ing schemes, other technitues are employed. Firstly, the partial cycle0spinning algorithm is used to achieve near translation invariance. Secondly, local adapta0.
W4@}i #i?Lt?} Nt?} @ *LU!i_@? )h@4_ V*@_4h i*?!c W*)@ 54*iUc k@hi? ,}@3@h@?c a@@!!L t|L*@ 5}?@* hLUitt?} w@MLh@|Lh) A@4Tihi N?iht|) Lu AiU?L*L}) L DD c A@4Tihic 6?*@?_
Devwudfw
D eorfn0phgldq s|udplgdo wudqvirup/ edvhg rq wkh phgldq rshudwlrq ryhu qrq0ryhuodsslqj eorfnv dqg olq0 hdu Odjudqjh lqwhusrodwlrq/ lv frqvlghuhg iru lpdjh gh0 qrlvlqj1 Lq dgglwlrq wr wkh vriw dqg kdug wkuhvkrog0 lqj vfkhphv/ rwkhu whfkqltxhv duh hpsor|hg1 Iluvwo|/ wkh sduwldo f|foh0vslqqlqj dojrulwkp lv xvhg wr dfklhyh qhdu wudqvodwlrq lqyduldqfh1 Vhfrqgo|/ orfdo dgdswd0 wlrq lq wkh wudqvirup grpdlq lv xvhg iru dgmxvwphqw ri sdudphwhuv lq dffrugdqfh zlwk vsdwldo ehkdylru ri wkh lpdjh1
W?|hL_U|L? Lq uhfhqw |hduv/ pxowluhvroxwlrq ghqrlvlqj whfk0 qltxhv kdyh ehfrph srsxodu lq pdq| vljqdo dqg lp0 djh surfhvvlqj dssolfdwlrqv1 Dprqj wkhvh/ frqvlghu0 deoh dwwhqwlrq kdv ehhq irfxvhg rq qrqolqhdu s|udpl0 gdo wudqvirupv ^4`/ ^5`/ ^6`/ ^7`/ ^8`1 Iru h{dpsoh/ wudqv0 irupv edvhg rq wkh phgldq rshudwlrq kdyh vkrzq wr eh vxshulru wr olqhdu phwkrgv iru ghqrlvlqj lq khdy|0 wdlohg qrlvh hqylurqphqwv ^6` dv zhoo dv iru lpdjhv frq0 wdlqlqj lpsxovlyh vwuxfwxuh dqg vkdus hgjhv ^5`1 Lq ^5`/ d s|udplgdo phgldq wudqvirup zdv sursrvhg dqg dqdo|}hg iru lpdjh surfhvvlqj dssolfdwlrqv hp0 skdvl}lqj lwv xvh iru remhfw ghwhfwlrq dqg frpsuhvvlrq1 Wkh dssurdfk wdnhq lq ^6` dqg ^7` xvhv wkh vr0fdoohg phgldq0lqwhusrodwlrq dqg surylghv d frpsuhkhqvlyh wkhruhwlfdo iudphzrun iru wkh dqdo|vlv ri wkh surshuwlhv ri wkh s|udplgdo wudqvirup1 Ixuwkhupruh/ lw lv ghprq0 vwudwhg iru rqh0glphqvlrqdo vljqdov wkdw wklv whfkqltxh zrunv zhoo zlwk vwurqjo| qrq0Jdxvvldq qrlvh1 Dovr/ lw lv dqdo|wlfdoo| vkrzq krz wkuhvkrogv duh wr eh vhohfwhg iru ghqrlvlqj dssolfdwlrqv1 Lq ^9`/ d qrqolqhdu eorfn0phgldq s|udplgdo wudqv0 irup +EPSW, zdv sursrvhg1 Vwdwlvwlfdo fkdudf0 whulvwlfv ri wklv wudqvirup zhuh dqdo|wlfdoo| ghwhu0 plqhg1 Xqolnh lq ^9`/ khuh zh pdlqo| frqvlghu wkh 50 G fdvh1 Dgglwlrqdoo|/ pruh vrsklvwlfdwhg dssurdfkhv wr s|udplg0edvhg ghqrlvlqj/ vxfk dv sduwldo f|foh0 vslqqlqj dojrulwkpv dqg orfdo dgdswdwlrq/ duh xvhg khuh1 F|foh0vslqqlqj dojrulwkpv surylgh d vkliw0
lqyduldqfh surshuw| ri pxowluhvroxwlrq wudqvirupv/ dqg duh vxffhvvixoo| xvhg iru zdyhohw ghqrlvlqj ^:`1 Wkh or0 fdo dgdswdwlrq shuplwv glhuhqw wuhdwphqw ri ghwdlov dqg krprjhqhrxv uhjlrqv ri wkh lpdjh lq wkh s|udpl0 gdo wudqvirup grpdlq ^8`/ ^;`1
2
*LU!i_@? )h@4_@* Ah@?tuLh4 uLh W4@}i hLUitt?} TT*U@|L?t Ohw xv frqvlghu wkh EPSW iru lpdjh surfhvvlqj ds0 solfdwlrqv1 Pruh vshflfdoo|/ jlyhq gdwd rq vrph vfdoh n/ phgldqv duh fdofxodwhg ryhu qrq0ryhuodsslqj eorfnv ri vl}h P @ pp/ wkh rxwsxwv ri zklfk frqvwlwxwh wkh vkuxqn lpdjh {+n.4, dw wkh qh{w/ frduvhu vfdoh n . 41 Wkh ohqjwk p ri wkh eorfn fdq eh 5 ru 6/ iru h{dpsoh1 Fohduo|/ wkh vl}h ri wkh lpdjh rq hdfk vxffhvvlyh vfdoh lv uhgxfhg e| P 1 Diwhuzdugv/ xsvdpsolqj e| P dqg wkh lqwhusrodwlrq rshudwru duh xvhg wr suhglfw wkh gdwd rq vfdoh n iurp vfdoh n .41 Wkh glhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh dfwxdo dqg suhglfwhg ydoxhv duh fdofxodwhg dqg vwruhg dv wkh uhvlgxdo lpdjh %+n.4, 1 Ixuwkhu ghfrpsrvlwlrq lv dfklhyhg e| lwhudwlqj wklv surfhvv1 Dojrulwkp 4 gh0 vfulehv wkh ghfrpsrvlwlrq vwdjh ri wkh wudqvirup zkloh Dojrulwkp 5 ghvfulehv wkh uhfrqvwuxfwlrq sduw1 Dojrulwkp 4 Eorfn S|udplgdo Ghfrpsrvlwlrq1
41 Ohw {+ , +l> m , uhsuhvhqw wkh lpdjh rq vfdoh ohyho n1 Vwduw zlwk n @ 3/ zklfk lv wkh ruljlqdo lpdjh { +l> m , ri vl}h P 1 n
q
51 Glylgh {+ , +l> m , lqwr qrq0ryhuodsslqj eorfnv ri vl}h P 1 n
61 Wkh lpdjh {+ .4, +l> m , rq vfdoh n . 4 lv re0 wdlqhg e| dsso|lqj d phgldq rshudwru rq hdfk qrq0ryhuodsslqj eorfn ri {+ , +l> m ,1 n
n
71 Lqwhusrodwh {+ .4, +l> m, wr pdnh wkh suhglfwlrq {a+ , +l> m , ri wkh lpdjh rq vfdoh n1 n
n
81 Frpsxwh dqg vwruh wkh glhuhqfhv %+ {+ , +l> m , {a+ , +l> m ,1
n.4,
n
n
+l> m , @
91 Ohw n @ n . 41 Li n ? N3 +N3 q,/ jr wr 51
:1 Froohfw
wkh
%+4, > = = = > %+
N3 ,
wudqvirup 3, 1
yhfwru
> {+
N
@
61 lqyhuw wkh s|udplgdo wudqvirup e| dsso|lqj wkh s|udplgdo uhfrqvwuxfwlrq dojrulwkp wr wkh wkuhvk0 roghg yhfwru w @ %+4, > = = = > %+N3 , > {+N3 , 1
Dojrulwkp 5 Eorfn S|udplgdo Uhfrqvwuxfwlrq1
41 Ohw n @ N3 51 Lqwhusrodwh {+ , +l> m , wr pdnh wkh suhglfwlrq {a+ 4, +l> m , ri wkh lpdjh rq vfdoh n 41 n
n
