Developmental Overview for Reading – text level knowledge

English Developmental Continuum P-10 Reading – Text Level Knowledge Developmental Overview

© 2007

Each table contains the progression points and standards related to the Reading Dimension and the Indicators of Progress for the focus on Text Level Knowledge. Progressing towards Level 1

Progression Point

0.5

At 0.5, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 1 demonstrates, for example: • understanding of the directional sequence of text • recognition of some letters of the alphabet and awareness of the relationship between sounds and letters • correct reading of some familiar words; for example, words in the title of a simple reading text, or labels on objects in the classroom • retelling of the main ideas in a text; for example, the plot after listening to the reading of a picture story book or watching a video • predictions about events in a text from looking at the cover and illustrations. Indicators of Progress Students realise that print Students show an awareness contains a constant message. of some of the concepts of print. For example, they Students decide the likely orient it correctly, run their topic of a text and predict finger over the text on a ideas and events that might page as it is read to them, be mentioned by using the show left-to-right movement front cover of the book. with return sweep and topto-bottom movement, turn Students relate the the page, and differentiate illustrations to their existing between the picture and the knowledge of texts and the text. topic. Students recall words and Students select stories to sentences in simple which they can relate. narratives they have heard and seen earlier, for Students read aloud example, Once upon a time repetitive phrases and …, and say these sentences sentences that have some with natural oral language high-frequency words and

Students anticipate what might be said next in a narrative they are reading, for example, And they all lived happily …. Students infer how characters may have felt, for example, What would the hen feel when …? Students suggest possible reasons for an author or artist using particular features, for example, Why do you think the artist drew the hen looking like that? Students link events in the story and the characters’

www.education.vic.gov.au/studentlearning/teachingresources/english/englishcontinuum Reading – Text Level Knowledge, Level 1 to 6 - Page 1 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview comparatively simple oral fluency. feelings with events in their language patterns, for lives and feelings they have Students read sentences that example, I am eating. had, for example, When did have repeated words and you last feel like the hen that rhyme, and predict felt? words that rhyme with earlier words. Students use texts and illustrations to tell main Students answer literal ideas in their own words. questions about sentences they have read and complete spoken sentences, for example, What did the hen say? The hen said …. What would the hen feel when …?

Last updated: 14.01.08

(c) State of Victoria, 2008

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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview

Standard

1.0

Students match print and spoken text in their immediate environment. They recognise how sounds are represented alphabetically and identify some sound-letter relationships. They read aloud simple print and electronic texts that include some frequently used words and predominantly oral language structures. They read from left to right with return sweep, and from top to bottom. They use title, illustrations and knowledge of a text topic to predict meaning. They use context and information about words, letters, combinations of letters and the sounds associated with them to make meaning, and use illustrations to extend meaning.

Indicators of Progress Students decide the likely topic of a text by using the title, illustrations and their existing knowledge of texts and the topic. Students use their beliefs about the meaning of the text and how ideas are expressed in sentences, to predict words and match their prediction with the written words. Students read aloud with natural oral language fluency phrases and short sentences that they have not heard read previously. Students show that they can integrate pictorial and written information. They say ideas that are consistent with the topic. They use the topic of a text to predict ideas and to decide on Last updated: 14.01.08

Students answer literal questions about sentences they have read and complete spoken sentences. For example, having read one or more pages, they retell what was read, read a sentence Students demonstrate an from the text from which a increased awareness of some word has been deleted and of the concepts of print suggest or select the deleted including: word. Students match simple written sentences with illustrations and recognise when a sentence that is read does not match the accompanying illustration.

(1) for a text that they hear being read while following the written form, they show word-by-word matching, identify when words have been omitted from or added to what is said, identify when lines have been omitted or reread and when an incorrect page is read; (2) distinguish between upper and lower case letters in continuous texts; and (3) locate spoken high(c) State of Victoria, 2008

Students answer inferential questions about the actions of particular characters and the sequence of events that make up the plot. For example, What do you think he will do now? Students identify high-usage reading vocabulary in the text. For example, they can select you, Mum, was, for. Students express emotion as they read the narrative, for Page 3 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview appropriate words. If they frequency words. example, curiosity, surprise say words that do not match or concern. Students show increasing the pictorial information, accuracy in reading aloud Students display fluency in they self correct. sentences that have repeated the texts they read aloud. Students show a trend away words and that rhyme and Students identify new words from reading sentences from they predict words that they have learnt and suggest memory to a greater rhyme with earlier words. other words for them. awareness of the need to match what is said with what is written and to attend to the written words in the order given.



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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview Progressing towards Level 2

Progression Point

1.25

At 1.25, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 2 demonstrates, for example: • naming of all uppercase and lowercase letters in the alphabet • identification of common sounds for letters • independent reading of simple print and electronic texts with moderate accuracy and fluency • accurate reading of high-frequency words • retelling of what they have read using the text as a prompt • prediction of what a text will be about, using textual features and some known words • understanding of differences between real and imaginative texts. Indicators of Progress Students decide the likely topic of a text by using the title, illustrations and their existing knowledge of text forms and of text topic(s) to predict ideas and events that might be mentioned and to say in short sentences ideas and events that may be mentioned in the text. Students use their decisions about the meaning of the text and how ideas are expressed in sentences to predict words and to match their prediction with the written words. Students read the text aloud independently and interpret punctuation marks such as full stops, exclamation marks and question marks Last updated: 14.01.08

Students show literal comprehension by: (1) retelling what they have read by mentioning at least the main ideas read in the text, using the text as a prompt if necessary; (2) supplying the words necessary to complete sentences that describe aspects of the text; and (3) answering questions that relate to information stated explicitly in the text. Students show inferential comprehension during reading by linking, at any time during reading, what they have read with what they know. They: (c) State of Victoria, 2008

Students suggest possible reasons why an author or artist used particular features, for example, Why do your think the author used several words for saying the ducks couldn’t do anything? Students infer the message in a text they read, for example, What do you think the writer wants to tell us about how to take care of wild animals? Students link the feelings of characters involved in events in the story with their own experiences, for example, When did you last feel like the ducks felt in this story? Page 5 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview correctly to modulate their (1) say what they expect to Students demonstrate reading. They reread aloud be said on later pages and strategic intent by to increase their reading how the text might end; and suggesting possible fluency. meanings for unfamiliar (2) link characters and Students locate various words in the text by linking events later in the narrative details in the text: the context of the text and a with characters and events word in a sentence, and (1) words that they hear; and mentioned earlier (for predicting the word by example, Who/what is this?). combining this with one or (2) words that have a more of the letters in it. specified sound in either the Students infer how first or last positions. characters may have felt in Students complete silent the context, for example, reading activities, for Students display in their What might the ducks have example: reading aloud particular felt when they were covered characteristics modelled by with oil? If you were one of (1) match words and phrases others, for example they with referent pictures the ducks covered with oil, change the rate and volume what would you want to say? without reading aloud; of their reading when reading a scary section of (2) arrange sentence cards in Students infer how some text. characters in a text may feel order to tell a story; and about or perceive other Students apply particular (3) complete simple close characters in a text, for topic-level reading strategies example, What do you think activities. when these are scaffolded the Red Hen would like to Students talk about how and cued by others, for say to the Goose? What do they felt while reading and example, they review the you think the Red Hen thinks how reading helped them. main idea(s) on each page of of the Goose? What do you a text they have read by think the Goose thinks of the looking back over the text. Red Hen?



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Progression Point

1.5

At 1.5, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 2 demonstrates, for example: • segmentation and blending of letters in words of one or two syllables • use of sentence context, predictable structures and initial letters when attempting to read unfamiliar words • accurate and independent reading of print and electronic texts with highfrequency words • self-correction, on recognition that their own reading does not make sense • inclusion of main ideas in retelling what they have read • prediction of what might happen next in a story read independently. Indicators of Progress Students decide the likely topic of a text by using fewer illustrations and more written text information, for example, notes on the back cover. They can predict appropriate words that the text might use and can say in sentences what it might say.

