Oct 11, 2010 - The hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) is an important transient species in combustion1 and in atmospheric processes.2. Formed as the reaction ...
Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto ... Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, ...
Nov 29, 2016 - by Karton and Martin55 and validated by Varandas54 in the .... model results. Astron .... Karton, A. & Martin, J. M. L. Comment on âEstimating the ...
DOCOâ at a photon energy of 3.21 eV has been carried out to probe the potential ...... 71 R. E. Continetti, D. R. Cyr, D. L. Osborn, D. J. Leahy, and D. M. Neu-.
These include core correlation,12 first-order perturbation theory one-electron ... (e.g., for the H atom attack to OH at
Mar 14, 2010 - first principles Quantum Mechanics. Albert Bartók-Pártay. Pembroke College. This dissertation is submitted to the University of Cambridge for ...
Email addresses: [email protected] (T. Chen). .... Originally emerged from drug discovery, QSAR/QSPR aims to relate the
Feb 1, 2008 - a minimum for the free energy and the method is equiv- alent to a pure variational method .... P. Mansfield, Nucl. Phys. B 267, 575 (1986). 11.
Feb 1, 2008 - a minimum for the free energy and the method is equiv- alent to a pure variational method .... P. Mansfield, Nucl. Phys. B 267, 575 (1986). 11.
and (iii) optimization to find the best response value based on the empirical model ...... [29] A. O'Hagan, Bayesian analysis of computer code outputs: a tutorial, .... 1: Illustration of incremental LHS using one design factor within the range of [0
Scanning tunneling microscopy images confirm electron difraction studies that .... reconstruction forms only after cooling and is removed ..... A. B. McLean, Phys.
Jul 15, 2002 - the Pauling scale, respectively [16]) are similar, suggest- ing that .... [16] Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond (Cornell. University ...
Graeme A. Hill,1 James H. Rice,1,3,* Stephen R. Meech,1 Duncan Q. M. Craig,1 Paulina Kuo,2. Konstantin ..... T. R. Albrecht and C. F. Quate, J. Vac. Sci.
We completed an analysis of corrosion defects on oil pipeline surface by instrumentality of scanning electron microscopy and identified soil thionic and ...
ABSTRACT Laser-scanning angular deviation microscopy based on the small angle measurement using surface plas- mon resonance (SPR) phase detection ...
Aug 10, 2016 - We completed an analysis of corrosion defects on oil pipeline surface by instrumentality of scanning electron microscopy and identified soil ...
Jan 26, 2018 - Keywords: circular scanning synthetic aperture radar (SAR); sea ... The pencil-beam rotating scatterometer has been used to measure the sea ...
reduced power requirements, the use of energy harvesting methods have .... convert this signal into a useful one, an AC-DC converter is used to rectify the AC .... 100. 200. 300. 400. ACV peak to peak voltage pressurized chamber and the electrical en
growing season near Rocky Ford, CO, were processed and analyzed using Erdas Imagine 2010. Software. The accurate estimation of Rn and G is important as ...
Energy Education Science and Technology. 2007 Volume(issue) 18(2): 101-114. Solar energy potential assessment using GIS. T. V. Ramachandra. Centre for ...
A Surface Renewal-Energy Balance (SREB) mi- crometeorological tower was installed in the experi- mental orchard during July 7th 2005 (Figure 1). In the.
Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and phase contrast light microscopy to examine marine biofilms. 'Port Erin Marine ...
ReceiVed: May 17, 2000; In Final Form: January 2, 2001. Gaussian-3 total .... nR g nβ. A is the correction for pairs of valence electrons, B is the correction .... following: In eq 2, NA is the electron content on atom A, defined as ZA ... RECEP tot
developed in class directly translates into simple formulas that involve quantities that can be extracted ... Follow the directions given by the program. In a little ...
Oct 2, 2015 - http://sf.anu.edu.au/~vvv900/gaussian/ts/scanningpes.html. 1/11. Scanning Potential Energy Surface Using Gaussian .... 11/11. [Home] [Email me].
