed Oct.28, 2008  * Corr es pondi ng aut hor.   E—mai l: zhaoyuanl@ yahoo.tom 

① Li   ZY,2 0 03.Re p o r t   t o  As i a n  De ve l o pme nt   Ba nk   on   t he  S ur ve y   o f   Po p uL a t i o ns  o f   Whi t e — h ea d ed  La n gu r 8  T r a c h y pi t h e c u s   l e u c o c e ph al u s  a nd  Fr a ng o i s   l a ng ur s  T. fr an f o i s i   i n  Fu s ui  Res e r v e.   ◎ 20 09  Cu r r e n t   Zo o l o gy  

l0 

Cu ̄em Zool ogy 

V01.55  No.1  

2003a,b; Bur t on et  a1., 1995; Huang et  a1., 2002,  

l o c o mo t o r  a b i l i t y (Lu a nd  Li ,1 991).I t  wa s  p r e d i c t e d  

2003),   but  t here  i s   no  publ i s hed  i nf c I r mat i on  on 

t hat  Fr ancoi s’l angurs  s houl d have  mor e di ver se l ocomot or  

l oc o mo t i o n  f o r   t es t i n g   o ur   pr e di ct i o n.The   ir f s t   o b j e c t i ve   o f  

ski l l s  t han whi t e— headed l angur s  t o deal  wi t h di f f er ent  

t hi s  paper  i s t o pr ovi de  such i nf ormat i on  and  use i t   t o t es t  

s u bs t r a t e s   o n  l i mes t o ne   hi l l s.Thu s,t he  s e co nd   o bj e c t i ve  

t he pr edi ct i on.  

of   t hi s  paper  i s t o t est  t hi s  pr edi ct i on.  

The  cl ass i icat f i on  of  whi t e— headed  l angur s   and 

Fr ancoi s’l angur s  has  been i n di sput e si nce  1980 (Tan,   1957,1985;Li  and Ma,1980;Br andon— Jones, 1 984;  

1  Met hods   1. 1  St udy s i t e and l angur groups  

Lu and Li, 1991; W ang et  a1., 1997; Oat es  et  a1.,  

W e car r i ed  out   our  f iel dwor k  i n  Fus ui   Nat ure  

1994; Groves, 2001; Roos, 2004; Roos  and Nadl er,  

Reser ve, 107。46 一 1 08。03  E and 22。25   一 22。31  N .  

20 05).Acc o r di n g   t o   Lu  a nd   Li(1 9 91)an d  Li( 2000),  

Whi t e - he a d ed  l a ng ur s  a r e  f ound  s o ut h  o f  t he  Zuo j i a ng  

t he di s t r i but i on  pat t er n  of  t he t wo f or nq s  i s  t he  key  

Ri ver  and Fr angoi s’l angur s nor t h of   i t.Accor di ngl y.t he  

evi dence  di s pr ovi ng  t he  pr opos al   t hat   whi t e—headed 

nat ur e res er ve i s  compos ed of  t wo Dart s, one  nor t h of  t he  

l angur s  ar e a  subspeci es  of  Fr angoi s’ l angur s  or  anot her  

iver f  and t he  ot her  s out h of  i t(Fi g.1).  

s peci es. W hi t e— headed 1 angur s  ar e r es t ict r ed t o  a sma l l  

Li mes t o ne   hi l l s  a p pea r   i n  c l us t er s(Li  a nd  Ro g e s, r  

a r e a   s ur r o un de d  b y   t he   Mi ng j i a ng   Ri v er ,Zuo j i an g   Ri ve r,  

2007).   Obs er vat i ons   on  whi t e—headed  l angur s  wer e  

and Shi wandas han Mount ai n, cover ing part s  of  Fus ui,  

carr i ed  out   i n  t he  l i mes t one  hi l l   cl us t er   cal l ed 

Chongzuo,   Ni ngmi ng,   and  Longzhou  Count i es   i n 

Longgengs huang. wher e  we  obser v ed  l1   gr oups   of  

Guang xi, Chi na. Fr an9oi s’ l angur s  have been r epor t ed 

l angur s .Det ai l s   on t he  iel f d s i t e have  been  document ed i n 

f r om 23  count i es  i n Guangxi,7 count i es  i n Gui zhou and  4 

Li  and Roger s(2005b).For  det ai l s  of  habi t at  qual i t y i n 

c oun t i e s   i n   Chon g qi ng,Chi n a(Wu,1 983;Li ,20 00;S u   e t   a 1.,2002),whi ch  s ug g es t s  a  r a nge  mu ch   l ar g e r   t ha n  

LGS.see Tabl e  1.  

t hat  of  whi t e—headed l angur s . Accor di ngl y. Lu and Li  

Zho ng hua   Vi l l a g e( Fi g. 1).He r e,a   t o t al  o f   t hr e e   l a ng ur  

( 1 991)pr o po s e d  t ha t  Fr a n qo i s’l a ng ur s ha v e  s hown  a  

gr oups  wer e  f ound, each i n a cl us t er  of  l i mest one hi l l s  

W e conduct ed obs er vat i ons  on Fr anqoi s’ l anKur s i n 

great er  abi l i t y t o di sper se dur ing evol ut i onar y hi s t or y .  

(Fi g. 2).W e scored t he habi t at  qual i t y  accor di ng t o t he  

Fact or s i nf luenci ng t he  r ange di f f er ence wer e s ugges t ed t o  

ext ent  of  human di s t ur bance (f or  det ai l s, see Li  and 

i nc l ude  f ood  avai l abi l i t y,

Roger s。 2004a). The habi t at  qua l i t y  i n t he r ange  of  

pr edat or s,   c l i mat e,   and 

Fi g. 1   Map  of  Chi na IA)s howi ng  t he  s t udy ar ea,t he   l ocal i t y o f   Fus ui  IB),and  t he  s t udy  s i t es(C)   Map of  Chi na ci t ed f r om ht t p:// www. chi namap. com/newi nter net /maps/  

F ig 2

L



Gro

u

p

Gr o

u

p

to

is

a n

le

l

v e

1 w m n



hills

±

38 6

r e s

t ri c t e

fro

m

19 9 6 pa tte

o u r

u

rn

a n a n n

ls

r v a



s c a n

in t e

r v

bs

tra te s

r e c o r s e c



din g The W

e

(in c lu din

he

n

fr o

bo th

s c a n

d

m o r e n



u

m

la

the

n

w

bta in

d

e

gu

r s

in

d d

v e

s e a

he

r e

dv

e r s e

)

10

o

t

n e a r e s

a

=

u r

a n



f h il l s ( 16 2

o

n

ge

d

s

a n



th e

e r v a

s c a n

u s

in g

fa

m o

t a rt

n

t

de

s

a n

to

tio

d

a n

n e

n

r o c

u n

de

r

a n

d al l = o

r e e o r ‘

r e c o r

r o c

ds

k

l

a n

’ .

