Genuine data on multiple center-embedding of clauses. - Helsinki.fi

Fred Karlsson

Genuine data on multiple center-embedding of clauses. Language data supplement to Fred Karlsson, “Constraints on multiple centerembedding of clauses”, Journal of Linguistics 43 (2), 365-392, 2007.1

Introductory remarks This file contains the genuine language data of Fred Karlsson’s paper “Constraints on multiple center-embedding of clauses”. The material is made available for the benefit of the research community. Please consult the original paper as for the notational conventions. The precise sources are given either in the original paper or at the end of this file. 119 genuine multiple center-embeddings are presented along with their sources and detailed analyses. The first thirteen examples (1-13) are triple center-embeddings, C3s, of which each contains two C2s. Thus, the total number of C2s is 132. In addition, several other complex examples are analyzed that are claimed in the literature to be multiple center-embeddings but turn out not to be so, given the criteria adopted in the present study and specified in detail in the published paper. These sentences are prefixed by the character ‘#’. In the complex clausal embeddings analyzed below, embedding levels are shown either by bracketing: [Main X [Center-embedding--1 Y [Center-embedding-2 Z] Y ] X ], or by successive indentation where material on the same indentation level belongs to the same clause (see section 2 of the paper for the formalism). Pronominal zeroes are indicated by the character ‘ ’.

Triple center-embeddings (each with two C2s) (1a,b) Postea vos, patres conscripti, ... huic furiae, si diutius in hac urbe, quam delere cuperet, maneret, vox interdiceretur, decrevistis ... (Cicero, De haruspicum responsis; Nägelsbach 1

When using these language data, please make a reference as follows: Karlsson, Fred. 2007. “Genuine data on multiple center-embedding of clauses”. Downloadable from www.ling.helsinki.fi/~fkarlsso/ceb_data.pdf. Language data supplement to Fred Karlsson, “Constraints on multiple center-embedding of clauses”, Journal of Linguistics 43 (2), 365392, 2007. Also available: Karlsson, Fred. 2007. “Quantitative analysis of multiple center-embedding of clauses”. Downloadable from www.ling.helsinki.fi/~fkarlsso/ceb_quant.xls. Numerical data supplement to Fred Karlsson, “Constraints on multiple center-embedding of clauses”, Journal of Linguistics 43 (2), 365-392, 2007. Also available: Karlsson, Fred. 2007. “Genuine data on multiple initial embedding of clauses”. Downloadable from www.ling.helsinki.fi/~fkarlsso/ieb_data.pdf. Language data supplement to Fred Karlsson, “Constraints on multiple initial embedding of clauses”, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 12 (1), 107-118, 2007.

2 1963: 645) Postea vos, patres conscripti, ... huic furiae, si diutius in hac urbe, quam delere cuperet, maneret, vox interdiceretur, decrevistis ...

M C-1 C-2 I-4 C-3

main clause center-embedding, depth 1 center-embedding, depth 2 initial embedding, depth 4 centre-embedding, depth 3 C-2 continues C-1 continues main clause continues

‘(M) After this you, Senators, ..., (C-1) from this furious man, (C-2) if he longer in this town, (C-3) which (c-4?) to destroy (C-3) he wanted, (C-2) would stay, (C-1) to eliminate the right to vote, (M) decided ...’ (2a,b) Er ... war allen Gefahren ..., welche ein jeder, der diese wilde Gegend zu jener Zeit, als diese Geschichte dort spielte, durchstreifte, gewärtig sein mußte, gewachsen. (“Satz eines berühmten Reiseforschers”; Engel 1922: 328) Er ... war allen Gefahren ... M welche ein jeder, C-1 der diese wilde Gegend zu jener Zeit, C-2 als diese Geschichte dort spielte, C-3 durchstreifte, gewärtig sein c-2 mußte, gewachsen. ‘(M) He was all dangers, (C-1) which anybody, (C-2) who these wild surroundings at that time, (C-3) when this story took place there, (C-2) wandered through, (C-1) on the level of’. (“Satz eines berühmten Reiseforschers”; Engel 1922: 328) (3a,b) Indessen muß man ... den Mißbrauch der ... in der Offensive, von dem Laufschritt, der, sobald die Schützenkette formiert ist, und selbst unter Umständen, wo er gar nicht angezeigt ist, vorgeschrieben zu sein scheint, gemacht wird, tadeln. (Deutsche Heereszeitung 1893; Engel 1922: 333)

