Regulations - University of Calicut

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT REGULATION, SCHEME AND SYLLABUS OF

BSc MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

1

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY Regulations, scheme and syllabus for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical Microbiology Objectives of the course: At the end of the course the candidates shall be: 1. Aware of the principle underlying the organization of a clinical laboratory. 2. Able to do routine and special investigative procedures pertaining to medical Microbiology laboratory practice. 3. Provide a good theoretical and practical education who plan to work with in the field of medical microbiology and science. 4. Develop knowledge and skill in accordance with the society’s demand in medical microbiology. 5. Qualify the students for official approval as medical microbiologist. 6. Able to operate and maintain all equipments used in microbiology laboratory. 7. Able to establish and manage a clinical or Research laboratory. Programme description : The course of study enhances student’s knowledge and skills in several major categorical areas of medical microbiology. The degree in medical microbiology provides advanced skills to practicing professionals in health administration, leadership, quality assurance and health informatics. Name of the course Name of the course shall be the

“BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY” – BSc (MMB) Duration of the course The duration of the course shall be eight semesters extending over a period of four years. Each semester shall be of six months duration , with each academic year spread over a period of 240 working days Eligibility for admission Candidates who have passed Higher Secondary examination of the Board of Higher Secondary Education, Kerala, or examinations recognized equivalent (regular course of study) thereto, with 50% marks in Biology separately, and 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Biology put together, are eligible. Relaxation in minimum marks for eligibility allowed by the Government of Kerala to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other Backward Classes shall be made.

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Candidates with higher qualifications are also eligible for admission, provided they possess the minimum qualification mentioned in the syllabus. Course structure The course shall comprise of both theory and practical studies in different branches of Medical Microbiology and its related subjects such as : 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. General Biochemistry 5. General Methodology 6. General microbiology 7. Parasitology & Entomology 8. Methodology & Clinical biochemistry 9. Industrial and Pharmaceutical Microbiology 10. Systemic Bacteriology 11. Immunology , immunochemistry & serology 12. Virology & Mycology 13. Immunopathology & blood banking 14. General and Clinical Pathology 15. Microbial pathology and cytology 16. Clinical Microbiology and Laboratory management In addition to these regular subject papers like Special English, Health education, Community medicine, Biostatistics and Computer applications are included as these are important elements in epidemiology, diagnostic and research field. Teaching/Learning methods

- Regular clinical Laboratory posting to pick up practical skill and practice techniques on laboratory responsibility and supervision. - Lecture,discussion and practical classes. - Students should present seminars in various subjects in medical microbiology to attain presentation skill Internal assessment marks Internal assessment marks shall be awarded to the candidates in each paper as detailed in the scheme of examinations. The award shall be on the basis of the assessment made by the teachers from the candidate’s performances in the terminal/semester examinations conducted by the department, class tests, seminars, assignment, attendance, laboratory work and record work, during the course of study. The marks secured by the candidates in each paper/subject shall be forwarded to the University at the end of the course for the examinations. The failed candidates will be allowed a separate internal assessment for both theory and practical. Compulsory clinical internship Every candidate admitted to BSc Medical Microbiology degree course shall undergo six(6) months of compulsory internship in the institution as recognized by the university, and those who successfully complete the internship as evidenced by the attendance statement and

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conduct certificate issued by the hospital authorities , shall only be issued the final Degree certificate . Students should also submit a report regarding the routine diagnostic procedures done in the laboratory during the internship period. Attendance requirements Regarding attendance requirements it will be 80% with the provision for condonation up to 10% on medical grounds. University examinations There shall be University examinations at the end of every two semesters as detailed in the scheme of examinations. Candidates who fail to secure a pass in any particular paper shall appear for that paper in order to secure a pass, in the subsequent regular examination. Candidates who fail in one or more papers in an examination need appear for only those papers for securing complete pass in the examination. All the students who complete the course in prior to the examination and register for the examination shall be promoted to the subsequent semester. Candidates who complete the course of study and secure pass in all the papers of the four examinations shall be declared to have qualified for the degree. Such candidates shall be placed in the second class. Candidates who qualify for the degree passing all the examinations with in the course duration securing not less that 65% marks of the aggregate of all University examinations and internal assessment take in together shall be declared to passed in the first class and those who secure not less than 75% of the aggregate marks shall be declared to have passed in first class with distinction. Provisions for ranking students. a) b)

Up to third ranks for an intake of 25 students Up to fifth ranks for an intake of 50 students There shall be no provision for improvement of results in any examinations

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CURRICULAM, CREDIT HOURS & COURSE DURATION First Year B.Sc Medical Microbiology ( 1st &2nd semester )

Paper

Subject

I

Anatomy

II

Theory

180

Practical Tutorials

120 40

Total

340

Physiology and Clinical Haematology Theory Practical Tutorial Total

III

IV

Hours of instruction

200 120 40 360

General Biochemistry Theory

180

Practical

80

Tutorial

40

Total

300

Special English, Health Education, Community Medicine, Biostatistics and Computer Applications

140(T) 40(P)

Internal Assessment (Theory and Practical) V

T : 180

General Methodology Theory

180

Practicals

80

Total

260

5

IInd Year B.Sc Medical Microbiology ( 3rd & 4th Semester ) Paper

Subject

VI

General Microbiology Theory

180

Practical

140

Tutorial

40

Total

VII

360

Parasitology and Entomology Theory Practical Tutorial Total

VIII


Methodology and Clinical biochemistry Theory Practicals

180 140 40 360

180 140 40

Tutorial Total XI

360

Industrial and pharmaceutical microbiology Theory Practical Total Marks

180 40 220

Hospital laboratory posting at the end of 4th semester : 140hrs

6

III Year B.Sc Medical Microbiology (5th & 6th Semester )

Paper

Subject

X

Systematic Bacteriology Theory Practicals


100 140 40

Tutorials Total

XI

Immunology,Immunopathology and Blood banking Theory Practicals Tutorials Total

XII

420

280 140 40 460

Virology and Mycology Theory Practicals Tutorials

240 140 40

Total

420

Hospital laboratory posting at the end of 6th semester : 140hrs

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IV B.Sc Medical Microbiology (7th & 8th Semester )

Paper

Subject

XIII

Microbiological pathology and cytology Theory Practicals Tutorials Total

XIV


120 80 40 300

Clinical microbiology and laboratory management Theory Practicals Tutorials Total

200 180 40 420

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SCHEME OF EXAMINATION I B.Sc.(Medical Microbiology) Examination ( At the end of second semester)

Paper

Subject

I

Anatomy

II

Duration

Max. Marks

Min. for pass

Theory

3 hrs

50

20

Practical

3 hrs

50

20

Orals

50

-

Internal Assessment

50

-

Total Marks

200

100

3 hrs

50

20

3 hrs

50

20

50

-

50

-

200

100

Physiology and Clinical Haematology Theory Practical Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks

III

IV

General Biochemistry Theory

3 hrs

50

20

Practical

3hrs

50

20

Orals

50

-

Internal Assessment

50

-

Total Marks

200

100

100

50

100

40

50

-

150

75

Special English, Health Education, Community Medicine, Biostatistics and Computer Applications Internal Assessment (Theory and Practical)

V

General Methodology Theory Internal Assessment Total Marks

3 hrs

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II B.Sc(Medical Microbiology) Examination (At the end of fourth semester)

VI

VII

VIII

General Microbiology Theory

3 hrs

100

40

Practical

6 hrs

100

40

Orals

100

-

Internal Assessment

100

-

Total Marks

400

200

Parasitology and Entomology Theory

3 hrs

100

40

Practical

6 hrs

100

40

Orals

100

-

Internal Assessment

100

-

Total Marks

400

200

100

40

100

40

100

-

Methodology and Clinical biochemistry Theory

3 hrs 6hrs

Practicals Orals Internal Assessment

100

Total Marks

XI

400

200

100

40

50

-

150

75

Industrial and pharmaceutical microbiology Theory Internal Assessment Total Marks

3 hrs

Practical examination for Papers VI & VII can be conducted simultaneously during a single 6 hours span by a single team of examiners

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III B.Sc (Medical Microbiology) Examination (At the end of sixth semester)

X

Systematic Bacteriology Theory

3 hrs

100

40

Practicals

6 hrs X 3 days

100

40

100

-

Internal Assessment

100

-

Total Marks

400

200

3 hrs

100

40

6 hrs X 3 days

100

40

100

-

100

-

400

200

100

40

100

40

100

-

100

-

400

200

Orals

XI

Immunology,Immunopathology and Blood banking Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks

XII

Virology and Mycology Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks

3 hrs 6 hrs X 3 days

Practical examinations for Papers X , XI & XII shall be conducted by simultaneously during the single 6 hours X 3 days span of time by a single team of examiners.

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IV B.Sc (Medical Microbiology) Examination (At the end of eighth semester)

XIII

Microbiological pathology and cytology Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment

3 hrs 6 hrs X 3 days

Total Marks XIV

100

40

100

40

50

-

50

-

300

150

Clinical microbiology and laboratory management Theory Practicals

3 hrs

100

40

Orals

6 hrs X 3 days

100

40

100

-

100

-

400

200

Internal Assessment Total Marks

Practical examinations for paper XV shall be conducted simultaneously during the same 6 hours x 3 days span of time by a single team of examiners.

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Scheme of question paper – Theory (3hrs duration)

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First year examination ( 1& 2nd Semester ) ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY SPECIAL ENGLISH,HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS & COMPUTER GENERAL METHODOLOGY

6 7 8 9

Second year examination ( 3& 4th Semester ) GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY METHODOLOGY & CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY INDUSTRIAL & PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Section A Section A & B Section A Section A & B

10 11 12

Third year examination ( 5& 6th Semester ) SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY, IMMUNO PATHOLOGY & BLOOD BANKING VIROLOGY & MYCOLOGY

Section A Section A Section A & B

13 14

Fourth year examination ( 7& 8th Semester ) MICROBIAL PATHOLOGY & CYTOLOGY CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND LABORATORY MANAGEMENT

Section A Section A

1 2 3 4

Section A Section A & B Section A ---------------Section A,B,C

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st

1 YEAR st &

1

nd

2

semester

PAPER 1 – ANATOMY

1.

Introduction to the course and the subject of anatomy

2. Orientation to: systems of the body, anatomical terminologies, learning methodologies in anatomy, embryology. 3. Microscopic anatomy: Structure of cell, Types of tissues, cell cycle, and division introduction to generics. 4. Respiratory system: Embryology, parts of the system gross and microscopic structure of the lungs, applied aspects. 5. Circulatory system: Embryology with emphasis on fetal circulation, parts, Microscopic anatomy of vessels, gross and microscopic structure of heart, blood vessels both arteries and veins in relation, attachment and relations of major vessels to the heart, distribution and tributaries of major arteries and veins, applied aspects. 6. Digestive system: Embryology, location, parts and functions of the system – gross and microscopic structure, location of digestive glands – gross and microscopic structure applied aspects. 7. Urogenital system: a) Reproductive system: Developmental considerations of the male and female systems, gross and microscopic parts of both male and female systems, primary and secondary sexual organs and function, applied aspects. b) Urinary system: Developmental considerations, parts – gross kidney in detail – gross and microscopic structure applied aspects. 8. Musculo skeletal system: Classification, location of the bones and muscles in the body, muscle attachment to bones – only brief description, gross features of bones and parts, microscopic features of muscle and bone, joints, classification, bones involved, movements and muscles that produce movements, applied aspects. 9. Nervous system: Developmental considerations, parts and division into central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, gross and microscopy of brain and spinal cord, naming of cranial nervous, functions served by each of them brief account of degeneration and regeneration of nerves, applied aspects. 10. Endocrinology: Brief saline of location and function of the endocrine glands.

11. Special senses: Eye, ear, nose, tongue

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12. Miscellaneous topics: Skin and appendages (microscopic structure) General considerations of upper limb, lower limb, head and neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities, pelvic cavity. PRACTICALS

1. 2. 3. 4.

Demonstration of systems of the body. Microscopic demonstration for histology, Osteology demonstration Practical and applied anatomy demonstration depending on the topic

Recommended books 1. B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy (VOL 1-3) Regional and Applied Publisher : CBS Publishers & Distributors 2. Gray's Anatomy for Students Author : Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl , Adam W. M. Mitchell Publisher: Churchill Livingstone 3. Textbook Of Human Histology With Colour Atlas Author : Inderbir Singh Publisher: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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PAPER – II – PHYSIOLOGY& CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY

1. Blood: Composition of blood, structure and functions of RBC, WBC, and platelets blood coagulation, blood groups, reticuloendothelial system, structure and function of spleen, Jaundice, Anemia 2. Cardiovascular system: Structure and properties of cardiac muscles, nerve supply to hear, structure and function of blood vessels, cardiac cycle and pressure changes, heart sounds, cardiac output, heart rate, cardiovascular reflexes, blood pressure hemorrhage, ECG, changes in muscular exercises. 3. Respiratory system: Physiological anatomy, mechanism of respiration, lung volumes and capacities, breath sounds, types of respiration, artificial respiration, transport of blood gases, regulation of respiration, hypoxia effects of exercise. 4. Digestive system: Digestion in mouth, stomach, intestine, digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, control of secretion, absorption, structure and functions of liver. 5. Excretory system: Structure (gross and minute) of kidney, formation of urine, OTR, tubular function, renal function tests, micturition. 6. Muscle: Structure of muscle, muscle contraction. 7. Nervous system: Structure of nervous, nerve impulse, structure and function of spinal cord, spinal reflexes and pathways, structure, and function of different parts of brain, autonomic nervous system, neurohumoral transmission CSF, physiology of touch, smell, taste, hearing, and vision – reflexes. 8. Endocrine system: pancreas.

Structure and functions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, thymus and

9. Reproductive system: Sex determination and development, puberty, structure and function of male and female reproductive system, pregnancy, parturition, location, and foetal circulation. Clinical Hematology : 1.

Introduction – composition and function of blood

2. Normal and abnormal blood cell morphology - erythrocytes, leukocytes. platelets and reticulocyte count. Knowledge about anemia and leukemia 3. Collection of specimen, difference between capillary and artery and venous blood specimens 4. Preparation (smear preparation, staining methods including buffers and special stains), examination and interpretation of thin , thick and wet blood films 5. Methods of measuring haemoglobin, including spectrophotometry , PCV ( Haematocrit – macro and micro methods), MCH, MCHC, MCV & ESR 6. Total and differential WBC count, RBC count, absolute eosinophil – different methods, interpretation.

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7. Platelets function, disorders, platelet count methods and interpretation. 8. Bleeding and clotting time - significance and estimation methods PRACTICALS 1 . Red blood cell count 2 . Total and differential white blood cell count 3 . Platelet count 4 . Absolute Eosinophil count 5 . Calculation of Red cell indices 6 . Hemoglobin estimation 7 . Determination of ESR 8 . Determination of BT, CT. 9 . Osmotic fragility and blood groups 10. Blood smear preparation and staining 11. Measurement of BP in man. 12. Respiratory movements, methods of artificial respiration. 13. TPR charts , examination of sensory system, motor system, reflexes, cranial nerve, 14. ECG / EEG 15. Cardiac efficiency test.