Students begin to use independently the reading strategies that were previously cued and scaffolded by others. Students display literal comprehension by:

(1) retelling what they have Students read the text aloud read using the text as a independently and recognise prompt if necessary; when what they have said (2) answering questions that does not make sense, and relate to information stated they self correct. They can explicitly; and identify when they say errors that are inconsistent (3) retelling the key points. with the meaning or topic of the text, the grammar of the Students display inferential comprehension by using the sentence read or the letter cover, the title and the text cluster information. they have read so far to Students identify and change predict what might be said pitch for common on later pages, how the text punctuation marks and might end, and to suggest Last updated: 14.01.08


Students infer how some characters in a text may perceive or feel about other characters in a text and suggest how these feelings may influence how characters behave. Students link events and the feelings of characters in the story with the experiences of readers. Students review and consolidate what they have read both when part of the way through the text and after having read it. Students infer how alternative endings or outcomes would be possible for a text they have read. Students suggest possible Page 7 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview textual features. who and what questions the meanings for unfamiliar text might answer. words in the text by using its Students recognise and self context, the sentence context correct grammatical errors Students, having read a short and its letter pattern. while reading. text, infer possible events that might have occurred Students describe how Students recall, in order, before the story began. reading examples of some of the main ideas or rhyming text has a different events in a text they have Students infer how outcome from reading read. characters may have felt in examples of prose. the context and how they Students display in their may have felt had events Students engage in early reading aloud reading been different. silent reading activities, for patterns modelled by others, example, matching for example, they display Students infer the motives of sentences and phrases with changes in pausing and characters. referent pictures, arranging stress patterns modelled by sentence cards in order to Students infer the reason others. tell a story, and completing why the text was written. simple close activities Students apply particular without reading aloud. sentence reading strategies when these are scaffolded by Students talk about how others, for example, they they felt while reading and make a picture of sentences how reading helped them. they read when cued, and then describe the mental picture.



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Progression Point

1.75

At 1.75, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 2 demonstrates, for example: • recognition of a wide range of letters and sounds, and blends in words of more than one syllable • use of strategies for working out the meaning of unfamiliar words in context; for example, sounding out, rereading, using cues from illustrations • self-correction, and use of punctuation to contribute to meaning when reading aloud; for example, recognition of quotation marks to identify a speaker’s words • ordered retelling of main ideas from a text they have read • response to ideas in short print and electronic literary texts. Indicators of Progress Students decide on at least two likely topics of a text and ‘sharpen’ or refine their prediction. They can suggest appropriate words that might be encountered in the text and can say in sentences what it might say. Students read the text aloud with fluency and recognise when what they have said does not make sense, and reread to self correct. They can identify when they make errors that are inconsistent with the meaning or topic of the text, the grammar of the sentence read or the letter cluster information, and increase their self-correction strategies using these three sources of information. Last updated: 14.01.08

Students display literal comprehension by:

Students infer the reason why the text was written.

(1) retelling what they have read and including key ideas; and (2) answering questions that relate to information stated explicitly.

Students infer how some characters in a text may perceive or feel about other characters in a text and suggest how these feelings may influence how characters behave.

Students display inferential comprehension by using the cover, the title and the text they have read so far:

Students link events and the feelings of characters in the story with the experiences of readers.

(1) to predict whether the text is more likely to be imaginative or reality based and what might be said;

Students identify how the language used in the text helps readers to have particular feelings or to have particular beliefs about the text.

(2) to suggest who, when, where, how and what questions the text might answer; (c) State of Victoria, 2008

Students describe how reading verse has a different Page 9 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview outcome from reading prose. Students transfer the (3) to infer the feelings of integrated use of the characters; and Students suggest synonyms meaning or topic of the text, for words in the text and (4) to review and the grammar of the sentence possible meanings for consolidate what they have read or the letter cluster unfamiliar words in texts by read both when part of the information to silent reading using their context, the way through the text and contexts and spontaneously sentence, and one or more of after having read it. self correct using these three the letters in the given word. sources of information. Students infer other possible Students engage in silent endings for the text read, Students talk about the independent reading giving alternative ways of picture they make while activities, for example, they resolving the issue(s) reading a text. read silently for short developed in the narrative. periods of time and retell the Students recall, in order, the stories in their own words, Students infer the feelings of main ideas or events in a do the actions described in characters, how they may text they have read and use sentences without reading connectives to link the main have felt had events been them aloud, arrange ideas, for example, first, and different, infer their motives sentence cards in order to and reasons for doing what then. tell a story and complete they did, and infer why the simple close activities. different characters in a Students continue to use narrative may have had independently the reading Students talk about how different feelings about the strategies that were they felt while reading and same event. previously cued and how reading helped them. scaffolded by others.



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Standard

2.0

At Level 2, students read independently and respond to short imaginative and informative texts with familiar ideas and information, predictable structures, and a small amount of unfamiliar vocabulary. They match sounds accurately to a range of letters, letter clusters and patterns, and work out the meaning of unfamiliar phrases and words in context. They locate directly stated information, retell ideas in sequence using vocabulary and phrases from the text, and interpret labelled diagrams. They predict plausible endings for stories and infer characters feelings. They self-correct when reading aloud and describe strategies used to gain meaning. They identify that texts are constructed by authors, and distinguish between texts that represent real and imaginary experience.

Indicators of Progress Students talk about the Students display literal reading actions they will use comprehension by: as they read and begin to plan how they will use them. (1) retelling what they have read in their own words and Students decide the likely including key ideas; topic of a text by using fewer illustrations and more (2) answering questions that relate to information stated written text information, explicitly; such as notes on the back cover or hearing the first (3) locating directly stated paragraph of the text read to information from the text them. They can adjust their and interpreting labelled predicted topic, suggest diagrams; words, phrases and ideas that the text might say and (4) doing the actions suggest questions the text described in sentences, for might answer. example following a simple recipe; Students read the text aloud relatively fluently and (5) arranging sentence cards integrate text information in order to tell a story; and from multiple sources, thus (6) completing simple close demonstrating their activities. knowledge of the topic, the text structure, and the sentence and letter patterns. Students display inferential comprehension while They recognise when they Last updated: 14.01.08


Students work out the meanings of unfamiliar words by: (1) suggesting synonyms for them; and (2) using the word's context, the sentence and one or more of its letters. Students infer an author’s purpose for writing a text and recognise that texts are written for particular purposes. Students distinguish between texts that are: (1) narrative versus factual; and (2) that represent real versus imaginary experiences and explain the meanings of simple imagery and figurative text. Page 11 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview misread words and take reading the text by using the steps to self correct. When portion they have read so far Students talk about actions they lose reading fluency, to predict whether the text is (that is, strategic activities) that they used while reading, they take steps to regain it. more likely to be imaginative or reality based, to help themselves to read. Students engage in silent what might be said, suggest Students describe how reading activities. For who, when, where, how and reading helps them and is a example they read silently what questions the text useful activity. For example, for short periods of time. might answer, predict to have particular feelings, plausible endings and infer Students review and or to teach new ideas. the feelings of characters. consolidate what they have read both during and after Students infer how ideas and reading. events might differ given changes and alternatives. Students paraphrase and For example having read visualise text as they read it. about the life cycle of a butterfly, they predict how Students suggest questions that the text answers as they the life cycle might be affected by a drought. read through it.



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Progression Point

2.25

At 2.25, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 3 demonstrates, for example: • use of strategies for working out meanings of unfamiliar words and phrases in context of texts read independently; for example, suggestions of synonyms for familiar words • understanding of author’s purpose for writing a text; for example, to narrate, to inform, and of how well the text achieved its purpose • understanding of and responses to texts with several short paragraphs in print and electronic forms • comprehension of ideas in informative and imaginative texts • prediction of likely events and inferences about the consequence of actions represented in texts. Indicators of Progress Students show literal comprehension by paraphrasing a text, retelling the main ideas, answering questions about ideas mentioned explicitly in sentences, and selecting accurate rewordings of the texts.

Students distinguish between different types of narratives and how this difference helps you to understand the text, for example:

Students show inferential Students read the text comprehension by independently, either silently predicting/anticipating or aloud as appropriate; they events that may occur in the may switch from one mode narratives and by inferring to the other if necessary for in time about the theme and comprehension or other the consequence of actions communication purposes. in familiar events.

(2) a nursery rhyme versus an adventure story.

Students decide the likely topic of the text by using illustrations and written text information such as the contents page and chapter headings, suggest words, phrases and ideas that the text might say and suggest questions that the text might answer.

Students work out the meanings of unfamiliar words in less redundant contexts by using text Last updated: 14.01.08

Students identify the words used in a text to describe particular characters and events. (c) State of Victoria, 2008

(1) fairytale versus an historical story;

Students talk about the actions they use while reading to help themselves to read. Students describe how reading helps them and is a useful activity, for example, to have particular feelings, to teach new ideas. Page 13 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview information and by linking Students look for Students suggest the the unfamiliar words and author’s purpose for writing informational text with a phrases with synonyms. small number of separate the text and how well the Students paraphrase text achieved its purpose, for facts presented in a list of sentences in the text while example, did a text that was dot-point format and they reading and then predict answer literal questions that intended to scare/amuse following ideas. They require converting the list readers actually do this? discuss why saying a data to sentence form. sentence another way is a Students evaluate whether useful comprehending the characters or events are action while reading. likely to occur in real life.



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Progression Point

2.5

At 2.5, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 3 demonstrates, for example: • use of strategies for reading texts with unfamiliar vocabulary and/or textual features such as captions for illustrations • understanding of main ideas in a range of informative and imaginative texts • recognition of connections between events in narrative texts • comparison of information presented in different texts about the same topic • discussion of events and characters’ actions in imaginative texts in the light of their own experience. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan, for example, when reading a text, they first try to decide the likely topic, and suggest words, phrases and ideas that the text might say and questions the text might answer. They say where they might pause while reading, how they might update or review what they know having read the text, and what they might do if what they read does not make sense.

Students paraphrase or retell a paragraph in a chapter while reading and then predict following ideas. They discuss why saying a sentence another way is a useful comprehending action while reading Students visualise or imagine a sentence they have read and describe what the sentence evokes.

Students evaluate descriptions of particular characters and events in terms of the reader’s feelings, for example, How would you have felt if you were Harry being punished for what happened in the reptile house?

Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text and how well it achieved its purpose, for Students show literal example, Did a text that was comprehension by intended to scare/amuse paraphrasing a text, retelling Students read the text readers actually do this? the main ideas, answering independently, either silently Students talk about the or aloud as appropriate; they questions about ideas actions they use while may switch from one mode mentioned explicitly in to the other if necessary for sentences, selecting accurate reading to help themselves rewordings of the texts, and to read. comprehension or other identifying the words used communication purposes. Students describe how in a text to describe reading helps them and is a Students work out the particular characters and useful activity, for example, meanings of unfamiliar events. Last updated: 14.01.08


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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview words in less redundant to discover what other Students show inferential contexts by using text people are thinking, and to comprehension, for information and by linking teach new ideas efficiently. example, they recognise and the unfamiliar words and link cause and effect or For informational text with phrases with synonyms. consequences that are two discrete sets of separate specified across a sequence facts presented in a list of Students use a more of sentences within a complex paraphrasing dot-point format, they can: paragraph, infer the events strategy; they paraphrase (1) answer literal questions that may have happened sentences that have that require linking or earlier and match embedded clauses and paraphrases or restatements comparing data within or paraphrase sentences that of descriptions of characters across the two sets; and refer to two events. and events in a text of (2) link a short paragraph several paragraphs. with a diagram or set of diagrams, for example, by completing a cloze.



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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview Progressing towards Level 3 Progression Point

2.75

At 2.75, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 3 demonstrates, for example: • use of their own knowledge of language structures and features in reading texts that present new and unfamiliar ideas and information • reading of and responses to imaginative and informative texts, organised in a range of ways such as texts structured in short chapters, or linked sections of electronic texts • note-taking and recording of key information from a range of texts • recognition of how authors choose language to describe characters and events; for example, short sentences to build up to a climax, descriptive words to set a scene • inferences about characters’ motivations and intentions in imaginative texts. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan, for example, when reading a text, they decide the likely topic; suggest words, phrases and ideas that the text might say and questions the text might answer; say what actions they might use while reading; say how they will keep track of key ideas as they read; and say what they might do if what they read does not make sense.

Students paraphrase and then visualise one and then two or three sentences as a useful strategy for both literal and inferential comprehension.

Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text and how well it achieved its purpose, for example, Did a text help you to understand why X did Y?

Students consolidate what Students talk about the they read in a range of ways; actions they use while they can: reading to help themselves to read, for example, to (1) suggest or select the visualise a paragraph and summary sentence for a then say what it said. sequence of narrative sentences or a paragraph; Students describe how reading helps them and is a Students decide the purposes and useful activity, for example, of factual texts, for example, (2) select the paragraph in a to discover what other to tell them how to do narrative that answers a people are thinking, and to something, to teach new particular question or that teach new ideas efficiently. ideas and to link the purpose provides particular with the action they might information. For informational text with take after reading the text, three or more discrete sets of such as answer questions or Students show literal separate facts presented in a do a series of actions. Last updated: 14.01.08


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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview comprehension, they: list of dot-point format, Students identify paragraph students: information that facilitates (1) locate and link reading, for example, the information mentioned (1) answer literal and key words, and the questions explicitly in successive inferential questions that typically answered by paragraphs in a text, e.g., require linking or comparing factual text. cause and effect; and data within or across the sets; Students read the text (2) identify key information independently, either silently such as the characteristics (2) link a short summary or or aloud as appropriate; they and features of items, report with a diagram or set may switch from one mode individuals and events, of diagrams, for example, by to the other if necessary for mentioned explicitly in a completing a close for a comprehension or other paragraph. comic strip; and communication purposes. Students show inferential (3) read text that describes a Students work out the comprehension in a range of sequence of up to five meanings of unfamiliar ways; they can: actions in less familiar words in less redundant contexts and do the actions (1) infer possible antecedent contexts by using text or say the actions that would events and feelings of information across sentences be done in order. characters mentioned in a in a text and gradually refine text; their understanding of a particular term. (2) answer questions that ask Students build a set of readers to infer cause and images for a paragraph they effect not stated directly in read and describe the the text; and sequence of images; they (3) identify and synthesise use this to facilitate text the descriptions of recall and comprehension. characters and events across two paragraphs.



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Standard

3.0

At Level 3, students read and respond to an increasing range of imaginative and informative texts with some unfamiliar ideas and information, vocabulary and textual features. They interpret the main ideas and purpose of texts. They make inferences from imaginative text about plot and setting and about characters’ qualities, motives and actions. They infer meaning from material presented in informative texts. They identify how language is used to represent information, characters, people, places and events in different ways including identification of some simple symbolic meanings and stereotypes. They use several strategies to locate, select and record key information from texts. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts. For example, when reading a text, they decide its likely topic, suggest words, phrases and ideas that the text might say and questions the text might answer; say what actions they might use while reading; say how they will keep track of key ideas as they read; and say what they might do if what they read does not make sense. Students identify particular types of non-fiction texts, such as simple reports and explanatory texts and decide the purposes of these types of texts, for example, to describe how something happened or to explain why something happened , and link the purpose with the action they might take after reading the text, for Last updated: 14.01.08

Students visualise a sequence of paragraphs they read and describe the sequence of images. They use this to facilitate text recall and comprehension. Students learn to paraphrase and then visualise one and then two or three paragraphs that relate to a particular topic to assist both literal and inferential comprehension. They use the images to think about possibilities that assist inferential comprehension during reading.

(2) answer questions to infer cause and effect across paragraphs; (3) read between the lines and infer the nature of possible changes; (4) answer questions that ask readers to infer What would happen if...? by changing ideas in the text; and (5) identify and synthesise the descriptions of characters and events across several paragraphs, suggest why the characters and events are described in particular ways and suggest what might be alternative ways of describing them.

Students say the questions that are answered by particular sentences in the text, for example, they read Butterflies begin life as tiny Students suggest the eggs, and link this with How author’s purpose for writing do butterflies begin life? the text and how well it achieved its purpose, for Students consolidate what they read in a range of ways. example, did a text help you (c) State of Victoria, 2008

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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview They can: example, tell someone else to understand why X did Y? what happened or answer (1) suggest or select the Students identify how questions about why summary sentence for a language is used in different something happened. sequence of narrative ways by different writers to Students identify paragraph sentences or a paragraph; represent characters, people information that facilitates and and events in different ways, reading, for example, learn for example, by comparing (2) select the paragraph in a to use topic sentences as a two reports about the same narrative that answers a way of understanding what a topic. particular question or that paragraph is about. Students provides particular Students talk about the read a topic sentence, actions they use while paraphrase it and infer what information. reading to help themselves the paragraph might say. Students show literal to read, for example, using comprehension. They use Students read the text topic sentences. several strategies to locate, independently, either silently select and record key Students describe how or aloud as appropriate. information from texts. reading helps them and is a They may switch from one useful activity, for example, mode to the other if Students show inferential to discover what other necessary for comprehension in a range of people are thinking, and to comprehension or other ways. They can: teach new ideas efficiently. communication purposes. (1) infer possible antecedent Students work out the motives and characteristics; meanings of unfamiliar words in less redundant contexts by synthesising text information across sentences in factual text and gradually refine their understanding of the term as they continue to read.



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Progression Point

3.25

At 3.25, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 4 demonstrates, for example: • interpretations of and responses to a range of literary and everyday texts • understanding of how authors construct print and electronic texts for different intended audiences and purposes; for example, a letter to a friend or report for the school newsletter • connections between evidence stated and inferred in texts and their own knowledge and experience to clarify understanding of texts • predictions and inferences about possible consequences of actions and events during reading • recognition that texts reflect socio-cultural values, attitudes and beliefs. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts as per level 3, and modify their reading plan for texts beyond level 3, to include paraphrasing and visualising as they read. Students distinguish between factual texts targeting different topics, for example, distinguish between scientific, sporting and historical texts and identify what each type of text might tell the reader, for example, scientific texts tell us about the world or how things work; sports texts tell us how sports such as cricket are played; and historical texts tell us what things happened in the past, and how people lived. Students Last updated: 14.01.08

Students work out the meanings of unfamiliar words in less redundant contexts by synthesising text information across sentences in factual texts and gradually refine their understanding of a particular term as they continue to read. Students use various paragraph comprehending strategies in an integrated way, for example, they: (1) select key ideas; (2) paraphrase a paragraph consisting of more complex sentences, for example, sentences that have embedded phrases and clauses, and describe the ideas; (c) State of Victoria, 2008

Students say the questions that are answered by particular paragraphs in the text. Students adapt the consolidation strategies in level 3 to the current texts. Students display literal, inferential and evaluative comprehension as per level 3, and in doing so, support their interpretations with evidence both from the text and their general knowledge. Students identify the intended purpose of texts and the audience intended by the writer. Students locate some of the structures of narratives, Page 21 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview use these decisions to decide reports and arguments. They (3) paraphrase and visualise possible questions that each can describe, for example, the more complex sentences; type of text might answer. the techniques writers use to link sentences in more (4) predict events and infer Students read the text complex ways. independently, either silently possible consequences or aloud as appropriate; they before they read on; and Students identify the may switch from one mode attitudes and beliefs of (5) draw on relatively to the other if necessary for various characters, and explicit concrete contextual comprehension or other analyse the use of imagery cues and synthesise sentence communication purposes. for specific events and meanings across two or characters, plot and setting. three sentences in a paragraph of actions. Students recognise how texts present particular cultural or historical values and attitudes.



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Progression Point

3.5

At 3.5, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 4 demonstrates, for example: • identification of the intended purposes of a wide range of literary and everyday texts • understanding of features of different kinds of texts; for example, characterisation and plot in narratives, or headings and visual information in informative texts • use of evidence drawn from the text to support interpretations • use of strategies for interpreting texts with unfamiliar ideas and vocabulary; for example, reading on and reading back, summarising or paraphrasing • identification of socio-cultural values, attitudes and beliefs represented in literary texts. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts as per level 3 and modify these to include summarising and reviewing. Students distinguish between factual texts targeting other topics, for example, distinguish between technology and media texts and identify what each type of text might tell the reader. Students use these decisions to decide possible questions that each type of text might answer. Students read the text independently, either silently or aloud, as appropriate; they may switch from one mode to the other if Last updated: 14.01.08

Students use various paragraph comprehending strategies in an integrated way, for example, they: (1) synthesise meanings across sentences in paragraphs; (2) summarise a paragraph of two or three sentences; (3) apply summarising to a sequence of paragraphs in a longer text; they read each paragraph, ask themselves, What has this been about? and summarise it; (4) use topic sentences to summarise paragraphs and to organise a text into meaningful sections for (c) State of Victoria, 2008

Students use review strategies to summarise the texts. Students display literal, inferential and evaluative comprehension; analyse these texts and support their interpretations with evidence from the text. Students compare two sets of text that relate to the same topic on a range of criteria, for example, matched news articles from different newspapers; or evaluate two factual Internet sources that relate to the same topic on a range of criteria. Students identify the Page 23 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview necessary for informative texts; and purposes of the texts and comprehension or other how they present the (5) use the summary of a communication purposes. attitudes and beliefs of paragraph to predict events individuals. Students work out the and infer possible meanings of unfamiliar consequences. Students analyse imagery words in less redundant and dialogue, point of view, Students say the questions contexts by synthesising text plot and setting in these that are answered by information across sentences types of texts. particular paragraphs in the in factual text and gradually Students identify how texts refine their understanding of text. present particular cultural or a particular term as they historical values and continue to read. attitudes.



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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview Progressing towards Level 4 Progression Point

3.75

At 3.75, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 4 demonstrates, for example: • interpretations of and responses to a wide range of print and multimodal texts • understanding and discussion of the textual features of different texts; for example, sequence of ideas in persuasive texts • analysis and discussion of a range of perspectives presented in different texts on the same topic • use of a variety of comprehension strategies; for example, reviewing, summarising, asking questions or predicting • identification of the ways in which texts present a range of values and attitudes. Indicators of Progress Students modify their reading plan for texts beyond level 3, to include synthesising paragraph summaries across paragraphs. Students integrate particular types of texts learnt in level 3 and factual texts targeting different topics developed in 3.25 and 3.5 so that students can decide possible questions that each type of text might answer, for example, what a sporting explanation might tell them as opposed to a sporting description.

Students work out the meanings of unfamiliar words in less redundant contexts by synthesising text information across sentences in factual text and gradually refine their understanding of a term as they continue to read. Students use various paragraph comprehending strategies in an integrated way, for example, they: (1) review and summarise paragraphs; (2) synthesise summaries across paragraphs; and

Students say the questions that are answered by particular paragraphs in the text. Students display literal, inferential and evaluative comprehension as per level 3, and analyse these texts and support their interpretations with evidence from the text, for example, evidence that relates to different cultural or historical perspectives. Students identify how texts are constructed for particular purposes and how they present particular cultural or historical values and attitudes.

Students read the text (3) use topic sentences for independently, either silently informative texts to identify or aloud as appropriate; they the main questions to be Students contrast and may switch from one mode examined by each paragraph compare the different to the other if necessary for Last updated: 14.01.08


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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview comprehension or other and use the paragraph level structures of narratives, communication purposes. questions to integrate the reports and arguments. meaning of the text. Students analyse the use of imagery, characterisation, dialogue, point of view, plot and setting from the cultural perspectives represented.