3 Indessen muß man ... den Mißbrauch M der ... in der Offensive, von dem Laufschritt, C-1 der, C-2 sobald die Schützenkette formiert ist, C-3 und selbst unter Umständen, wo er gar nicht angezeigt ist, F-4 vorgeschrieben zu sein c-3 scheint, gemacht wird, tadeln. ‘(M) However, you must the improper use, (C-1) which in the offensive, of the trot, (C-2) which, (C-3) as soon as the firing line has been formed and under conditions, (F-4) where it is not at all appropriate, (C-2) seems to be stipulated, (C-1) is made, (M) criticize’. (Deutsche Heereszeitung 1893; Engel 1922: 333) (4a,b) ... welche Anzeige ich, der ich bezüglich der Herstellung dieses Denkmales, wozu ich, was Ihnen bereits bekannt, das Erz als Geschenk gab, ausser diesem weiter nichts damit zu tun habe, mich aber recht sehr freue, das Modell von einem so ausgezeichneten Künstler wie Sie sind, hergestellt zu sehen, mit Vergnügen gelesen, ... (Ludwig I of Bavaria, in a letter; Engel 1922: 327) ... welche Anzeige ich, M der ich bezüglich der Herstellung dieses Denkmales, C-1 wozu ich, C-2 was Ihnen bereits bekannt, c-3 das Erz als Geschenk gab, ausser diesem weiter nichts damit zu tun habe, &C-2 mich aber recht sehr freue, das Modell F-2 von einem so ausgezeichneten Künstler wie Sie sind, C-3 hergestellt zu sehen, mit Vergnügen gelesen, ... ‘(M) ... which announcement I, (C-1) of which I concerning the sculpting of this monument, (C-2) for which I, (c-3) which you already know, (C-1) provided the bronze as gift, (&C-2) but else I have nothing to do with this, (C-1) really am very happy, (F-2) the model (C-3) by an artist as excellent as you are, (F-2) see sculpted, (M) with pleasure have read’. (Ludwig I of Bavaria, in a letter; Engel 1922: 327) (5a,b) Er hat den Preis nur, weil ein Mitbewerber, welcher ihm, wie allgemein angenommen wird, überlegen ist, verzichtet hat, bekommen. (no source; Blatz 1896: 1274)

4 Er hat den Preis nur, M weil ein Mitbewerber, C-1 welcher ihm, C-2 wie allgemein angenommen wird, C-3 überlegen ist, verzichtet hat, bekommen. ‘(M) He has the price only, (C-1) because a competitor, (C-2) who over him, (C-3) as is generally presumed, (C-2) is superior, (C-3) gave up, (M) got’. (no source; Blatz 1896: 1274) (6a,b) Der Ritter von Malzahn, dem der Junker sich als einen Fremden, der bei seiner Durchreise den seltsamen Mann, den er mit sich führe, in Augenschein zu nehmen wünschte, vorstellte, nötigte ihn ... (H. von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas; Schneider 1959: 469) Der Ritter von Malzahn, M dem der Junker sich als einen Fremden, C-1 der bei seiner Durchreise den seltsamen Mann, C-2 den er mit sich führe, C-3 in Augenschein zu nehmen c-3 wünsche, vorstellte, nötigte ihn sogleich auf zuvorkommende Art, indem er ihn mit dem Kohlhaas bekannt machte, C-1 an der Tafel nieder. ‘(M) The rider from Malzahn, (C-1) to whom the Junker himself as a stranger, (C-2) who upon his journey (through) the strange man, (C-3) whom he brought with himself, (C-2) to judge by appearance wanted, (C-1) introduced, (M) forced him immediately in a courteous way, (C-1) as he made him familiar with Kohlhaas, (M) to sit down at the table.’ (H. von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas; Schneider 1959: 469) (7a,b) Der Landvogt ... fand, als er, von dem, was vorgef allen,benachrichtigt, in bestürzten Märschen zurückkehrte, die Stadt in allgemeinen Aufruhr. (H. von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas; HoffmannKrayer 1925: 131) Der Landvogt ... fand, M als er, C-1 von dem, c-2 was vorgefallen, c-3 benachrichtigt, in bestürzten Märschen zurückkehrte, die Stadt in allgemeinen Aufruhr. ‘(M) The governor found, (C-1) as he, (c-2) about that, (c-3) which [had] happened, (c-2) notified, (C-1) returned in fast march, (M) the city in general uproar’. (H. von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas; Hoffmann-Krayer 1925: 131)

5 (8a,b) In an excellent article ... Salvini draws a parallel between the way M in which the spoken Latin of the men C-1 with whom Gregory of Tours, C-2 whom he has no reason to mention, C-3 must have mixed eventually became Old French and the other early Romance languages, with the Latin of the Carolingian Renaissance as an artificial side-development, and the comparable direct development of pre-Romanesque painting, sculpture and architecture into the Romanesque, with the Carolingian and Ottonian again as a side-development. (Footnote 213, p. 39 in Lewis Thorpe's Introduction to his translation of Gregory of Tours: The History of the Franks (Penguin Books, 1974). Due to Geoffrey Sampson, 21.12. 2004) (9a,b) When I do perform – and it is a performance, as Larkin, who refused, as he put it, to go round pretending to be himself, pointed out – I generally read from some of the stuff I've written, ... [continues for another five lines to the end of the sentence]. (Alan Bennett, Untold Stories, Faber & Faber, 2005: 578; due to Geoffrey Sampson)