Recommended books 1. Essentials of Medical Physiology Author : K Sembulingam , Prema Sembulingam Publisher: Jaypee 2.Concise Medical Physiology Author : Sujit K Chaudhuri Publisher : New Central Book Agency 3. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Author : Kim E. Barrett , Susan M. Barman , Scott Boitano , Heddwen Brooks Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical 4.Textbook of Medical Physiology Author : Arthur C. Guyton , John E. Hall Publisher: Saunders 5. Dacie & Lewis Practical Haematology Author: S. Mitchell Lewis BSc MD FRCPath DCP FIBMS , Barbara J. Bain FRACP FRCPath , Imelda Bates MD FRCP FRCPath , John Dacie MD(Lond) FRCP(Lond) FRCPath FRS , Malcolm I. Levene Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

6. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (2 Vol. Set) Author : John P. Greer, John Foerster , John N. Lukens Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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7. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods Editor : John Bernard Henry MD , Frederick R. Davey MD , Chester J. Herman MD PhD, Richard A. McPherson MD, Matthew R. Pincus MD PhD , Gregory A. Threatte MD , Gail L. Woods MD . Publisher: Saunders

8. de Gruchy's Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice Author : Frank Firkin , C. Chesterman , D. Penington , B. Rush Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

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PAPER – III – GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY

1. Carbohydrates: Classification, chemistry, properties of mono-di- and polysaccharides, carbohydrate metabolism. 2. Proteins: classification of proteins and amino acids, their properties, structure of proteins and amino acids, plasma proteins, general reactions of amino acids, lipoproteins – characterization, classification. 3. Lipids: Classification of lipids, properties of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols biosynthesis of lipids metabolism, 4. Mineral - introduction, classification, metabolism and clinical significance 5. Vitamins – introduction, classification, chemistry and clinical significance 6. Enzymes: General properties, classification and clinical significance 7. Physical biochemistry: Methods of expressing concentration, law of mass action and chemical equation, solubility products – partition coefficient, colloidal state and donnan membrane equilibrium, diffusion, dialysis, osmosis, reverse, osmosis, surface tension, viscosity and absorption, acids, bases, buffers, indicators. 8. Haemoglobin – Chemistry, properties and synthesis, metabolism of pigments, Hb derivatives- Abnormal Hb, Hb electrophoresis. Porphyrins and disorders of porphyrin metabolism, chemistry of porphyrins, primary and secondary disorders of haem synthesis, analytical procedures. PRACTICALS Reactions of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disccharides, polysaccharides, fructose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch glycogen. Reactions of proteins : Color reaction and precipitation reaction, reaction of albumin, globulin, peptones, gelatin, casein.

Recommended books 1. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students Author: DM Vasudevan MD FAMS FRCPath, S Sreekumari MD & Vaidyanathan Kannan MD Pub: Jaypee medical

2. Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana U.Satyanarayana and. U.Chakrapani

Pub : Books & Allied (P) Ltd.-Kolkata 3. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Authors : Robert Murray , Victor Rodwell , David Bender , Kathleen M. Botham , P. Anthony Weil , Peter J. Kennelly Pub: McGraw-Hill Medical ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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PAPER – IV

SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS.

SPECIAL ENGLISH (English for Medical Sciences) Students of professional courses have a tendency to neglect the language content. The paper “English for special purpose” is introduced with a view to developing the communication sills of the participants in written and spoken English. The emphasis will be fully on the practical aspects of language use, and not on literature. The course content may also help the students to take up overseas examinations in English proficiency like the TOEFL.

1. Writing skills Composition Writing effective paragraphs ability to describe objects, people, process and ideas and narrating incidents – note taking / making summaries. Writing telegrams, advertisements preparing laboratory reports. Letter writing Business letters applying for a job for higher studies preparing curriculum vitae subscribing to a journal requesting for information ordering equipments – letters to the Editor 2. Foundation English Revision of basic grammar, common errors in English, Language functions in medical writing use of passive voice particularly in scientific and official writing, expressing obligation use of must should ought expressions of possibility, likelihood, certainly degrees of comparison, expression of necessity must, have to need to expressions of generalization and emphasis.

3. Vocabulary The language of doctor and patient, general description and medical description medical terminology roots, prefixes and suffixes, medical abbreviations.

4. Spoken English A course in speech and conversation with focus not on phonetics and grammar, but on developing their ability to talk about object and experiences around them. Fixing appointments: Getting information managing medical representatives telephoning in hospital. The objective is to provide practice influent conversation. Focus is on specific expressions typical of familiar situations in medical practice Technique of discussion at medical meeting, making presentation.

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COMMUNITY MEDICINE

1. General concepts of health and diseases with reference to natural history of disease with prepathogenic and pathogenic phases. The role of socio-economic and cultural environment in health and disease. Epidemiology and scope. 2. Public health administration: An overall view of the health administration set up at central and state level. 3. The National Health programme – highlighting the role of social economic and cultural factors in the implementation of the national programme. 4. Health problem of vulnerable groups – pregnant and lactating women on infants and school going children, occupational groups (see below) genetics 5. Occupational health: Definition occupational disease, prevention of the occupational diseases and hazards. 6. Social security and other measures for the protection of occupational hazards, accidents and diseases. Details of compensation acts. 7. Family planning objectives of national family planning methods - A general idea of advantages and disadvantages of the method 8. Mental health community aspects of mental health role of physiotherapists, therapists in mental health problems such as mental retardation etc. 9. Communicable diseases: An overall view of the communicable diseases, classification according to the principal mode of transmission, role of insects and other vectors. 10. International Health Agencies HEALTH EDUCATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Review of benefits, values, norms, habits and taboos among practices. More in human groups and their importance learning and change process. Review of concepts on perception, attitudes, socialization process, learning and theories of learning, social change change process, motivation, needs and drive. Principle and process of communication. Health education philosophy, main principles and objectives. Health education vs. propagandas. Methods and tools of health education – individual and group methods A critical evaluation of theories, tools and health education. The role of profession in health education role of other personnel in health education, coordination and co-operation in health with other members of the health team. Elements of planning a health education programme.

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Course Description:

The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of computer and its applications.

Introduction to Data processing: - Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. : Getting data into / out of computers. Role of computers. What is Data processing? Application areas of computers involved in Data processing. Common activities in processing. Types of Data processing, Characteristics of information. What are Hardware and Software?

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- Hardware Concepts : Architecture of computers, Classification of computers, Concept of damage. Types of storage devices. Characteristics of disks, tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network.Applications of networking concept of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care. - Concept of Software. Classification of software: System software. Application of software. Operating system. Computer system. Computer virus. Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses. Computers in medical electronics - Basic Anatomy of Computers Principles of programming Computer application - principles in scientific research ; work processing, medicine, libraries, museum , education, information system. - Data processing .

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BIOSTATISTICS

Course Description: Introduction to basic statistical concepts: methods of statistical analysis; and interpretation of data Behavioural Objectives: Understands statistical terms. Possesses knowledge and skill in the use of basic statistical and research methodology. I : Introduction - Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics. - Importance of the study of statistics. - Branches of statistics. - Statistics and health science including nursing. - Parameters and estimates. - Descriptive and inferential statistics. - Variables and their types. - Measurement scales II : Tabulation of Data - Raw data, the array, frequency distribution. - Basic principles of graphical representation. - Types of diagrams - histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency polygon, - Cumulative frequency curve, ogive. - Normal probability curve. III : Measure of Central Tendency - Need for measures of central tendency - Definition and calculaton of mean - ungrouped and grouped - Meaning, interpretation and calculation of median ungrouped and grouped. - Meaning and calculation of mode. - Comparison of the mean, and mode.

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- Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency. IV : Measure of Variability - Need for measure of dispression. - The range, the average deviation. - The variance and standard deviation. - Calculation of variance and standard deviation ungrouped and grouped. - Properties and uses of variance and SO V : Probability and Standard Distributions. - Meaning of probability of standard distribution. - The Binominal distribution. - The normal distribution. - Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis. VI : Sampling Techniques - Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples. - Application of sampling in Community. - Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors. - Sampling variation and tests of significance . VII : Health Indicator - Importance of health Indicator. - Indicators of population, morbidity, mortality, health services. - Calculation of rates and rations of health

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PAPER – V – GENERAL METHODOLOGY

BIOCHEMISTRY

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Preparation of cleaning solution for glassware cleaning and care of laboratory glasswares and instruments. Calibration of pipettes and other volumetric apparatuses Methods of measuring liquids, weighing of solids Volumetric analysis, preparation of standard solutions and reagents Familiarization with kipps apparatus, blowing of glass capillary tube and Pasteur pipette. Storage and handling of dangerous chemical and reagents to prevent accidents Immediate first aid management of minor accidents in the laboratory Cleaning and preparation of syringes and needles for sterilization (autoclaving) Labeling and registering of specimen. Anticoagulant, preservatives, and preparation of anticoagulant bottles for blood collection for different parameters. Preparation and storage of distilled, double distilled and deionised water. Expression of concentration of solutions, properties of colloids, emulsions, partition coefficient, absorption. pH& pH measurements.

PATHOLOGY

1. General introduction to clinical laboratory procedures 2. Organization of a clinical laboratory, its lay out and design. 3. Laboratory accidents and precautions, first aid in laboratory accidents. 4. General laboratory glasswares, method of production of chemically pure water. 5. Analytical balance- Parts, Principle of use and care 6. General knowledge of the principle, use and care of the hot air oven, water baths, refrigerators and centrifuges. 7. Anticoagulants and their functions, capillary and venous blood collection, preparation of thin blood smear and bone marrow smear, preparation of normal saline. 8. General introduction to quality control in different laboratories, laboratory record keeping. 9. Organisation of the cytopathology laboratory, design and layout of a histopathology laboratory, essential components in histopathology laboratory, their use and care.

MICROBIOLOGY

1. Evaluation and history of microbiology. 2. Classification of microorganisms, morphology of bacteria. 3. Bacterial growth and nutrition. 4. Microscopy, optical microscope, phase contrast microscopy, dark field microscopy, interference microscope, polarization microscope, electron microscope. 5. Staining methods. 6. Sterilization and disinfection – methods of sterilization, disinfectants – different types, methods and application cleaning and preparation of glass wares, measurements. 7. Culture media- Introduction, Classification, preparation. 8. Methods of Cultivation of bacteria, anaerobic culture methods.

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9. Microbiology lab design, specifications, safely precautions in microbiology laboratory lab associated infection, safety codes of laboratory practice. 10. The care and management of laboratory animals the basic knowledge of the feeding, housing, breeding and care of the following animals Rabbit, mouse, guinea pig, rat, sheep, fowl, monkeys etc. collection of blood samples, killing of animals and postmortem examination, different routes of animal inoculation. 11. Automation in microbiology. PRACTICALS a. Students should be familiar with the use of simple autoclaves, incubators, hot air oven, water bath, and steamer b. Staining methods ( simple, differential) c. Hanging drop examination for motility d. Preparation of culture media, demonstration of culture methods e. Preparation of buffer solution f. PH measurement g. Handling of laboratory animals

Recommended books : 1. Prescott/Harley/Klein's Microbiology Author’s: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science

2. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE (Author), Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc (Author), Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC HonDocUnivAdelaide (Author), Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

3. Microbiology: An Introduction Author’s: Gerard J. Tortora Berdell R. Funke , Christine L. Case Publisher: Benjamin Cummings 4. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations Author : Jacquelyn G. Black Publisher: Wiley

5. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

6. Medical Laboratory Technology (Volume 1-3) Kanai, L Mukherjee Pub: Mc Graw Hill Education

7. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology by Praful B Godkar, Darshan P Godkar Pub : Bhalani Publishing House

8. Practical Clinical Biochemistry

Harold Varley (Author) Pub: CBS Publishers & Distributors

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25

nd

2 rd

Year

th

3 and 4 semester

PAPER VI : GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

1.

Introduction, Historical review and scope of Microbiology

2.

Bacterial taxonomy: Nomenclature, systems of classification – phylogenetic, numerical, genetic, Bergeys manual

3.

Growth and nutrition of Bacteria: Nutrient requirements – carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus and other elements, and growth factor, nutritional classification, bacterial growth curve, measurement of growth – cell mass, total count, viable count, cell constituents, physical factors influencing growth – oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH, osmotic pressure, light, mechanical and sonic stresses.

4.

Identification of bacteria: Depending on morphology, staining reaction, cultural characters, fermentation and other biochemical reactions, principle of biochemical tests.

5.

Food microbiology :

5.1 Food as a susbstrate • Microorganisms important in food microbiology – Bacteria, yeasts and moulds. • Factors influencing microbial growth in food. 5.2 Food Spoilage • General principles underlying food spoilage and contamination. • Spoilage of canned food, sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, milk and milk products fish, seafood and poultry. 5.3 Food poisoning • Bacterial food borne infections and intoxications-Brucella, Bacillus,Clostridium, Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, and Yersinia. • Non- bacterial food borne infections and intoxications- Nematodes, protozoa, algae, fungi, and viruses. • General methods for diagnosis of infections, intoxications and preventive measures. 5.4 Food preservation – Basic understanding on • Principles of food preservation – Asepsis, removal of microorganisms, anaerobic conditions, high and low temperatures, drying. • Chemical preservatives and food additives. • Food packaging. 5.5 Food fermentations • Food fermentations and food produced by microbes, bread, cheese vinegar, • Fermented dairy products • Production of alcohol and fermented beverages.

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6.