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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview Standard

4.0

At Level 4, students read, interpret and respond to a wide range of literary, everyday and media texts in print and in multimodal formats. They analyse these texts and support interpretations with evidence drawn from the text. They describe how texts are constructed for particular purposes and audiences, and identify how sociocultural values, attitudes and beliefs are presented in texts. They analyse information, imagery, characterisation, dialogue, point of view, plot and setting. They use strategies such as reading on, using contextual cues, and drawing on knowledge of text organisation when interpreting texts containing unfamiliar ideas and information. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts. For example, their plan explicitly mentions at least some of the following:

Students use vocabulary enhancement strategies to work out the subject-specific meanings of unfamiliar topic words by noticing when each is first mentioned and (1) before beginning to read other concepts they know the text in depth they will that accompany it, for skim it to decide its likely example, for biodiversity in topic and how it fits with the sentence “More than what they know, what it three million types of living might tell them and things inhabit the earth. We questions it might answer; refer to this range of life as (2) they may also need to biodiversity.” Students decide why the text was paraphrase and visualise the written, that is, what the sentences and link the ideas author’s purpose or intention with the new word and say was; what it might mean. They can use a dictionary or (3) what actions they might glossary to check or modify use while reading, what they their understanding in the might do if what they read specific context. does not make sense; Students use sentence (4) plan where they will comprehending strategies pause and review what the such as combining text has said so far; visualising and paraphrasing (5) how they will keep track to understand the meanings of key ideas as they read; of general statements such and as “Deserts are usually found in areas close to the Last updated: 14.01.08


(4) implement simple and direct action sequences. Students show inferential comprehension in a range of ways. They can: (1) infer possible antecedent motives and characteristics; (2) answer questions that ask readers to infer cause and effect across paragraphs; (3) read between the lines and infer the cause and nature of possible changes; (4) answer questions that ask readers to infer What would happen if......? by changing ideas in the text; (5) identify and synthesise concepts and events across several paragraphs, suggest why concepts, characters and events are described in particular ways and suggest what might be alternative ways of describing them; and (6) identify how socioPage 27 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview Tropics of Cancer and cultural values, attitudes and (6) the steps they will take to Capricorn, that is, both north beliefs are presented in make sure they actually add and south of the equator particular texts. new ideas to what they between latitudes of 15° and Students suggest the know. 30°.” author’s purpose for writing Students skim and scan the the text, for example, the Students use paragraph text, use the headings and comprehending strategies to author’s point of view. subheadings and any infer the main idea of a Students suggest how well illustrations to decide its paragraph. For example, in the text achieved its purpose, likely topic. using the topic sentence they for example, Did a text help Students identify how a text read the topic sentence, you to understand why X is organised, distinguish paraphrase it and infer what did Y? between particular types of the paragraph might mean. Students describe how texts informative texts and use Students use underlining they read are written for this to assist them to procedures to record the key particular purposes. They: interpret texts that have ideas in the text as they read. unfamiliar ideas and (1) analyse a writer’s information. They can: Students use paragraph imagery, characterisation, synthesis strategies. For dialogue, plot and setting; (1) distinguish between example, they paraphrase and some of the following the topic sentence of each simple types of explanatory (2) identify how language is paragraph and integrate text, descriptive texts, used in different ways by these. fiction, opinions and different writers to represent Students consolidate and persuasive text; characters, people and review what they read by events in different ways, for (2) say what they might describing in key words or example, by comparing two know having read a sentences the synthesis of reports about the same topic. particular type of text, for the paragraphs. They can example, be able to describe Students talk about the suggest or select the how something happened or actions they use while summary sentence for a to explain why something reading to learn, for sequence of narrative happened; and example, to skim and scan sentences or a paragraph. using the headings and (3) link this with actions Students show literal subheadings, to paraphrase they might take after reading comprehension. They: and visualise, to plan where the text, for example, tell (1) retell the key ideas in the they will pause and review, someone else what to predict and to infer. happened or answer text; questions about why something happened.

(2) answer questions about the key ideas, using several strategies to locate, select and record key information from texts;

Students read the text independently, either silently or aloud as appropriate. They may (3) support their switch from one mode to the Last updated: 14.01.08


Students describe how reading helps them and is a useful activity, for example, to discover what other people are thinking and to teach new ideas efficiently. Page 28 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview other if necessary for interpretations with evidence comprehension or other drawn from the text; and communication purposes.



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Progression Point

4.25

At 4.25, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 5 demonstrates, for example: • personal responses to a range of texts; for example, written reviews or role-plays • use of knowledge of text organisation to interpret texts containing unfamiliar ideas and information • identification and explanations of different interpretations of texts • explanations of how authors of print and multimodal texts use a variety of techniques to engage audiences • identification of strategies used by authors to persuade others to share a point of view. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts, noting some of the actions mentioned in level 4 and modify their plans, particularly in terms of how they will comprehend general statements and use the main ideas in sentences to comprehend paragraphs.

Students use sentence-level comprehending strategies such as combining visualising and paraphrasing to understand the meanings of conditional general statements such as “The onyx used to roam all over the Arabian Peninsula until hunters, with modern technology such as fourStudents skim and scan the wheel drives and automatic text using the sequence of guns wiped them out in the topic sentences to decide its early 1970s.” or “A solid likely topic and combine retains its shape unless it is these using headings in level acted on by a force.” 4. Students use the paragraphStudents identify how a text level comprehending is organised, distinguish strategy of selecting the between particular types of main idea in each sentence informative texts and use and sequencing them in the this to assist them to intended way, for example, interpret texts as in level 4. heavy rain in areas with little plant life Æ the ground Students read the text Last updated: 14.01.08


(2) identify different interpretations of a text and explain why these arise and justify their interpretation of each by selecting supporting evidence from the text. Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text (for example, the author’s point of view), justify their suggestion by selecting supporting evidence from the text, and evaluate how well the text achieved its purpose, for example, Whether a text helped them to understand why X did Y. Students describe how texts are written for particular purposes, they: (1) describe, identify and explain how writers use Page 30 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview water carries rock and sand language techniques (such as independently, either Æ the water rubs away the silently or aloud as humour or suspense) to soil Æ wadis. They record appropriate; they may engage readers, and analyse switch from one mode to the key ideas in the text by how writers use imagery and taking notes as they read. other if necessary for plot; comprehension or other Students use paragraph (2) identify how language is communication purposes. synthesis strategies; they used in different ways by paraphrase each topic Students work out the different writers to represent subject-specific meanings of sentence and integrate these. events in different ways, for an unfamiliar topic word by They synthesise this strategy example, by comparing two when summarising each noticing, when it is first reports about the same topic; paragraph. mentioned, whether other and concepts they know (3) decide how well the way accompany it. If they do not, Students consolidate what the text was written helped they may be able to analyse they read by suggesting or them comprehend the ideas. the word morphographically selecting the summary to work out its meaning, for sentence for a sequence of Students talk about the narrative sentences or a example, for ‘biodiversity’ actions they use while they identify that ‘bio’ is to paragraph. reading to learn, for do with life or living and Students show literal example, to skim and scan ‘diversity’ with difference or comprehension as in level 4, the text, using the sequence a range of things. They can for example, they identify of topic sentences to identify use a dictionary or glossary and discuss the main ideas, how a text is organised, to to check or modify their themes or issues raised in a analyse unfamiliar words by understanding in the specific text and implement slightly looking at their meanings, to context. more complex action visualise and paraphrase sequences using text in sentences, and to understand which the description of the paragraphs by selecting the actions does not match main idea in each sentence. exactly the order in which Students describe how the actions will be done. reading helps them and is a Students show inferential useful activity, for example, comprehension in some of to teach new ideas the ways described in level efficiently, and to learn how 4, for example, they: different people think about a topic. (1) infer unstated information including cause–effect and motivation; and



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Progression Point

4.5

At 4.5, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 5 demonstrates, for example: • responses to a range of personal, imaginative, informative and persuasive texts • discussion and exploration of ideas and issues presented in a wide range of texts • identification of key ideas by skimming, scanning and use of topic sentences • explanations about how a text can be interpreted from a variety of perspectives • recognition that texts are produced for multiple audiences, purposes and contexts • use of evidence from a text to support their own interpretations. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts noting most of the actions mentioned in level 4, and modify their reading plan to include the use of the strategies below. Students skim and scan the text for key words and use these to decide its likely topic; they (1) note when they will scan in this way (when topic sentences and headings are not available); (2) integrate this with the matching strategies used in levels 4 and 4.25; (3) integrate this with what they know, and infer what it might tell them; and (4) suggest questions it might answer. Students identify how a text is organised, distinguish Last updated: 14.01.08

sentence comprehending strategies developed in levels 4 and 4.25 such as paraphrasing and visualising the sentence. Students use paragraph comprehending strategies to infer and evaluate the main idea of a paragraph: they say the questions that are answered by particular sentences in the text and use the sequence of questions to synthesise the ideas in the paragraph.