When I do perform I-1 – and it is a performance, M-1 as Larkin, C-2 who refused, C-3 as he put it, C-4 to go round f-4 pretending f-5 to be himself, f-6 pointed out – I generally read from some of the stuff M I've written, ... F-1 (Alan Bennett, Untold Stories, Faber & Faber, 2005: 578) (10a,b) ... the Prime Minister who at the height of the coal crisis had snapped to a junior minister who, not having seen him for some time, had approached him in a Westminster corridor with a view to wishing him luck, ‘If you want to resign, put it in writing’ was unlikely to ... (Patrick Cosgrave, Margaret Thatcher: Prime Minister, 1979; De Roeck et al. 1982: 338)

6 ... the Prime Minister M who at the height of the coal crisis had snapped to a junior minister C-1 who, C-2 not having seen him for some time, c-3 had approached him in a Westminster corridor with a view to wishing him luck, f-3 ‘If you want I-3 to resign, f-4 put it in writing’ F-2 was unlikely to find the task f-3 of exerting charm c-4 to win votes f-5 a very congenial one. (Patrick Cosgrave) (11a,b) A person who, when riding a cycle, not being a motor vehicle, on a road or other public place, is unfit to ride through drinks or drugs shall be guilty of an offence. (British Road Traffic Act, 1972; Hiltunen 1984: 115) A person who, when riding a cycle, not being a motor vehicle, on a road or other public place, is unfit to ride through drinks or drugs shall be guilty of an offence.

M C-1 c-2 c-3

f-2

(12a,b) .... sitantens moder skal, da Hans under en samtale, som han, der efter et ophold i K-havn vilde rejse hjem til Ålborg ... , hade med sitantens moder, hade ... sagt, at hennes søn spillede på to lotterisedlen, dertil have svaret, at ... (Danish court decision, 1892; Jespersen 1926: 172)

7 ... sitantens moder skal, M da Hans under en samtale, C-1 som han, C-2 der efter et ophold i København vilde rejse hjem til Ålborg C-3 d. 10. juni f. å., hade med sitantens moder, hade på en bemerkning fra hende om, at han skulde have penge til lotterisedlen, C-2 sagt, at hennes søn spillede på to lotterisedlen, F-2 dertil have svaret, at ... ‘(M) ... the mother of the accused shall, (C-1) when Hans during a conversation, (C-2) which he, (C-3) who after a visit to Copenhagen wanted to travel back to Ålborg on June 10 last year, (C-2) had with the mother of the accused, (C-1) had to a remark by her concerning, (C2) that he should have money for the lottery ticket, (C-1) said, (F-2) that her son played with two lottery tickets, (M) have replied that ...’ (13a,b) ... och riksråden, hwilka, i det hopp, att de framdeles under en konung som wistades i Polen, skulle få själfwa regera i Swerige, hade arbetat för Sigismunds affärd, blefwo nu föremål för Johans wrede och förföljelse. (Swedish; Yrjö Koskinen, Lärobok i Finlands historia, Helsingfors, 1860-1880) ... och riksråden, M hwilka, i det hopp, C-1 att de framdeles under en konung C-2 som wistades i Polen, C-3 skulle få själfwa regera i Swerige, hade arbetat för Sigismunds affärd, blefwo nu .... ‘(M) ... and the Chief Counsellors (C-1) who in the hope (C-2) that they in the future under a king (C-3) who would spend his time in Poland (C-2) would be able to reign themselves (C-1) had made efforts to have Sigismund leave (M) now became ...’

Double center-embeddings (14) [M A lot of the housing [C-1 that the people [C-2 that worked in New Haven] lived in] was back that way.] (Reich and Dell 1976: 438) Examples (15-22) come from De Roeck et al. (1982), several from Patrick Cosgrave’s book Margaret Thatcher: Prime Minister.