Microbial genetics - History, Structure and types of DNA and RNA. - Prokaryotic genome- comparison with eukaryotic genome. - DNA replication, repair and recombination. - Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications. - Translation and post-translational modifications. - Genetic code and control of gene expression . - Bacterial variation – mutation and mutants. - Genetic recombination : Gene transfer in bacteria, Transformation- Competence, DNA uptake, artificially induced competence, electroporation. - Transposable elements, Plasmid- Structure, properties and types of plasmids. - Transduction- Generalized and specialized transduction, Abortive. - Conjugation- F factor, characters of donor and recipient. Steps in conjugation, sexduction, formation of Hfr and F prime cells. - Extra chromosomal genetic elements and their inheritance. Gene mapping

PRACTICALS

- Staining methods: Monochrome staining, gram staining, capsule staining, volutin granule staining, spirochete staining, flagella staining, AFB staining etc. - Methods of motility testing: hanging drop preparation - Preparation of common culture media liquid and solid media - Sterilization methods - Culture methods: streak, stroke, lawn, stab, pour plate - Sterilization methods - Study of cultural characters of bacteria - Biochemical tests used for identification of bacteria - Anaerobic culture methods - Gradation of milk by Methylene Blue Reduction Test. - Isolation of organisms from food sources. - Production of Beer and wine - Production of Bakers yeast

27

Recommended books 1. Prescott/Harley/Klein's Microbiology Author’s: Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Chris Woolverton Publisher: McGraw-Hill Science

2. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology Author: J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE, Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc , Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC HonDocUnivAdelaide , Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath. Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

3. Microbiology: An Introduction Author’s: Gerard J. Tortora Berdell R. Funke , Christine L. Case Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

4. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations Author : Jacquelyn G. Black Publisher: Wiley

5. General microbiology Author : Roger Y. Stanier Publisher :

Macmillan

6 . Alcamo's Fundamentals of Microbiology Author: Jeffrey C. Pommerville Publisher: Jones & Bartlett Publishers

7. Microbiology Author: Michael J. Pelczar Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies


9. Food Microbiology Author : William C. Frazier , Dennis C. Westhoff Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill 10. Foodborne Pathogens: An Illustrated Text Author : Alan H. Varnam , M. G. Evans Publisher: Mosby-Year Book 11. Food Microbiology M.R. Adams (Author), M.O. Moss (Author) Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry 12. Food Microbiology & Laboratory Practice Author : Chris Bell , Paul Neaves , Anthony P. Williams Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

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PAPER VII – PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY

1. An elementary study of types of animal associations – parasitism, commensalisms symbiosis, types of parasites, classification of protozoa and helminthes. 2. An elementary knowledge of the structure, life history of parasitesbelonging to the following general with reference to forms seen in human pathological material, and the methods used to identify them. i) Protozoa: Entamoeba, dientamoeba, iodamoeba, embadomonas, trichomonas, chilomastix, enteromonas, trypanosoma, leishamania, giardia, plasmodium, isopora, eimeria and balantidium, toxoplasma, cryptosporium ii) Platyhelminthes: diphyllobothrium, sparganum, tacnia, enchinococcus, hymcnolcpsis, schistosoma, fasciola, fasciolopsis, colonorchis, paragonimus iii) Nematihelminthes : ascaris, ancylostoma, necator, strongylocides, trichinlla, enterobius, trichuris, wucheraria, brugia, loa, onchoccrca, dracunculus. 3. Collection and preservation of specimens for parasitologic examination, preservation of specimens of parasitic eggs and embryos, preserving fluids, transport of specimens 4. Detection of intestinal parasites: Detection and identification of amoebae and other intestinal protozoans and other parasites 5. Examination of blood parasites: Thick and thin smear preparation for malaria and filarial, other parasites and concentration methods. 6. Examination of biopsy material and other body fluids: brief account of spleen puncture for diagnosis of kala azar, bone marrow biopsy, lymph node puncture, and skin biopsy for parasites, examination of vaginal swabs. PRACTICALS:

- Identification of parasites – Microscopic and Macroscopic - Identification of parasite cysts, ova, larva, etc. - Laboratory diagnostic procedures in parasitic diseases - Collection, transportation and processing of specimens - Microscopy, macroscopy and cultivation procedures - Intradermal tests for the diagnosis of parasitic diseases.

ENTOMOLOGY

1. Introduction: Classification of arthropods of public health importance 2. Role of Arthropods in the transmission of diseases 3. Mosquito: Morphology and Binomics of anopheles, culex, aedes, and mansonia 4. Insecticides used for the control of arthropods of public health importance

29

5. Mosquito control: Various method 6. Mosquito borne diseases and their control 7. Phlebotomus (sand fly) Morphology, life history and control 8. House fly: Morphology life cycle, disease relationship and control 9. Tse-Tse fly (glossina) Morphology, life cycle, and public health importance 10. Fleas: Morphology life cycle, disease transmitted and control 11. Louse: Morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control 12. Bed bugs: Life cycle and control 13. Ticks: Morphology, life cycle, disease transmitted and control 14. Cyclops and public health importance PRACTICALS

- Identification of arthropods of medical importance dealt in theory - Collection and preservation of arthropods - Dissection of Mosquito

Recommended books

1. Medical Parasitology RL Ichhpujani , Rajesh Bhatia Pub: Jaypee

2. Medical Parasitology C.K.Jayaram Paniker Pub: Jaypee

3. Human Parasitology Burton J. Bogitsh (Author), Clint E. Carter (Author) Pub: Elsevier 4. Medical Parasitology: A Self-Instructional Text Ruth Leventhal (Author), Russell Cheadle (Author) Publisher: F.A. Davis Company

5. Textbook Of Medical Parasitology P.Chakraborty Pub: New central Book Agency (P) Ltd

6. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Parasitology, F. E. G. Cox (Editor), Derek Wakelin (Editor), Stephen Gillespie (Editor), Dickson D. Despommier (Editor) Publisher: Wiley Grou

7. Foundations of Parasitology Gerald D. Schmidt (Author), Larry S. Roberts (Author), John,

Jr. Janovy (Author)

Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

30

8. Encyclopedia of Entomology John L. Capinera Publisher: Springer

9. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part 1 Monica Cheesbrough (Author) Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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-

31

PAPER VIII – METHODOLOGY AND CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

1.

Centrifugation: Principle, RCF, RPM, differential centrifugation, rate – zonal centrifugation, isopycnic centrifugation, equilibrium isodensity centrifugation, density gradient materials, rotors fixed angle and swing out, zonal rotors, types of centrifuges general purpose, high speed, ultra centrifuges, applications of centrifugation.

2.

Chromatography: Theory, partition coefficient, adsorption chromatography, paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography, gel chromatography, lon-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, HPLC, two dimensional chromatography, reverse phase chromatography.

3.

Electrophoresis: Theory, factors affecting electrophoresis mobility, types of electrophoresis free electrophoresis, zone electrophoresis Isoelectric focusing, two dimensional electrophoresis.

4.

Enzyme linked immunosorbent essay : Principle, competitive and non-competitive, common enzyme labels and substrates, applications.

5.

Radioisotopic techniques: Radioimmuno essay – principle, applications

6.

Colorimetry and spectrophotometry : Principle and applications.

Clinical biochemistry: -

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Collection, reception and recording of specimens, maintenance of laboratory records Normal and abnormal constituents of urine – analysis and clinical significance Liver function tests – introduction, laboratory tests for liver disorders - Bilirubin, Total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, ALP, icteric index, Van den barg reaction. Lipid profile – implications and significance Glucose metabolism- Blood sugar fasting and post prandial, GTT, GCT, urine glucose Enzymes and hormones in clinical diagnosis Cardiac profile test – introduction, laboratory tests for heart diseases , troponin TM( qualitative and quantitative) Renal function test - introduction, laboratory tests for renal disorders. Acid - base balance Osmolality - clinical significance. Buffers – methods for determination of blood pH, anion gap. Quality control in clinical biochemistry laboratory

PRACTICALS : Practical Course: A : Estimation of following constituents in blood : Glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, proteins (total proteins, A/G ratio), S.G.P.T., S.G.O.T, alkaline phosphatase. Acid phosphatase, Amylase, bilirubin, calcium phosphates, Na, K, Cholesterol, Triacyl glycerol, prothrombin time., C.S.F. (estimation of glucose, proteins, chlorides), Urine analysis.

B : Spots: Colour and precipitation reactions of proteins, instruments and appliances, reagents, tests, electrophoresis, chromatography separation, G.T.T. curves

32

Recommended books 1. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students Author: DM Vasudevan MD FAMS FRCPath, S Sreekumari MD & Vaidyanathan Kannan MD Pub: Jaypee medical

2. Biochemistry by U. Satyanarayana U.Satyanarayana and. U.Chakrapani

Pub : Books & Allied (P) Ltd.-Kolkata 3. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Authors : Robert Murray , Victor Rodwell , David Bender , Kathleen M. Botham , P. Anthony Weil , Peter J. Kennelly

Pub: McGraw-Hill Medical 4. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, Authors : Carl A. Burtis, Edward R. Ashwood, David Bruns

Pub: Elsevier 5. Practical Clinical Biochemistry

Harold Varley (Author) Pub: CBS Publishers & Distributors

6. Manipal Manual Of Clinical Biochemistry Author : Shivananda Nayak B Pub : Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

7. Biophysical Chemistry (Principles and Techniques) Author : Avinash Upadhyay, Kakoli Upadhyay, Nirmalendu Nath Publisher: Himalaya

8. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry Editor : Keith Wilson, John Walker Publisher: Cambridge University Press

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33

PAPER IX : INDUSTRIAL & PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Pharmaceutical microbiology

1. Introduction and selection of antimicrobial agents. Concept of bioassay, therapeutic index, MIC and LD50, Definition and classification of antibiotics, their mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, structural activity and relationship, acquisition of drug resistance, pharmacokinetics and adverse drug effects of beta lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, peptide antibiotics, sulphonamides, quinolones, cotromoxazole, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim 2. Definition, classification, mechanism of action and examples of chemical disinfectants, antiseptics and preservatives. 3. Definition, classification, mechanism of action and examples of antiviral agents, antifungal agents and antitumor (bleomycin, ductinomycin) antibiotics. 4. Manufacturing procedure and in- process control of pharmaceutical products- antibiotics, bacterial and viral vaccine, and sterile injectables. Production of DNA vaccines, synthetic, peptide vaccines, multivalent subunit vaccines, edibile vaccines. 5. Microbial production and applications of therapeutic/diagnostic enzymes: aspaginase, streptokinase, glucose oxidase and betalactamases. 6. FDA, govt regulatory practices and policies. Microbial limit test of pharma products. Sterility testing, pyrogen testing of sterile pharma products. 7. Testing for microbial contamination. Microbial loads from syrups, suspensions, creams and other preparation. 8. Production of recombinant pharmaceuticals. Recombinant insuline Growth hormone. FSH and cytokine production for therapeutic purpose by rDNA technology. Production of recombinant vaccine – HBV vaccine Industrial microbiology :

I: Fundamentals of Industrial Microbiology • General concepts of industrial microbiology. • Primary and secondary screening • Strain development strategies. . Fermentation - aerobic and anaerobic • Sterilization of fermentor, media and air. II: Fermentor Design . (General description of different types - Stirred Tank, Bubble column, Air Lift, Packed-bed Bioreactor) • Types of fermentation processes.( static, submerged, agitated, solid phase, batch, feed-batch, continuous) • Design of typical batch fermentor. • Factors affecting fermentor design. • Control of agitation, aeration, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen. • Types of fermentors.

34

III: Scale up and down stream processing • Inoculum development. • Scale up of fermentation process. • Raw material for media preparation. • Harvesting and product recovery. I V: Industrial production – II • Production of antibiotics- Penicillin & semi-synthetic penicillins, cephalosporins & streptomycin • Production of solvent- Ethanol. • Production of Vitamins- Cyanocobalamin. • Production of Organic Acids- Acetic Acid. • Production of Amino Acids- Glutamic Acid. • Production of enzymes- Amylase. •Immobilization of enzymes and applications of immobilized enzymes. Practicals : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Preparation of media and standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing Antibiotic disk preparation Disk diffusion methods – kirby bauer and stokes method Determination of MIC and MBC of give bacterial strain Detection of antibiotic resistance – ESBL , MRSA E test Sampling of pharmaceuticals for microbial contamination and load (syrups, Suspensions, creams and ointments, ophthalmic preparations)

8. Demonstration of beer and wine production

Recommended books 1. Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction Michael J. Waites (Author), Neil L. Morgan (Author), John S. Rockey (Author), Gary Higton (Author) 2. Textbook of Industrial Microbiology, Author- A. H. Patel. 3. Industrial Microbiology, Author- L. E. Cassida 4. Industrial Microbiology, Author- G. Reed. 5. Industrial Microbiology, Author- Agarwal And Parihar. 6. Biology of Industrial Microorganisms. A.L. Demain. 7. Principles of Fermentation Technology, Authors- Standbary, Whitaker and Hall. 8. Pharmaceutical Microbiology – Edt. by W.B.Hugo & A.D.Russell ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

35

nd

3 th

Year

h

6 and 7 semester

PAPER X – SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY

Systematic study of different bacterial species of medical importance , their morphology, staining reactions, cultural characters, biochemical reactions, antigenic characters, extra cellular products and toxins, pathogenicity and pathogenesis, methods for isolation and identification, antibiotic sensitivity etc.

Staphylococci

Streptococci

Pneumococci

Neisseria

Corynebacterium

Bacillus

Mycobacterium

clostridium

Nonsporing anaerobes

E. coli

Klebsiella

Salmonella

Shigella

Proteus

Vibrio

Pseudomonana

Pasteurella,

Francisella

Haemophilius

Bordetella

Brucella

Spirochaetes

Listeria,

Erysipelothrix, Alcaligenes

Campylobacter

Acinetobacter

Rickettsiae

Chlamydiae

Mycoplasma

Actinomycetes

PRACTICALS

14. Preparation of media for isolation and identification of bacteria 15. Identification of various pure and mixed bacterial cultures – microscopy, culture, biochemical reactions

Recommended books 1. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

2. Medical Microbiology, 24th edition (Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology) Geo. Brooks (Author), Karen C. Carroll (Author), Janet Butel (Author), Stephen Morse (Author) Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

3. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control Author : David Greenwood , Richard C. B. Slack , John F. Peutherer , Michael R. Barer Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

4. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology Author : J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE , Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc , Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC , Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath . Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

36

5. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 2 Volume Set, Bacteriology, 10th Edition S. Peter Borriello (Editor), Patrick R. Murray (Editor), Guido Funke (Editor) Publisher: Wiley Group

6. Infectious Diseases Sherwood L. Gorbach (Editor), John G. Bartlett(Editor), Neil R. Blacklow (Editor) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

7. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology VOL-1,2 (Part A,B,C) Editor-in-Chief: George M. Garrity Published by Springer , New York

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37

PAPER XI – IMMUNOLOGY, IMMUNOPATHOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING

1. Introduction to immunology: Infection, definition, classification, sources, methods of transmission, factors predisposing to microbial pathogenicity, route of infection, types of infectious diseases. Immunity, innate immunity, definition, species immunity, racial immunity, individual immunity, mechanisms of innate immunity epithelial and mucosal surfaces, physiological barriers, microbial antagonism, cellular factors, inflammation, acute phase proteins, factors influencing innate immunity acquired immunity characteristics, active and passive, natural and artificial, active immunization different types of vaccines, properties of good vaccine, complications associated with active immunization, passive immunization, common agents used, risks associated with passive immunization, local immunity, herd immunity. 2. Structure and functions of immune systems: Cells of the immune system lymphocytes (cell, T cells, Null cells, NK cells) phagocytes, macrophages, APCs, lymphoid organs, central and peripheral 3. Antigens: Immunogenicity and antigenicity – definition, determinants of antigenicity, biological classes of antigens, T cell dependent and T-cell independent, super antigens, contribution of biological system to Immunogenicity genotype of recipient animal, dosage, route of administration, adjuvant etc. 4. Immunoglobulins: Definition, basic structure, classes of Immunoglobulins – biological properties, abnormal Immunoglobulins, immunoglobulin specificities – isotypic allotypic, idiotypic, monoclonal antibodies production and uses. 5. Immune response: Humoral and cell mediated primary and secondary clonal restriction, theories of immune response – selective and instructive, antigen processing and presentation, activation of T cells, activation of B cells and TC cells, role of cytokines, factors influencing antibody production genetic, antibody feedback, regulatory immune complexes, idiotypic, TS cells, immunological tolerance, cytokines, properties and functions of important cytokines. 6. Complement system: Components, activation – classical pathway, alternative pathway, regulation of activation, and biological effects of complement. 7. Antigen – Antibody interaction: General features, precipitation reaction, mechanism, methods and applications, zone phenomenon, agglutination reaction mechanism, coomb’s test, haemaglutination, bacterial agglutination, passive agglutination, agglutination inhibition, complement fixation test–direct & indirect, opsonisation, neutralization tests, immunofluorescence, RIA, ELISA, immunoblotting.