d

Da

d

r

s u

te

c

d ,

the

tim e s

da

d

c o m o

la

n

gu to

c o m o o n

s u s a m

bs tra

te

s

in g s a m

s u

bs

r s

s

t io

e

bs

tr a te s

s u

p p o r t in g t h e b o dy

pe

bs

g

a

te

w e

t

s



d

e

in g

tr

: m o s

t

d

o n

r o u n

al

o n

a

fo

u r

gr

u s e

e e o

p lin g

; thu

s

u s e

th a

n

s

gu



rs

be lo

n

tr

d

(

te

fr

t

to

r e

r e a c

h

he

w e

w

fo

o u a n

t



s

f

i m al

typ

in

e

in g

lu de d

c

t

n

lim b in g e t a 1







al k i n g

w

m o v

in g

fr o

the

a

d r u p e d al l y lim b s s im

a

qu ≥

he

lo

ir

3

pla

o n e

m

t

a

s o m e

e

n o

lo w ly

s

o n

ic

rt

v e

lta

u

l

a

ly

n e o u s

s

he

a n o t

to

c e

d u ri

ta g e

n

r



the

g

the

c

d

lo w

f

d

m

w

o m

u

n

e s

tha

gr

c

a

e e

py

l if f s

D u ri



g

tha t the

d

u n

n

w s :

to

o

lo

in g

tr

w e r

f

it

e e

to

T h is



the

lo w

e r

f

the

u

o

by

tre e

w e r

c a u s



tha t

n

d

m o v e



fo

w e

p y to th e lo c a n o

in g

n e

r

tr

r

l if

c

s

fo llo

a s

i m al

a n

a n



th e

the

n

lim b

to

h ig h e ppe

c a n o

he

s

a

th e

r e

tre e

e r

type

r

th e

o v e r

fr

to

lim

m

in g fr o o

u s e

fr o

to a

c o m o

he

w

in g it s fo

u s

tr

e e

ppe

r



ith e

(F ) s

tr

in g fr e

d

ta ye

d

o r

r

the

e

fu

s

fo

l if

fe ll

a n

e e

pie

u s

h

n c

r

r

c a n o

a r

py

t

o u

br a

th e

d

r

de d

r e e o r

a

m o v



w a s r

w a s

he

h ig h e

fa llin g

it

u s

c



Hu



d r u p e da lly o n h o r iz o n t a l 3 lim b s s im u lta n e o u s ly



ith

tw

o u

lidin g

e e

the o



th r e e

d

rt

e

a n o

n

a

al k i n g

w

19 9 9





o v e r

w

ty p e

r

tr

a

in g qu ith

w



(B )

a



Fre

ly s is

gle

m o v



in

s

o m

( F ig 3 A )

The

l 1

r s

in to

n

( Fle a

h is T





)

L s

gro

e s

h e d fa

d

r

s tr a

the n



fr o m

gu



u s e

c o m o

e e

n



w



) )

C

45

Slidin g ( S ) it t in g o n th e c a

f

c a m e

(

>

lim b

b

s u

g

ly

o u n

(

t

m o v e m e n n

la

a n a

tio

c o m o

m o v

)

bo dy

p in g

Le

Tre

la



is

o



B r a c hia t in g

r e a c





b in g Cl im

o r

≥ 5

r

the

o n

tr

n

te

a





45

s u

e n c e

le

tr a te s

the n

fo p

(W )

r u n n

a

to pp

(

d

d in



n

p p o rt i n g t h e

ith

qc

d br a c h ia tin g e d a s fo llo w s

a n

o n



lo

s u r

n

d da ta

a n

d

e

m

p lin g

in g

qu

to r

a n

n s

i fi

s s

W a lk in g tr

in

ta

e

s e

m o v



m o v e m e n

da

d Fra

a n

bs

ta

ra

la

c

) d e fi

19 9 6

~

i tio

n

e

p lin g

s a m

W



p in g

a

gu

s u

3

b a du lt

ir

W

w

d

m o v



t iv ity

e rv

s u

D e ft

1 3

le

n

e s e r v e

a c

g

10

bs

i R

in

s a m



u s u

u rs

t

a

o

te

r

c a m e

ta

lle

ile

f

c c u r r e n c e s

fo

ta

o

lo

r

s

d

e s

)

w a s

a n

r he



l

v e n



k

a

ju

lo

a



o c c u r r e n c e s



to ppe

s

typ

d s fo

s

a

e n

w a s

hill s

n lu



ll



d

c o

w e



a

in div idu

r



a

n

o n

s c a n

2004

i n div i du

tw o

n



a

( in

in g

u s r s

la

de d

a

2005

in

u rs

g

i n d i v i d u al

bs

o

n



F

de d la

a



ly

the

r

t

m o s

h it e h e

w

the



fu

f

io

v

t ri c t e

ps

bo

a

this



o



r e s

h ills

n e

be ha

r

qo is

gro

to

d

w e

to

w a s

m

to



lo gy

o n e

’ .

lu de d

io

a

to

e s

o n

ly

c o m o

lim

c

t

e e

1

p

h ite h e

R o ge

d

a n

)

in

o m o

r a n



a n

p

f F

22 2

±

e s

c o m o

th r

o u

f 10 0

s o

w

la

e c o

a n

n

n

d

a n

n a s

w e r e

】 o c

0



lia

n a

e

)



g is

s c a n s

g iz e d

io

b ta in

the



u



r

o

din g ; Li

re c o

o c c a s

o

e

fo

ta

is h in g

lo

tim

m

da

n

ho le

lly

t im

n

o

The he ig ht



f Gro

o

ps

o u

Lo





n

W he

th e ir

e

e

1

a

m

o

d

t

Gr



9



e ta te

g

e

fi



d

g

f

o

be d

ta n c e

n s

e e n

s e x

u s e w

g

d F r an

r

U

w

t io

t io

d

fe

al

a



r

1 13



v e

r a n

tio

c

19 7 4

de d it s

du lt )

s u

d

b e tw

a n n

ly

e r v a

c te

a n

A f te n

(A ltm r e c o r

ll e

lle



tu

d is

a

e r v a

19 7 4



t io

d is

t

Ⅱin h a b it e d l i m

p

bs

gr

e e

dis tu r be d

t

a s

e



c o

c o

u

n s e

bs

o

I

p

f th e th r

o

ith

the

in

19 9 8

c o m o

o

o u r

e



(A h m

a

de

Da ta W

in te

d

le

w



Gro



m

Gro



lo

d



1 2

5 )

a r e

c e

s

d h ill ( 2 5 h a

te

by

n e a r

lle y s in f l u e n

r o n

m o s

the

w a s

=

v a

the

a s

la

o

lit i e

o c a

g X IONG

J in

o r

f the a

f al l i n g

s

a v

o n

t in

c o n

do w

r

lo w im il a

c o u

ld

e r

r

n

ity

u e



h T



to

a n o

the

d

T his

a n

d

u

dis

ta

n c e

m o v e

fr

pp

o m

r

tr

s a m e m o e r

le

i m al

a n

e

the

de

t

go

e e

be lo

p

r o c e s s

w a s

tre e s .

the hillto p



to



to

u s e

re a c

( F ig 3 B )

w

d

he d An the

l2 

CMrr e眦 Zool ogy 

Vo1.55  No.1  

C 

Fi g. 3  Loc om ot i on  of   whi t e・ heade d l angur s  and Fr an Oi s’l angurs  i n Fus ui,Chi na  A . Sl i di ng. B. Fal l i ng.C .Rol l i ng.  

f oot hi l l(100 m )i n 5 seconds.Thi s  l ocomot i on i s  si mi l ar  

l ocomot i on.I t  was  cal cul at ed as:C—i ndex= ∑ n,× m,,  

t o‘ dr o ps’r ec o r de d  by   Hu nt  e t  a 1.(1 996),but   we  di d  

wher ei n n,i s  t he num b er  of  i  modal  s ampl es  and m t he  

not  i dent i f v sub—modes.  

number  of   1 ocomot or  modes  i n each of  t he s ampl e(m =1  

Rol l i ng,when an ani mal  st ar t ed t o move by cudi ng  i t s  body,wi t h f or el i mbs  hol di ng hi ndl i mbs, and i t s  head  t ouchi ng t he hi ndl i mbs, and  ended by s t r et chi ng  t he   body, us ual l y wi t h a hand hol di ng a  br anch t o  keep  bal ance. The whol e body l ooked l i ke  a ba ll  r ol l i ng and  t he l i mbs  and t ai l  wer e har dl y di scer ni bl e dur ing t he   movement.Thi s  l ocomot i on was  used i n cont i nuous  t r ees   when t he  canopy was  dens e and t he body  kept  cont act  

wi t h   t he   ca no py   dur ing   t he   pr o c es s(Fi g. 3C).  

f or  uni modal, 2 f or bi modal, 3 f or  t r i modal, and 4 f or  

quadr imoda 1 .).  

Af t er   Du nba r(1 9 92),we  us e d  g r o up  s i z e  a nd  t he   number of  young ani mal s  i n a gr oup t o i ndi cat e  t he  compl e xi t y of  s oci al  r el at i onshi ps.W e us ed t he  Spearman 

Rank Cor r el at i on Coef f i ci ent  Tes t  t o as sess  t he as soci at i on 

bet ween di f f er ent   f act or s.  

2  Res ul t s  

A  movement   coul d  cont ai n  di f f er ent   l ocomot or  

modes, s o we  obt ai ned di f f er ent  combi nat i ons  of  modes.  

2. 1  Subst rat e use 

Aecordi ng t o t he  number  of  modes  i n a movement, we 

We obt ai ned 10570 r ecor ds(a r ecor d= a  scan f r om 

cl ass i ied  l f ocomot or  sampl es  i nt o uni moda1, bi modal,  

an i ndi vi dua1) f r om 169 sampl es (a  sampl e = a s et  of  

t r i modal  and quadr i modal  movement s.  

r ecor ds  f r om  al 1  vi s i bl e  i ndi vi dual s  of   a s t udy gr oup dur ing 

W e used t he Shannon—W eaver  Index t o assess  t he 

a scan) o f s ubs t r at e use f rom 1   1  groups  of  whi t e—headed 

di vers i t y of  l ocomot or  behavi our:  

l a ng ur s  d ur ing  s c an  s a mpl i ng  o bs e r v a t i o ns (Ta bl e  1).  

H = 一∑ Pi   x   l nPi,whe r e i n  Pi  i s   t he   pr o po r t i o n   o f   s ampl e s   o f   t he  i - mo da l(u ni 一,bi .,t r i 一,o r   qu adf imo da 1 )  

Recor ds   obt ai ned  f r om  i ndi vi dual s   on  r ock/ gr ound 

over  t he t ot al  number   of  s ampl es   of   a  l angur   gr oup or  on a 

a mean of  30. 0% . The t i me t hat  t he l angur s  s pent  on 

t ype  of  s ubst r at e.  

r ock was  nei t her  r el at ed t o t he s ampl e  si ze (r  =0. 252,  

W e us ed t he  C—i ndex t o ass ess  t he compl exi t y of  

account ed  or f  15. 4% 一44. 9% of   t he t ot a l  r ecor ds.wi t h 

/ z= 11. t wo.t ai l ed, P >0. 05)and number  of  r eeor ds  

J i nr ong  XI ONG e t  a 1.:Loc omo t or   behavi o ur   of   whi t e— hea ded  l a ngur s   and  Fr anqc oi s’l ang ur s  

1   3 

f r o m  t he  g r o up (r  =0. 400, n= 1 1,t wo— t a i l e d,P > 

nd a   s i g ni ic f a nt l y  mor e   t i me   f e edi ng  i n  t r e es(t=0,n= 

0. 05),no r   t o  l an g ur  g r o up s i z e(  

0. 067,n =9,  

9,t wo—t ai l ed,P <0.01),and sl i ght l y but  s i gni ica f nt l y 

t wo — t a i l e d, P > 0. 05), i ndi c a t i ng  no  s ampl i ng  e r r or.  

mor e t i me r es t i ng and / , l ayi ng i n t rees t han on rock 

There  was  no si gni icant f  cor rel at i on bet ween t i me i n t r ees  

( r es t i ng:t=0,n=9,t wo- t ai l e d,P <0. 01;pl a y i ng:  

a nd  ha bi t at   q ua l i t y(r  = 一0. 11 6,n=7,t wo — t a i l e d,P 

t= 1. 5, n= 8,t wo— t a i l e d, P <0. 05).Su ch  bi a s e s  

>0. 05).I n  f ac t ,l a ng ur  g r oups  co ns t an t l y  s pe nt  mor e   t i me i n t r ees  i n di f f er ent  mont hs, except  f or  t hose  col d 

mo nt hs   ro f m  Oc t o ber   1 99 7一Ma r ch  1 998(Fi g. 4A).   W e ca lcul at ed t he pr opor t i ons  of  act i vi t y r ecor ds  f or   whi t e- headed l angur s on a  ven subst r at e over t he t ot l  a

r e co r ds   o n  t h a t  s ubs t r a t e   us i ng  d at a  f r o m GA2 (n=387  

r e co r ds ),GA3 ( 2223),GA4 (1 073),GA4. A (11 0),   GA4一 B (511),GA5 (334),GA6 (99),GA7 ( 434),   a nd  GA8 (95 5) (Fi g. 5 (A)). I t  i s  s h own  t ha t  t he  

i ndi cat e t hat  t r ees  pl ay a  key r ol e i n t he  dai l y  act i vi t i es  of   whi t e.headed l angur s.  

I n  Fr an co i s’ l a ng ur s (Ta bl e  1), r e c o r ds  f or  t he   i ndi vi dual s   on  r ock/ gr ound  account ed  f or   36. 8% 41.8%

一 

of  t he  t ot al  r ecor ds. wi t h a mean of  39.2% .  

Recor ds  f r om i ndi vi dual s  on t he gr ound (/ 7 ,: 2) wer e   obt ai ned when no vi l l agers  wer e near by and t he obs er ver s  were  conceal ed. Gr oup I  const ant l y s pent  mor e t i me i n 

t r ees i n di f f er ent  mont hs. except  f or  December  2005 

l angur s  spent  m or e t i m e gr oom i n g and m ovi ng o1 1  r ock 

( Fi g. 4B).I t   i s  s ho wn  t ha t  Fr a %oi s’l a ng ur s  s p ent   mo r e  

t han i n t r ees。 but  t hes e di f f er ences wer e not  st at i s t i cal l y 

t i me  gr oomi ng,res t i ng and movi ng on r ock t han i n  t r ees,  

s i g ni ica f nt( Wi l co x o n  Si gne d  Ra nks   Te s t ,g ro omi ng:t= 

but   l e s s   t i me  f ee di ng   and   pl a y i ng(Fi g. 5).Howe v e r,we  

10, n = 8,t wo-t ai l ed, P > 0. 05; movi ng: t= 10, n = 

9,t wo. t ai l e d, P > 0. 05). The  l a ng ur s  s pe nt  o bv i o us l y  

coul d not  conduct  s t at i s t i cal  ana lys es, because  t he dat a  were  obt ai ned f rom onl y one g roup.  

Tabl e   1   Subs t r at e  us e  of  whi t e- heade d l angurs   and  Franf o ̄ ’ l angurs   i n  Fusui.Chi na 

Fo r   de t a i l s   of   ha b i t a t   qu al i t y   cl a s s i ica f t i o n,s e e   Li   a nd   Ro g e r s(2 0( M- a).   GA4  A  nd a   GA4- B  f o r me d   b y   is f s i o n   o f   GA4,a nd   n ew  r a ng e s   a nd   ha bi t at   qu li a t y   we r e   n ot  a s s es s e d(s e e   L i   nd  a Ro ge r s ,20 04b,20 05b).   Th es e   t wo   g r o ups   we r e   no t   i d e nt i ie f d  du e   t o   t he   s ho r t   t i me   o f   o bs e r va t i o n;t h us,i n f o ma r t i o n   o n   t he i r   gr o up   s i z e   n d ha a bi t at  qua li t y was  not  avai l bl a e.  

2  瘟  啦  

0 

2 

Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.M ar.Apr.M ay June July Aug.Sept.  

Fi g. 4  Sea sonal  vacat ion i n  t i me   spent   on  ro ck  A.Whi t e— he a de d   l ngu a r   g r o ups   GA3   a nd  GAS.B.Fr nq a o i s’l ng a u s Gr r o up  I  

M ay 

Jul y  Aug.  

Sept.  

Oct.  

Nov.

Dec 

14 

Cur r e nt   Zool o gy 

7O  趸 0  专  言 ∞pJ08  兰 

0∞ 6O L I   0 曲DJ 0uaJ    

5O 

呈 4O   号 3O   2O  10 

Vo1. 55   No.1  

6O  50 

40  3O  2O 

1O 

O  O  Groomi ng  Rest i ng  M ovi ng  Pl ayi ng  Feedi ng  Others   Groomi ng  Resti ng  M oving Pl ayi ng  Feedi ng  Ot her s  Act i vi ti es 

Fi g. 5   Compar i son  of   t he  act i vi t y  budge t s   of   whi t e- headed l angurs(A)and  Francoi s’i angurs( B)on  di fer ent  s ubs t r at es   Da t a  f or   whi t e— he a de d   l a ng ur s   f r o m  g r ou ps   GA2   t h r o ug h   GA8;t h o s e   f o r   Fr a n q oi s ’l a ng u r s   rom  f Gr o u p I  

Bot h whi t e. headed and Fr ancoi s’l angurs  spent  mor e 

t i me i n t r ees  t han on r ock/gr ound (Tabl e 1).However.  

or f   92% of   t he  t ot al  num b er  of   sampl es.Accordi ngl y.we  use  dat a f r om t hese  gr oups  f or  f urt her  ana lyses.  

whi t e - headed l angur s  a ppear ed t o be mor e ar boreal  t han 

I t  i s  s een i n Tabl e 2 t hat  wal ki ng, cl i mbi ng, and 

Fr anqoi s’l angurs(63. 4% 一79.5% of   r ecor ds  f or   whi t e.  

l eapi ng wer e t he  mai n l ocomot or  modes  i n t he l angur s,  

headed l angur s  i n t r ees  vs  58. 2% 一63. 2% f or  Fr ancoi s’  

account i ng f or  97. 6%

l angu ̄).They  spent  more  t i me on r ock (each f or > 

gr oups.Fr ee f a i l i ng  occur r ed mor e  f r equent l y t han s l i di ng 

50% )i n  wi nt e r(Fi g s. 4A,B),whi c h  ma y   be   r e l a t e d  t o  

and br achi at i ng. N0  r ol l i ng was  r ecor ded.  

of  t he t ot al  r ecords f or  t hese  

sunbat hi ng on r ock.Bot h s peci es  spent  mor e  t i me  on  rock 

W hi t e—headed l angur s us ed t hei r  l ocomot or  modes  i n 

groomi ng and movi ng, and mor e t i me i n t r ees  f eedi ng 

di f fer ent  ways.W e r ecor ded 1   2 com b i nat i ons  o f  l ocomot or  

( Fi g. 5).Whi t e— he ad e d  l a n g ur s   s pe nt   a   s i mi l ar   a mo unt   o f   t i me  p l a yi ng  o n r o c k  an d i n  t r e es (Fi g. 5A),whi l s t  

modes  f r om t he  7 l ang ur gr oups. However,t hey di d not  

Francoi s’ l angur s   spent   mor e  t i me  pl ayi ng  i n  t r ees  

and bi moda1) movement s  i n most  cas es (94.9% of  t he  

(8. 5% )t han on r ock (4.3% ).  

s ampl e s)  a nd  c ompl i c a t e d (t r i — a nd  q ua dr i mo da 1)   movement s  i n a  f ew cas es(onl y 5% ).Thr ee out  of  s i x  

2. 2  Locom ot i on 

appear  i n al l  gr oups.  rhe  l angur s  per f or med si mpl e (uni —  

To  det ermi ne  t he  compl et eness  of  dat a  f or   each gr oup 

r eeords f or f ree f al l i ng wer e obt ai ned f r om i ndi vi dual s  

of  whi t e—headed l angur s, we pl ot t ed  t he accumul at i ve 

per for mi ng uni modal  movement s and t he ot her  t hr ee  i n 

number of  l ocomot or  modes   agai nst  t he  accumul at i ve 

t imodal r   movement s. One   out   of  t hree  r eeor ds  f or  

num b er  of  sampl es.W e f ound t hat   t he cur ves  of  7 gr oups  

brachi at i ng was  obt ai ned f rom an i ndi vi dual  per f ormi ng  

(GA2,GA3,GA4,GA5,GA8,Uni d. 1,a nd  Un i d. 2,   s e e   Ta b l e  2) ha v e  l e v el l e d  o f,i ndi c a t i ng  t ha t  we  ha v e  

uni modal   and  t wo  f rom  i ndi vi dual s   i n  t r i modal  

obt ai ned enough dat a t o des cri be t he l ocomot i on of  t hes e 

an  i ndi vi dua l  pe r f or mi ng  a  bi mod l mo a v eme nt(c l i bi m ng   +s l i di n g).  

g r o ups.Sa mpl e s   f r o m  t he s e  g r oup s (n=276) a c c o unt e d  

movement s.The  onl y r ecor d f or  s l i di ng was  obt ai ned f rom 

Tabl e   2  Lo com ot or  be hav iour  i n  wh it e- headed  l angurs   and  Fra n qoi s ’l ang urs  i n  Fus ui,Chi na  

W = W al ki ng,C = Cli mbi ng, L = Leapi ng, B = Brachi at i ng, S = Sl idi ng, R = Rol L i ng, F = Free f ll a i ng.   br acket s  i s  t he number  of  r ecor ds  and t he s econd t he number  of  sampl es.  

Shannon. W eaver Index

. 

The f i r st  number  i n 

J i nr ong  XI ONG e t  a 1.: Lo como t o r   behavi o ur   of   whi t e— heade d  l a ngur s   and  Fr anqc oi s’l angur s  

The  Spear man  Rank  Cor r el at i on  Coef f i ci ent  Test  

1   5 

l a ng ur s(n=1 2).  

showed no s i gni icant f  r el at i ons hi p bet ween t he sampl e si z e 

2. 3  Locom ot i on and subs t rat es  

a nd  t h e  d i v er s i t y   o f   l oc o mo t o r   mo des(r  =0. 42, n=7,   P >0. 1).Si mi l a r l y.we   f o und  n o   s i g ni ic f an t   c o re l a t i o ns  