8 (15) [M A number of speeches [C-1 into which a great deal of thought and preparation on a level a great deal higher [C-2 than is common in modern politics] have gone] are not reported at all ...] (Cosgrave) (16) [M Then it emerged — largely from pressmen [C-1 who, [C-2 even if they were not commending her for the leadership,] were at least personally well-disposed towards her] — that ...] (Cosgrave) (17) [M Neither, however, [C-1 as their critics and all of those [C-2 who subsequently complained about their assault on Heath] always stress,] felt moved to resign.] (Cosgrave) (18) [M Die Sozialabzüge, [C-1 die ... für Haushalte, [C-2 die verwitwete, geschiedene und ledige steuerpflichtige mit Kinder oder Unterstützungsbedürftigen führen,] erhöht werden,] bilden dafür keinen ausreichenden Ersatz.] ‘(M) The personal allowances, (C-1) which for households (C-2) which are run by widowed, divorced, and single tax-payers with children or dependants, (C-1) are raised, (M) are not an adequate replacement’. (Neue Zürcher Zeitung 13.3.1981) (19) [M Und jenen Frauen, [C-1 die fürVerhältnisse, [C-2 die nicht so sind, [F-3 wie sie sein sollten,]] buchstäblich mit einem Teil ihres eigenen Leibs bezahlen,] noch viel weniger.] ‘(M) And to those women (C-1) who for relationships (C-2) that are not so (F-3) as they should be (C-1) pay literally with a part of their own bodies (M) far less still’. (Neue Zürcher Zeitung 8.3.1981) (20) [M The first is [F-1 that the contract [C-2 under which the labour [C-3 to which exception has been taken] was employed] is a triennial contract ...]] (The Times 8.7.1914)

9 (21) Es wird allgemein angenommen, M dass die Militärs, F-1 die das Land dreizehn Jahre lang mit unterschiedlichem Erfolg C-2 und — mit Ausnahme Murtala Muhammeds, der erst sieben Monate an der Macht war, C-3 als er im Februar 1976 ermordet wurde — F-4 ohne Popularität zu erlangen geführt haben, von sich aus eine Rückkehr an die Macht nicht anstreben. (Neue Zürcher Zeitung 15.3.1981) (22) When he asked the very unpromiscuous Noël Coward (whose ... financially promising “Life” he was engaged upon ... and whom ... he had accurately discerned as ‘one of the kindest, as he is without doubt the wittiest, of human beings’; one who incidentally shared with James the rare quality, strongly emerging in this book, of being able to be extremely funny about love and sex, both men having plenty of time for women’s beauty and brains if little for their bodies even when androgynous) whether he thought it ‘disorderly’ of him to be housing a Horsegard, he was urbanely told: ... (The Spectator 25.4.1981)

I-1 C-2 &C-2 C-3 F-3 c-4 f-4 f-5 f-6 f-7 f-8 F-2 f-3 M

De Roeck et al.’s (1982) remaining five examples (all but one from Cosgrave) are not genuine multiple center-embeddings. The following sentence was produced by De Roeck herself: # [M Isn’t it true [F-1 that example-sentences [C-2 that people [C-3 that you know] produce] are more likely to be accepted?]] The following sentence could be analyzed as containing a non-finite C2 but I have regarded strictly speaking as idiomatic and therefore non-clauselike:

10 # The candidates´advisory committee (which, strictly speaking, has the function merely of ensuring that anybody entered in the Central Office list of candidates, which is circulated to constituency chairmen as soon as a vacancy occurs, is not thoroughly undesirable) had been ...

M C-1 c-2? f-2 F-3 c-4 f-5 F-6

# And if she did not always get her way — Bullock, who reported after she had left office she found singularly disappointing — she finds it satisfying to reflect now ...

I-1 M C-1 F-2 M

# That she was not able to do more could be put down to the fact that given her tidy and efficient mind and the wretched circumstances in which she found the school system, starved of both income and capital, she saw her main task as restoring the physical fabric of ...

I-1 f-2 M F-1 i-2 F-3 f-4

# ... while I remain of the opinion that the Conservative is much less hidebound than the Labour Party, and that while it was not astonishing for the Tories to choose a woman leader, it would be almost beyond possibility for Labour to do likewise, it seems nonetheless clear that ...

I-1 F-2 &F-2 I-3 f-4 f-3 M

Geoffrey Sampson (1996) presented sixteen more examples of multiple center-embeddings of which eleven (23-33) are straightforward C2s: (23) [M The only thing [C-1 that the words [C-2 that can lose -d] have in common,] is, apparently, that ...] (E. G. Pulleyblank)

11 (24) [M And yet a widow, [C-1 whose pension, [C-2 for which her husband paid,] is wiped out [F-2 because she works for a living wage,]] will now have to pay for her spectacles.] (News of the World 5.2.1961, LOB) (25) [M Laughland’s assertion [C-1 that the presence of Delors – 14 years old [C-2 when the war began –] in the Compagnons de France, the Vichy youth movement, meant [F-2 that he supported fascism]] is ridiculous.] (The Spectator 12.11.1994) (26) [M The odds [C-1 that your theory is right] [&C-1 and that the general thing [C-2 that everybody is working on] is wrong] is low.] (Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize address, 11.12. 1965) (27) [M ... sex uiri [C-1 qui Parthenonem, [C-2 ubi parentibus orbae uirgines aluntur, et educantur,] [&C2 qui uulgo charitatis Domus appellatur,] moderantur eiusque rem administrant,] censuerunt ...] ‘... the six men who govern and administer the Parthenon, where orphaned girls are brought up and educated, which is known by the common people as the House of Charity, ordered ...’ (inscription, Roman Baths, Pisa) (28) [M Your report today [C-1 that any Tory constituency party failing to deselect its MP, [C-2 should he not vote in accordance with a prime ministerial dictate,] might itself be disbanded,] shows with certainty that ...] (The Times 25.11.1994) (29) [M For the remainder of his industrious life (apart from during the second world war [C-1 when he worked in the Ministry of Information [ C-2 – where he was banished to Belfast [f-3 for being lazy and unenthusiastic –]] and the Auxiliary Fire Service)] Quennell ...] (30) [M But Captain Flint ... set so fast a stroke [F-1 that John, [C-2 who, [C-3 whatever else he did,] was not going to let himself get out of time,] had enough to do ...]] (Arthur Ransome, Swallowdale) (31) When the pain, which nobody who has not experienced it can imagine, finally arrives, they can be taken aback by its severity. (The Times, October 16, 1993, p.17)