Immunopathology : 1.

Hypersensitivity : Definition, gel and coomb’s classification, type – 1 mechanism, components, mediators of type I reaction, systemic anaphylaxis, localized anaphylaxis. Allergic rhinitis, Asthma, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, detection of type I reaction, therapy for type I reaction. Type – II – Mechanism, transfusion reactions, haemolytic disease of newborn, drug – induced hemolytic anemia, type III Mechanism, localized and generalized type IV delayed hypersensitivity.

38

2.

Autoimmunity : Definition, criteria for establishing the autoimmune etiology of a disease, mechanism of autoimmunization, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, autoimmune anemia’s, good Pasteur’s syndrome, IDDM, grave’s disease, myasthenia gravis, SLE, Multiple sclerosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, animal models.

3.

Immune deficiency diseases : Definition, primary and secondary immune deficiencies, phagocyte deficiencies, humoral deficiencies X-linked agammaglobulinemia, X-linked hyper 1gM syndrome, common variable hypogammaglobulinemia, selective immunoglobulin deficiencies, cellular immunodeficiencies – Di George syndrome, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis combined immuno deficiencies SCID, Nezelof syndrome. Ataxia telengiectasia, wiskott Aldrich syndrome, disorders of complement.

4.

Immunology of transplantation: Definition of terminologies, autograft, allograft, syngraft, transplantation, transfusion, mechanism of allograft rejection, role of T cells in rejection, role of cytokines, types of rejection, hyper acute, acute, chronic, prevention of rejection.

5.

Tumour immunology : Immune surveillance theory, tumour antigents, immune response, evasion of immune system, immune diagnosis, immunotherapy, cancer of immune system.

6.

Immunobiology of AIDS : Stages of AIDS, lymphocyte infection, immunological abnormalities, animal models, treatment, methods for diagnosis, trends in vaccine development.

7.

Immunohistochemistry – introduction, methodologies, uses

Blood banking : 1. Historical aspects of blood transfusion, composition of blood, Blood group genetics, Synthesis of blood group antigens, distribution of blood group antigens on cells & fluid. 2. Procedure of blood collection & grouping. 3. ABO & Rh grouping. 4.

Laboratory tests related to blood group abnormalities

5.

Comb’s test/Antiglobulin test. (Direct & Indirect)

6.

Titration of ABO & Rh antibodies.

7.

Organization of camps & selection of donors.

8.

Collection of blood from donor (Phlebotomy)

9.

Autologous blood transfusion, its indication & hazards.

39

10. Compatibility testing – i) Major cross matching ii) Minor cross matching iii) Coomb’s cross matching iv) Cross matching of Universal donors. 11. Blood components - Preparation & storage, aphaeresis, blood & its products. 12. Complication of blood transfusion 13. Investigation in case of mismatched transfusion. 14. Quality control & maintenance of blood bank safety. 15. Current developments in blood banking 16. Commercial preparation of synthetic blood. PRACTICALS

- Study of antigen- antibody interactions: - Agglutination, - Precipitation, - Complement fixation, - Immunodiffusion etc. - Demonstration of phagocytosis - Screening and diagnostic serological tests for bacterial, viral, fungal infections in routine hematology laboratory - Tests for diagnosing autoimmune disorders - Delayed hypersensitivity tests. - Coombs test - direct and indirect - Cross matching procedures for transfusion

Recommended books 1. Kuby Immunology Richard A. Goldsby (Author), Thomas J. Kindt (Author), Barbara A. Osborne (Author), Janis Immunology Kuby (Author) Publisher: W H Freeman & Co

2. Immunology David Male, MA, PhD; Jonathan Brostoff, MA, DM, DSc(Med) FRCP, FRCPath; David Roth and Ivan Roitt, MA, DSc (Oxon), Hon FRCP (Lond), FRCPath, FRS Publisher : Mosby

40

3. Medical Immunology Tristram G. Parslow (Author), Daniel P. Stites (Author), Abba I. Terr (Author), John B. Imboden (Author) Publisher: McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange


5. Janeway's Immunobiology (Immunobiology: The Immune System (Janeway) Kenneth M. Murphy (Author), Paul Travers (Author), Mark Walport (Author) Publisher: Garland Science

6. Cellular and Molecular Immunology Abul K. Abbas MBBS (Author), Jordan S. Pober MD PhD (Author), Andrew H. Lichtman MD PhD (Author) Publisher: Saunders; 4 edition

7. Manual of Molecular and Clinical Laboratory Immunology Author: Volume Editors: Barbara Detrick, Robert G. Hamilton, and James D. Folds Publisher: ASM Press

8. Immunology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series) Thao Doan MD (Author), Roger Melvold (Author), Susan Viselli PhD (Author), Carl Waltenbaugh PhD (Author) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

9. Roitt's Essential Immunology Peter J. Delves (Author), Seamus J. Martin (Author), Dennis R. Burton (Author), Ivan M. Roitt (Author)

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell 10. Compendium of Transfusion Medicine- Practice of Safe Blood Transfusion By : Dr. R. N. Makroo, M.B.B.S.; D.I.B.T., M.D., Kongposh publications

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41

PAPER XII – VIROLOGY AND MYCOLOGY VIROLOGY : 1.

2.

General properties of viruses: Morphology, chemical properties, viral multiplication, methods for cultivation of viruses, detection of growth in cell cultures, viral essays, classification and nomenclature, prions. Bacterophage – Ultrastructure, Multiplication, Lytic cycle, Lysogenic cycle, phage typing. Systematic study of important viruses: Their biological properties, pathogenicity, techniques for isolation and identification from clinical specimens, antiviral agents, immunoprophylaxis etc.

- Pox viruses - Herpes viridae - Picorna viruses – polio viruses - Orthomyxoviruses – influenza - Paramyxoviruses – Mumps, measles, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus - Arboviruses – Alpha viruses, flavivirus – yellow fever, encephalitis, dengue, KFD etc. - Rhabdoviruses – Rabies virus - Hepatitis viruses – Hepatitis A, B, Delta, Non A&H viruses - Oncogenic viruses- important DNA and RNA viruses causing oncogenesis - Human immunodeficiency virus – AIDS - Miscellaneous viruses – rubella, papova virus. MYCOLOGY : 1. Introduction to mycology: Classification of fungi, general properties, Techniques used in mycology, Collection, transport and processing of clinical specimens, examination of fungal cultures, slide culture technique, mounting fluids, stains and media used in mycology, maintenance of fungal culture collections, mycotoxins. 2. Superficial mycoses: Tinea versicolor, Tinea nigra, black piedra, white piedra 3. Cutaneous mycoses : General characteristics, Dematophytes, Classification, Morphology and physiology of trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton 4. Yeasts of medical importance : General characters, classification of yeast-like fungi, methods used in isolation and identification – candida cryprococcus, geotrichum, trichosporon, porulopsis.

42

5. systemic mycoses : Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, sporotrchosis, chromoblastomycosis, maduromycosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, coccidiodomycosis, coccidiodomycosis. 6. Opportunistic mycosis : Aspergillosis, phycomycosis, pencillosis, rhinosporidiosis, cladosporiosis. PRACTICALS - Egg inoculation methods for cultivation of viruses - Isolation of bacteriophage from sewage - Serological techniques - Demonstration of cell lines - Cultivation methods and microscopy of contaminant fungi - Culture and study of cultural characters of common fungal pathogens

Recommended books

Virology :1. Ananthanarayan and Paniker’s Textbook of Microbiology Ananthanarayan, R. & Paniker, CK Jayaram Publisher: Universities press

2. Fields Virology (2-Volume Set) Bernard N. Fields (Editor), David M. Knipe (Editor), Peter M. Howley (Editor), Robert M. Chanock (Editor), Thomas P. Monath (Editor), Joseph L. Melnick (Editor), Bernard Roizman (Editor), Stephen E. Straus (Editor) Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

3. Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections: Virology (Topley & Wilson's Microbiology & Microbial Infections) Brian W J Mahy (Editor), Volker ter Meulen (Editor) Publisher: Wiley Group

4. Medical Microbiology: A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control David Greenwood (Author), Richard C. B. Slack (Author), John F. Peutherer (Author), Michael R. Barer (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

5. Medical Microbiology, 24th edition (Jawetz, Melnick, & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology) Geo. Brooks (Author), Karen C. Carroll (Author), Janet Butel (Author), Stephen Morse (Author) Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical

6 . Medical Virology, D. E. White (Author), Frank J. Fenner (Author). Publisher: Academic Press

43

7. Clinical Virology Douglas D. Richman MD (Editor), Richard J. Whitley MD (Editor), Frederick G. Hayden MD (Editor) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

8. Clinical Virology Manual, 4th Edition Editors: Steven Specter, Richard L. Hodinka, Stephen A. Young, Danny L. Wiedbrauk

Publisher: ASM

Press


Mycology :1. Text Book of Medical Mycology Jagdish Chander (Author) Publisher: Mehta Publishers

2. Clinical Mycology Elias J. Anaissie MD (Author), Michael R. McGinnis PhD (Author), Michael A. Pfaller MD (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

3. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, Volume 4: Medical Mycology Libero Ajello, Roderick J. Hay Publisher: Wiley Group

4. Medical Mycology. The Pathogenic Fungi and Pathogenic Actinomycetes. By John Willard Rippon Publisher: Saunders (W.B.) Co Ltd

5. Mycology for the Clinical Laboratory Gary S. Moore and Douglas M. Jaciow. Reston Publishing Co

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44

4th YEAR 7th and 8th semester

PAPER XIII - MICROBIAL PATHOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 1. Introduction 2. Categories of infectious agents - Bacteria, Chlamydia,Rickettesia,Mycoplasma - Protozoa, helminthes,ectoparasites - Viruses, bacteriophages,plasmids,transposons - Fungi 3. Transmission and dissemination of microbes - Host barriers to infection - Spread and dissemination of microbes - Microbial egress and transmission 4. Microbial pathogenesis Mechanism of disease/ tissue injury caused by - Bacteria, Virus, Fungi,protozoa 5. Immune response and evasion mechanism by microbial pathogens Spectrum of inflammatory response tp infection - suppurative - Mononuclear & granulomatous - Cytopathic – cytoproliferative - Necrotising - Chronic inflammation and scarring 6. Pathology and pathogenesis of microbial infections: Histopathological & cytological changes/features associated with microbial infections Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Whooping cough, Diptheria, Anthrax, Plague, Gonorrhoea, Typhoid fever, Cholera, Shigellosis, Clostridial infections (- Gangrene , tetanus, botulism), Malaria, Filaria, Entamoeba, Leishmaniasis , Toxoplasmosis, Helminthic infections, Herpes viral infections, Hepatitis, Rabies, Poliomyelitis, Mumps, measles, Skin and soft tissue infection ( Staphylococcal, Streptococcal infections ),CNS infections , Rhinosporidiosis, Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis

PRACTICALS 1. Tissue reception, labeling. Fixation of tissue, different kinds of fixatives. 2. Different types of embedding viz. wax, resin, cryostat etc. 3. Decalcification-methods, assessment and solution.

45

4. Processing of tissue, dehydration, impregnation in the wax, manual and automatic tissue processor, gelatin embedding. 5. Microtome- principal, use in section cutting, parts and working of commonly used microtome, different types of microtome, microtome knives, homing and stropping knives. Hndling and care of microtome sharpening of razors. 6. Section cutting of paraffin sections, section preparation from frozen sections, fixing if tissue to slide. Staining techniques, natural dyes, synthetic dyes, basic and acidic dyes, haematoxylin staining. 7. Demonstration of pathological changes in tissues during bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. Recommended books:

1. Robbins Basic Pathology, Vinay Kumar (Editor), Ramzi S. Cotran (Editor), Stanley L. Robbins (Editor) Publisher: Saunders

2. Anderson's Pathology Ivan Damjanov MD PhD (Author), James Linder MD (Author) Publisher: Mosby

3.Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, John D. Bancroft (Author), Marilyn Gamble (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

4. Textbook of Pathology Author: Harsh Mohan

Publisher: Jaypee Brothers

5. Textbook of Pathology Author: BN Datta Publisher: Jaypee Brothers

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46

PAPER XIV – CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & LABORATORY MANAGEMENT 1. Normal microbial flora of the human body 2. Epidemiology of communicable diseases, Host, reservoir, carrier, vector, infective

3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

agents – modes and routes of infection, pathogenesis and symptoms, control and eradication of infections diseases. Laboratory safety in microbiology – general principles, levels of laboratory safety cabinets General principles in Specimen collection, transport, storage, isolation of pathogen. Detailed procedures in laboratory diagnosis of diseases of multiple etiology, urinary tract infections, upper & lower respiratory tract infections, meningitis/encephalitis, skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia /septicemia, gastrointestinal tract & food poisoning, infections of the eye & ear, PUO, nosocomial infections. Laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of viral infections. Laboratory procedures in the diagnosis of fungal infections. Quality control in microbiology laboratory Molecular techniques in microbiology –

10. Plasmid profiling 11. mol% G+C content 12. Nucleotide sequencing 13. Restriction fragment length profiling (RFLP) 14. Pulse field Gel electrophoresis (PFGE) 15. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques – PCR 16. Amplification techniques (signal amplification, probe amplification & target amplification) 17. Bacteriology of air, water and milk. 18. Sterility tests. - LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND QC 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Benefits of quality 1.2 Continuous quality improvement 1.3 Users’ Perception of health laboratory services 1.4 Good laboratory practices 1.5 International standards organization 1.6 Traceability 2. FACTORS INFLUENCING QUALITY

2.1 Pre-analytical factors 2.2 Analytical factors 2.3 Post-analytical factors

47

3. OVERVIEW OF QUALITY ASSURANCE

3.1 Quality assurance 3.2 QUality assurance programme 3.2 Objectives of quality assurance 3.3 Components of a quality assurance programme 5. DOCUMENTATION IN THE LABORATORY

5.1 Value of documentation 5.2 Types of documentation 5.3 Layers of documentation 5.4 Documentation structure 5.5 Review and revision 5.6 Document control 5.7 Dangers of overdocumentation 5.8 Laboratory records 6. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES

6.1 Structure of SOP 6.2 Dos and don’ts on SOPs 7. ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY

7.1 Monitoring 7.2 Assessment of quality 7.3 Organization of EQAS 7.4 Scoring system in EQA 7.5 Internal quality assessment 9. QUALITY AUDIT AND ACCREDITATION

9.1 Quality audit 9.2 Accreditation of laboratories 10. WASTE MANAGEMENT 11. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CLINICAL LABORATORY

11.1 Quality assurance parameters 11.2 Monitoring and evaluating tests and use of test results 12. QUALITY CONTROL OF LABORATORY MATERIALS

12.1 Pipettes 12.2 Cleaning glassware 12.3 Reagents and standards 12.4 Chemicals 12.5 Reference sera 12.6 Proper use of reagents and standards 13. QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDIA AND STAINS

13.1 Quality control of media 13.2 Performance of plated media

48

13.3 Quality control of stains

14. QUALITY CONTROL OF BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES 15. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING

15.1 Indications for routine susceptibility testing 15.2 Choice of drugs 15.3 Direct versus indirect susceptibility tests 15.4 General Principles of antimicrobial susceptibility testing 15.5 Clinical definitions of terms resistant and susceptible: the three-category system 15.6 Need for quality control in susceptibility test 15.7 Standard procedure for quality control 15.8 Frequency of quality control testing 16. QUALITY CONTROL IN SEROLOGY 16.1 Procedure manual 16.2 Selection of test or procedure 16.3 Collection of specimen 16.4 Control sera 16.5 Reagents 16.6 Equipment and instruments 16.7 Performance of tests 16.8 Reporting and record keeping 17. QUALITY CONTROL IN STERILIZATION 17.1 Indicators of the sterilization process 17.2 General principles for testing sterilizing agents 18. QUALITY CONTROL FOR EQUIPMENT

18.1 Purchase of equipment 18.2 Function checks 18.3 Documentation 18.4 Preventive maintenance PRACTICALS 19. Laboratory investigations on clinical specimens 20. Demonstration of PCR, western blotting 21. Tests for detection of coliforms in water samples 22. Phosphate tests

Recommended books 1. Koneman's Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology Author(s): Washington C Winn Jr, MD ; Stephen D Allen MD ; William M Janda PhD ; Elmer W Koneman ; Paul C Schreckenberger PhD ; Gary W Procop MD; MS Gail L Woods MD. Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

49

2. Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, (Diagnostic Microbiology) Betty A. Forbes PhD D(ABMM) F(AAM) (Author), Daniel F. Sahm PhD D(ABMM F(AAM) (Author), Alice S. Weissfeld PhD D(ABMM) F(AAM) (Author) Imprint: Mosby

3. Manual of Clinical Microbiology Patrick R. Murray (Editor), Ellen Jo Baron (Editor), James Jorgensen (Editor), Michael Pfaller (Editor), Marie Louise Landry (Editor) Publisher: American Society for Microbiology

4. Mackie & McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology J. Gerald Collee CBE MD(Edin) FRCPath FRCP(Edin) FRSE (Author), Andrew G. Fraser MD(Edin) BSc (Author), Barrie P. Marmion AO DSc MD(Lond) FRAC HonDocUnivAdelaide (Author), Anthony Simmons MA MB BChir PhD MRCPath (Author) Publisher: Churchill Livingstone

5. Microbiology in Clinical Practice D. C. Shanson (Author) Publisher: Hodder Arnold Publishers

6. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (2 vol) By Gerald L. Mandell, MD, MACP, John E. Bennett, MD, MACP, and Raphael Dolin, MD Imprint: Churchill Livingstone


8. Medical Microbiology Cedric Mims BSc MD FRCPath (Author), Hazel Dockrell BA (Mod) PhD (Author), Richard Goering BA MSc PhD (Author), Ivan Roitt DSc HonFRCP FRCPath FRS (Author), Derek Wakelin BSc PhD DSc FRCPath (Author), Mark Zuckerman BSc (Hons) MB BS MRCP MSc FRCPath (Author) Publisher: Mosby

9. Methods for General and Molecular Microbiology C. A. Reddy (Editor), Terry J. Beveridge (Editor), John A. Breznak (Editor) Publisher: ASM Press

10. Microbiology: A Clinical Approach Anthony Strelkauskas (Author), Jennifer Strelkauskas (Author), Danielle Moszyk-Strelkauskas (Author) Publisher: Garland Science

11. Manual of commercial methods in clinical microbiology Allan L. Truant Publisher: American Society for Microbiology (ASM)

12. Quality Assurance in Bacteriology and Immunology World health organization WHO Regional Publication, South-East Asia Series -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

50

51

BSc MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY REGULATION, SCHEME AND SYLLABUS Centre for Health Sciences University of Calicut

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Regulations, scheme and syllabus for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical biochemistry Objectives of the course: At the end of the course the candidates shall be: 1. Aware of the principle underlying the organization of a clinical laboratory. 2. Able to do routine and special investigative procedures pertaining to Medical Biochemistry laboratory practice. 3. Provide a good theoretical and practical education who plan to work with in the field of Medical Biochemistry and science. 4. Develop knowledge and skill in accordance with the society’s demand in Medical Biochemistry. 5. Qualify the students for official approval as medical Biochemist 6. Able to operate and maintain all equipments used in clinical laboratory. 7. Able to establish and manage a clinical or Research laboratory. Programme description : The course of study enhances student’s knowledge and skills in several major categorical areas of Medical Biochemistry. The degree in Medical Biochemistry provides advanced skills to practicing professionals in health administration, leadership, quality assurance and health informatics. Name of the course Name of the course shall be the

“BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY” – BSc (MB) Duration of the course The duration of the course shall be eight semesters extending over a period of four years. Each semester shall be of six months duration , with each academic year spread over a period of 240 working days Eligibility for admission Candidates who have passed Higher Secondary examination of the Board of Higher Secondary Education, Kerala, or examinations recognized equivalent (regular course of study)

thereto, with 50% marks in Biology separately, and 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Biology put together, are eligible. Relaxation in minimum marks for eligibility allowed by the Government of Kerala to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and other Backward Classes shall be made. Candidates with higher qualifications are also eligible for admission, provided they possess the minimum qualification mentioned in the draft syllabus. Course structure The course shall comprise of both theory and practical studies in different branches of Medical Microbiology and its related subjects such as : 1. Anatomy 2. Physiology 3. Biomolecules and bio physical chemistry 5. General Methodology 6. General microbiology 7. Parasitology and clinical microbiology 8. instrumentation& Clinical biochemistry 9. Metabolism and inborn errors of metabolism 10. nutrition 11. Immunology , immunochemistry & serology 12. cell biology, molecular biology and genetics 13.Pathology & blood banking 14. diagnostic biochemistry 15.laboratory organisation and management In addition to these regular subject papers like Special English, Health education, Community medicine, Biostatistics and computer applications are included as these are important elements in epidemiology, diagnostic and research field. Teaching/Learning methods

- Regular clinical Laboratory posting to pick up practical skill and practice techniques on laboratory responsibility and supervision. - Lecture and practical classes. - Students should present seminars in various subjects in medical microbiology to attain presentation skill Internal assessment marks Internal assessment marks shall be awarded to the candidates in each paper as detailed in the scheme of examinations. The award shall be on the basis of the assessment made by the teachers from the candidate’s performances in the terminal/semester examinations conducted by the department, class tests, laboratory work and record work, etc. during the course of study. The marks secured by the candidates in each paper/subject shall be forwarded to the University at the end of the course for the examinations. The failed candidates will be allowed a separate internal assessment for both theory and practical. Compulsory clinical internship Every candidate admitted to BSc Medical Biochemistry degree course shall undergo six(6) months of compulsory internship in the institution as recognized by the university, and those

who successfully complete the internship as evidenced by the attendance statement and conduct certificate issued by the hospital authorities , shall only be allowed to attend the final year examination . Students should also submit a report regarding the routine diagnostic procedures done in the laboratory during the internship period. Attendance requirements Regarding attendance requirements it will be 80% with the provision for cantonment up to 10% on medical grounds. University examinations There shall be University examinations at the end of every two semesters as detailed in the scheme of examinations. Candidates who fail to secure a pass in any particular paper shall appear for that paper in order to secure a pass, in the subsequent regular examination. Candidates who fail in one or more papers in an examination need appear for only those papers for securing complete pass in the examination. All the students who complete the course in prior to the examination and register for the examination shall be promoted to the subsequent semester. Candidates who complete the course of study and secure pass in all the papers of the four examinations shall be declared to have qualified for the degree. Such candidates shall be placed in the second class. Candidates who qualify for the degree passing all the examinations in the first attempt securing not less that 65% marks of the aggregate of all University examinations and internal assessment take in together shall be declared to passed in the first class and those who secure not less than 75% of the aggregate marks shall be declared to have passed in first class with distinction. Provisions for ranking students. 1. 2.

Up to third ranks for an intake of 25 students Up to fifth ranks for an intake of 50 students There shall be no provision for improvement of results in any examinations

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Scheme of question paper – Theory (3hrs duration) 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

first year examination ( 1& 2nd semester ) ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY & CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY (BIOMOLECULES AND BIO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) GENERAL METHODOLOGY SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS & COMPUTER APPLICATION second year examination ( 3& 4th semester ) METABOLISM I-- CARBOHYDRATE ,LIPID AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM ENZYMOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION third year examination ( 5& 6th semester ) METABOLISM—II ( NUTRITION, HEME AND NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM ) IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNO HEMATOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY –I MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS fourth year examination ( 7& 8th semester ) DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY_--II (ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS) ORGANIZATION OF LAB AND LAB MANAGEMENT

Section A Section A & B Section A Section A &B -------------

Section A Section A Section A &B Section A Section A Section A Section A Section A Section A Section A

CURRICULAM, CREDIT HOURS AND COURSE DURATION PAPER

Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV Paper V

Paper VI

Paper VII Paper VIII Paper IX

Paper X Paper XI Paper XII Paper XIII

SUBJECT ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY AND CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY (BIOMOLECULES AND BIO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY) GENERAL METHODOLOGY SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS & COMPUTER APPLICATION METABOLISM I-CARBOHYDRATE LIPID AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM ENZYMOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY ANALYTICAL METHODS AND INSTRUMENTATION HOSPITAL LABORATORY POSTING AT THE END OF SECOND YEAR

YEAR

THEORY

PRACTICAL

TUTORIAL

TOTAL

I year

180

120

40

340

I year

180

120

40

340

I year

180

80

40

300

I year

180

80

200

I year

140

40

180

II year

160

40

400

200 II year

200

140

40

380

II year

160

120

40

320

II year

160

40

200

140

40

140 one month 380

II year

METABOLISM—II, NUTRITION,HEME AND NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNO HEMATOLOGY D DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY –I

III year

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

200 III year

160

120

40

320

III year

200

160

40

400

III year

200

200

HOSPITAL LABORATORY POSTING AT THE END OF THIRD YEAR

Paper XIV Paper XV

DIAGNOSTIC BIOCHEMISTRY_--II (ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS) ORGANIZATION OF LAB AND LAB MANAGEMENT

IV year

200

140

40

140 one month 380

IV year

200

100

40

340

HOSPITAL LABORATORY POSTING AT THE END OF SIXTH SEMESTER

IV year

720 6 months

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION I B.Sc.(Medical Biochemistry) Examiantion ( At the end of second semester)

Paper I

II

III

IV

V

Subject Anatomy Theory Practical Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks Physiology and clinical hematology Theory Practical Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks General Biochemistry (Biomolecules and bio physical chemistry) Theory

Practical Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks General Methodology Theory Internal Assessment Total Marks Special English, Health Education, Community Medicine, Biostatistics and Computer Applications Internal Assessment (Theory and Practical)

Duration

Max. Marks

Min. for pass

3 hrs 3 hrs

50 50 50 50 200

20 20 100

3 hrs 3 hrs

50 50 50 50 200

20 20 100

3 hrs 3hrs

50 50 50 50 200

20 20 100

100 50 150

40 75

100

50

3 hrs

II B.Sc(Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of fourth semester) Paper VI

VII

Subject Metabolism I-Carbohydrate lipid and amino acid metabolism Theory Practical Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks

Min. for pass

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 100 100 100 400

40 40 200

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 100 100 100 400

40 40 200

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 100 50 50 300

40 40 150

3 hrs

100 50 150

40 75

Clinical Pathology and microbiology

Theory Practical Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks IX

Max. Marks

Enzymology and Endocrinology

Theory Practical Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks VIII

Duration

Analytical methods and instrumentation

Theory Internal Assessment Total Marks

III B.Sc (Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of sixth semester) Paper X

Subject

Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks XI

Min. for pass

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 100 100 100 400

40 40 200

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 100 50 50 300

40 40 150

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 100 100 100 400

40 40 200

3 hrs

100 50 150

40 75

Diagnostic biochemistry –I

Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks XIII

Max. Marks

Immunology and immuno hematology

Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks XII

Duration

Metabolism—II, nutrition, heme and nucleotide metabolism

Molecular biology and Genetics

Theory Internal Assessment Total Marks

IV B.Sc (Medical Biochemistry) Examination (At the end of eighth semester)

Paper XIV

Subject Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks

XV

Duration

Max. Marks

Min. for pass

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 150 100 100 450

40 60 225

3 hrs 6 hrs

100 100 100 100 400

40 40 200

diagnostic biochemistry_--II (organ function tests)

Organization of Lab and lab management

Theory Practicals Orals Internal Assessment Total Marks

1st YEAR(1st & 2nd semester) PAPER 1 – ANATOMY

Unit 1 Introduction to the course and the subject of anatomy. Orientation to: systems of the body, anatomical terminologies, learning methodologies in anatomy, embryology. Microscopic anatomy: Structure of cell, types of tissues, cell cycle and division introduction to genesis. Unit 2 Respiratory system: Embryology, parts of the system gross and microscopic structure of the lungs, applied aspects. Circulatory system: Embryology with emphasis on fetal circulation, parts, Microscopic anatomy of vessels, gross and microscopic structure of heart, blood vessels both arteries and veins, attachment and relations of major vessels to the heart, distribution and tributaries of major arteries and veins, applied aspects. Unit 3 Digestive system: Embryology, location, parts and functions of the system – gross and microscopic structure, location of digestive glands – gross and microscopic structure applied aspects. Urogenital system: a) Reproductive system: Developmental considerations of the male and female systems, gross and microscopic parts of both male and female systems, primary and secondary sexual organs and function, applied aspects. b)Urinary system: Developmental considerations, parts – gross kidney in detail – gross and microscopic structure applied aspects. Unit 4 Musculo skeletal system: Classification, location of the bones and muscles in the body, muscle attachment to bones – only brief description, gross features of bones and parts, microscopic features of muscle and bone, joints, classification, bones involved, movements and muscles that produce movements, applied aspects. Unit 5 Nervous system: Developmental considerations, parts and division into central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, gross and microscopy of brain and spinal cord, naming of cranial nervous, functions served by each of them brief account of degeneration and regeneration of nerves, applied aspects. Unit 6 Endocrinology: Brief saline of location and function of the endocrine

glands. Special senses: Eye, ear, nose, tongue. Miscellaneous topics: Skin and appendages (microscopic structure) General considerations of upper limb, lower limb, head and neck, thoracic and abdominal cavities, pelvic cavity. PRACTICALS 3. 4. 5. 6.