(2) infer cause and effect across paragraphs and the nature of possible changes; (3) answer questions that ask them to infer What would happen if......? by changing ideas in the text.

Students show they are aware that particular topics can be described in multiple ways, leading to alternative interpretations: they identify how a topic could be written in different ways, leading to multiple interpretations, for Students use paragraph example, they compare how synthesis strategies; they a goldminer, a trooper and a identify the key questions merchant described the answered by each paragraph Eureka stockade fight or and use these to integrate the compare two newspaper ideas in the text. They articles about the location of combine this strategy with a bus stop, one written by the paragraph synthesis someone in favour of it and strategies used in levels 4 a second person who wants and 4.25. it located elsewhere. They note how the language used Students consolidate and in the alternative versions of review what they read by (c) State of Victoria, 2008

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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview selecting the paragraphs that each event differs and how it between particular types of answer particular questions could lead to different informative texts and use or provide particular this to assist them to impressions of the same information, and note the interpret texts that have events. main questions answered by unfamiliar ideas and Students suggest the information, noting some of the text. They record key author’s purpose for writing ideas in the text in a concept the actions mentioned in the text (for example, the or semantic network as they level 4. author’s point of view or read. attitudes) and how well the Students read the text Students show literal text achieved its purpose, for independently, either example, What did the comprehension; they silently or aloud as writer seem to assume about appropriate; they may (1) retell the key ideas in the the readers? How suitable switch from one mode to the text; was the text for adolescent other if necessary for (2) answer questions about readers? comprehension or other the key ideas, using several communication purposes. Students describe how texts strategies to locate, select Students use vocabulary are written for particular and record key information; enhancement strategies for purposes; they (3) do the action sequences text where there is little (1) identify and infer some or procedures described in redundant information for of the techniques used to procedural texts or manuals unfamiliar terms and when foster a particular where the description of the morphographic analysis is interpretation, for example, actions does not match the difficult. To work out the Would you have been as order in which they need to meanings of the unfamiliar interested if the writer had be done; words, readers reread the said …. / worried if the preceding few sentences, (4) identify and synthesise writer had said … ?; and paraphrase and visualise concepts and events across (2) analyse how writers use them and use this to suggest several paragraphs; and imagery and possible synonyms or (5) support their characterisation. phrases to decide what the interpretations with evidence words might mean. They Students talk about the drawn from the text. can use a dictionary or actions they use while glossary to check or modify Students show inferential reading to learn. their understanding in the comprehension in a range of Students describe how specific context. ways; they reading helps them and is a Students use sentence (1) read between the lines useful activity. comprehending strategies and infer features and such as deciding whether a characteristics of key sentence could be a general concepts and predict statement, a particular possible events; statement or a conditional general statement, and use the appropriate Last updated: 14.01.08


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Progression Point

4.75

At 4.75, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 5 demonstrates, for example: • development of extended personal responses to a range of texts in oral and dramatic presentations, print and multimodal forms • discussion of different views and values presented in texts • use of a range of strategies for interpreting texts, including formulation of questions, comparison of different texts, and identification of cause-and-effect connections • comparison of how information and ideas are presented in a variety of ways in different texts • critical evaluation of information presented in print and multimodal texts. Indicators of Progress



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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts noting most of the actions mentioned in level 4, and modify their reading plan to include the use of the strategies below.

Students use paragraph synthesis strategies by selecting the most appropriate ones from those developed in levels 4, 4.25 and 4.5 to integrate the ideas in the text.

Students skim and scan the text using an abstract or introduction to assist, and integrate into this the corresponding strategies in levels 4, 4.25 and 4.5 to help students decide how it fits with what they know, what it might tell them and questions it might answer.

Students consolidate and review what they have read, they:

Students identify how a text is organised, distinguish between particular types of informative texts and use this to assist them to interpret texts that have unfamiliar ideas and information, noting some of the actions mentioned in level 4. Students read the text independently, either silently or aloud as appropriate; they may switch from one mode to the other if necessary for comprehension or other communication purposes. Students use vocabulary enhancement strategies to work out the subject-specific meanings of unfamiliar topic words by selecting the most appropriate strategy or combination of strategies from the three types Last updated: 14.01.08

(3) answer questions that ask them to infer What would happen if......? by changing ideas in the text; and (4) develop critical and personal responses, such as interpretive pieces or character profiles.

Students show they are aware that particular topics (1) say or write as briefly as can be described and possible the key ideas; interpreted in multiple ways: they infer why a topic may (2) note the key questions be written and interpreted in answered by the text; and different ways. For example, they infer why a goldminer, (3) note how the a trooper and a merchant interpretation of the text is might describe the Eureka influenced by the language stockade fight in different used by the writer. ways. They infer how the language used in the Students show literal alternative versions of each comprehension, they: event differs and how it (1) retell the key ideas in the could lead to different text; impressions of the same events. They note how an (2) say questions that the interpretation of a text can text answers; be influenced by factors such as the reader’s age, (3) answer questions about occupation or social status the key ideas, using several and by the words and strategies to locate, select language used in it. and record key information; Students suggest the (4) implement more author’s purpose for writing complex action sequences the text, infer the author’s where the reader needs to point of view or attitudes decide which action to do at and how well the text any time based on the achieved its purpose, for outcomes of earlier actions, example, What did the with the text describing how writer seem to assume about and when to do each action; the readers? How suitable was the text for adolescent (5) identify and synthesise (c) State of Victoria, 2008

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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview developed in levels 4, 4.25 concepts and events across readers? They evaluate the and 4.5. several paragraphs; and quality of the information presented. Students use sentence (6) support their comprehending strategies by interpretations with evidence Students describe how texts selecting the most drawn from the text. are written for particular appropriate ones from those purposes, they: Students show inferential developed in levels 4, 4.25 comprehension in a range of (1) identify and infer some and 4.5. Students read of the techniques used to sequences of sentences such ways, they: foster a particular as general statements, (1) read between the lines interpretation, for example, particular statements and and infer features and Would you have been as conditional statements and characteristics of key interested if the writer had use the appropriate sentence concepts and predict said …. / worried if the comprehending strategy. possible events; writer had said … ?; and Students use paragraph (2) infer cause and effect (2) analyse how writers use comprehending strategies by across paragraphs and the imagery and identifying the main and nature of possible changes; characterisation. subordinate ideas across paragraphs in a text, then Students talk about the integrate these into a actions they use while summary representation and reading to learn. evaluate the summary in terms of the adequacy of its Students describe how fit with the paragraph. reading helps them and is a useful activity.



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Standard

5.0

At Level 5, students read and view imaginative, informative and persuasive texts that explore ideas and information related to challenging topics, themes and issues. They identify the ideas, themes and issues explored in these texts, and provide supporting evidence to justify their interpretations. They produce personal responses, for example, interpretive pieces and character profiles. They infer meanings and messages in texts, analyse how social values or attitudes are conveyed, compare the presentation of information and ideas in different texts, and identify cause and effect in informative texts.