10/2/2015
Scanning Potential Energy Surface Using Gaussian
Scanning Potential Energy Surface Using Gaussian
Software Used: Gaussian 09, Revision D.01 For Visualization: GaussView 5.0.9 or Jamberoo General Considerations Case Study: Migration of a double bond in CH3CHCH2 Case Study: Peptide Bond Hydrolysis
General Considerations Though Gaussian has necessary facilities for finding the exact stationary points (either equilibrium structures or Saddle Points of the nth order), locating the Transition States is usually more tricky task than a simple geometry minimization. So, prior to applying the exact methods for finding the Transition State it is a good idea to perform the Potential Energy Scan (PES) to explore a region of a potential energy surface. To request a PES in Gaussian one needs to specify the reaction variable(s) and their range for scan. Molecular structure at each point of the scan can be either kept rigid (a rigid PES scan which consists of single point energy evaluations) or be optimized (a relaxed PES scan with geometry optimization at each point which is requested with the Opt keyword). It's advisable to start PES using the inexpensive computational methods, for example, HF/321G to get quickly the overall picture of the Potential Energy Surface along the reaction coordinate(s).
Case Study: Migration of a double bond in CH3CHCH2 We shall study a double bond migration in CH3CHCH2:
and perform a PES of a Hydrogen atom migration from one Carbon atom to another, so we shall define a distance between a Hydrogen and distant Carbon atom as a reaction coordinate:
# opt=modredundant hf/3‐21g Hydrogen atom migration PES 0 1 C ‐1.27051500 ‐0.22247300 ‐0.00000200 H ‐2.22577000 0.26685300 ‐0.00000200 H ‐1.28510700 ‐1.29696200 ‐0.00001100 C ‐0.14350900 0.45672400 0.00001600 H ‐0.17197800 1.53256300 ‐0.00005500 C 1.23364500 ‐0.16153700 0.00000100 H 1.17645900 ‐1.24331300 ‐0.00041900 H 1.79448100 0.15260400 ‐0.87526600 H 1.79418500 0.15196900 0.87566100 B 1 8 S 21 ‐0.100000
Modreduntant option tells Gaussian to modify coordinate definition before performing the calculation and it requires a separate input section following the geometry specification. B 1 8 S 21 0.100000 is a Modreduntant section where "B" means a bond length defined by atoms "1" and "8". "S" tells Gaussian to perform a relaxed Potential Energy Surface Scan incrementing the coordinate by a stepsize "0.100000" a total of nsteps "21" times, performing an optimization from each resulting starting geometry. Numbers "0.100000" and "21" are used because of the initial 3.21 Å distance between the Hydrogen and Carbon atoms (you can check it in your favorite molecular editor), so a PES scan is supposed to run for a CH distance from 3.21 to 1.11 Å with a 0.1 increment (or 0.1 decrement). We can visualize the results of the PES in GaussView:
A plot of the Potential Energy Surface Scan shows that we have a saddle point. A plot is interactive, so you can click on the various points in the plot, and the corresponding structure will appear in the Molecular View window. We shall select a structure corresponding to the highest Total Energy (Saddle Point):
By pressing the green circle button in the toolbar of the Molecular View window you can animate the various structures. The animation can then be stopped via the red X icon which replaces it. So, now we can use a structure corresponding to the Saddle Point as a starting structure for finding a "true" Transition State. We shall do it in our next tutorial.
Case Study: Peptide Bond Hydrolysis In this tutorial we shall investigate Potential Energy Surface of different reaction mechanisms of the peptide bond hydrolysis. Two main reaction mechanisms were proposed in the literature, Concerted and Stepwise:
For the purpose of this tutorial it's easier to start from the stepwise mechanism.