(Tab l e  2),28. 0% i nv ol ve d  on l y  r o c k/ ro g und,49. 7% 

be t we e n l o c o mot o r  di ve si r t y  and  hab i t a t  qua l i t y(  

onl y  t r ees, and 22. 3% bot h s ubst r at es. Tr ees  s uppoaed 

=  

Of   t he l ocomot or  s ampl es  f rom whi t e—headed 1 angur s 

0. 1 75,/ 7 ,=5,t wo— t a i l e d, P >0. 1),l a ng ur  g r o up   s i z e(r  = 一0. 300,n=5,t wo — t a i l ed,P >0. 1),a nd  

mor e  compl i cat ed  movement s   t han  r ock,   whi ch  i s  

t he   numbe r   o f   yo ung  i n g r oups (r  = 一0. 075, n = 5,  

f a i l i n g (n = 7) o c cure d i n r e l a t i o n  t o  t r e es,i nd i c a t i ng  



t wo . t a i l e d,P >0. 1).r I 1 h i s  i ndi c a t e s  t ha t   t he   di v e si r t y  i s   not  r el at ed t o g roup s i ze/num b er of young l angur s i n t he  gr oups, s ampl i ng er ror, or  habi t at   qual i t y. I n  ot her   wor ds, i nt er -gr oup di f f erence i n l ocomot or  di ver si t y i s  a  Sampl es   f r om Gr oup I   of  Fr anqoi s’l angur s  account ed  of  t he  sampl es  f r om al l  gr oups  of  Fr anqoi s’  

l a n gur s( Ta bl e   2).I n   t hi s   g r o up,l ea pi n g,wa lki ng,a nd   cl i mbi ng wer e t he mai n l ocomot or  modes, account i ng f or  

93. 9% o f   t he   t o t a l   r ec o r ds.Fr e e   f a l l i ng(3% ,/ 7 ,=82)   o c c ur r e d  mor e   re f que nt l y   t ha n  r o l l i ng( 2% ,n=39)a nd  

br a c hi a t i ng(2% , n :42).N0  s l i di ng  was  r e c or de d.   Si mpl e  mov e me nt s  pr ed omi n a t e d (98. 2% ). Of  t he  77   r ecor ds  f or  f r ee  f al l i ng. 65%

t hat  t r ees   supposed  mor e  r ar e  t ypes   of  l ocomot i on.   W al ki ng,   cl i b i m ng,   cl i b i m ng + l eapi ng,   wa lki ng +  l eapi ng,   and  l eapi ng  wer e  t he  mai n  movement s,   account i ng f or   86% of  t he t ot l sampl a es  f r om r ock/gr ound 

(n=77)a nd   92. 6% o f   t he  t o t l s a ampl e s  f ro m  t r e e s (n 

r andom var iat i on.   f 0r   98.2%

i ndi cat ed by C.i ndi ces  i n Tabl e 3. A1 1  r eeor ds  of  f ree 

wer e  obt ai ned  f r om 

i ndi vi dual s  per f or mi ng uni moda l  movement s   and  35%  f r om  t hos e  per f or mi ng  bi 一, t r i -,   and  quadr imodal   movement s.Of   t he  41  r ecor ds  f or  br achi at i ng.71% were   obt ai ned f r om i ndi vi dual s  per f or m i ng uni moda l and 29%  rom bi f —and mul t i —r ooda l movement s.   I t  i s  shown t hat  wa lki ng, cl i mbi ng and l eapi ng were   t he mai n l ocomot or  modes i n bot h l angur  speci es. Rare  

t y pes  o f  l o c o mot i o n (b r a c hi a t i n g, s l i di ng,r ol l i ng,a nd   ree f  f al l i ng) we r e  us ed  mo r e  f re que nt l y  by  Fr a nqo i s’   l an gur s  t ha n  by  whi t e— he ade d  l a ng ur s (Ta bl e  2).Mos t   recor ds  f or  f ree f lli a ng and br achi at i ng wer e obt ai ned f rom  i ndi vi dual s   per f or mi ng  uni moda l  movement s  i n  bot h  s peci es.Al t hough t hey used compl i cat ed l ocomot or  modes   wi t h si mi l ar  f requenci es, Fr ancoi s’ l angur s demons t rat ed 

more  com b i nat i ons  of  t hem (n = 26) t han whi t e—headed 



137). However, t he  cont ibut r i on of  each movement  

var i ed bet ween t he t wo subs t r at es. I n sampl es  i nvol vi ng  t wo subst r at es, cl i b i m ng, l eapi ng, wa l ki ng + l eapi ng,  

cl i mbi ng+ l eapi ng. cl i b i m ng +  wal ki ng + l eapi ng were   t he mai n movement s. account i ng f or  92%

s a mpl e s(n=6 2).Thi s   i nd i c at es   t ha t   t he   l o c omo t o r   t ype   t ended t o  be mor e compl i cat ed when t wo subs t r at es wer e  i nvol ved t han when onl y r ock/gr ound was  i nvol ved.The   t op f ive  movement s  di f f er ed bet ween t he t wo speci es.   Fr ancoi s’ l angur s conduct ed 30. 4%

of  movement s  

on   r o c k/ ro g und ( Tab l e   2),35. 2% i n  t r ee s,a nd  34. 4%  on bot h s ubst r at es.C—I ndi ces  i ndi cat e t hat   t r ees  s upposed 

more  compl i cat ed movement s  t han r ock (Tabl e 3).Fr ee  

f ll a i ng(n=66)a nd  r o l l i ng(n=2 9)oc c ured  i n  t r e e s   and onl y 1  out  of   38 sampl es  of   br achi at i ng  on t he cl i f (a  l angur  movi ng  wi t h hands  on t he  l edge and f eet  hangi ng  i n 

t he  a i r), i ndi ca t i ng  t ha t  t r e e s  s uppo se d  mo r e  r a r e   movement s. W a lki ng, cl i b i m ng, l eapi ng, wal ki ng +  l eapi ng,and wal ki ng+ cl i b i m ng were  t he mai n act i vi t i es   on r ock/gr ound.account i ng f or  96. 0% of   t he movement s  

(n =630).The t op f ive act i vi t i es  i n t rees  account ed f or  

90. 0% (n=7 29),wi t h   f r ee   f al l i ng   r e pl a c i ng   wa l k i ng+   cl i mbi ng  i n  t he   above   sequence  f or   r ock/ gr ound.   Furt hermor e,t he  cont ibut r i on of   each act i vi t y al so var ied 

Tabl e  3  Loc om ot i on  on di f f er ent   subs t rat e s  i n whi t e- heade d and  Francoi s’] angur s  i n  Fus ui , Ch ina  

For  abbr eviat i ons.see Tabl e 2 

of  t he t ot al  

1 6 

Cu ̄e m  Zool o gy 

bet ween r ock/gr ound and t r ees.I n t he  sampl es  i nvol vi ng 

Vo 1. 5 5  No.1  

but  was  not  pr es ent  i n t hose  of  whi t e—headed l angur s 

bo t h   s ubs t r a t e s(n=7   1   2),c l i mbi ng+l e a pi n g  r e p l a ce d  

(Tabl e  3).  

wa lki ng + cl i mbi ng. The C—I ndex showed an i ncr eas e i n 

2.4  Locom ot ion of  di f f erent  s ex- age  cl ass es  

compl exi t y wi t h one mor e subst rat e added.  

I n t he whi t e— headed l angur  gr oups  GA2一 GA5, and 

Tr ees  suppor ted mor e compl i cat ed movement s  t han 

GA8,74.3% of  t he  sampl es (Tabl e 2) wer e obt ai ned 

r ock  i n  bot h  l angur   speci es, and  al so  mor e  r ar e 

f r om adul t s  and subadul t s (n = 34. 72. 3% of  t he  t ot al  

movement s. However,   r ock  does  i ncr ease  subst rat e 

num b er  of  i ndi vi dual s  i n t hese gr oups)。 25. 7% f rom 

∞ QI a 基B s一 曩3 0 

印   如     如   加   0  0 Os   Oa  n Ot  h O   O  O  di ver si t y. because l ocomot or  di ver si t y i ncr ea ed  d∞   e  i n f a nt s  a n  d   i uv e ni l e s(n= 1 3,28% ).The   pr o por t i o ns   o f   quadr i moda i movement s  occur red i n Fr anqoi s’ l angur s  

s ampl es  wer e si mi l ar  t o t he pr opor t i ons  of  i ndi vi dual s  i n 

onl y when bot h subs t r at es  wer e i nvol ved. An obvi ous  

t he s ex—age cl ass es.Compar isons  bet ween age—se x cl as ses  

di f f er ence  bet ween t he t wo speci es  i s  t hat  f r ee f al l i ng 

ar e  s hown i n Fi g.6.  

appeared i n t he  t op f ive  movement s  of   Fr ancoi s’l angur s,  

w 

e  

J  

b 

f  c +1   c +s  

w+c   w+I   c+w+l

卜  b +f 】 +w+f 

Locomot or  modes  

Fi g. 6  Com pari s on  of   l oc om ot or   pat t erns   of   whi t e- headed l a ngur s   be t we en age -s ex  cl as s es   For  abbr evi at i ons. s ee Tabl e  2.  

Br achi at i ng and f r ee f ai l i ng t ended t o occur  mor e i n 

Pygat hr i x avuncul us  l i ve   on l i mes t one hi l l s  i n  Sout h 

of  i nf ant  l ocomot or  

Chi na  a nd  Nor t h Vi e t na m (Oa t e s  e t  a i .,1 994), b ut  

sampl es.Fr ee  f ai l i ng al s o  occur r ed  i n adul t  mal es(2% of  

t here  ar e no dat a publ i s hed Ol l  t he  l ocomot or  behavi our  of  

s a mpl e s  f ro m a d ul t  ma le s), but  i n  c ombi na t i o n wi t h  

t he l at t er   t wo s peci es.Accor di ng  t o avai l abl e dat a,As i an 

l eapi ng and wal ki ng. Cl i b i m ng was  used mos t  f r equent l y 

col obi nes  l eap mor e t han Af r i can col obi nes (Tabl e 4).  

i n   j uv e ni l es   a nd   l e a pi ng   was   mos t   f r e que n t   i n   a dul t   ma l e s  

Fl e a g l e  a nd  Mi t t e r me i e r (1   98 0) s u gg e s t  t ha t  s ma l l e r  

and i nf ant s.These  di f f er ences suggest  t hat  young l angur s 

s peci es l eap l ess  and cl i b  more m  t han l ar ger   speci es,and 

had t he i ni t i at i ve  t o  expl or e  new  l ocomot or  modes,but   t he  

ani mal s  movi ng i n t he under s t or y l eap mor e t han t hos e i n 

habi t at  mi ght  al l ow t hem t o use  onl y some of  t hese when 

t he mi d— and  upper  canopy. However, t hi s  i s   not  

adl J l t.  

s uppo te r d  by   ot he r  s t udi e s(Ge bo   a nd  Ch ap ma n,1   9 95;   Mc Gr a w,1 998;a l s o   s ee   Ta bl e   4).Acc o r di n g  t o  Fl ea g l e  

i nf ant s. each account i ng f or  2.5%

3  Di scussi on  3.1 

Li m est one cl i fs  and l ocom ot or adapt at i on of  

whi t e- headed l angurs  and Francoi s’l angurs   To  t es t  t he   pr edi ct i on  t hat   whi t e.headed  and  Fr anqoi s’l angur s  have evol ved uni que l ocomot or  ski l l s.a 

compar ison bet ween  t he  l angurs  and  ot her   col obi ne s peci es   i s  needed. Col obi ne  monkeys  ar e cl assi f i ed i nt o  Af r i can 

an d  As i a n  gr o ups(Oa t e s   e t   1 .,1 a 994).Mr i c a n   c o l o bi ne   monkeys  i ncl ude t wo gener a:  

col obus  and Col obus,  

wher eas  Asi an col obi ne   monke ys  i ncl ude   si x  gener a:   Pygat hr i x, Nas al i s, Si mi as, Pr e sbyt i s, Tr achy pi t hecus,   and Semnopi t he cus. The  l at t er t hr ee wer e a ll  put  i n a 

s i ng l e  g e nus  Pr e s b yt i s  unt i l  1 9 94 (Na pi er  a nd Na pi er ,   1 9 67; Oa t es  e t  a 1., 1 994), i ndi c at i ng  t he i r  c l o s e   phyl ogenet i c r el at i onshi p. I t  i s  known s o f ar  t hat  whi t e—  

headed l angur s, Frangoi s’ l angur s , Phayr e’s  l angur s   Tr achypi t hec us  phayr ei  and Tonki n s nub— nosed monkeys 

(1 99 9), Tr ac h y pi t he c us  l ea p  l e s s  t ha n  Pr e s b yt i s (a   r e l a t i v e  o f  Tr ac h y pi t he c us), b ut  o ur  s t u dy  s ho ws  t ha t  

Tr ac hy pi t he c us   l e u c o c e ph al u s  a nd  T. fr an g o i s i  l e a pe d   mor e   t han  bot h  Pr e sbyt i s   mel al o phos   and  Tr achypi t he cus  

obs cur u¥and t he Afr ican col obi ne s peci es(Tabl e 4).I n  cont r ast.t he  Af ri can col obi ne s peci es  and  _ nch3  ̄i t hec us   obs cur a wal k much mor e t han whi t e— headed and Fr ancoi s’  

l angur s. Thi s  may be  because mos t  t rees  were  ver ti cal l y  di st ibut r ed and  canopi es   wer e  not   cont i nuous  i n t he   habi t at  of  t he l at t er  t wo speci es. Mos t  t r ees  on l i mes t one  

cl i fs  ar e  so  smal l   t hat  t hey  cannot  suppor t  l angur s  wa lki ng 

on t hei r br anches. Leapi ng i s  t hus  an ef f ect i ve way of   movi ng on ver t i ca l  cl i f f s. I n addi t i on t o l eapi ng, t he  l angur s have a lso  evol ved  f ree  f al l i ng, sl i di ng, and  r ol l i ng. These  l ocomot or modes  have  not  been r epor ted 

ro f m  o t he r   c o l o bi n e  mo nke ys( Ta bl e   4).By  f re e   f a l l i ng,  

J i nr ong  XI ONG  et   a1.: l mco mot or  beha vi our   o f   whi t e- he aded  l ang ur s  and  Fr anq eoi s’l a ng ur s  