I-1 C-2 C-3

M

12 (32, 33) The cases of Dr Starkie, the pathologist whose procedures ... is [sic] now being questioned, and Dr Ashak Kumar, whose nurse, having been taught by him, used the wrong spatula, which must have been provided by the practice, to obtain cells for cervical smears, are very different.

M C-1 C-1 c-2 C-2 f-2

The remaining five of Sampson’s (1996) examples are not multiple center-embeddings as here defined: # All in all it would seem that, although it can’t really be proved that the language influences the script ... at its invention, because we don’t have information about this time in a script’s history, the spoken language does ... (written by a student)

M F-1 I-2 C-3 F-3

# ... though Tony Wedgwood Benn thought that ‘if only Harold would sound a bit more convincing (on that subject), we might have a good chance’, Wilson not only did not do so, but ... # ... and George, who would not be able to get away from the city till the afternoon (George goes to sleep at a bank from ten to four each day, except Saturdays, when they wake him up at two), would meet us there.

M C-1 f-2 F-3 f-4 F-5

I-1 F-2 I-3 M

13 # That the perimeters of what men can wear and what they cannot, what is acceptable and what is not, have become so narrow goes to show how ...

I-1 C-2 &C-2 &C-2 &C-2 M

# In the 18th century, when, as Linda Colley shows in her book “Britons”, the British national identity was forged in war and conflict with France, our kings were German.

M C-1 I-2

The following double center-embeddings (34-98) were all retrieved by me from various primary and secondary sources: (34) [M Now, [C-1 if Morton’s newest product, a corn chip [c-2 well,] the stock may ...] (Brown)

known as chip-o’s,] turns out to sell

(35) [M Thus, [C-1 when Dartmouth’s winter carnival [c-2 – widely recognized as the wildest college weekend anywhere, –] was broadcast over a national television hookup,] proxy John Sloan Dickey appeared on the screen ...] (Brown) (36) [M The eternal truth is [F-1 that progress [c-2 – due [C-3 as it always is,] to individual creative genius –] is just as dependent on freedom as ...] (Brown) (37) [M A student [C-1 who [c-2 while in attendance at Carleton College] participates in an athletic contest during the school year,] ... shall be permanently ineligible to ...] (Brown) (38) [M ... the president of the university is loath to delegate such authority ... to a group [F-1 the membership of which, [c-2 considered (C-3 as it must be by him) in individual terms,] is inhomogeneous ...]] (Brown) (39) [M Wheaton Smith ...stated [F-1 that ... a solitary example must be set, [F-2 in order that all those misnamed philantropists [C-3 who, [c-4 actuated by a blind zeal,] dare to instigate riot, treason, and murder,] may heed it ...]]] (Brown)

14 (40) [M At one point in the game [C-1 when the skinny old man in suspenders [C-2 who was acting as umpire] got in the way of a thrown ball] [&C-1 and took it painfully in the kidneys,] he lay there ...] (Brown) (41) [M ... the girl ... [C-1 who was clothed in the tightest-fitting pair of slacks [C-2 I had ever seen on a woman] and a sweater [F-2 that showed everything [F-3 there was]]] wanted to be sociable.] (Brown) (42) When he finally got the coughing under control, I-1 – he realized M that Pete F-1 (all C-2 he gave C-3 was his first name) was still waiting for an answer – he didn’t even seem to ... (Brown) M (NB. There is one more example from the Brown corpus, (96).) (43) [M Later ..., [C-1 when a series of subtle silks [c-2 known for convenience as ‘incised twills’ [F-3 because the pattern in a silk of one color appears to be engraved,]] are known in several sequences,] the problem ... becomes acute.] (LOB) (44) [M Similarly, [C-1 if Proust’s treatment of sex had been as orthodox as that of, [C-2 say,] Galsworthy,] Á la recherche du temps perdu would still remain a great novel.] (LOB) (45) [M ... for that matter, [C-1 when one compares Swann and Jeunes filles, [C-2 – in which the theme of homosexuality remains latent –] with the shoddiness of the later volumes,] one is inclined to wonder ...] (LOB) (46) [M Therefore I hope [F-1 that before long the present Minister of housing [C-2 who [C-3 as we have heard] will be receiving many recommendations] will settle this point ...]] (LOB) (47) [M He knows ... [F-1 that, for example, [C-2 whereas in 1908 the proportion of his students at Leeds [C-3 who were drawn from within 30 miles] was 78 %,] it was, by 1955, reduced to 40 %.]] (LOB)

