[1] sample data in Makassar reach 4.8 Million in 2013 ... Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan 2013 (SEMANTIK) 2013. 176- ...
GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODELS OPTIMIZATION FOR COUNTING THE NUMBERS OF VEHICLE BY ADJUSTING THE REGION OF INTEREST UNDER HEAVY TRAFFIC CONDITION
Basri, Indrabayu and Andani Achmad Artificial Intelligence and Multimedia Processing Research Group HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY, MAKASSAR SURABAYA. 20-21 MAY 2015
The number of vehicles in big cities of Indonesia is increasing every year[1].
Based on that condition, the problems such as congestion, accidents, traffic violations and trends in the incidence of crime also increased Advanced Traffic Management System with Placing Intelligent traffic light at specific points on the crossroads can control traffic and reduce the problems occurred
[1] sample data in Makassar reach 4.8 Million in 2013
BACKGROUND
Intelligent traffic light has better time transition as opposed to the current conventional traffic light system [2]
Better transition means Traffic Light has automatic time transition based on traffic condition
Intelligent Surveilance : Image Processing for Detecting and counting the vehicle
[2] Indrabayu, Areni, I.S., Makobombang, N.NRA., Sidehabi, S.W. “A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Timely Adaptive Traffic Light based on Traffic Load”. Published in IEEE Exp. Makassar International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (MICEEI). vol., no., pp.170,174, 26-30 Nov. 2014.
BACKGROUND
HEAVY TRAFFIC
1. GMM is a type of density model consisted by components of Gaussian functions, due to its powerful to perform the background adaptation process [3]. 2. In addition, this algorithm has the reliability to light changing and object detection in repetitive conditions [4]. 3. Menawhile, This algorithm is widely implemented in vehicle detection and calculation.
[3] Rostianingsih. S., Adipranata. R. dan Wibisono. F.S. “Adaptive Background dengan Metode Gaussian Mixture Models untuk Real-Time Tracking”. Jurnal Informatika 2008. Vol.
9. No. 1: 68 - 77. [4] Lim. R., Sutjiadi. R. dan Setyati. E. “Metode Adaptive Background Extraction-Gaussian Mixture Models Untuk Aplikasi Penghitung Kendaraan Berbasis Video”. Proseding Seminar Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi (SeTISI) 2011. 24-09-2011.
GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODELS
1. Resmana Lim, et al. that using GMM as research method for detecting and counting vehicles, these study reach 80% accuracy using a video simulation and video samples [4]. 2. Other research studied by Iswahyudi, et al. which combines GMM method with Kalman Filtering for tracking vehicles with low quality video, in these research found that in every condition, parameters selection must be adjusted [5]. 3. previous research for vehicle counting but different method studied by Indrabayu, et al. which used Viola Jones in examining accuracy effect by the number of samples. The research found highest detection accuracy was 92%[6]
[4] Lim. R., Sutjiadi. R. dan Setyati. E. “Metode Adaptive Background Extraction-Gaussian Mixture Models Untuk Aplikasi Penghitung Kendaraan Berbasis Video”. Proseding Seminar Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi (SeTISI) 2011. 24-09-2011. [5] Iswahyudi., Purwant. Y., Soleman. M.A. dan Pramunendar. R.A. “Pelacakan Kendaraan Bermotor di Jalan Tol Semarang Menggunakan Kalman Filter dan Mixture of Gaussian dengan Video Kualitas Rendah”. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi & Komunikasi Terapan 2013 (SEMANTIK) 2013. 176-182 [6] Djamaluddin.D., Indrabulan, T., Andani, Indrabayu, Sidehabi, S.W. “The Simulation of Vehicle Counting System for Traffic Surveillance using Viola Jones Method”. Published in IEEE Exp. Makassar International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics (MICEEI). vol., no., pp.130,135, 26-30 Nov. 2014.
RELATED WORKS
DEFINITION • Reliable method for the background extraction and with some modification can achieve high accuracy in background modeling [7]. • This technique detecting the objects with the foreground and background subtraction from a frame of video input. • Based on the background modeling method of GMM, modeling object processed in every pixel point value. Background subtraction is a fundamental low-level processing task [8].
[7] Wang, H., Suter, D. “A Re-evaluation of Mixture-of-Gaussian Background Modeling ”. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005. Proceedings. (ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on , vol.2, no., pp.ii/1017,ii/1020 Vol. 2, 18-23 March 2005. [8] Reddy.V., Sanderson. C., Lovell. B.C. “Improved Foreground Detection via Block-based Classifier Cascade with Probabilistic Decision Integration”. Published in: IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. Vol. 23. No. 1. 2013. pp. 83–93.
GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODELS (TEORY)
its history pixel value can be expressed as: ,…,
={
,
:1 ≤ ≤ }
(1)
There ( , ) refers to the gray value of pixel in time i. Gaussian mixture model uses K Gaussian distribution to stand for those history value, so the proportion of pixel as current value is: ,
=∑
, ∗ ( ,
,∑ , )
(2)
Among them, , is the i weight of Gaussian distribution in time t, which reflects the appearance proportion of Gaussian distribution; ( , , ∑ , ) is the Gaussian proportion density function when the i time’s mean value ( , ) and the covariance is ∑ , ; ( ) refers to the proportion of time pixel as X; K is the number of distribution
GAUSSIAN MIXTURE MODELS (TEORY)
A. Video Input Input video data can be performed in different resolutions such as 160x120 pixels, 320x240 pixels, 352x288 pixels and 640x480 pixels and captured by webcam B. Extract Frame Video will be extracted into frames based on video length. Afterward, these frames processed by the system. C. Image Optimization converting the color space from RGB to Intensity (Grayscale) D. Foreground Segmentation Object (a collection of pixels) detected as a background will be given binary code 0 (black), while the object (set of pixels) detected as foreground given binary code as 1 (white)
Fig. 1. GMM Process
GMM PROCESS
E. Filter Strel foreground objects will be filtered to make it easier to distinguish between the object and non-object F. Object Detection Vehicle detection is classification between cars and motorcycles. In this process occurs digital image segmentation that process of dividing a digital image into several parts. G. Marking Vehicles that have been successfully detected are marked by giving Bounding Box (BBox) around the detected vehicle object with a rectangle shape H. Counting Calculation process performed by summing the vehicle from marking process. Looping process in handling every frame from the first frame until the last frame conducted real quick, therefore system output are shown in a video
Fig. 1. GMM Process
GMM PROCESS
Fig. 2. Proposed scheme
GMM process that described earlier, there are some parameters system going on. However in this condition given treating by adjusting of ROI to evaluate its effect on vehicle detection and counting accuracy. Hence in the following figure shown the scheme of Gaussian Mixture Models optimization process by adjusting of ROI in optimal position to get the best results on heavy traffic condition
PROPOSED SCHEME
A. Dataset This system using 6 video AVI type with 160x120 pixels resolution along 33 seconds (1000 frame). B. Parameter Value Parameter of ROI given by front value = ([18 84 111 36]); back = ([61 3 32 13]); middle = ([51 22 54 19]); in the frame image area. Part of programming processed as following pseudocode :
%initial roi 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Shape1 with rectangles border int32([pixel value]) Shape2 with Opacity=1 Setup except ROI front = step shape2 Setup except ROI middle = step shape2 Setup except ROI back = step shape2 displayroi = step shape1
Fig. 3. Adjusting of ROI
PROPOSED SCHEME
C. Validation this study is focused only to evaluate the accuracy results. Thus, vehicle counting result in system design will be validated to measure the accuracy percentage. Accuration of the GMM in counting vehicles and improved accuration used the following formula:
% %
(
) = =
∗ 100%
.
.
(3) ∗ 100% (4)
PROPOSED SCHEME
MOTORCYCLE COUNTING RESULT Table II. Motorcycle Counting Result with Adjusting of ROI
Table I. Motorcycle Counting Result before Adjusting of ROI
True Positif of Motorcycle Data
Actual
True Positif of Motorcycle Data
Actual a
acc (%)
b
acc (%)
a
acc (%)
1
132
93
70.45
52
39.39
1
132
89
67.42
2
129
109
84.49
97
73.48
2
129
88
68.22
3
130
92
70.76
88
69.84
3
130
98
75.38
4
186
104
55.91
72
40.22
4
186
140
75.27 5
128
98
76.56
70
55.55
6
150
129
86.00
84
56.00
5 6
128 150
Average
78 102
60.94 68.00 69.21
a = counting result, acc = accuration
Average
74.03
25
acc (%) 18.94
51
38.64
42
33.33
25
13.97
50
39.68
27
18
c
55.74
27.09
a = front, b = middle, c = back, acc = accuration
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
MOTORCYCLE COUNTING RESULT 200
• Table I (before): 69.21%
of
160 V e h ic le D e t e c tio n
• Table II (after): In the front 74.03%, in the middle by 55.74% and in the back by 27.09%, • improvement the average accuration by 6.96% (front) .
Actual Front Middle Back
180
140 120 100 80 60 40 20
1
2
3
4
5
6
Video Data
Fig. 4. Graphic Counting of Motorcycle Detection
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CAR COUNTING RESULT Table III. Car Counting Result before Adjusting of ROI
Table IV. Car Counting Result with Adjusting of ROI
True Positif of Car Data
Actual
a
acc (%)
1
57
35
61.40
2
32
25
78.13
Data
Actual
1
True Positif of Car acc b (%)
a
acc (%)
57
45
78.94
41
70.68
2
32
28
87.50
28
87.50
3
39
35
89.74
38
92.68
4
50
48
96.00
44
88.00
3
39
26
66.67
4
50
33
66.00
5
46
20
43.48
5
46
18
39.13
36
80.00
6
54
31
57.41
6
54
47
87.03
42
80.76
Average
62.18
a = counting result, acc = accuration
Average
79.72
43
acc (%) 74.14
29
90.63
38
92.68
45
90
39
86.67
44
84.62
c
83.27
86.46
a = front, b = middle, c = back, acc = accuration
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CAR COUNTING RESULT • Table III (before): 62.18%
60 Actual Front Middle Back
55 50 V ehic le Detec tion
• Table IV (after) acuracy leads to : In the front 79.72%, in the middle by 83.27% and in the back by 86.46%,
45 40 35 30 25
• Improvement the average accuration by 39.05% (back).
of
20 15
1
2
3
4
5
6
Video Data
Fig. 4. Graphic Counting of Motorcycle Detection
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• with adjusting of ROI in GMM for 120x160 video resolution, for detection and counting of vehicles on the main road with a heavy traffic condition leads to better approach. • The influenced effect varies for the type of vehicle, for motorcycle improvement the average of accuration by 6.97%, and car with average raised by 39.04%.
CONCLUSION
THANK YOU..
FINISH