Col obus  badi us  

8.3 

C pol ykomos  

9. 9 

17  

17.O 

1 7.8 

61. 3 

M cGr aw , 1998 

14.3 

14. 5 

71. 2 

M cGr aw , 1998 

3. 9 

C .ve ru s 

4. 7 

12.O 

20. 4 

67. 6 

M cGr aw , 1998 

C .gl l  ̄r ez a 

l3. 5 

< 0.1  

36.2 

15. 4 

48. 3 

Rose, 1978 

Pr esb yt i s  mel al o phos  

5.9 

2. 8 

13. 7 

34.8 

24. 3 

Fleagl e, 1978b 

Tr achy pi t hecu s ob scura 

7.3 

12.O 

30. O 

57. 8 

Fl eagl e, 1978b 

1. 6 

l3.3 

46. 4 

34. 4 

1. 5 

2.9 

This  s tudy 

O. 5 

19.7 

47.3 

30. 6 

0. 3 

1. 7 

Thi s  st udy 

7.1  

T. fr an f o i s i   T.1 eucoce phal s  u

8  

8  

4  

9  

5  

6  

6  

7  

2 

3  

2  

8. 2  8  8  

6  

7  

8  

Da t a   o n  b o dy   wei g h t   f r o m  Oa t e s  e t   1.(1 a 9 94),Mei(1 9 94),a nd  L i   an d  Ma(1 980).   Mc Gr a w (1 9 98)r e c o g ni z e d   qua d r u pe da l  wa l k i ng   a nd   qu a dr upe d l r a un ni n g.We   l u mp   t he m  t o g e t h e r   i n  wa lk i ng   f o r   c omp a r i ng   wi t h  o u r   p r e s en t   s t u dy   S f or s l idi ng i n whi t e—headed langurs  and R f or  rol l i ng i n Fra n¥oi s’l n gurs. a  

t he l angur s  coul d r each t he f oot hi l l  i n s econds f r om a 

veget at i on l OSS  mi ght  be t he  mai n reason for  t he dr ast i c 

hi l l t op of  up t o 150 m hi gh. Ther ef or e, t he gr eat er  

popul at i on decl i ne of  whi t e—headed l angur s i n t he  mi d一  

pr oport i on of  l eapi ng and f r ee f al l i ng i n t he l ocomot i on of  

1 990s,a nd   o f   Fr a nc o i s’l an gur s  s i n ce  t he  1 980s(Li  e t  

whi t e- headed and  Fr anqoi s’ l angurs  may ref lect  t hei r  

a 1..2 003b;a nd  unp ubl i s he d  da t a).  

adapt at i on t o l i mest one habi t at.  

Al t hough t hey wer e si mi l ar  i n l ocomot or  behavi our.  

I t  i s  pr edi ct ed f r om i t s  l ar ger di s t ibut r i on range t hat  

whi t e -headed and  Fr ancoi s’ l angur s  di f f ered  i n  t hei r  

Fr angoi s’ l angurs  possess  a l ar ger  r epert oi r e of  l ocomot or  

ar bor ea li t y. W hi t e—headed l angurs  were   mor e  ar bor ea l  

behavi our t han t hat  of  whi t e—headed l angur s, becaus e 

t han Franqoi s’langur s(70% of  r ecor ds  f or  whi t e—headed 

mor e l ocomot or  behavi ours  make i t  pos si bl e t o conquer  a 

l angur s  i n t r ees   vs   60%

wi der  r ange of  habi t at  t ypes. Thi s  s t udy showed t hat  

Ac co r di ng  t o  Li (1 9 93a),whi t e— he ad ed  l a ng ur s  s pe nt  

Fr ancoi s’ l angum used mor e compl i cat ed l ocomot or  t ypes  

onl y  5  1% of   t he dayt i me  i n t r ees  i n  t he per ipher al  ar ea of  

and mor e  r are  modes  t han whi t e. headed l angurs. Fr ee 

Longgengs huang,whi ch i s  s i mi l ar  t o t he si t uat i on of  GA5 

f al l i ng occur r ed mor e f requent l y i n Frangoi s’ l angurs  and 

(Tabl e  1). As  has  been shown i n t hi s  st udy, t he 

r ol l i ng occured onl y i n Fr ancoi s’ l angur s. Sl i di ng was  

ar boreal i t y of  t he l angur s  i s  not  s i gni icant f l y corel at ed t o 

not  observed i n Fr anqoi s’ l angur s, per haps  because  of  

ha bi t a t   qua l i t y.Thus,t he   di f f e r enc e  b et we en   Li(1 993a)  

s ampl i ng err or. I n 4 mont hs of  f iel dwork i n Das hahe  Nat ur e   Res er ve i n  Gui z hou Pr ovi nce, Chi na, Yang  f ound 1   9 l ocomot or  modes  i n t wo gr oups  of  Fr ancoi s’   l angurs,whi ch f ur ther  s uppor ts  our   indi f ng t hat  Fr ancoi s’   1 angurs  have a di ver se l ocomot or  r eper t oi r e. A1 1  t hes e  coul d make  Frangoi s’ l angur s mor e capabl e of expl or ing  and conquer i ng new habi t at   t ypes,and coul d enabl e t hem  t o di s pers e over  a  br oader   range,t hus  account i ng  f or  t hei r  Cur r ent  wi der  di st ibut r i on.However.because  of  t he s mal l   s ampl e  s i ze  f or  Franqoi s’l angur s i n t hi s  st udy, mor e dat a  ar e needed f or  t est i ng t hi s  expl anat i on.  

and t hi s  s t udy may be a  r andom var iat i on and cannot  be  expl ai ned i n t he  cont ext  of  habi t at  qua li t y. However. t he  gener l habi a t at  qual i t y of whi t e—headed l angur s i s  much 

be t t e r   t ha n  t ha t   o f   Fr a nc oi s’l a ng ur s(Li ,1 993b,2000;   un publ i s he d da t a). Ha bi t at  qua l i t y mi gh t  ha ve  ma d e   cont ibut r i ons  t o t he di f f er ence  i n ar boreal i t y bet ween t he   t wo s peci es,but  more f iel d dat a ar e needed t o assess  t he   ext ent  of  i t s  i nf luence.  

Locomot or  modes  and t hei r  f r equenci es  wer e si mi l ar   i n whi t e— headed and Fr ancoi s’ l angurs. Al t hough t hey  

showed mor e compl i cat ed  l ocomot i on t han  di d  whi t e—  

3.2  H abi t at  qual i t y and l ocom ot ion  Our  dat a  f r om t hi s  st udy i ndi cat es   t hat   t r ees  ar e mor e  i mpor tant  t o bot h s peci es  t han r ock.Thi s  i s not  r el at ed  t o 

t he avai l abi l i t y of   t hese  s ubs t r at es.Bare  r ock occupi ed uD  t 0  50%  of   t he  ar ea  of   l i mes t one  aspect s   i n 

Lo ng ge ng s h uan g (Li ,2000; Li  a nd  Ro g er s,2005a);   however. whi t e—headed l angur s conduct ed onl y 30%

or Fr f anqoi s’ l angur s ).  

of  

headed l angur s, Fr angoi s’ l angur s i n most  cases  used 

uni modal  movement,whi ch r educed t he  di ver si t y of  t hei r  

l o c omo t o r   be ha vi ou r  o v e r al l (Tabl e  2).Th i s  mi gh t  be   becaus e of  poor habi t at  qual i t y i n t he r ange of  Fr anqoi s’   l angur s, where l oss  of nat ur al  veget at i on may r educe t he  

number  of  mi cro—s ubst rat es.  

t hei r  act i vi t i es  on r ock. Bar e r ock account ed f or  a l ar ger  

pr o po r t i o n   of   l i me s t o ne   as pe c t s  i n  Zho ng hua( unpubl i s he d   d a t a),but   Fr an qo i s’l a n gur s   c o nduc t e d  o nl y   40% o f   t h ei r  

Acknowl edgem ent s  W e ar e gr at ef ul  t o  Guangxi  For es t r y 

act i vi t i es  on r ock.Our  dat a  show  t hat   t r ees  s uppor t  l angur  

st a f f of   Fus ui   Nat ur e  Reser ve  f or  t hei r   cooper at i on.  

mai nt e na nc e  a ct i v i t i es (f e e di ng  a nd r es t i ng); t hus,  

Tha nks   g o   t o  Me s s r s.LU Qi a ng,HE J i e  a nd LI  Cho ng一  

Depa r t me nt(Di v i s i on  o f  Wi l dl i f e  Co ns e vat r i o n)a nd t he  

* Yang D,2008.Ecol ogica l St udy on Trachypi t he eus Frar  ̄oi si  i n Gui zhou and Chongqi ng:Popul at i on,Habi t at  Us e,a n d Cons ervat i on.Sout hwes t  Fores t ry 

Uni v e r s i t y(Ma s t e r   Di s s e r t a t i on).  

J i nr ong  XI ONG  et  a 1.: Locomot or   beha vi our   of   whi t e- he aded  l angur s  and  Fr anqc oi s’ l ang ur s  

h a bi t a t   o fwhi t e . h ea d e dl a n gu r s ?I nt .J.Pr i ma t o 1.26 (2):43 7—45 2.   U ZY . Rogers  M E. 2oo5b. H a bi t at  qual i t y and r n ge use of a  whit e- headed  l angurs  i n Fusui,Chi na. F0l i a Pri m at o1.76: 185— 195.   Li  ZY , Roger s ME . 2005c. Decept i ve si gnal s  of  whi t e- headed langurs  in 

F us u i,Ch i na.Ac t a   Zo o l og i c a   Si n i c a   5l ( 2):3 35—33 7.   IJ i  ZY . Rogers  ME .2006 .Food i t er ns cons umed by  whi t e.headed l angurs  i n 

F us u i,Ch i na.I nt .J.Pr i ma t o 1 .2 7 ( 6):1 551— 1 5 67.  

l9 

Pr imat es i n Vi et nam .Hanoi: Haki  Publ i s hi ng,23— 28.   Roos  C ,Nadl er  T,2005.M ol ecul r evolut a i on and s ys t emat i cs  of  I ndochi nese   pr imates.Pr imat e Rep or t  72 — 138.   Rose MD , 1978. Feedi ng and associat ed pos i ti ona l behavi our  of  bl ack and  whi t e col obus  m onkeys Col obus guer eza. In: M ont gomer y  GG ed. The   Ecol og y  of  Arborea l Fol i vor es. W as hi ngt on DC: Smi t hsoni n  I a ns t i t ut i on  Pr es s, 253— 262.  

I』 i  ZY .Rogers  M E.20o7.Cens usi ng popul ati ons  of   whi t e-headed  langurs  on 

Rose MD , 1979.Posi t i ona l behavi or  of   nat ur l popul a at i ons:s ome  quant i t ati ve  

l imes t one hi l l s: pr obl ems  and sol ut i ons. Endanger ed Speci es Resear ch 

r es ul t s  of a f iel d s t udy of Col ob ̄ gl 2er e zu a n d Ce rco pi t hecus  aet hi ops.  

3:321— 329.  

I n: Mor beek  M E, Pr eusehof l  H , Gomberg  N  ed. Envi r onment,  

Li  ZY , W ei  Y , Rogers  M E, 2003a  Food choi ce of   whi te—headed langurs  i n 

Fusui,Chi na.I nter nat i ona l J.  Pr i ma t o 1.2 4 ( 6):11 8 9—1 20 5.   IJ i  ZY , Hu Z, W ei  Y , Rogers  GE , Hu G , 2003b. Popul at i on st at us  o f 

Behavi or, and Mor p holog y : Dynam i c I nt er act i ons  i n Pr im at es. New 

Yor k: Gust av Fi scher. 75 — 93.  

s uHL,Li n  YH,Ma  Q,Zha o  HD,wu  DM,Xu  ZQ,De ng  HL,20 02.  

whi t e-headed l angur Trachypi t hecus l eucoce phaht s  i n Guangxi, Chi na.  

Pr el imi nary s ur veys  on t he p o pul at i ons of Fr anqoi s’ l angurs  i n W ul ong 

Ti g er pa p er   3 0 (2):21—2 9.  

a nd   Pe ng s h ui  Co un t i e s,Cho ng qi n g   Ci t y.Ac t a   The r i o 1.Si n i ca   22 ( 3):  

Li  ZX . M a SL. 1980. Revis i on of  t he t axonomy of  whi t e.headed l angur s.   Act a Zoota x onomi ca Si ni ca  5: 44O 一 442.  

Lu LR. Li  ZY. 1991. On t he  t axonomy  of  t he whi t e- headed l angur. J.  

Guangxi  Norma l Univer si t y 9 (2):67—7O.   M cGr aw W S, 1996. Cer copi t heci d l ocomot i on, suppor t  use, and s uppor t 

avai l abi li t y i n t he  Tai  For est. I vory Coas t.Am .J.Phys.Ant hrop o 1.   100:507 — 522.  

M cGr aw  W S, 1 998.Compar at i ve l ocom ot i on and habi t at  us e of s i x monkeys  

i n t he Tai  For es t,I vor y Coast.Am.J.Phys.Ant hrop o 1.105:493—  51O.  

Me i  QN.1 99 4.1 1 l e   c ha ng e   o f   t he   pr es by t i s   f r a n e oi s i ’ s   t o o t h- a g e   a n d  g r o wt h.   J ournal  of Chi nese Capi t al  Normal  Univer si t y 15:84—88.  

169— 178.  

S ug a r d j i t o  J,1 9 82.Lo c omo t o r   be h av i o r  o f   t h e  Su ma t r n o a r a n g- ut a n Pon go   pygmaeus  abe li i  at  Kekambe,Gunung Leus er  Nat i onal  Pa r k.M a lay Nat.  

J.35:57—64.  

Ta n BJ,1 95 7.Ra re   c a t c he s   by   Chi n e s e   a n i ma l  c ol l e c t o s .Z r oo   L i f e  1 2 ( 6):   l一 3.  

Tan BJ,1985. The s t at us of  pr imat es i n Chi na. Pr imat e Cons ervati on 5:   63— 81.  

Wa lker  A , 1979. Pm s i i an l m ocomot or  behavi or. I n: Doyl e GA , Mart i n RD  ed. t he St udy of  Prosi ia m n  Behavi or. Ne w York: Academi c Press.   543— 566.  

Wang W ,Fo ̄t ner  MI U ,Zhang YP,Li u Z,W ei  Y ,Huang H ,Hu H,Xi e 

Napi er  JR,Napi er  PH,1967.A Handbook of  Li vi ng Pr imat es:Mor phol ogy,  

Y ,Wu D,Mel niek DJ,1997.A phyl obeny of Chi nese l eaf monkeys  

Ecology and Behavi our of  Non.huma n  Pr i mat es. London: Academi e 

usi ng mit oehondr i l ND3-ND4 gene a  s equences.I nt.J. Pr i mat o1. 18:  

Pr ess,274 — 283.  

305 — 320.  

Oat es  JF,Davi es  AG,Del son E, 1 994.The di vers i t y of  l i vi ng col obi nes.  

W ar ren RD . 1997. Habi t at  us e  and supp o  ̄ pr ef erence of f ree-r n gi a ng 

I n: Davi es  AG. Oates  JF ed. Colobi ne Monkeys: The  Ecol og y.  

sa lut at oryl emur s (Le pi l emur  edwardsia n d Avah occi dent ali s).J.Zoo1.  

Behavi our  and Evol ut i on. Cambr idge, Engl n d: Cambr a i dge Uni ver si t y  Press.45— 73.  

Ro os  C .20o4. Mol ecul r  evol a ut i on a n d syst emat i cs  of Vi etnam es e pr imat es.   I n: Nadl er T, St rei cher   U , Ha Thang  Long ed. Conser vat i on  of  

o nd.241: 325 — 341. L  

W u M C. 1983. On t he dis t ibut r i on a n d number  est i mat i on of  pri mat es  i n  Guangxi  Pr ovi nce.Acta  Ther io1. Si ni ca 3: 1 6.  

Suggest Documents