Demonstration of systems of the body. Microscopic demonstration for histology, Osteology demonstration Practical and applied anatomy demonstration depending on the topic

Recommended books

1. B D Chaurasia's Human Anatomy (VOL 1-3) Regional and Applied 2. Gray's Anatomy for Students Author : Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl , Adam W. M. Mitchell 3. Textbook Of Human Histology With Colour Atlas Author : Inderbir Singh

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PAPER – II – PHYSIOLOGY& CLINICAL HAEMATOLOGY Unit 1 Blood: Composition of blood, structure and functions of RBC, WBC, and platelets blood coagulation, blood groups, reticulo endothelial system, structure and function of spleen, Jaundice, Anemia Unit 2 Cardiovascular system: Structure and properties of cardiac muscles, nerve supply to hear, structure and function of blood vessels, cardiac cycle and pressure changes, heart sounds, cardiac output, heart rate, cardiovascular reflexes, blood pressure hemorrhage, ECG, changes in muscular exercises. Unit 3 Respiratory system: Physiological anatomy, mechanism of respiration, lung volumes and capacities, breath sounds, types of respiration, artificial respiration, transport of blood gases, regulation of respiration, hypoxia effects of exercise. Unit 4 Digestive system: Digestion in mouth, stomach, intestine, digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, control of secretion, absorption, structure and functions of liver. Excretory system: Structure (gross and minute) of kidney, formation of urine, OTR, tubular function, renal function tests, micturition. Unit 5 Muscle: Structure of muscle, muscle contraction. Nervous system: Structure of nervous, nerve impulse, structure and function of spinal cord, spinal reflexes and pathways, structure, and function of different parts of brain, autonomic nervous system, neurohumoral transmission CSF, physiology of touch, smell, taste, hearing, and vision – reflexes. Unit 6 Endocrine system: Structure and functions of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, thymus and pancreas. Reproductive system: Sex determination and development, puberty, structure and function of male and female reproductive system, pregnancy, parturition, location, and foetal circulation. Clinical Hematology : Unit 1 Introduction – composition and function of blood .Normal and abnormal blood cell morphology - erythrocytes, leukocytes. platelets and reticulocyte count. Knowledge about anemia and leukemia. Unit 2 Collection of specimen, difference between capillary and artery and venous blood specimens. Preparation (smear preparation, staining methods including

buffers and special stains), examination and interpretation of thin , thick and wet blood films . Unit 3 Methods of measuring haemoglobin, including spectrophotometry , PCV ( Haematocrit – macro and micro methods), MCH, MCHC, MCV & ESR.Total and differential WBC count, RBC count, absolute eosinophil – different methods, interpretation.Platelets function, disorders, platelet count methods and interpretation. Bleeding and clotting time - significance and estimation methods PRACTICALS 1 . Red blood cell count 2 . Total and differential white blood cell count 3 . Platelet count 4 . Absolute Eosinophil count 5 . Calculation of Red cell indices 6 . Hemoglobin estimation 7 . Determination of ESR 8 . Determination of BT, CT. 9 . Osmotic fragility and blood groups 10. Blood smear preparation and staining 11. Measurement of BP in man. 12. Respiratory movements, methods of artificial respiration. 13. TPR charts , examination of sensory system, motor system, reflexes, cranial nerve, 14. ECG / EEG 15. Cardiac efficiency test.

Recommended books 1. Essentials of Medical Physiology Author : K Sembulingam , Prema Sembulingam 2.Concise Medical Physiology Author : Sujit K Chaudhuri 3. Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Author : Kim E. Barrett , Susan M. Barman , Scott Boitano , Heddwen Brooks

4.Textbook of Medical Physiology Author : Arthur C. Guyton , John E. Hall

5. Dacie & Lewis Practical Haematology Author: S. Mitchell Lewis BSc MD FRCPath DCP FIBMS , Barbara J. Bain FRACP FRCPath , Imelda Bates MD FRCP FRCPath , John Dacie MD(Lond) FRCP(Lond) FRCPath FRS , Malcolm I. Levene

6. Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology (2 Vol. Set) Author : John P. Greer, John Foerster , John N. Lukens 7. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods Editor : John Bernard Henry MD , Frederick R. Davey MD , Chester J. Herman MD PhD, Richard A. McPherson MD, Matthew R. Pincus MD PhD , Gregory A. Threatte MD , Gail L. Woods MD . 8. de Gruchy's Clinical Haematology in Medical Practice Author : Frank Firkin , C. Chesterman , D. Penington , B. Rush

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Paper III- General biochemistryBiomolecules and bio physical chemistry

Uint 1 Carbohydrates – functions, classification, structure of carbohydrates. Isomerism of glucose - stereo isomerism, optical isomerism, epimerism, anomerism, muta-rotation. general reactions of monosaccharides- oxidation, reduction, methylation, Benedict's test, Fehling's test, Seliwanoff's test, osazone test. Reducing and non- reducing sugars. Disaccharides- structure of maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose. Derived sugarsamino sugars, glycosides. Polysaccharides- homopolysaccharides- starch, glycogen, cellulose, agar, pectin. Heteropolysaccharides - glycosaminoglycans- hyaluronic acid, heparin, keratin sulphate, dermatan sulphate. Unit 2 Aminoacids and proteins. Structure and classification of amino acids. Classification based on structure, metabolic fate, side chain character, nutritional importance. Isoelectric point and amphoteric nature of amino acids, general reactions in the body- transamination, deamination, decarboxylation. Ninhydrin reaction. Biologically important peptides. Proteins- structural organizationprimary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure. Structure of insulin, collagen and Hb. Classification of proteins- simple, conjugated and derived proteins. Precipitation reactions of proteins – salting out, isoelectric precipitation, precipitation by acidic and basic agents, alcohol precipitation, heat coagulation. Denaturation of proteins. Unit 3 Lipids – classification- simple, compound lipids, derived lipids. Structure and functions of each class. Fatty acids –classification and structure. saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, PUFA, essential fatty acids. Saponification number, acid number, iodine number. Structure of phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol and lipoproteins. Monolayers bilayers, micelles and liposomes. Unit 4 Vitamins, heme and nucleotides. Classification of vitamins- fat soluble vitamins –structure of A D E K. Structure of water soluble vitamins- B-complex and vitamin C. Daily requirements and sources of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins. Heme- structure, structure of Hemoglobin, binding sites of heme and oxygen. Properties of heme. Heme containing proteins. Structure of purines and pyrimidines- structure of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil. Structure of AMP, ADP and ATP. Properties of nucleotides. Unit 5 Biophysical chemistry- Law of mass action and solubility product. Colloids: properties applications in biological systems. Mechanism and biological applications of the followingDonnan membrane equilibrium, dialysis. Diffusion, Osmosis and osmotic pressure, Viscosity, surface tension, adsorption. Ion channels and membrane transport.

Practicals Reactions of amino acids Reactions of proteins Reactions of carbohydrates Reactions of lipids Analysis of unknown carbohydrates and proteins Determination of pH of acid and bases by using pH paper, indicators and pH meter Preparation of acetate buffer with varying pH Preparation of phosphate buffer with varying pH Determination of pH of buffers Volumetric analysis Titration of NaOH with HCl

Paper IV general methodology

Basic laboratory knowledge Unit 1 Clinical Laboratory glasswares. Calibration of pipettes and the volumetric apparatus. Preparation of cleaning solution for glasswares. Cleaning and care of laboratory glassware and instruments. Storage and handling of dangerous chemicals and agents to prevent accidents. Immediate first aid management of minor accidents in the laboratory. Unit 2 Methods of expressing concentration. Preparation of normal solutions and molar solutions. Calculation of normality, molarity, milliequivalents/l, ppm. Preparation of normal saline. Methods of measuring liquids, weighing of solids. Volumetric analysis-method to find normality and weight per liter. Preparation of standard solutions and reagents. Preparation and storage of distilled, double distilled and de-inonized water. Parts and working of analytical balance, hot air ovens, water baths, refrigerators, centrifuges and Laminar flow.

Unit 3 Cleaning and preparation of syringes and needles for sterilization (Autoclaving). Labeling and registering of specimen. Collection, transport and preservation of blood, CSF, urine, pleural fluid, synovial fluid. Anticoagulants, preservatives and preparation of anticoagulant bottles for blood collection for different parameters. Unit 4 Acids, bases and buffers – definition of acids and bases, ionization of acids, ionic product of water, H+ concentration, strong acids and bases, weak acids and bases, strength of acids. Titration curves of acids and bases, PH- definition, calculation of pH, Henderson Hasselbalch equation, measurement of pH, pH meter. Buffers- Definition, components, weak and strong buffers. PK of buffers, preparation of buffers, buffers in biological system, commonly used buffers in labs. Unit 5 Properties of commonly used acids and bases- Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, ammonium carbonate, ammonia. Properties of commonly used salts- ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate, sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, zinc sulphate. Properties of chloroform, formalin. Properties of commonly used solvents- Methanol, ethanol, xylene, benzene, acetone.

MICROBIOLOGY Unit 6 History of Microbiology. Classification of Microorganism. Morphology of bacteria- shape and structure- plasma membrane, internal membrane systems, cytoplasmic matrix, inclusion bodies, nucleoid, cell wall- peptidoglycan structure, gram negative cell walls, flagella, endospore. Unit 7 Microscopy : Optical Microscope- resolution and magnification, parts and working of compound microscope, phase contrast microscopy dark field microscopy, electron microscope, fluorescence microscopy. Staining methodsSmear preparation and fixation from liquid media and solid media. Principle, procedure and uses of- simple staining, differential staining and special staining techniques. Unit 8 Control of microbial growth -Sterilization and disinfection- definition, Physical methods- different methods- by dry and moist heat, factors influencing and mechanism of killing. Radiation- ionising and non-ionising, mode of action. Filtration- technique of filtration, different filters like membrane, HEPA and candle filters. Disinfection- characteristics of ideal disinfectant, different classes of disinfectants in detail. Disinfectant testing.

Unit 9 Bacterial growth and nutrition- nutritional requirements-carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, phosphorus, other elements and growth factors. Nutritional classification. Bacterial Growth curve. Measurement of growth- cell mass, total count, viable count and cell constituents. Physical factors influencing growth- oxygen, CO2 pH osmotic pressure, light, mechanical and sonic stress. Unit 10 Culture media- common ingredients, classification, preparation of important culture media in microbiology. Cultivation of microbes- culture methods- streak, stroke, lawn, stab, pour plate, sweep plate and anaerobic culture methods. Unit 11 Safety precautions in Microbiology lab, Lab associated infection, safety codes of laboratory practice. The care and Management of Laboratory animalsbasic knowledge of feeding, housing, breeding and care of the following animals: Rabbit, Mouse, Guinea pig, Rat sheep, Fowls, Monkeys etc. Collection of blood samples- Killing of animals and postmortem examination. Different routes of animal inoculation. Animals house records. Practicals Familiarity with the use of simple autoclaves, incubator, hot air oven, water bath, steamer, laminar flow. Preparation of culture media sterilization methods.

PAPER –V SPECIAL ENGLISH, HEALTH EDUCATION, COMMUNITY MEDICINE, BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATIONS. SPECIAL ENGLISH (English for Medical Sciences) Students of professional courses have a tendency to neglect the language content. The paper “English for special purpose” is introduced with a view to developing the communication sills of the participants in written and spoken English. The emphasis will be fully on the practical aspects of language use, and not on literature. The course content may also help the students to take up overseas examinations in English proficiency like the TOEFL. 1. Writing skills Composition Writing effective paragraphs ability to describe objects, people, process and ideas and narrating incidents – note taking / making summaries. Writing telegrams, advertisements preparing laboratory reports. Letter writing Business letters applying for a job for higher studies preparing curriculum vitae subscribing to a journal requesting for information ordering equipments – letters to the Editor 2. Foundation English Revision of basic grammar, common errors in English, Language functions in medical writing use of passive voice particularly in scientific and official writing, expressing obligation use of must should ought expressions of possibility, likelihood, certainly degrees of comparison, expression of necessity must, have to need to expressions of generalization and emphasis. 3. Vocabulary The language of doctor and patient, general description and medical description medical terminology roots, prefixes and suffixes, medical abbreviations. 4. Spoken English A course in speech and conversation with focus not on phonetics and grammar, but on developing their ability to talk about object and experiences around them.

Fixing appointments: Getting information managing medical representatives telephoning in hospital. The objective is to provide practice influent conversation. Focus is on specific expressions typical of familiar situations in medical practice Technique of discussion at medical meeting, making presentation.

COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1. General concepts of health and diseases with reference to natural history of disease with pre-pathogenic and pathogenic phases. The role of socioeconomic and cultural environment in health and disease. Epidemiology and scope. 2. Public health administration: An overall view of the health administration set up at central and state level. 3. The National Health programme – highlighting the role of social economic and cultural factors in the implementation of the national programme. 4. Health problem of vulnerable groups – pregnant and lactating women on infants and school going children, occupational groups (see below) genetics 5. Occupational health: Definition occupational disease, prevention of the occupational diseases and hazards. 6. Social security and other measures for the protection of occupational hazards, accidents and diseases. Details of compensation acts. 7. Family planning objectives of national family planning methods - A general idea of advantages and disadvantages of the method 8. Mental health community aspects of mental health role of physiotherapists, therapists in mental health problems such as mental retardation etc. 9. Communicable diseases: An overall view of the communicable diseases, classification according to the principal mode of transmission, role of insects and other vectors. 10. International Health Agencies HEALTH EDUCATION 1.

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Review of benefits, values, norms, habits and taboos among practices. More in human groups and their importance learning and change process. Review of concepts on perception, attitudes, socialization process, learning and theories of learning, social change change process,

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motivation, needs and drive. Principle and process of communication. Health education philosophy, main principles and objectives. Health education vs. propagandas. Methods and tools of health education – individual and group methods A critical evaluation of theories, tools and health education. The role of profession in health education role of other personnel in health education, co-ordination and co-operation in health with other members of the health team. Elements of planning a health education programme. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Course Description: The course enables the students to understand the fundamentals of computer and its applications. Introduction to Data processing: - Features of computers, Advantages of using computers. : Getting data into / out of computers. Role of computers. What is Data processing? Application areas of computers involved in Data processing. Common activities in processing. Types of Data processing, Characteristics of information. What are Hardware and Software? - Hardware Concepts : Architecture of computers, Classification of computers, Concept of damage. Types of storage devices. Characteristics of disks, tapes, Terminals, Printers, Network.Applications of networking concept of PC System care, Floppy care, Data care. - Concept of Software. Classification of software: System software. Application of software. Operating system. Computer system. Computer virus. Precautions against viruses. Dealing with viruses. Computers in medical electronics - Basic Anatomy of Computers Principles of programming Computer application - principles in scientific research ; work processing, medicine, libraries, museum , education, information system. - Data processing . .

BIOSTATISTICS Course Description: Introduction to basic statistical concepts: methods of statistical analysis; and interpretation of data Behavioural Objectives: Understands statistical terms. Possesses knowledge and skill in the use of basic statistical and research methodology. I : Introduction - Meaning, definition, characteristics of statistics. - Importance of the study of statistics. - Branches of statistics. - Statistics and health science including nursing. - Parameters and estimates. - Descriptive and inferential statistics. - Variables and their types. - Measurement scales II : Tabulation of Data - Raw data, the array, frequency distribution. - Basic principles of graphical representation. - Types of diagrams - histograms, frequency polygons, smooth frequency polygon, - Cumulative frequency curve, ogive. - Normal probability curve. III : Measure of Central Tendency - Need for measures of central tendency - Definition and calculaton of mean - ungrouped and grouped - Meaning, interpretation and calculation of median ungrouped and grouped. - Meaning and calculation of mode. - Comparison of the mean, and mode. - Guidelines for the use of various measures of central tendency. IV : Measure of Variability - Need for measure of dispression. - The range, the average deviation. - The variance and standard deviation. - Calculation of variance and standard deviation ungrouped and grouped. - Properties and uses of variance and SO V : Probability and Standard Distributions. - Meaning of probability of standard distribution. - The Binominal distribution.

- The normal distribution. - Divergence from normality - skewness, kurtosis. VI : Sampling Techniques - Need for sampling - Criteria for good samples. - Application of sampling in Community. - Procedures of sampling and sampling designs errors. - Sampling variation and tests of significance . VII : Health Indicator - Importance of health Indicator. - Indicators of population, morbidity, mortality, health services. - Calculation of rates and rations of health

II year (3rd and 4th semester) Paper VI Metabolism I-- Carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism Unit 1 Metabolism of carbohydrates: Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates. Major Metabolic pathways of Glucose – Glycolysis, fates of Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, HMP shunt pathway, Uronic acid pathway, regulation of these pathways. Inborn errors of metabolism of carbohydrates. Glycogen storage diseases, essential fructosuria, pentosuria, lactose intolerance, galactosuria, G6PD deficiency. Metabolism of other sugarsFructose, Galactose. TCA cycle. Reactions and significance.- Shuttle systems, electron transport chain, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors. High energy compounds. Unit 2 Metabolism of Lipid: Digestion and absorption of Lipids. Oxidation of Fatty acids – Beta, Alpha, Omega and peroxisomal Oxidation of unsaturated Fatty acids, Odd chain fatty acids. De novo synthesis of fatty acids, chain elongation, synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. PUFA and their importance. Elcosanoidsclassification and biological functions. Metabolism of adipose tissue. Synthesis and break down of TAG, fatty liver and lipotropic factors- lipid storage diseases. Synthesis of cholesterol, regulation, functions of cholesterol. Bile acids synthesis. Ketone bodies- synthesis and utilization, ketosis. Unit 3 Metabolism of amino acids: General reactions of amino acidsTransamination, Oxidative Deamination, Transdeamination.- Removal of Ammonia-sources and utilization of ammonia. Hyperammonemias. Glucogenic and Ketogenic amino acids. Overall metabolism of different naturally occuring amino acids. Detailed metabolism of Glycine, cysteine, methionine, Phenyl alanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan and histidine. Creatinine, glutathione, Catacholamines, polyamines, nitric oxide, carnitine, serotonin melanin, histamine metabolism. Digestion and absorption of Proteins. Inborn errors of metabolism of amino acid- hyperoxaluria, hyperglycinemia, MSUD, homocysteinuria, cystinosis, cystinuria, homosysteinurias, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria, albinism, hypertyrosinemia, Hartnup's disease. Clinical importance of FIGLU, VMA, HIAA. Practicals Estimation of Blood Sugar by Folin Wu method. Estimation of Blood Sugar by Glucose oxidase method. Estimation of Serum total Cholesterol by Zak’s method Estimation of Serum total Cholesterol by CHOD-POD method Estimation of Serum Triglycerides

Estimation of Serum Phopholipids. Estimation of Serum Total Proteins- Biuret method. Estimation of Serum Total Proteins- Lowry's method. Estimation of Serum Albumin and A/G ratio Estimation of serum Urea. Estimation of urine urea Estimation of serum creatinine Estimation of serum creatine Estimation of urine creatinine Estimation of serum uric acid Estimation of serum bilirubin

Paper VII Enzymology and endocrinology

Unit 1 Properties, classification, naming of enzymes. prosthetic group, coenzyme, cofactors , metalloenzymes and metal activated enzymes. Specificity of enzyme – stereo-specificity, reaction specificity, substrate specificity. Factors affecting enzyme action- temperature, pH, concentration of substrate product and enzyme, inhibitors, co-enzyme, time. Unit 2 Reaction rate and equilibrium of enzyme catalyzed reactions- enzyme units, turn over number. Mechanism of enzyme action- lock and key model, Koshland's fit model. Active site and catalytic groups. Action of chymotrypsin and lysozyme. Enzymes kinetics- Km, Vmax, Michaeli’s Menton Law, Line weaver Burke plot. Unit 3 Enzyme inhibition- reversible inhibition- competitive, non-competitive and un-competitive inhibition, irreversible inhibition- uncompetitive and suicide inhibition, Regulation of enzyme action-allosteic regulation -K- series- V-series, activation of latent enzymes, compartmentation, control of enzyme synthesis, enzyme degradation. Unit 4 Isoenzymes-properies, LDH, CK. multienzyme complex- importance, fatty acid synthase. Ribozyme. Isolation and purification of enzymes. Unit 5 Clinical enzymology- Functional and nonfunctional serum enzymes. Clinical importance of the following enzymes- AsT, AlT, ALP, CK, LDH, ACP, 5nucleotidase, amylase, lipase, GGT. Enzyme profile in various disease conditions like MI, liver diseases, bone diseases, pancreatic disease and Malignancies. Therapeutic enzymes.

Unit 6 Hormones – definition, Classification of hormones based on origin. hormone receptors- description of insulin receptor. Second messengers- cAMP, cGMP, Ca, DAG, ITP. Mechanisms of hormone action- interaction with nuclear chromatin, membrane receptors, stimulation of enzyme synthesis at the ribosomal level, direct activation at enzyme level, action through second messengers. Unit 7 Hypothalamic hormones—classification structure and site of action. Pituitary hormones- classification structure and functions – anterior pituitary hormonesclassificationglycoprotein family, prolactin chorionic asomatomammotropin family and corticotropin family - growth hormone, gonadotropins, thyrotropin, corticotropin, MSH. Posterior pituitary hormonesoxytocin and vasopressin. Unit 8 Thyroid and parathyroid hormones- structure synthesis, transport and mechanism of action, metabolic functions and disorders. T3, T4, reverse T3, thyroglobulin, iodine trapping, hyper and hypothyroidism- goitre, Grave's disease, cretinism. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Unit 9 Adrenal hormones-- classification- adrenal cortical and medullary hormones. Brief description on synthesis , functions and disorders of mineralo corticoids, gluco corticoids, sex corticoids and catecholamines- epinephrine, norepinephrine. Gonadal hormones- Classification, site of formation and functions. Ovarian cycle. Unit 10 Pancreatic hormones – insulin- structure, formation, mechanism of action, function and disorders— proinsulin, C-peptide, metabolic role in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. Glucagon – synthesis, mechanism of action and metabolic role. Hormones from gastro intestinal tract, kidney, thymus and pineal gland. Practicals Estimation of ALP Estimation of ACP Estimation of Amylase Estimation of LDH, Estimation of CPK. Estimation of GGT T3, T4, TSH I7 ketosteroids VMA

PAPER VIII CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY PATHOLOGY Unit 1 Organization, lay out and design of cytopathology laboratory and histopathology laboratory. Different branches of pathology. Pathological importance of urine, stool, sputum, pleural, pericardial, ascitic fluids, CSF and semen. Requirements in pathology lab-maintenance and use of the following: Microscope, Automatic tissue processor, vacuum embedding bath, microtomes (various types with working of each), hot plates, refrigerators, cryocut. Unit 2 Histopathology techniques-Collection of samples for histopathological examination. Preparation of samples- fixation, mordening, decalcification. Processing of tissues- tissue processing and embedding. Preparations of sectionstechnique of section cutting. Routine staining procedures in histopathologypreparation of sections for staining. Principle and importance of hematoxylene and eosin staining, phosphotungstic acid hematoxylene staining, PAS staining, crystal violet staining, toluidine blue stain, grams staining. Post staining procedures. Frozen section technique. Museum methods — mounting of specimens, preparation of mounting medium, sealing the jars. Unit 3 Cytological aspects of body fluids- ascitic fluid, pleural fluid synovial fluid. Laboratory techniques in diagnostic cytology- preparation of specimens for cytological evaluation- concentrating specimen by centrifugation. Preparation of smear, fixation. Principles and importance of different cytological staining techniques-papinicolaou staining, crystal violet staining. Importance of FNAC. Preparation of thin blood smear and bone narrow smears. Morphological features of normal cell, benign tumor cell and cancerous cells. Elementary knowledge on fluorescent staining methods in pathology.

MICROBIOLOGY Unit 1 Identification of bacteria based on morphology, culture and biochemical reactions- sugar fermentation test, urease test, nitrate test, TSI test, mannitol utility test, oxidase, catalase and coagulase test, OF test IMV(i)C test. Importance of staining methods in bacteriology. Inoculation and examination of inoculated plates- importance in clinical diagnosis. Antibiotics- classification, antibiotic sensitivity testing, basic techniques of plating and preparation of antibiotic discs. Unit 2 The general principles of the methods employed in identifying an unknown organism. Mode of infection, basic pathogenicity, causative agents and detection methods of following diseases- viral diseases- small pox, rabies, HIV, rubella, anthrax, polio, hepatitis. Bacterial diseases-TB, leprosy, cholera, tetanus, botulism, typhoid, dysentry, siphilis, leptospirosis. Unit 3 Basic pathogenicity and detection methods of fungal diseases- candidiasis, aspergillosis, histoplasmosis. Parasitological techniques and elementary knowledge of life cycle, basic pathogenicity and lab diagnosis of common parasites- amoeba, filaria, malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, worm infections and liver fluke infections.

Practicals Demonstration of tissue processing, block preparation, section cutting and different staining methods. Preparation of slide preparation for cytological examination of urine, faeces and sputum. Peripheral blood smear preparation. Different microbial staining- simple staining, gram staining, acid fast staining, spirochete staininig, endospore staining. Biochemical tests- coagulase test, IMViC test. Antibiotic sensitivity testing. Demonstration of fugal culture techniques and viral culture technique. Demonstration of parasitological methods for the detection of parasites.

Paper IX Analytical Methods and Instrumentation Unit 1 Colorimetry – Properties of light, Beer Lambert’s Law, Applications of BeerLambert’s law, Photoelectric colorimoter, Spectrophotometer, Flame photometer, Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Fluorimeter, Nephelometry and Turbidimetry. Unit 2 Chromatography: General Principles. Partition and adsorption principles of paper Chromatography, Column Chromatography, TLC, Ion exchange chromatography, Molecular exclusion chromatography, Affinity chromatography, HPLC, GLC. Unit 3 Electrophoresis: Theory and factors affecting electrophoresis. Principle, technique and applications of paper electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis—types of gels, solubilizers, tracking dye, coomassie brilliant blue, flourescamine, anilino naphthalein sulphonate, ethidium bromide, PAGE. Applications of gel electrophoresis. Immuno electrophoresis, Iso-electric focusing. Unit 4 Centrifugation and Sedimentation: Principle, RCF, rpm. Types of centrifuge. Different types of rotors. Ultra centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, determination of molecular weight using centrifugation. Cell fractionation by differential centrifugation. Isopycnic centrifugation or equilibrium isodensity centrifugation. Density gradient materials, applications of centrifugation. Unit 5 ELISA techniques- Different methods, substrates and enzymes used for ELISA. Applications of ELISA. RIA techniques: different methods, labeled probes. Applications of RIA. Unit 6 Radioactivity: Isotopes, radioactive rays, radioactive decay. Measurement of radioactivity- Scintillation and GM counter, Use of RA isotopes in Biochemistry and Medicine, Biological effects of radiation. General laboratory rules for handling radioactive isotopes, radiation protection and disposal of radioactive wastes. Practical Verification of Beer Lambert’s Law Estimation proteins by Biuret method Estimation proteins by Lowry's method Estimation of glucose by Folin-wu method Estimation of lipid by Zak's method Estimation of urea by DAM method

Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography Demonstration of electrophoresis Demonstration of immunoelectrophoresis

III Year( 5th and 6th semester) Paper X METABOLISM II NUTRITION, HEME AND NUCLEOTIDE METABOLISM Unit 1 Vitamins: Classification, metabolism and deficiency diseases of fat soluble vitamins-A, D, E and K. Vitamin C, functions, daily requirements and deficiency diseases. B-complex vitamins- different B-complex vitamins- their functions daily requirements and deficiency diseases in brief. Folic acid and Vit.B12 metabolism in detail. Wald's visual cycle, xerophthalmia, bitot's spot, keratomalacia, rickets, osteomalacia, scurvy, beri-beri, pellagra, burning foot syndrome, megaloblastic anemia, pernicious anemia. vitamin antioxidants, antivitamins. Unit 2 Minerals: Introduction, classification of minerals- major minerals, macro minerals, microminerals, toxic minerals. Detailed metabolism, sources daily requirements and deficiency diseases of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, iodine. Specific functions, sources, daily requirements and deficiency diseases of magnesium, chloride, sulphur, selenium, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead, mercury. Unit 3 Nutrition: Nutrition and energy supply- energy content of foods, calorific value RQ of food stuffs. Utilization of energy- BMR, specific dynamic action and physical activity. Bomb calorimeter, BMI- measurement and importance. Nutritional importance of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Assessment of nutritive value of proteins- PER, BV, NPU, chemical score. Glycemic index. Importance of fiber in nutrition, Importance of PUFA, omega 3 fatty acids, essential amino acids, nitrogen balance, essential fatty acids. Balanced diet. Deficiency disorders- Kwashiorker, marasmus. Obesity- factors contribute obesity. Complications in obesity. Atherosclerosis. Food allergy, preservatives, adulterants in food. Probiotics and its uses.

