Database Systems - Faculty of Computer Science, IBA
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Database Systems - Faculty of Computer Science, IBA
Fourth Edition. 1. Database Systems. A Practical Approach to Design,
Implementation and Management. Imran Khan. Institute of Business
Administration (IBA). Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg ... Some common uses of
database systems.
1
Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management
Lecture One Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg Introduction to Databases Fourth Edition
Chapter
1
Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management
International Computer Science S. Carolyn Begg, Thomas Connolly
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Lecture 1 Objectives • • • • •
Some common uses of database systems. Characteristics of file-based systems. Problems with file-based approach. Meaning of the term database. Meaning of the term Database Management System (DBMS).
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
2
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Lecture 1 Objectives • • • • •
Typical functions of a DBMS. Major components of the DBMS environment. Personnel involved in the DBMS environment. History of the development of DBMSs. Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
3
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Examples of Database Applications • • • • • • •
Purchases from the supermarket Purchases using your credit card Booking a holiday at the travel agents Using the local library Taking out insurance Using the Internet Studying at university
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
4
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Exercise
Identify four further examples of database systems
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
Fourth Edition
5
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
File-based Systems • Collection of application programs that perform services for the end users (e.g. reports). • Each program defines and manages its own data.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
6
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
File-based Processing
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
Fourth Edition
7
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Limitations of File-based Approach • Separation and isolation of data – Each program maintains its own set of data. – Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs.
• Duplication of data – Same data is held by different programs. – Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
8
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Limitations of File-based Approach • Data dependence – File structure is defined in the program code.
• Incompatible file formats – Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access each others files.
• Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs – Programs are written to satisfy particular functions. Any new requirement needs a new program.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
9
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Database Approach • Arose because: – Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently. – No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs.
• Result – the database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
10
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
DATABASE • Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed to meet the information needs of an organization. • System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to enable program–data independence. • Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an organization's information. Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
11
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Database Management System (DBMS) • A software system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and which provides controlled access to this database.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
12
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Database Management System (DBMS)
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
Fourth Edition
13
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Database Approach • Data definition language (DDL). – Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints. – All specifications are stored in the database.
• Data manipulation language (DML). – General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
14
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Database Approach • Controlled access to database may include: – – – – –
A security system. An integrity system. A concurrency control system. A recovery control system. A user-accessible catalog.
• A view mechanism. – Provides users with only the data they want or need to use. Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
15
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Views • Allows each user to have his or her own view of the database. • A view is essentially some subset of the database.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
16
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Views • Benefits include: – Reduce complexity; – Provide a level of security; – Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database; – Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database, even if the underlying database is changed.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
17
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Components of DBMS Environment
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
Fourth Edition
18
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Components of DBMS Environment • Hardware – Can range from a PC to a network of computers.
• Software – DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the application programs.
• Data – Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
19
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Components of DBMS Environment • Procedures – Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database and DBMS.
• People
Imran Khan
Institute of Business Administration (IBA)
20
Thomas Connolly & Carolyn Begg
Database Systems
Fourth Edition
Roles in the Database Environment
• • • • •
Data Administrator (DA) Database Administrator (DBA) Database Designers (Logical and Physical) Application Programmers End Users (naive and sophisticated)