Indicators of Progress Students use and describe their reading plan for these types of texts. For example, their plan explicitly mentions skimming the text to link its likely topic with what they know, why the text was written, what it might tell them, the actions they might use while reading and how they will add new ideas to what they know as per level 4. As well, they modify their plan to deal with the more complex language of the text. Students skim and scan the text by using the strategies developed from levels 4–5 but modify them for selecting the main ideas in conceptually dense or extended texts. Students identify how a text is organised (in terms of the types of texts to which they have been exposed) and state what they might know Last updated: 14.01.08

Students use paragraph comprehending strategies described in level 4 and modified for more complex text. They identify the main and subordinate ideas across sentences and integrate these into a summary. Students use paragraph synthesis strategies. They use the synthesis strategies described in level 4 and identify the main and subordinate ideas across text comprising up to five paragraphs and integrate these into a summary. Students use various strategies for recording key ideas in the text they read, for example, note taking for longer fictional texts by drawing a network of meanings in the text. Students consolidate and review what they read in a range of ways. They (c) State of Victoria, 2008

(2) infer cause and effect across paragraphs, predict possible events and consequences; (3) infer What would happen if...? by changing conditions in the text and predict the nature of changes; and (4) develop critical and personal responses, such as interpretive pieces or character profiles. Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text, infer the author’s point of view or attitudes and how well the text achieved its purpose. They evaluate the quality of the information presented and analyse how social values or attitudes are conveyed for example, social values in historical or humanities texts. Students describe the Page 37 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview having read it. construct or select a characteristics of texts and summary of a text read and how these influence how the Students read the text implement the set of actions texts achieve their purposes. independently, either silently described in a text They analyse how writers or aloud as appropriate. use language in various Students show literal They may switch from one ways, for example, they use comprehension of the mode to the other if imagery, characterisation relevant text. For example, necessary for and setting in novels and they: comprehension or other persuasive texts to convey communication purposes. their intention. (1) retell the key and subordinate ideas in the text; Students talk about the Students use vocabulary enhancement strategies to actions they use to work out the subject-specific (2) answer questions, using comprehend the texts at this meanings of unfamiliar topic several strategies to locate, level, for example, how select and record targeted words by using the word they: information; meaning strategies developed in levels 4–5 and (1) pursue the argument (3) support their then decontextualise them or presented by a writer; interpretations with make them more abstract by information drawn from the (2) identify cultural or talking about the meaning in text; and historical influences on the a more general way. ideas presented; and (4) explore, discuss and Students use strategies articulate questions that the (3) read to learn. necessary for text answers. comprehending the range of Students describe how sentences in text at this Students show inferential reading helps them and is a level. They use paraphrasing comprehension of the useful activity, for example, and visualising to relevant texts in a range of to discover what other understand the meanings of ways; they people are thinking, and to the different types of teach new ideas efficiently. (1) read between the lines statements (for example, and infer features and particular, procedural, characteristics of key general and conditional concepts; general statements). They switch between using different strategies depending on the type of statement. As well, they recognise figurative ideas in sentences and use the appropriate strategies for comprehending these.



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Progression Point

5.25

At 5.25, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 6 demonstrates, for example: • responses to a variety of texts that explore a range of ideas and issues • discussion of how the use of language varies according to context, purpose and audience • comparison of texts that present issues and ideas in a variety of ways • responses to a wide range of imaginative, informative and persuasive texts in oral, written and multimodal forms • summary and presentation of information and ideas on a topic from several different texts. Indicators of Progress



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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview Students describe their reading plan for the texts, mentioning explicitly the activities listed in level 5. As well, they modify their plan to note the use of imagery in the text.

Students use paragraph comprehending strategies described in levels 4–5 and modified for more complex text: they identify or infer the questions answered by each sentence and use these to identify the main questions answered by a paragraph.

Students skim and scan the text by using the strategies developed in levels 4–5 and Students use paragraph modified for selecting: synthesis strategies; they use the synthesis strategies (1) the main ideas in more described in levels 4–5 and complex informational text; identify the themes and suband themes across a chapter in a longer fictional text and (2) the use of figurative integrate these into a language and socio-cultural summary. perspectives in conceptually dense or Students use various extended texts. strategies for recording key ideas in the text they read, Students identify how a text such as note taking for is organised as developed informational texts by in levels 4–5. In addition, drawing a network of they note the extent to meanings in the text. which the text uses figurative versus literal Students consolidate and language, where it is review what they read in a referenced in time and range of ways, they: place, and what these mean for what they might know, (1) construct or select a having read it. summary of a text read; and Students read the text independently, either silently or aloud as appropriate; they may switch from one mode to the other if necessary for comprehension or other communication purposes. Students use vocabulary enhancement strategies to Last updated: 14.01.08

(2) implement the set of actions described in a text. Students show literal comprehension; in addition to the outcomes in level 5, they show literal comprehension of figurative language and cultural or historical perspectives in their retelling. (c) State of Victoria, 2008

Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text, infer the author’s point of view or attitudes and how well the text achieved its purpose; they produce personal interpretive responses to texts, for example, character profiles; and they identify the themes and issues explored in texts, providing supporting evidence to justify their interpretations. Students describe the characteristics of texts and how these influence how well the texts achieve their purposes; they analyse how: (1) writers differ in their use of language to represent characters, people, plot and events, for example, by comparing two reports about the same topic or issue and compare the language used by each; and (2) figurative language and metaphor can sometimes assist text interpretation over literal language, in informational text as well as in persuasive and fictional or narrative text. Students talk about the actions they use to comprehend the texts at this level, for example: (1) to pursue the argument presented by a writer; Page 40 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview work out the subjectStudents show inferential (2) to identify cultural or specific meanings of comprehension in a range of historical influences on the unfamiliar topic words by ways; in addition to the ideas presented; and using the word meaning outcomes in level 5, they strategies developed in (3) while reading to learn. suggest why concepts, levels 4–5 and linking the characters or events are words with other abstract Students describe how described in particular ways, concepts specified in the reading helps them and is a suggest what might be text. useful activity, for example, alternative ways of to discover what other describing them, and identify Students use strategies people are thinking, and to described in levels 4–5 and how socio-cultural values, teach new ideas efficiently. attitudes and beliefs are in addition use the presented in particular texts. appropriate strategies for comprehending figurative ideas in sentences.



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Progression Point

5.5

At 5.5, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 6 demonstrates, for example: • discussion of how contemporary and classical literary texts explore ideas and issues relevant to their own lives • understanding of how variations in language, form and context affect interpretations of texts • explorations of how texts vary according to context and purpose; for example, contemporary newspaper stories, classical fables, narrative poems, lyrics of popular songs • personal responses to key ideas and issues in literary texts in oral, dramatic, written and multimodal presentations • identification of different perspectives and information used in texts presenting a range of points of view. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts, mentioning explicitly the activities in level 5. As well, they modify their plan to deal with the more complex language of the text. Students skim and scan the text by using the strategies developed from levels 4–5 but modified for selecting the main ideas in more complex informational text and note the use of metaphoric language, historical and socio-cultural perspectives in argumentative and persuasive or extended texts. Last updated: 14.01.08

Students use paragraph comprehending strategies described in levels 4–5.25 and modified for more complex text, they:

Students show inferential comprehension in a range of ways. In addition to the outcomes in level 5.25, they identify:

(1) read between the lines and infer cause–effect and the nature of possible changes across a paragraph; and

(1) how socio-cultural values, attitudes and beliefs are presented in particular texts and how these affect text comprehension; and

(2) use creative visualisation of sentences in a paragraph (for example, for narrative fantasy texts) to assist inferring and reading between the lines.

(2) how persuasive techniques are used in simple written arguments and debates.