Stepwise Mechanism of the Peptide Bond Hydrolysis The easiest way to start exploration of the Potential Energy Surface of a stepwise mechanism is to use a Tetrahedral Intermediate (TI) as a starting point. We shall pull Hydrogen from the OH group either to Oxygen or Nitrogen atom. Let's start from pulling the Hydrogen atom to other Oxygen:
Gaussian input file is below: # opt=(modredundant,maxcycles=250) rhf/3‐21g Stepwise mechanism: pulling H towards other Oxygen 0 1 C ‐0.40953200 0.00511200 0.00217700 O ‐0.36936600 0.80863700 1.17619400 N 0.75806800 ‐0.81237200 ‐0.16394000 H 0.69402900 ‐1.69363600 0.30983300 C ‐1.66100300 ‐0.85199800 0.04995500 H ‐2.52312200 ‐0.20155100 0.04700900 H ‐1.69730600 ‐1.50949100 ‐0.80858500 H ‐1.66816900 ‐1.43878600 0.95853300 C 2.04838400 ‐0.13543700 0.03978000 H 2.18681200 0.19741800 1.06216300 H 2.84841400 ‐0.81076000 ‐0.23211300 H 2.09170400 0.72585800 ‐0.61244900 O ‐0.46144200 0.94949700 ‐1.07008800 H ‐0.20647400 0.51383300 ‐1.89310400 H ‐0.25299200 1.73259000 0.91598200 B 15 13 S 12 ‐0.100000
where a line "B 15 13 S 12 0.100000" is a part of a modreduntant input section which is described in details in other tutorial. You can notice that we use option maxcycles=250 which sets the maximum number of optimization steps to 250 since the default number of optimization steps sometimes could be not enough (The default is the maximum of 20 and twice the number of redundant internal coordinates in use (for the default procedure) or twice the number of variables to be optimized (for other procedures). Below are results of the PES. We shall select a geometry corresponding to the Saddle point and use it as a starting point for the TS optimization:
Here is input file for Gaussian requesting for the TS optimization: # opt=(calcall,tight,ts,maxcycles=250) rhf/3‐21g TS1 0 1 C ‐0.38053300 0.10698400 ‐0.05899600 O ‐0.29500300 ‐0.80134000 ‐1.13362600 N 0.80734500 0.72933500 0.33129800 H 0.79423300 1.72357600 0.41225100 C ‐1.58104000 1.02202500 ‐0.08060200 H ‐2.46145400 0.42541600 ‐0.26053200 H ‐1.68495800 1.54991400 0.85929600 H ‐1.47006500 1.73627900 ‐0.88621600 C 2.08059500 0.10816200 ‐0.04125300 H 2.22136800 0.07061900 ‐1.11344400 H 2.88525300 0.67006400 0.41385000 H 2.11381700 ‐0.90318500 0.33994100 O ‐0.67948100 ‐1.10197800 0.82838300 H ‐0.48094400 ‐1.06114900 1.77365700 H ‐0.48692500 ‐1.51337100 ‐0.33083400
Here is the resulted output file and frequencies information:
Here is Gaussian input file: # opt=(modredundant,maxcycles=250) rhf/3‐21g Stepwise mechanism: pulling H towards Nitrogen 0 1 C ‐0.40953200 0.00511200 0.00217700 O ‐0.36936600 0.80863700 1.17619400 N 0.75806800 ‐0.81237200 ‐0.16394000 H 0.69402900 ‐1.69363600 0.30983300 C ‐1.66100300 ‐0.85199800 0.04995500 H ‐2.52312200 ‐0.20155100 0.04700900 H ‐1.69730600 ‐1.50949100 ‐0.80858500 H ‐1.66816900 ‐1.43878600 0.95853300 C 2.04838400 ‐0.13543700 0.03978000 H 2.18681200 0.19741800 1.06216300 H 2.84841400 ‐0.81076000 ‐0.23211300 H 2.09170400 0.72585800 ‐0.61244900 O ‐0.46144200 0.94949700 ‐1.07008800 H ‐0.20647400 0.51383300 ‐1.89310400 H ‐0.25299200 1.73259000 0.91598200 B 3 14 S 15 ‐0.100000
A structure corresponding to the Saddle Point was used for further TS optimization: # opt=(calcall,tight,ts,maxcycles=250) rhf/3‐21g TS2 0 1 C ‐0.51963800 ‐0.06997800 0.04591800 O ‐0.27084200 ‐1.31801700 ‐0.54695100 N 0.80040600 0.72017700 0.20920500 H 0.72470200 1.67232900 ‐0.11392100 C ‐1.55589300 0.68710400 ‐0.74640600 H ‐2.49021900 0.14581900 ‐0.69044600 H ‐1.70073400 1.66966900 ‐0.31809600 H ‐1.26017500 0.76746700 ‐1.78388000 C 2.03754600 0.07534900 ‐0.29137400 H 1.97429200 ‐0.13480000 ‐1.34962600 H 2.87491500 0.72983100 ‐0.09329400 H 2.18587100 ‐0.85309600 0.23605200 O ‐0.70071200 ‐0.14063000 1.43087800 H 0.31396100 0.45156900 1.36573800 H ‐0.22511300 ‐1.97569800 0.16279800
And here is the resulted output file and and frequencies information: