challenge in producing an homogeneous array of laser spots to ensure a uniform .... BrightYfield microscopy pictures of DLC and stainless steel surfaces are ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 1178 – 1183
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3KRWRQLF7HFKQRORJLHV/$1(
)DVWXQLIRUPPLFURVWUXFWXULQJRI'/&VXUIDFHVXVLQJPXOWLSOH XOWUDVKRUWODVHUVSRWVWKURXJKVSDWLDOEHDPVKDSLQJ '6DLQW3LHUUHD-*UDQLHUD*(JDXGD(%DXEHDXD&0DXFODLUDE b
a GIE Manutech-USD, Saint Etienne FR-42000, France Université de Lyon,UJM-Saint-Etienne,CNRS, UMR5516, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, F-42023, Saint Etienne, France
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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license &RS\ULJKWOLQHZLOODSSHDUKHUH (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH%D\HULVFKHV/DVHU]HQWUXP*PE+ Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH Keywords:6SDWLDOEHDPVKDSLQJXOWUDIDVWODVHUSURFHVVLQJ
,QWURGXFWLRQ )HPWRVHFRQG ODVHU SURFHVVLQJ RI PDWHULDOV LV EHFRPLQJ D ZLGH VSUHDG WHFKQLTXH IRU VXUIDFH PLFURVWUXFWXULQJ WKXVHQDEOLQJWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIDGGHGIXQFWLRQDOLWLHVZLWKKLJKSRWHQWLDOIRUDSSOLFDWLRQVVHH1ROWHHWDO /LX DQG0RXURX DQG:DQGHWDO 'XHWRWKHSDUWLFXODUFKDUDFWHURIWKHXOWUDVKRUWSXOVHVLQWHUDFWLRQZLWK WKH WDUJHW PDWHULDOV LW LV SRVVLEOH WR ILQGUHJLPHV ZLWK DPXFK ORZHU RQVHWRI WKHUPDO HIIHFWV FRPSDUHG WR ORQJHU LUUDGLDWLRQSXOVHV7KXVIHPWRVHFRQGODVHUPDFKLQLQJFDQEHXVHGIRUDZLGHYDULHW\RIPDWHULDOVIURPPHWDOOLFWR GLHOHFWULF VDPSOHV ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ SK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH ODVHULUUDGLDWHG VXUIDFHV FDQ EH FRQWUROOHG WR D FHUWDLQ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:F\ULOPDXFODLU#XQLYVWHWLHQQHIU
1875-3892 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Bayerisches Laserzentrum GmbH doi:10.1016/j.phpro.2016.08.124
D. Saint-Pierre et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 1178 – 1183
1179
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
)LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSIRUD VDPSOHLUUDGLDWLRQDQGE DQDO\VLVRIWKHEHDPVKDSLQJ'9/'LYHUJLQJ/HQV&9/&RQYHUJLQJ/HQV6/0 6SDWLDO/LJKW0RGXODWRU00LUURU6+6FDQQLQJ+HDG020LFURVFRSH2EMHFWLYH')2SWLFDO'HQVLW\)LOWHU
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
1180
D. Saint-Pierre et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 1178 – 1183
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
)LJ([SHULPHQWDOLQWHQVLW\GLVWULEXWLRQREVHUYHGZLWKWKH&&'VHQVRULQWKHFDVHRID E DQGF ODVHUVSRWVEHDPVKDSLQJ
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
D. Saint-Pierre et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 1178 – 1183
1181
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
)LJD 6FKHPHRIVXUIDFHVWUXFWXULQJWRJHQHUDWHDQXQLIRUPQHWZRUNRIPLFURGLPSOHVREVHUYHGE\RSWLFDOPLFURVFRS\RQE '/&DQGF VWDLQOHVVVWHHO
)LJ6XUIDFHWRSRORJ\RIWKH'/&VDPSOHDIWHUPLFURVWUXFWXULQJXVLQJWKHVSRWDUUD\VHH)LJD 7KH=VFDOHLVLQPLFURPHWHUV
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
1182
D. Saint-Pierre et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 1178 – 1183
GHSWK LV P ,W KDV EHHQ REVHUYHG D YHU\ JRRG XQLIRUPLW\ RI WKH PLFURGLPSOHV QHWZRUN ZLWK YDULDWLRQV RI GHSWKDQGGLDPHWHUEHORZDFURVVWKHVDPSOHVXUIDFHDGLVNRIFPGLDPHWHU
)LJ([DPSOHWRSRORJ\PHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHVXUIDFHDIWHUODVHUSURFHVVLQJRQDFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKHVXUIDFHVKRZQLQD E $YHUDJHGHSWKDWWKH ERWWRPRIWKHGLPSOHVF 'LDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWV
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± &KXQJ60D]XU(6XUJLFDO$SSOLFDWLRQVRI)HPWRVHFRQG/DVHUV-RXUQDORI%LRSKRWRQLFV 'XPDV9*XLJQDQGRQ$9LFR/0DXFODLU&=DSDWD;/LQRVVLHU07%RXOHIWRXU:*UDQLHU-3H\URFKH6'XPDV-&
D. Saint-Pierre et al. / Physics Procedia 83 (2016) 1178 – 1183
1183
=DKRXDQL+5DWWQHU$)HPWRVHFRQG/DVHU1DQRPLFUR3DWWHUQLQJRI7LWDQLXP,QIOXHQFHV0HVHQFK\PDO6WHP&HOO$GKHVLRQDQG &RPPLWPHQW%LRPHGLFDO0DWHULDOV 'XVVHU%6DJDQ=6RGHU+)DXUH1&RORPELHU-3-RXUOLQ0$XGRXDUG(&RQWUROOHG1DQRVWUXFWUXUHV)RUPDWLRQE\8OWUD)DVW /DVHU3XOVHVIRU&RORU0DUNLQJ2SW([SUHVV +DKQ-.LP+&KRL./HH%5HDOWLPH'LJLWDO+RORJUDSKLF%HDPVKDSLQJ6\VWHPZLWKD *HQHWLF)HHGEDFN7XQLQJ/RRS$SSOLHG 2SWLFV± +D\DVDNL