61 Wkh lpdjh rq vfdoh n 4 lv rewdlqhg e| {+ 4, +l> m , @ %+ , +l> m , . {a+ 4, +l> m , n
n
51 dsso| d wkuhvkroglqj rshudwru ^` wr wkh uhvlgxdo vljqdo ydoxhv %+n, = n @ 4> = = = > N3 >
n
71 Ohw n @ n 41 Li n A 3/ jr wr 51
Wkh vlpsohvw dqg wkh prvw zlgho| xvhg wkuhvkrog0 lqj rshudwruv pdnh xvh ri wkh vr0fdoohg kdug dqg vriw wkuhvkroglqj vfkhphv ^6`/ ^43`1 Wkh kdug wkuhvkroglqj vfkhph fdq eh ghvfulehg e| wkh ixqfwlrq
kdug %+ , +l> m , > w
81 Ohw { @ { 1
n
+3,
Wkh eorfn s|udplgdo wudqvirupv/ vxfk dv wkh EPSW/ ohqg wkhpvhoyhv wr idvw lpsohphqwdwlrq1 Wkhuh lv qr qhhg wr fdofxodwh wkh owhu rxwsxwv iru wkh hqwluh vljqdo dqg wkhq ghflpdwh lw1 Lqvwhdg/ rqh fdq froohfw rqo| wkh rxwsxwv ri wkh owhu dssolhg wr qrq0ryhuodsslqj eorfnv ri wkh vljqdo1 q Ohw { +l> m , eh wkh lpdjh ri vl}h Q Q> Q @ P 5 1 Iru h{dpsoh/ li P @ < wkh vkuxqn lpdjh rq vfdoh n .4 fdq eh zulwwhq dv
{+
n.4,
k
l
+l> m , @ phg {+n, +6l o> 6m u,
o> u@3>4>5
> +4,
zkhuh l> m @ 4> = = = > 6qn4 1 Lq wklv fdvh/ wkh lqwhu0 srodwlrq rshudwru iurp vfdoh n . 4 wr vfdoh n fdq eh uhsuhvhqwhg jhqhudoo| e| wkh irupxod
{a +6l o> 6m u, @ +n,
4 4 [ [
4 @4
s@
+o> u, {+
n.4,
st
+l . s> m . t , > +5,
t
zkhuh l> m @ 5> = = = > 6qn4 4> o> u @ 3> 4> 5> st duh wkh sdudphwhuv fdofxodwhg ehiruhkdqg xvlqj wkh Od0 judqjh lqwhusrodwlrq irupxod ^ = = = > %+N3 , > {+N3 , e| dsso|lqj wkh s|udplgdo ghfrpsrvlwlrq dojrulwkp wr qrlv| gdwd>
@
n
@
%+ , +l> m , > 3> n
%+n, +l> m , %+n, +l> m ,
Aw w >
+6,
n n
zkhuh wn lv d {hg wkuhvkrog rq vfdoh n1 Wkh kdug wkuhvkroglqj surfhgxuh dvvxphv wkdw wkh wudqvirup fr0 hflhqwv zlwk dpsolwxghv vpdoohu wkdq wn fdq eh frq0 vlghuhg dv rqhv fruuhvsrqglqj wr qrlvh/ dqg/ khqfh/ fdq eh vhw wr }hur1 Wkh wkuhvkrog wn frqwurov wkh ghjuhh ri qrlvh uhgxfwlrq1 Wkh vriw wkuhvkroglqj rshudwru lv h{suhvvhg dv d ixqfwlrq ghshqglqj rq wkh wkuhvkrog wn lq wkh iroorz0 lqj zd|=
vriw %+ , +l> m , > w n
@
n
@
+ , +l> m , > 3> n
%+n, +l> m , %+n, +l> m ,
Aw w >
+7,
n n
zkhuh +n, +l> m , @ vljq %+n, +l> m , %+n, +l> m , wn 1 Wkh wudglwlrqdo dssurdfk wr wkuhvkrog vhohfwlrq lv wr pdnh xvh ri vwdwlvwlfdo fkdudfwhulvwlfv ri wkh wudqv0 irup frhflhqwv fruuhvsrqglqj wr wkh sxuh qrlvh lq0 sxw vljqdo ^6`/ ^43`1 Wkh qrlvh lv dvvxphg wr eh zklwh dqg dgglwlyh1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ zh fdq fkrrvh wkh _kdug% wkuhvkrogv iwn > n @ 4> = = = > N3 j rq hdfk vfdoh ohyho vr wkdw wkh suredelolw| ri wkh wudqvirup frh0 flhqwv %+n, +l> m , h{fhhglqj wkhp lv dw prvw htxdo wr vrph suredelolw| s iru wkh fdvh ri { +l> m , ehlqj zklwh qrlvh zlwk vrph jlyhq suredelolw| glvwulexwlrq ^6`> wkdw lv Su %+n, +l> m , A wn @ s1 Dqrwkhu srvvlelolw| lv wr vhohfw wkh wkuhvkrogv e| hvwlpdwlqj wkh vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq +n, ri wkh qrlvh dw hdfk vfdoh dqg wdnlqj lqwr dffrxqw wkdw wkh wkuhvk0 rog ydoxhv kdyh wr eh glhuhqw rq hdfk vfdoh ohyho1 Wkh _kdug% wkuhvkrogv lq wklv fdvh duh fdofxodwhg dv wn @ +n, / zkhuh lv d sdudphwhu/ w|slfdoo| ehwzhhq 5 dqg 71 Wkh _vriw% wkuhvkrogv fdq dovr eh vhw ghshqg0 lqj xsrq +n, 1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ iru wkh EPSW/ zh sur0 srvh wr vhw wkh wkuhvkrogv forvh wr wkh ydoxh +n, / l1h1/
w
r + , 1
Pruhryhu/ wkh vwdwlvwlfdo uhvxowv rewdlqhg lq ^9` jlyh wkh srvvlelolw| wr dqdo|wlfdoo| ghwhuplqh wkh _kdug% dqg _vriw% wkuhvkrogv iru wkh EPSW1 Wkh frqvlghuhg kdug dqg vriw wkuhvkroglqj vfkhphv duh hhfwlyh lq pdq| vlwxdwlrqv1 Krzhyhu/ dgdswlyh wkuhvkroglqj uxohv fdq vljqlfdqwo| lpsuryh wkh h0 flhqf| ri ghqrlvlqj1 Wkh| shuplw rqh wr dgdsw wr erwk qrlvh dqg lpdjh fkdudfwhulvwlfv1 Rqh zd| wr exlog dq dojrulwkp edvhg rq vxfk uxohv lv wr ydu| wkh fkdudfwhu0 lvwlfv ri wkh wkuhvkroglqj rshudwru lq dffrugdqfh zlwk wkh ydoxh ri dq dgdswdwlrq sdudphwhu fdofxodwhg iru hy0 hu| wudqvirup frhflhqw dw hdfk vfdoh ohyho1 Pdq| zhoo nqrzq vsdwldoo| dgdswlyh ghqrlvlqj whfkqltxhv fdq eh uhsuhvhqwhg lq wklv frqwh{w1 Wkh dgdswdwlrq lq pxo0 wluhvroxwlrq wudqvirup grpdlq lv riwhq edvhg rq hlwkhu wkh ghulydwlrq ri orfdo vwdwlvwlfv ri wkh vljqdo lq wkh wudqvirup grpdlq ^8`/ ^;`/ ru wkh dssolfdwlrq ri pxowl0 vfdoh hgjh ghwhfwru rshudwruv ^44`1 Zh sursrvh wr fdofxodwh wkh ydoxhv ri d orfdo dfwlylw| lqglfdwru +ODL, dw hdfk orfdwlrq rq hdfk vfdoh1 Wkh ODL uhhfwv wkh vsdwldo yduldelolw| ri dq lpdjh1 Lq rwkhu zrugv/ wkh odujhu wkh ydoxh ri ODL/ wkh pruh ghwdlov duh suhvhqw lq wkh lpdjh dw d jlyhq orfdwlrq1 Orfdo vwdwlvwlfv/ vxfk dv wkh orfdo yduldqfh/ fdq eh xvhg dv wkh ODL1 Ohw xv lqwurgxfh wkh vfdoh ghshqghqw ODL iru lpdjh { +l> m , edvhg rq wkh orfdo yduldqfh iru wkh EPSW= n
n
n
%
O3 [
O3 [
4
y+ , +l> m , @
O @ O3 [
4
O3 u@
o
O3 [
O @
{+ 4, +l . o> m . u, n
O3
5
&5
{ 4, +l . o> m . u, > +8, +n
3 zkhuh l> m @ 4> = = = > P + O3 u @
o
O
/ O @ +5O3 . 4,5 lv wkh zlqgrz vl}h ri orfdo yduldqfh/ dqg {+n, +l> m , lv wkh vkuxqn lpdjh rq wkh nwk vfdoh ohyho1 Lq rwkhu zrugv/ wkh ydoxhv y+n, +l> m , rq vfdoh n uhsuhvhqw wkh orfdo ydul0 dqfh fdofxodwhg ryhu wkh vkuxqn lpdjh {+n4, rq wkh suhylrxv vfdoh n 41 Wkh vl}h ri wkh lpdjh y+n, +l> m , dqg wkh uhvlgxdo lpdjh %+n, +l> m , frlqflgh1 Dw wklv srlqw/ wkh EPSW0edvhg dgdswlyh ghqrlvlqj fdq xvh d wkuhvkroglqj rshudwlrq zlwk vsdwldoo| ydu|lqj wkuhvk0 rogv ghshqglqj xsrq wkh ydoxhv y+n, +l> m ,1 Lq sduwlfx0 odu/ d vlpsoh dgdswlyh wkuhvkroglqj lv rewdlqhg e| wkh ixqfwlrq q
n.4,@5
dg %+ , +l> m , > y+ , +l> m , > w n
n
@
n
@
% +l> m , > y+ , +l> m , A w 3> y+ , +l> m , w > +n,
n n
n n
+9,
zkhuh wn lv wkh wkuhvkrog sdudphwhu1 Ilqdoo|/ lw vkrxog eh phqwlrqhg wkdw glhuhqw wkuhvkroglqj vfkhphv fdq
eh frpelqhg wrjhwkhu lqwr d k|eulg vwuxfwxuh1 Iru h{0 dpsoh/ wkhuh h{lvw zdyhohw0edvhg dqg orfdoo|0dgdswlyh wudqvirup0edvhg dojrulwkpv/ zklfk uhvxow lq lpsuryh0 phqw ri wkh ghwdlo suhvhuydwlrq dv zhoo dv urexvwqhvv wr rxwolhuv ^45`1 Lw lv zruwk qrwlqj wkdw wkh EPSW/ olnh pdq| rwkhu pxowluhvroxwlrq ghfrpsrvlwlrqv/ lv qrw wudqvodwlrq0 lqyduldqw1 Wklv phdqv wkdw wkh huuruv diwhu ghqrlvlqj zloo eh vhqvlwlyh wr wkh srvlwlrqv ri glvfrqwlqxlwlhv lq wkh gdwd1 Lq rughu wr dyrlg vxfk hhfwv/ lw lv qhfhvvdu| wr exlog d wudqvodwlrq0lqyduldqw yhuvlrq ri wkh wudqv0 irup1 Iru h{dpsoh/ lq ^:`/ wkh wlph0lqyduldqw vfkhphv ri zdyhohw0edvhg ghfrpsrvlwlrqv kdyh ehhq sursrvhg dqg kdyh ehhq uhihuuhg wr dv f|foh0vslqqlqj1 Wkhvh vfkhphv duh vkrzq wr eh hhfwlyh wrrov iru ghqrlvlqj1 Wkdw lv zk| lw lv uhdvrqdeoh wr lpsohphqw wkhp iru wkh eorfn0phgldq s|udplgdo0edvhg ghqrlvlqj dv zhoo1 Wkh wudqvodwlrq0lqyduldqw yhuvlrq ri wkh s|udplgdo ghfrpsrvlwlrq fdq eh edvhg rq d surfhgxuh wkdw shu0 irupv doo srvvleoh f|folf vkliwv ri wkh lqlwldo vljqdo dqg vwruhv wkh wudqvirup frhflhqwv ri hdfk vkliwhg vljqdo1 Reylrxvo|/ wklv ohdgv wr d uhgxqgdqw uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri wkh vljqdo1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ wkh qxpehu ri glhuhqw uhsuhvhqwdwlrqv htxdov P N3 / ghshqglqj rq wkh grzq0 vdpsolqj idfwru P dqg wkh qxpehu ri vfdoh ohyhov N3 1 Zkhq wkh wudqvodwlrq0lqyduldqw ghfrpsrvlwlrq lv xvhg iru ghqrlvlqj/ lw lv qhfhvvdu| wr dsso| wkh wkuhvkroglqj surfhgxuh wr doo wkh wudqvirup frhflhqwv dqg wkhq wr uhfrqvwuxfw wkh vljqdo iurp wkh vhw ri uhsuhvhqwdwlrqv1 Wkhuh duh vhyhudo uhfrqvwuxfwlrq whfkqltxhv wkdw/ iru lqvwdqfh/ fdq pdnh xvh ri dyhudjlqj ru phgldq rshu0 dwlrqv ^:`1 Wkh hflhqf| ri d sduwlfxodu whfkqltxh lv ghwhuplqhg e| vljqdo dqg qrlvh fkdudfwhulvwlfv1 Rqh gudzedfn ri wkh wudqvodwlrq0lqyduldqw s|udpl0 gdo ghfrpsrvlwlrq lv wkh odujh vl}h ri wkh vhw ri wudqv0 irup frhflhqwv dqg frqvhtxhqwo|/ d odujh qxpehu ri frpsxwdwlrqv lq frpsdulvrq wr wkh wudqvodwlrq0qrq0 lqyduldqw wudqvirup1 Wkhuhiruh/ lw lv uhdvrqdeoh wr frq0 vlghu d sduwldo f|foh0vslqqlqj +SFV, dojrulwkp1 Lq wkh SFV/ rqo| d sduw ri doo wkh srvvleoh f|folf vkliwv lv shu0 iruphg zkloh rewdlqlqj wkh wudqvirup frhflhqwv1 Wkh qxpehu ri ghfrpsrvlwlrqv lq wkh SFV zloo eh uhihuuhg wr dv Qsduw P N3 1 Wklv dssurdfk lv edvhg rq wkh dvvxpswlrq wkdw wkh glvfrqwlqxlwlhv duh pruh olnho| wr eh irxqg rq qhu vfdohv ri wkh s|udplg1
e
54*@|L? +it*|t Lq rughu wr whvw wkh EPSW/ qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrqv zhuh shuiruphg1 Wudqvodwlrq0lqyduldqfh ghqrlvlqj fdq vljqlfdqwo| lpsuryh wkh hhfwlyhqhvv ri qrlvh uhgxf0 wlrq xvlqj wkh EPSW1 Wkh gdwd lq Wdeoh 4 looxvwudwh wklv idfw iru wkh _Eorfnv% vljqdo +vhh/ iru h{dpsoh/ ^:`,1 Wkh uhvxowv zhuh rewdlqhg xvlqj wkh SFV dojrulwkp
iru vhyhudo Qsduw ydoxhv1 Wkh qxpehu ri vfdoh ohyhov ri EPSW zdv N3 @ 61 Khqfh/ wkh uljkwprvw froxpq zlwk wkh qxpehu ri ghfrpsrvlwlrqv Qsduw @ 5: @ 66 fruuhvsrqgv wr wkh ixoo wudqvodwlrq0lqyduldqw EPSW1 Lw fdq eh vhhq wkdw wkh hhfwlyhqhvv ri ghqrlvlqj xqghu wkh VQU dqg wkh PDH fulwhuld lv lqfuhdvlqj zlwk wkh jurzwk ri Qsduw 1 Krzhyhu/ wkh prvw hvvhqwldo sduw ri wkh lqfuhdvh h{lvwv iru vpdoo ydoxhv ri wkh Qsduw dqg zh fdq vd| wkdw wkh xvh ri wkh SFV dojrulwkp lv txlwh h{shglhqw1 Wdeoh 4= Ghqrlvlqj xvlqj SFV iru zklwh Jdxvvldq qrlvh 5 4i|L_ i@? i_@?
,hhLh 4i@thi VQU>_
PDH VQU>_ PDH
r Lu _iUL4TLt|L?t Qsduw b D 2. SD .D H H. Hb fb2 fH2 f. fSH fSH SD Sb .. HD HH fb2 fH. f.H f.2 fSb
Dv d whvw lpdjh/ zh fkrvh wkh _Fdphudpdq% lp0 djh fruuxswhg e| dgglwlyh zklwh Jdxvvldq qrlvh1 Wkh ruljlqdo dqg qrlv| lpdjhv duh ghslfwhg lq Iljxuhv 4 dqg 5/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkh uhvxowv ri EPSW0edvhg gh0 qrlvlqj duh suhvhqwhg lq Wdeoh 5 iru glhuhqw wkuhvk0 roglqj vfkhphv1 Lq dgglwlrq wr vlpsoh kdug wkuhvkrog0 lqj +KW, dqg vriw wkuhvkroglqj +VW, whfkqltxhv/ wzr rwkhu vfkhphv duh suhvhqwhg1 Rqh lv wkh SFV dojr0 ulwkp edvhg rq KW dqg wkh rwkhu lv d k|eulg whfkqltxh ri VW iroorzhg e| vsdwldo dgdswlyh wkuhvkroglqj/ xvlqj dg +%+n, > y+n, > wn ,/ zkhuh wn r 3=; +n, 1 Lw fdq eh vhhq iurp Wdeoh 5 wkdw wkh xvh ri orfdo dgdswdwlrq +OD, dqg SFV0edvhg whfkqltxhv lpsuryhv wkh hhfwlyhqhvv ri ghqrlvlqj udwkhu vljqlfdqwo|/ df0 fruglqj wr erwk PDH dqg VQU ydoxhv1 Iljxuh 6 vkrzv wkh ghqrlvhg lpdjh xvlqj d k|eulg whfkqltxh lqfrusrudwlqj VW dqg OD1
Iljxuh 4= Ruljlqdo lpdjh
Wdeoh 5= Wkh uhvxowv ri lpdjh ghqrlvlqj xvlqj wkh EPSW ,hhLh 4i@thi VQU>_
PDH
Lt)
OA
5A
bf 2f
531; ;13
5515 :17
5A n w
5519 91;
5c
Qsduw @ < 551: 918
D
L?U*tL? Zh kdyh frqvlghuhg wkh dssolfdwlrq ri wkh eorfn0 phgldq s|udplgdo wudqvirup iru lpdjh ghqrlvlqj1 Zh kdyh looxvwudwhg e| phdqv ri qxphulfdo vlpxodwlrqv wkdw lw lv dq hhfwlyh wrro iru qrlvh uhgxfwlrq1 Lq dggl0
Iljxuh 5= Lpdjh fruuxswhg e| dgglwlyh Jdxvvldq qrlvh
qrlvh edvhg rq d jhqhudol}hg Odsodfldq s|udplg/% lq Surf1 ri LHHH Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Frqihuhqfh rq Lp0 djh Surfhvvlqj/ yro1 4/ ss1 6;4~6;7/ 4