15 (48) [M It was not [F-1 until he was an old man [F-2 that one day his son, [C-3 who, [C-4 as was the way of the world,] had left the shamba] explained to him [F-3 that ...]]]] (LOB) (49) [M It is arguable, on the view [C-1 that compulsory after-care, [C-2 – where it is appropriate –] is part of the sentence imposed,] [F-1 that the court should select the offenders who ...] (LOB) (50) [M The reason [C-1 why this question of [C-2 when the copy was made] is of some interest] is that ...] (ICE-GB:S2A-060 #90:1:A) (51) [M It’s ironic [F-1 that I’m here, [F-2 where the man [C-3 the trophy [C-4 I won] is named after] coached.]]] (http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/linguist/issues/11/11-269.html) (52) [M ... we yet looked forward to a time ... [F-1 when the rule [C-2 that they [C-3 who do not work] shall not eat,] will be applied not to paupers only ...]] (Mill 1989 [1873]: 175) (53) [M And in particular [C-1 when the motives [C-2 which are applied] are of the nature of those [F-2 which result from a change [f-4 made in the condition of the body,]]]] the power may be said ...] (Bentham 1945: 65) (54) [M In this case [C-1 if the power [C-2 I have] is backed [C-2 as it will commonly be] by a prohibition of disturbance addressed to you,] the metaphorical results will stand ... (Bentham 1945: 77) (55) [M For an analysis of the possible modifications [ C-1 of which the pathological termination of an act [C-2 which is not according to law] are susceptible] we have therefore only to ...] (Bentham 1945: 121) (56) [M ... all the concern [C-1 which he [C-2 to whom it belongs by adoption] has in the matter] is the being ...] (Bentham 1945:103) (57) [M The occasion [C-1 on which in the nation [C-2 of whose language I am writing] the word repugnancy has been most frequently made use of] is that where ...] (Bentham 1945: 197) (58) [M These are the cases [F-1 where ... the power [C-2 from whom the magistrate [C-3 by whom the commands in question are issued] take their official name,] ... comes ...]] (Bentham 1945: 93)

16 (59) [M The misfortune is [F-1 that with these very circumstances [C-2 of which the very texture of the act, [C-3 as it were,] is made up,] it is said (C-2 such is the phrase) to be attended.]] (Bentham 1945: 129-130) (60) In a few instances in which an act which is the object of a law happens to be characterized by a universal name such as theft, or by a name which though multivocal is simple enough to enter into grammatical construction; in such instances, I say, so long as the name of the act remains in this simple form, there are no circumstances that ... (Bentham 1945: 129)

M C-1 C-2 F-2 c-3 f-3 C-1 C-1

(61 is lacking due to a mistake. Therefore our corpus contains 98 - 1 = 97 sentences with at least one C2, of which the first thirteen contain two C2s; 97 + 13 = 110 C2s.) (62) [M But the general principle [C-1 that every thing [C-2 to which such and such sensation belongs,] has such and such a complicated series of predicates,] is not one determined by reason but ...] (Peirce 1934: 291) (63) [M This is all [F-1 because we have got new recruits [F-2 because the Patrician [C-3 who, [C-4 as I have formerly vouchsaved,] is the ruler of the City,] has agreed [F-3 the Watch must [f-4 reflect the ethnic makeup of the City [F-5 which I do not Fulley understand but ...]]]]]] (Pratchett 1993: 7) (64) [M The percentages [C-1 that the languages [C-2 where the types are found] represent of the total number of languages of that area in the Core Sample] are given in the subsequent discussion.] (Ms. of Matti Miestamo’s PhD dissertation, 2003) (65) [M Der Prinz von Meißen, [C-1 der auf diese Meldung für zweckmässig hielt, augenblicklich sich selbst von dem Verhältnis, [C-2 in welchem man mit diesen Mann stand,] zu unterrichten,] fand ... eine unermessliche Menschenmenge versammelt.] ‘(M) The Prince of Meißen, (C-1) who upon hearing this considered it appropriate to immediately himself about the relation, (C-2) in which one was to this man, (C-1) obtain information, (M) found a large crowd of people gathered ...’ (H. von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas; Admoni 1982:293)

17 (66) [M Kohlhaas, [C-1 der beim Eintritt in dem Saal einen Junker Hans von Tronka, [C-2 der ihm entgegen kam,] bei der Brust faßte] [&C-1 und in den Winkel des Saals schleuderte,] [F-2 daß er sein Hirn an den Steinen versprützte,] fragte, ...] ‘(M) Kohlhaas, (C-1) who upon entering the hall a certain Junker H. v. T., (C-2) who came towards him, (C-1) grabbed by the chest (&C1) and in the corner of the hall threatened (F-2) that he would spill his brains on the stones, (M) asked ...’ (H. von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas; Schneider 1959: 463) (67) [M Darauf, [C-1 nachdem er einen Augenblick, [C-2 während er das Blatt zusammengelegte,] an das Fenster getreten war,] sagte er ...]‘(M) Then, (C-1) after he for a moment, (C-2) during which he put away the newspaper, (C-1) had moved to the window, (M) he said ...’ (H. von Kleist, Michael Kohlhaas; Olzien 1933: 30) (68) [M Am anderen Morgen, [C-1 da er, in seiner schändlichen Freude, beschäftigt war, den Nutzen [C-2 den er aus dieser Entdeckung zu ziehen hoffte,] zu überlegen,] erhielt er ...‘(M) The next morning, (C-1) when he, in his shameful joy, was busy, the benefits (C-2) which he hoped to get of this invention, (C-1) to assess, (M) he obtained ...’ ] (H. von Kleist, Der “Findling”; Rudolph 1959:127) (69) [M Wilhelm, [C-1 dem in der Zerstreuung, Unruhe und Verlegenheit der erste Monolog, [C-2 wie er glaubte,] mißglückt war,] trat ... recht unbehaglich auf.] ‘(M) Wilhelm, (C-1) who in the diffusion, restlessness and embarrassment of the first monologue, (C-2) as he thought, (C-1) had failed, (M) behaved pretty badly’. (Goethe, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahren II:199: 21; Olzien 1933: 30) (70) [M ... so konnte Melina, [C-1 der denn freilich auf dem nächsten Wege,[C-2 den er akkordiert hatte,] viel zu sparen hoffte,] nicht widerstehen.]‘(M) ... so Melina could, (C-1) who then admittedly on the next road, (C-2) which he had arranged, (C-1) wanted to save a lot, (M) not resist’. (Goethe, Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahren II:33: 13; Olzien 1933: 30) (71) [M Die Erblasserin fügte hinzu, [F-1 daß sie durch dieses Vermächtnis einer jungen Menschen, [C2 der ihr, [C-3 da sie ihn kennen gelernt habe,] sehr wohl gefallen habe,] glücklich machen wolle.]] ‘(M) The testatrix added, (F-1) that she through this legacy to a young person, (C-2) who her, (C-3) as she had learnt to know him, (C-2) had much pleased, (F-1) wanted to make happy’. (Ludwig Tieck; Blatz 1896: 1274) (72) [M Ma grand’mère [C-1 qui, en renonçant pour moi au profit [C-2 que, selon elle, j’aurais trouvé à entendre la Berma,] avait fait un gros sacrifice à l’intérêt de ma santé,] s’étonnait que ...] ‘(M) My grandmother, (C-1) who upon giving up the benefits, (C-2) which, according to her, I would have got for my education, (C-1) had made great sacrifice for the benefit of my health, (M) was astonished that ...’ (Proust 1954a [1919]: 431)

18 (73) [M Tron [C-1 att det vetande [C-2 som angår de yttre tingen] kan fattas genom intuition eller härledning ur själva medvetandet] är ...] ‘The notion that truths which are external to the mind may be known by intuition or consciousness is ...’ (Swedish; Mill 1925: 171) (74) [M Karmides och Olympiodoros [C-1 vilka, [C-2 innan vi mötte dem] redan hade besökt baden och frisören,] gingo nu att ...] ‘Karmides and Olympiodoros (C-1) who, (C-2) before we met them already had visited the baths and the barber, now went to ...’ (Swedish; Rydberg 1859: 7) (75) [M Den norska socialpsykologen Ragnar Rommetveit, [C-1 som alla [C-2 som sysslar med sociologi] vet [F-2 att har haft ett stort inflytande,]] har ...] ‘(M) The Norwegian social pscyhologist Ragnar Rommetveit (C-1) who everybody (C-2) who deals with sociology (C-1) knows (F-2) that has had a great influence, (M) has ...’ (Swedish; Dagens Nyheter 23.3. 1988) (76) [M Helt säkra på [C-1 vad blandningen, [C-2 som de insjuknade har druckit] består av,] var läkarna inte.] ‘(M) Quite sure of (C-1) what the mixture, (C-2) that the patients had drunk (C1) consisted of, (M) the doctors were not’. (Swedish; Hufvudstadsbladet 11.09.2001) (77) Mot sommarens slut, M när de förflutna månaderna, C-1 som varit tråkiga nog, C-2 genom vissheten att jag snart skulle fara därifrån C-2 och genom den ... kyliga luftens ljus öfver allt för mig fingo något af den poesi som sveper kring sig det förgångna, F-2 kom jag Teresa närmare. M ‘Towards the end of the summer, (C-1) when the last few months, (C-2) which had been dull enough, (C-1) through the certainty (C-2) that I soon should leave (C-1) and through the ... light of the cold air everywhere for me got something of the poetry (F-2) which wraps the past around itself, (M) I came closer to Theresa’. (Swedish; Per Hallström, Thanatos; Gullberg 1939: 169) (78) [M Informationen om de stöd [C-1 som lärare [C-2 som flyttar söderut] kan få,] har gått fram.] ‘(M) Information about the support (C-1) which teachers (C-2) who move to the south (C-1) can get (M) has reached the target.’ (Swedish; Hufvudstadsbladet 12.6. 2002)