Students use paragraph synthesis strategies. They use the synthesis strategies (c) State of Victoria, 2008

Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text, infer the author’s point of view or attitudes and how well the text Page 42 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview described in levels 4–5.25 achieves its purpose. They Students identify how a text and identify the main and infer meanings and is organised and in addition subordinate ideas across a messages in texts and to noting the decisions about chapter in an informative compare the presentation of how a text is organised, text and integrate these into information and ideas in developed in levels 4–5.25, a summary. different texts, for example, distinguish between literal in two persuasive texts Students use various versus figurative text and targeting the same topic or strategies for recording key two biographies describing note whether the text uses metaphor or satire, what this ideas in the text they read. the same character. They take notes for opinion means for what they might Students describe the and argumentative texts by know having read the text, characteristics of texts and and the reading actions they drawing a network of how these influence how meanings in the text. might use. well the texts achieve their Students consolidate and Students read the text purposes. They analyse independently, either silently review what they read in a multiple texts that address range of ways, they: or aloud as appropriate. an issue and compare the They may switch from one language used by each, (1) construct or select a mode to the other if identify how a writer’s summary of a text read; and necessary for attitudes and intentions are comprehension or other reflected in the information (2) implement the set of communication purposes. used, and evaluate the logic actions described in a text. of the argument provided by Students use vocabulary Students show literal each. enhancement strategies to comprehension. In addition work out the subject-specific Students talk about the to the outcomes in level meanings of unfamiliar topic actions they use to 5.25, they show literal words by using the word comprehend the texts at this comprehension of meaning strategies level, for example: metaphoric language and developed in levels 4–5.25 cultural or historical and by linking word (1) to pursue the argument perspectives in their meanings with either more presented by a writer; retelling, and implement the general or more specific more complex action (2) to identify cultural or concepts mentioned in the sequences described in the historical influences on the text. operational texts. The reader ideas presented; and needs to decide which action Students use sentence (3) while reading to learn. strategies described in levels to do at any time, based on the outcomes of earlier 4–5.25 and in addition Students describe how actions, with the text recognise metaphoric ideas describing how and when to reading helps them and is a in sentences and use the useful activity, for example, do each action. appropriate strategies for to discover what other comprehending these (for people are thinking, and to example, using cultural teach new ideas efficiently. analogy and constructing a Last updated: 14.01.08


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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview literal interpretation) and for Students explore how texts comprehending cultural vary according to context influences in the text. and purpose.



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Progression Point

5.75

At 5.75, the work of a student progressing towards the standard at Level 6 demonstrates, for example: • reflection on ideas and issues relevant to their own lives that are explored in imaginative, informative and persuasive texts • discussion of the impact of aspects of texts; for example, the use of imagery and symbolism • identification of multiple purposes within the same texts; for example, editorials intended to inform, warn or persuade • critical analyses of and responses to a wide range of imaginative, informative and persuasive texts • use of metalanguage to compare features of different kinds of texts such as play scripts, films, novels Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts, mentioning explicitly the activities in level 5. Students skim and scan the text by using the strategies developed from levels 4–5.5 and modified to include selecting the main ideas in more complex informational text, and note the use of symbolic language, and historical and socio-cultural perspectives in conceptually dense or extended text.

Students use paragraph synthesis strategies described in levels 4–5.5 and identify the theme and subthemes in a chapter of fiction across two or more chapters in a longer fictional text and integrate these into a summary of each chapter and use these to compare the chapters.

Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text, and infer the author’s point of view or attitudes and how well the text achieves its purpose; they infer the purposes of two or three texts targeting the same topic and identify the disposition and attitudes of each author.

Students use various strategies for recording key ideas in the text they read: they use note taking to record and compare the main ideas in different texts using concept and semantic mapping procedures.

Students describe the characteristics of texts and how these influence how well the texts achieve their purposes, they:

Students identify how a text is organised, and in addition to noting the decisions about Students consolidate and how a text is organised, as review what they read in a developed in levels 4–5.5, Last updated: 14.01.08


(1) analyse and explain similarities and differences between texts and discuss how the ideas in a text are determined by the context, Page 45 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview distinguish symbolic text range of ways, they: time or culture in which they from other types of text, are based; and (1) construct or select a where it is referenced in summary of a text read; and (2) identify the language time and place, and what used to present points of this means for what they (2) implement the set of view from particular social, might know having read a actions described in a text. political or cultural particular type of text. perspectives (for example, Students show literal Students read the text how different groups would comprehension; in addition independently, either silently construct conservation in to the outcomes in level 5.5, or aloud as appropriate; they text). they: may switch from one mode Students talk about the to the other if necessary for (1) read several texts that actions they use to comprehension or other address an issue and identify comprehend the texts at this communication purposes. the perspective of each and level, for example: the information used to Students use vocabulary support it; and (1) to pursue the argument enhancement strategies to presented by a writer; work out the subject-specific (2) compare and evaluate, meanings of unfamiliar topic using various criteria, two (2) to identify cultural or words by using the word action sequences described historical influences on the meaning strategies in texts. ideas presented; and developed in levels 4–5.5 to link the meaning with either Students show inferential (3) while reading to learn. comprehension in a range of more general or more Students describe how specific concepts mentioned ways; in addition to the outcomes in level 5.5, they reading helps them and is a in the text. analyse the ideas in two or useful activity, for example, Students use sentence more articles that debate an to discover what other strategies described in levels issue and people are thinking, and to 4–5.5, and in addition, they teach new ideas efficiently. recognise symbolic ideas in (1) evaluate the argument in each; sentences and use the appropriate strategies for (2) interpret texts both comprehending these (for example, using analogy and subjectively and in more objective and critical ways constructing a literal to identify multiple interpretation) and for perspectives; and comprehending cultural influences in the text. (3) explain the ways in Students use paragraph which a text could change if comprehending strategies set in a different social, described in levels 4–5.5 cultural, historical or and modified for more industrial context. complex text; they link global issues and specific Last updated: 14.01.08


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Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview events represented in a paragraph.



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Standard

6.0

At Level 6, students read, view, analyse, critique, reflect on and discuss contemporary and classical imaginative texts that explore personal, social, cultural and political issues of significance to their own lives. They also read, view, analyse and discuss a wide range of informative and persuasive texts and identify the multiple purposes for which texts are created. They explain how texts are shaped by the time, place and cultural setting in which they are created. They compare and contrast the typical features of particular texts and synthesise information from different texts to draw conclusions. Indicators of Progress Students describe their reading plan for these types of texts, mentioning explicitly the activities covered in 5.00 to 5.75.

Students use paragraph synthesis strategies described in 5.00 to 5.75 to synthesise an understanding of the relevant types of text.

Students skim and scan the text by using the strategies developed from level 5.00 to 5.75 in an integrated, selective way

Students record the key ideas in the text they read using the most appropriate note taking strategies.

Students identify instances of the text characteristics developed from 5.00 to 5.75 and what these mean for what the text might ‘tell them’, that is, what they will learn from the text.

Students consolidate and review what they read in relevant ways.

Students show literal comprehension for the types of texts read from 5.00 to 6.00 and compare literal comprehension across two or more of the texts. They Students read the range of texts at this level retell the key and independently, either silently subordinate ideas in the or aloud as appropriate; they texts, locate, select and may switch from one mode record targeted information, to the other if necessary for support their interpretations comprehension or other with information from the text, say questions that the communication purposes. text answers and show literal Students use the range of comprehension of figurative vocabulary enhancement Last updated: 14.01.08


Students suggest the author’s purpose for writing the text, infer the author’s point of view or attitudes and evaluate how well the text achieved its purpose, their political, social and historical disposition and how these influenced the information presented. Students describe the characteristics of texts and how these influence how well the texts achieve their purposes, they: (1) identify the significance of symbols that have specific cultural or temporal meaning and (2) compare and contrast the typical features or conventions of particular text types, such as the use of imagery and stereotyping in advertisements or symbolism in stories and poetry. Page 48 of 49

Reading – Text Level Knowledge - Developmental Overview strategies covered in 5.00 to and symbolic texts. They Students talk about the 5.75 to work out the subject implement complex action actions they use to specific meanings of sequences described in comprehend the texts at this unfamiliar topic words. operational texts. level, for example: Students use the range of Students show inferential sentence strategies described comprehension in a range of (1) to pursue the argument presented by a writer; in 5.00 to 5.75 in a strategic ways described for 5.00 to and systematic way to 5.75, compare and evaluate (2) to identify cultural or comprehend the targeted inferential interpretations of historical influences on the types of sentences. two or more texts and ideas presented; identify how a text might Students apply the paragraph change if set in a different (3) while reading to learn. comprehending strategies social, cultural, historical or described in 5.00 to 5.75 to Students describe how industrial context. the appropriate types of text. reading helps them and is a useful activity, for example, to discover what other people are thinking, to teach new ideas efficiently.



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Developmental Overview for Reading – text level knowledge

Developmental Overview for Reading – text level knowledge

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