solving technical problems while working with

SOLVING TECHNICAL PROBLEMS WHILE WORKING WITH ORDNANCE USING INNOVATION PRINCIPLES OBRAD ČABARKAPA Faculty of Applied Management, Economics and Finance (Belgrade), Academy of Economy University (Novi Sad), [email protected] DUŠAN RAJIĆ Innovation Centre of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, [email protected] МARIJA MARKOVIĆ Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, [email protected]

Abstract: Ordnance represents a sub-system of weaponry and military equipment, which is being used daily by defense and security forces in realization of the assigned tasks. Throughout the life span of ordnance- from its development and construction, through production, storage, handling and use, to its retirement- certain technical problems occur and need to be solved. This paper shows how to use 40 innovation principles, one of the TRIZ tools, in solving possible problems while working with ordnance. TRIZ methodology is based on the axiom according to which the development of all technical systems, ordnance included, takes place according to objective laws. Application of TRIZ innovation principles in solving technical problems facilitates the unwinding of this technical- technological evolution. Keywords: innovation principles, TRIZ, ammunition, ordnance, contradiction. matrix as the "main tool". The inventive principles are used to solve technical contradictions, but the question is which of the 40 inventive principles to choose to solve a specific problem. The answer to this contradiction gives the matrix, which provides a choice of the most efficient inventive principle that should be applied to a certain problem in order to solve it.

1. INTRODUCTION The early development of ordnance (munitions) has its roots in ancient history. Nowadays, munitions are highly sophisticated products, characterized by high precision and high destructive power. Due to its complexity, ordnance justifiably can be regarded as an independent technical system (TS). In an effort to produce ordnance with a greater destructive power and precision yet lower levels of investment throughout its life cycle, it is necessary to overcome a variety of problems. A scientific methodology known as Theory of Solving Inventive Tasks (TRIZ) [1,2] can be used to resolve them very effectively. The aim of this paper is to illustrate one possible way of applying TRIZ to solving problems that arise when working with ordnance.

Any TS can be described with 39 parameters (eg. power, voltage, pressure, reliability, moving object mass, adaptability, complexity of devices, etc..), which are contained in the contradiction matrix dimensions 39X39. A schematic view of a part of the contradition matrix is given in Table 1. In the left column of the matrix, there are characteristics that need to be improved, and in the first row of the matrix are the characteristics that are deteriorating as a result of the characteristics being improved. In the contradiction matrix in the section of identified characteristics, there are certain numbers which relate to the serial numbers of the inventive principles proposed for implementation in order to resolve the technical contradictions. Each of the listed principles proposes undertaking certain activities for a possible resolution of the problems described in the technical contradiction. The analysis of the offered activities lead to the conclusion what needs to be done in order to solve the analized problem [1 - 4].

2. INVENTIVE PRINCIPLES AND CONTRADICION MATRIX The inventive principles are the most known TRIZ tool for resolving technical contradictions. They are in fact axioms, ie. statements whose truth does not require proof, as it is generally accepted. The inventive principles are an essential tool for researching actions that need to be taken towards or within a TS in order to resolve certain technical contradictions. The TRIZ methodology, in addition to the inventive principles, uses the contradiction

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SOLVING TECHNICAL PROBLEMS WHILE WORKING WITH ORDNANCE USING INNOVATION PRINCIPLES

Table 1. Schematic representation of the contradiction matrix DETERIORATING CHARACTERISTICS Characteristics which are being improved

CHARACTERISTICS …

……

INVENTIVE PRINCIPLES

…

12

13

14

15

16

…

…

…

…

…

…

Segmentation

1

-

Extraction Local quality

2 3

Asymmetry

4

Voltage (pressure) Shape Object’s 13 construction stability Firmness 14

… …

35, 4, 15, 10 35, 33, 2, 40 9, 18, 3, 40

…

22, 1, 18, 4

-

17, 9, 15

…

10, 30, 35, 40

13, 17, 35

-

27, 3, 26

-

Consolidation

5

…

………..

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

…

39

Capacity (productivity)

…

11 12

-

19, 3, 27

33, 1, 18, 4 30, 14, 10, 40 14, 26, 9, 25

-

13, 27, 10, 35 39, 3, 35, 23

14, 10, 34, 40 35, 3, 22, 39 29, 28, 10, 18 35, 10, 2, 18 20, 10, 16, 38

Preventive counter40 action

Principle 4. Asymmetry

3. TRIZ PRINCIPLES' APPLICATION TO ORDNANCE

Just like in the previous example, 9M14 missile "Maljutka" could serve as a specific example of the principle of asymmetry. Namely, to stabilize the flight of this type of antitank missile, we use the folding wings that are located on the body of the rocket, ie. within the system of flight control of the rocket. During the flight, the wings are unfolded, in a way so they take an inclined position relative to the longitudinal axis of the missile and thus stabilize the rocket flight to the target.

Each of the 40 TRIZ inventive principles has its possible application when it comes to ordnance. Principle 1. Segmentation

Within storage capacities, all ordnance is deployed in stocks. Stocks are formed of the same caliber, model tools, types of grains (mine) and the series of gunpowder. Such an arrangement provides better visibility, control, easier access and means manipulation, as well as gathering of related ordnance, ventilation ("breathing") of the agents, etc.

Principle 5. Merge

Inside the crates for ammunition 7.62 mm usual grain M67 for AP 7.62 mm M70 contains, depending on the package, 1,120 or 1,260 pieces of identical bullets (same caliber, same gunpowder series and rates). This helps storing of the resources, as well as manipulating it (handling, receiving, ammunition issuing) [8].

Principle 2. Separation (Extraction)

By storing ordnance, it has been noticed that there is a possibility of its activation if kept together with initial agents. Applying the «separation» principle when storing ordnance, means keeping aside (in a separate warehouse) initial agents from other munitions, which reduces the risk of deliberate ordnance initiation to a minimum. The initial agents are used for creating and transmitting the initial impulse, in order to activate other types of ordnance. This principle also applies to all munitions that have suffered any kind of accidents (a fall from a height greater than 1 m, falling off a vehicles, munitions that have suffered fire, explosion, etc.), when it is forbidden to keep these agents in the same building with other ordnance.

Principle 6. Universality

Typically, a 7.62 mm bullet can be used for AP 7.62 mm M70 regardless of the gun model (with a wooden or folding stock, etc.). The same bullet is used with PM 7.62 mm M72 [9,10]. Principle 7. Insertion („Matroishka“, „Babushka“)

Applying this principle applies to self-propelled missile systems. Thus, for example. 122/128 mm TF M91 rocket was created by modifying the 122 mm rocket, so the modified rocket launchers can be used for both calibers. Such modified missile goes through three centering rings of 128 mm caliber and then enters the self-propelled multiple rocket launcher (SVLR 128 mm M77) and is ready for the launch. Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher 128 mm M77 is located on the FAP 2026 vehicle, in a space reserved for cargo [11].

Principle 3. Local quality

RBR 90 mm M79 „Osa“ («Wasp») can be taken as a specific example. This agent consists of a couple of parts, each having its own function. If only one of these functions in the chain fails, there will be no activation of rockets at the finish. So the initiation is performed electrically, from the triggering mechanism via wire on the pitcher and rocket container to the fuse located within the nozzle of the rocket engine. Missile guidance is performed by the contact of the centered surfaces on the liner of the warhead and missile connectors. Next, the rockets' flight is stabilized by means of folding wings. To activate the cumulative explosive charge at the finish, it is necessary that the piezoelectric shock fuse does not fail at the finish.

Principle 8. Counterweight

Illuminating mine 60 mm M67 serves to illuminate the battlefield. When the flame ignites the ejecting charge, it further ignites the mixture, and illuminating flares. Due to combustion products, pressure creates in the liner, which leads to suppression of flares and parachute carriers. 266


Furthermore, parachute slows the flare fall and the maximum llumination time of the battlefield is enabled.

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Principle 14 Sphericity, Curvature

All modern hand grenades are generally cylindrical or hemispherical (at the intersection of ellipses), allowing easier handling and better grip in hand grenades. During the bomb development, there were also parallelepiped and prism-shaped ones (the famous prism-shaped "Vasic's bomb"), but they were eventually thrown out of use because of their impracticality.

Principle 9. Pre-strain

Very big problems concerning ordnance can arise years after the end of a war, due to the activation of the unexploded munitions, which poses a threat because it leads to suffering of the innocent victims. To avoid this, the pyrotechnic search and destruction of unexploded munitions job posts are filled by professionals, engineers and pyrotecnicians equipped with special protective clothing, equipment and facilities necessary for the safe implementation of the assigned tasks. In the event of encountering the unexploded munitions and its eventual accidental activation, the risk of life loss of professionals at work is reduced.

Principle 15 Dynamism

During the design and construction of warehouses for storage of munitions the munitions protection principles must be respected to keep it safe from weather conditions, surface and ground water, theft, sabotage, pest, ammunition detonations in adjacent buildings and more. Inside the warehouse temperature fluctuation on a daily basis should not be greater than 5 ° C and relative humidity should not exceed 75% etc.

Principle 10. Pre-change

One of the many problems with storing munitions refers to their peacetime location, which, in the event of an armed conflict, is the priority goal. To solve this problem, first the pre-selection of the secret field locations for storage is performed, and then, the dispersion is carried out of all, or parts of the most important ordnance from the peacetime warehouses. This procedure protects ordnance from hostile attacks, because on the territory of the former warehouses, only the empty warehouses remain. An example of the application of this principle is the action of a unit during the bombing of Serbia in 1999, when, thanks to the resettlement of ordnance and other technical systems, the significant amounts of technical resources were saved.

Principle 16. Partial or extra required actions

The hand grenade - RB M75A can be taken as an example of the application of this principle. Namely, in ideal conditions, a bomb can be thrown up to 40 m maximum. However, effective bomb action in diameter up to 25 m was achieved by specific design of the bomb body, whereby the core liner consists of more than 300 beads diameter of about 1.5 mm, which are connected with plastic mass. When triggering the explosive charge, the beads are dispersed to a distance of 25 m, resulting in a higher deadly effect. Principle 17. Another dimension

Principle 11. Prevention

When using tools /weapons, all munitions that are fired or launched, on their way to the target move on a parabolic trajectory, rotating through the air and overcoming the force of air resistance.

Warehouses for storing munitions must have their windows painted white or matte, window shutters outside must be covered with a metal sheet, and there should be a metal grid on windows with a spacing of maximum of 2 cm between each other. The door must open outwards and the it must be locked and double sealed. These measures prevent the potential alienation of the assets.

Principle 18. Mechanical vibration

Palletised munitions facilitated to a great extent the manipulation inside the warehouse during restocking, loading or unloading. By applying the means of integral transport, it is not necessary to engage the workforce (people) nor auxiliary cranes.

Application of this principle is evident in the case of the rocket 64 mm M80, which is an integral part of the grenade launchers - RBR 64 mm M80, also known as "Zolja", whose warhead has a piezogenerator (upper part) and piezo electric fuse (lower part) built it. Upon hitting the target, piezogenerator creates an electrical impulse that is sufficient to activate the fuse, which then activates the cumulative explosive charge and causes the desired effect on the target.

Principle 13. Counter-effect

Principle 19. Periodic operation

When shooting with RB M75, the bomb's effect at the finish exhibits itself after combustion of the retardation mixture in the lighter (3 - 4s), after which the flame is transferred to the primary and secondary filling. This way a person who performs the shooting has enough time to reach safety, but also, not athe amount of time that would allow the safe escape of an enemy.

When firing from AP 7.62 mm M70 at a distance of 100 m using 7,62 mm ammunition M67 basic grain, the principle 3-5-9-5 applies- a change of the shooting mode (3 trial rounds, 5 rounds to be fired sindividually, 9 rounds for short bursts and 5 for single shooting under a protective mask).

Principle 12. Equipotential

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using partially-combustible and combustible cartridge cases are reflected in higher speed shooting, increased system energy, reduced weight of ammunition during transportation and handling, lower cost compared to metal cases and the like. The drive-structural material of partially-combustible and combustible cases must be completely burnt during the combustion of a gunpowder charge.

Principle 20. Do not interrupt the useful operation

When using weapons, especially the shooting ones, continuity in shooting is often required (ie. "machine-gun fire"). The continuous shooting time (unless it comes to a halt due to technical problems) is ensured in certain types of shooting arms (eg. 7.62 mm M84 machine gun), by previously placing ammunition in a bandolier. Bandolier is drawn into the ammunition warehouse through the "feeding mechanism" and the continuity of action is provided during firing until the moment of firing the very last bullet from the belt (bandolier).

Principle 38. Application of strong oxidants

To increase efficiency of thermite mixture it is necessary to ensure the existence of flame. For this purpose, oxidants (barium and potassium nitrate) and fuel (sulfur binder in a higher percentage, etc.) are added to the mixture.

Principle 22. Converting damages into benefit

This principle is applied in constructional problem solving which relates to borrowing of propellant gases resulting from the combustion of gunpowder in a case. Combustion of gunpowder and the expanding propellant gases, which by expanding perform the usuful work of suppressing missile in the gun pipe, giving it the necessary initial speed. Through the "loans", part of these powder gases is used to perform additional useful actions on weapon systems which releases the service of certain "physical actions" and provides automation of assets’ work.

Principle 40. The application of composite materials

Originally, the cases were made of steel, which, due to the high cost, imposed the need to use them repeatedly, which, further created new problems in their collection and re-use. In accordance with this principle the modern cases are made of brass (an alloy of zinc and copper) and are protected against corrosion by phosphating or coating. Composite materials are being increasingly used in the development of armored bodies withing combat systems as well as in personal protection equipment of members of the security forces.

Principle 23. Feedback loop

In a manner described in principle 22, the borrowed gunpowder gases are used to execute a series of actions, such as ejecting of empty cases, moving the feedback mechanism backwards, adding of a new bullet in a gun barrel, "locking tubes" and others.

4. CONCLUSION During the life cycle of ordnance, a series of problems arises, many of which are technical in nature. TRIZ methodology is proposed in order to make daily work with ordnance more efficient in solving the encountered technical problems.

Principle 26. Copying

For the purpose of training the members of the security forces, it is more economical to use ordnance for secondary (auxiliary) purposes (military exercises and school ordnance), which represent an "excellent copy" of combat munitions, thereby ensuring maximum safe stuff training.

The practical application of one of the inventive principles during the bombing of Serbia in 1999 (principle 10 "Pre-change"), has shown that the existing working system with ordnance functions well. By applying this principle, a large number of ordnance warehouses have been moved to the reserve positions in order to preserve the system. This shows a high compatibility that exists between the logic in applying the TRIZ principles and successful solutions to problems with ordnance applied in practice.

Principle 30 Use of flexible shells and thin films

This principle finds its application in the procedure for packaging shooting arms ammunition. The packaging for the shooting ammunition consists of several packages: firstly, the ammunition is packed in a large amount of cardboard boxes, then the cardboard boxes are neatly stacked in a tin box, and in the end the tin is placed in a wooden crate. This provides easier and safer handling of ammunition, and at the same time it can "breathe" and be protected from harmful external influences.

Regardless of the complexity of the system such as ordnance, each of the 40 existing TRIZ inventive principles has a potential application in solving new problems. This paper vividly explains possible application of each of those inventive principles.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Principle 34. Rejection and regeneration of parts

Serbian Ministry of Education and Science support this work, grant no. TR34034 (2011-2016).

The development of high performance artillery is significantly associated with the efficiency of ammunition. Partially-combustible and combustible cartridge case and its tactical and technical advantages over conventional metal case contributes to greater possibilities of combat weapons. Some of the benefits of

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