Unit 4 Xenobiotics: Detoxification. phase I and phase II reactions- cytochrome 450, oxidation, reduction dehalogenation, dealkylation reaction reactions in phase I. Phase II conjugation reactions- glutathione, amino acid, sulphate, glucuronate

conjugations. Biological effects of heavy metals and pesticides. Toxic effects of ethanol. Detoxification of ethanol. Unit 5 Nucleotide and heme metabolism: de-novo synthesis of nucleotides. Salvage pathway for the synthesis of nucleotides. Degradation of nucleotides. Disorders of nucleotide metabolism- gout, orotic aciduria. Heme metabolism – synthesis and degradation. disorders- porphyrria. Metabolism of bilirubin, jaundice- types and biochemical features. Practicals Estimation of Ca, P. Estimation of total cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Estimation of total protein and albumin. Estimation of urea. Estimation of uric acid. Estimation of bilirubin. Estimation of Fe and TIBC. Estimation of serum electrolytes- Na, K, Cl, Cu, Bicarbonate. Analysis of milk. Estimation of fructose in honey. Estimation of lactose in milk.

Paper XI Immunology and immunohematology

Unit 1 Infection: sources of Infection, Methods of transmission of infection. Routes of Infection. Immunity: Innate immunity- Mechanism of innate immunity. Acquired immunity-active and passive immunity, natural and artificial immunity. Unit 2 Structure and functions of immune system: Lymphoid organs. Primary and secondary Lymphoid Organs, Cells involved in immune system- Lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells-functions, surface receptors. Unit 3 Antigens: Characteristics, determinants of antigenicity, Antigenic specificity–epitope-characteristics. Hapten, Adjuvants. Antibodies:Classification, Structure and functions of immunoglobulins. Monoclonal antibodies – Their synthesis and significance. Vaccines. Unit 4 Immune response: Humoral and cell mediated immune response. Complement system: General properties, components, complement activation, classical and alternate pathway. Deficiency diseases.

Unit 5 Antigen antibody reactions: General features, Precipitation reaction, Immunodiffusion, Agglutination, Complement fixation tests. Unit 6 Immunodeficiency diseases: Humoral and cellular immunodeficiency Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, disorders of specific immunity, disorders of complement, disorders of phagocytosis. Unit 7 Hypersensitivity- classification, basic mechanism. Autoimmunity – Mechanism of autoimmunisation, various types. MHC-classification, location and its importance. Immune response in cancer. Immunotherapy of cancer. Unit 8 Historical aspects of blood transfusion, composition of blood, blood group genetics, synthesis of blood group antigens, distribution of blood group antigens on cells & fluids. Procedure of blood collection & grouping, ABO & Rh grouping. Laboratory tests related to blood group abnormalities- Comb’s test/Antiglobulin test (Direct & Indirect), Titration of ABO & Rh antibodies. Organization of camps & selection of donors. Collection of blood from donor (Phlebotomy). Autologous blood transfusion, its indication & hazards. Unit 10 Compatibility testing – Major cross matching, Minor cross matching Coomb’s cross matching, Cross matching of Universal donors. Blood components - Preparation & storage, aphaeresis, blood & its products. Complications of blood transfusion. Investigation in case of mismatched transfusion. Quality control & maintenance of blood bank safety. Current developments in blood banking. Commercial preparation of synthetic blood. PRACTICALS Study of antigen- antibody interactions: Agglutination. Precipitation. Complement fixation. Immunodiffusion etc. Demonstration of phagocytosis. Screening and diagnostic serological tests for bacterial, viral, fungal infections in routine hematology laboratory. Tests for diagnosing autoimmune disorders. Delayed hypersensitivity tests. Coombs test - direct and indirect. Cross matching procedures for transfusion

Paper XII Diagnostic biochemistry I

Unit 1 Water and electrolyte balance and imbalance. Water intake and loss. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance- renin-angiotensin system. Blood osmolality and osmolarity, extracellular and intracellular cations and anions. Electrolyte imbalance- dehydration and water intoxication. Acid base balance – Blood buffers- bicarbonate, phosphate, protein buffers. mechanism of action-renal regulation of pH, respiratory regulation of pH. Disturbances in acid base balanceAcidosis and Alkalosis- both respiratory and metabolic. biochemical features of acidosis and alkalosis, compensatory mechanisms, anion gap.

Unit 2 Plasma proteins- fractionation – salting out, Cohn's fractionation, electrophoretic characterisation, pattern changes in diseases. Classificationalbumin, globulins and fibrinogen, functions and clinical importance- disease conditions in which hyper and hypoproteinemias. Proteinurias (albuminuria )functional proteinuria, organic proteinuria- renal, prerenal and post renal conditions. Unit 3 Plasma Lipids. Transport of exogenous and endogenous lipids. Plasma lipoprotein metabolism - chylomicrons, HDL, LDL, VLDL- structure, tissue site of formation and functions. Apolipoproteins- classification and importance. NEFA. Atherosclerosis- cholesterol and atherosclerosis, inflammation and atherosclerosis, risk factors. Free radicals and antioxidants- Sources and generation of free radicals, harmful effects of free radicals, lipid peroxidation by free radicals. Antioxidants – their functions. Unit 4 Diagnostic importance of CSF, pleural fluid, seminal fluid, amniotic fluid, saliva and sweat in clinical biochemistry. Tumor markers – classification, their importance in differential diagnosis. Bence Jone’s proteins, AFP, serotonin, PSA, TPA, MCA, CA , CEA, Beta HCG, VMA. Unit 5 Basic aspects of toxicological investigation and therapeutic drug monitoring and its importance. Neurotransmitters- classification and diagnostic importance. Theories of aging.

Practicals Lipid profie: Serum Cholesterol, HDL, Triacyl glycerol Estimation of total protein, albumin and A/G ratio Analysis of CSF

Separation of Amino acids in urine by chromatography – Glucose tolerance test Electrophoretic separation of serum proteins detection Bence John's proteins Assessment of acid base status: Blood pH, Serum Electrolytes – Na.K, Bicarbonate and Chloride.

Paper XIII MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS Unit 1- Structure and functions of cell. Nucleus- structure and functions. Organization of chromatin fibers in nucleus. Mitosis and meiosis. DNA – as genetic material. Chargaff’s equivalence rule structure of DNA and RNA, types of DNA and RNA. Packaging of DNA to chromosomes– nucleosomes, histones. Euchromatin and heterochromatin lamb-brush chromosomes and polytene chromosome. Gene, introns, exons, satellite DNA, VNTR. Unit 2- DNA replication- DNA polymerase-types structure, functions. Mechanism of replication. Origin of replication semiconservative replication, discontinuous replication, Okazaki fragments, telomere and telomerases. Transcription- RNA polymerase-types and functions, promoter. Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription. Basic aspects of posttranscriptional modifications. Inhibitors of transcription and replication. Unit 3- genetic code- features, initiation codon, termination codon. Translationinitiation, elongation and termination of translation. Ribosomes- types, structure. trans peptidation. Basic aspects of post translational modifications and protein targeting. Inhibitors of Protein synthesis. Regulation of gene expression- lac operon, tryp operon, hormone responsive elements. Mutation and repair of DNA. Biochemistry of cancer: Cell cycle, Mutagens- chemicals, viruses and radiation. Oncogenes, onco suppressor genes. Unit 4- Recombinant DNA technology – steps in DNA cloning, restriction endonucleases, vectors for cloning-plasmids, phages. Applications of rDNA technology. Gene therapy. Transgenics.Blotting techniques- western blotting, southern blotting and northern blotting. Basic technique and applications of DNA finger printing, PCR, DNA sequencing, RFLP, DNA microchip technology. Unit 5- Human genetics: Mandelian laws of inheritance. Gene interactions, alleles, dominant character, recessive character. Autosomal and X-linked inheritance Criss cross inheritance.Chromosomal aberration, monosomy, trisomy, traslocation, invertion, duplication, deletion. karyotypes. Human genome project.

IVth Year (7th and 8th semester) Paper XIV Diagnostic biochemistry II- (Organ function test) Unit 1 Liver function tests- tests based on abnormalities of bile pigment metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism plasma proteins, lipids, detoxification, excretory function, synthetic function, amino acid catabolism, drug metabolism and serum enzyme activities. Bilirubin and VD Bergh reaction, galactose tolerance test, hippuric acid test, fructose tolerance test, icteric index, protrombin index. Unit 2 Renal function tests - tests based on glomerular filteration, RPF, tubular function and other tests. Clearance tests- urea clearance test, creatinine clearance test, inulin clearance test, filtration fraction, cystatin. Urinalysis- urine pH, specific gravity, 24 hour urine protein. Abnormal constituents in urine-albumin, amino acids, ketone bodies, reducing sugars, bile salt, bile pigment-bilrubin, urobilinogen. Analysis of urinary stones. Unit 3 Gastric function test- gastric residuum,collection of gastric contents, FTM, stimulation tests - histamine test, augmented histamine test, penta gastrin test, tubeless gastric analysis, basal acid out put, total acid out put, peak acid out put, determination of gastric acidity-total acidity, titrable acidity, combined acidity. Pancreatic function tests – trypsin and amylase. Amylase clearance. Unit 4 Blood sugar regulation, Diabetes Mellitus, GTT- oral glucose tolerance test, intravenous tolerance test, physiological tolerance test, glucose challenge test. Glycated Hb. Unit 5 Cardiac function tests- lipid profile, cTn, CK, AsT, LDH, electrolytes, injury markers and risk factors. Unit 6 Thyroid function tests. Assay of hormones, binding proteins, plasma TSH, TRH response test, cholesterol, radioactive iodine uptake, detection of thyroid antibodies.

Practicals Liver function tests and interpretation – Serum Bilirubin, Serum enzymesAlanine aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Serum Proteins.

Renal Function tests: Urea and Creatinine Clearance. Lipid profile, Na, K T3,T4, TSH estimation GTT HbA1C Detection of normal constituents in urine. Detection of abnormal constituents in urine. Analysis of urine.

Paper XV Organisation of clinical lab and lab management Unit 1. Laboratory planning and organization – classification of labs, lab design space and safety, organization of work flow, laboratory operational flow- flow of specimens, equipments and instruments understanding technology, reagents reporting laboratory test results and record keeping. Organization in standardization of laboratories. Clinical laboratory informatics- basic computing, lab information system (LIS). Unit 2. Methodology and instrumentation in clinical laboratory. Preanalysis precollection variables, collection of sample, transport, processing and storage. Analysis- principle of instrumentation, analytical methods and procedures, general analytical issues and solutions. Post analysis- reference levels, diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity), reporting of lab results, post analytical errors, data management, units, laboratory calculations. Documentation in the laboratory- value of documents, types, layers, structure, review and revision, document control- lab records. Standard operating procedures- structure of SOP, do's and don’ts on SOP. Unit 3. Automation in biochemistry lab- introduction, types of analysers, types of analysis. Steps in the automation system- Bar coding, specimen preparation, handling, transport and delivery, specimen processing, sample transport and delivery, reagent handling and storage, reagent identification and delivery, selection of an autoanalysers. Unit 4. Quality control, quality assurance and accreditation – international definitions. Basic concepts and principles, total quality management, quality control of laboratory materials and reagents, control of pre-analytical, analytical and post- analytical variables. Quality control materials, Levey- Jenny’s chart.

Assessment of quality, quality assurance programmes, EQAS (External Quality Assessment System), internal quality assessment. External QC programmestypes of sera, types of errors, Quality audit and accreditation. Laboratory waste management. Discussion on various methods involved in the estimation of glucose, protein, cholesterol, urea, uric acid, transaminases, phosphatases, creatine kinase, amylase, sodium, potassium and chloride. Routine biochemical tests and special biochemical test. Practicals Estimation of glucose by different methods. Estimation of protein by different methods. Estimation of urea by different methods. Estimation of cholesterol by different methods. Estimation of transaminases by different methods. Estimation of phosphatases by different methods. Estimation of sodium, potassium and chloride by different methods. Calibration of flame photometer. Calibration of UV spectrophotometer. Calibration of semi auto analyzer. Routine liver function tests. Routine renal function tests. Lipid profile. HIV ELISA. T3, T4, TSH estimation.

REFERENCES Metabolism 1. Biochemistry Mathews, Van Holde, Ahern 2. Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level Donald Voet,Judith.G.Voet,Charlotte.W.Pratt 3. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry David L. Nelson , Michael M. Cox 4. Biochemistry Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer 5. Principles of Biochemistry

Horton, Moran, etc. (3rd, Third Edition) by H. Robert Horton / Laurence A. Moran Raymond S. Ochs / David J. Rawn / K. Gray Scrimgeour 6. Biochemistry U.sathyanarayana, U.Chakrapani 7. Principles of Biochemistry with a Human Focus Reginald H. Garrett and Charles M. Grisham 8. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations Thomas M. Devlin 9. Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, Robert Murray, Victor Rodwell, David Bender and Kathleen M. Botham 10. Biochemistry: The Molecular Basis of Life Trudy McKee and James R. McKee 11. Concepts in Biochemistry Rodney Boyer 12. Principles of Biochemistry Geoffrey Zubay, 13. Biochemistry Debajyoti Das 14. Textbook of Biochemistry for Medical Students Vasudevan, D M Publication

Physical and organic chemistry 1. Textbook of Physical Biochemistry Upadyay, Upadhyay, Nath 2. Textbook of Organic Chemistry Ks Tewari and Visnnoi Nk 3. Organic Chemistry

Robert Thornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd 4. Organic Chemistry Stanley H. Pine

Vitamins and minerals 1. Nutritional Biochemistry Tom Brody 2. Nutritional Biochemistry Ramakrishnan S 3. Textbook of Biochemistry Vasudevan D M

Clinical biochemistry 1. Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry Keith Wilson, John Walker 2. Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Carl A. Burtis, David E. Bruns 3. Practical Clinical Biochemistry Harold Varley 4. Scientific foundations of biochemistry in clinical practice David Llewelyn Williams, Vincent Marks, Butterworth, Heinemann 5. Introductory practical biochemistry S. K. Sawhney, Randhir Singh 6. Medical Biochemistry DS Sheriff 7. Clinical Chemistry: Techniques, Principles, Correlations Michael L. Bishop, Edward P. Fody and Larry E. Schoeff 8. Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects William J. Marshall, Stephen K. Bangert 9. Medical Biochemistry, Fourth Edition

N. V. Bhagavan 10. Medical Laboratory Technology (Volume 1-3) Kanai, L Mukherjee

11. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology Praful B Godkar, Darshan P Godkar 12. Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods Editor : John Bernard Henry , Frederick R. Davey , Chester J. Herman , Richard A. McPherson , Matthew R. Pincus , Gregory A. Threatte , Gail L. Woods 13. Practical Clinical Biochemistry Vol 1& 2 Alan H. Gowenlock, Harold Varley, Maurice Bell 14. Medical Biochemistry Malligarguna Rao

15. Intoduction to Practical Biochemistry David T Plummer 16. Qualitative Tests and Quantitative Procedures in Biochemistry Pushpa Sunderaraj 17. Basic Medical Biochemistry Marks,Dawn B 18. Textbook of Biochemistry Vasudevan D M 19. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry Chatterjea, M N

Immunology 1. Kuby Immunology Richard A. Goldsby (Author), Thomas J. Kindt (Author), Barbara A. Osborne (Author), Janis Immunology Kuby (Author) 2. Immunology

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