19 (79) [M Gentemot svenskarnas åsikt [C-1 att det inom en så stor nation [C-2 där så många stridiga viljor förefanns] var omöjligt att utföra något positivt arbete,] framhöll de ...] ‘(M) In contradistinction to the opinion of the Swedes (C-1) that it within such a large association (C2) where there were so many diverging opinions (C-1) was impossible to do productive work (M) they emphasized ...’ (Swedish; Åbo Nation 1906-1956, historik och matrikel, 1956: 13) (80) [M Rosenbröjer [C-1 som [C-2 innan han kommit till mig] varit anställd vid finska statsbanorna ...] undrade ...] ‘(M) Rosenbröjer (C-1) who (C-2) before he came to me (C-1) had worked for the Finnish railways (M) wondered ...’ (Swedish; Aleko Lilius, Ung man i farten, Helsingfors: Söderströms, 1958: 272) (81) [M Konklaven [C-1 som valmötet [C-2 som väljer den följande påven] heter] kan inte ...] ‘(M) The Conclave (C-1) which the meeting (C-2) which elects the next Pope (C-1) has as its name (M) cannot ...’ (Swedish; Hufvudstadsbladet 4/2005) (82) [M Raumo-skeppet “Into”, [C-1 som [C-2 enligt hvad för någon tid sedan är anfört] den 4 mars totalt förgicks i Westindiska vattnen,] har...] ‘(M) The Raumo ship “Into” (C-1) which (C-2) according to what has been recently told (C-1) was totally lost in West-Indian waters (M) has ...’ (Swedish; Helsingfors Tidningar 29.6. 1865) (83) [M Skyddsföremål [C-1 som [C-2 innan denna lag träder i kraft] har framställts enligt dågällande bestämmelser före lagens ikraftträdande] får ...] ‘(M) Protected objects (C-1) which (C-2) before this law takes force (C-1) were manufactured according to earlier rulings (M) may ...’ (Swedish; Lag 250/1998, Sverige) (84) Den M som C-1 innan denna förordning träder i kraft C-2 har inlett studier för att uppfylla behörighetsvillkoren för bibliotekspersonal enligt de bestämmelser som gäller F-2 när denna förordning träder i kraft, F-3 når behörighet ... ‘(M) A person (C-1) who (C-2) before this regulation was enforced (C-1) has started his/her studies ... (M) will be competent ...’ (Swedish; Biblioteksförordning 1078/1998, 18.12. 1998)

20 (85) En person M som avlagt veterinärmedicinsk examen i ett tredje land, C-1 och som &C-1 innan denna förordning trätt i kraft C-2 vid veterinärmedicinska fakulteten inlett de kompletterande studier som föreskrivs enligt det beslut F-2 som nämns i 8 § 2 mom. F-3 och som krävs för &F-3 att personen skall förklaras för veterinär i Finland, F-4 kan delta ... ‘(M) A person (C-1) who has taken an exam in veterinary medicine in a third country (&C-1) and who (C-2) before this regulation was enforced (C-1) had started his/her remedial studies ... (M) can participate ...’ (Swedish; Förordning 235/ 2003, Helsingfors 14.3. 2003) (86) [M Skeptikerne, de mennesker [C-1 der, hver gang [C-2 de hører navnet Auken,] reagerer lige så hysterisk som folk, [F-2 der er bange for hvepse,]] vil ...] ‘(M) Sceptics, those people (C-1) who, (C-2) every time they hear the name Auken, (C-1) react as hysterically as people (F-2) who are afraid of wasps, (M) will ...’ (Danish; Politiken 3.9. 1989, due to Hans Arndt) (87) [M Asevelvollista, [C-1 joka ilman laillista estettä jää kutsuntaan saapumatta] [&C-1 eikä myöskään ole,] [C-2 milloin se lain mukaan on sallittu,] asettanut asiamiestä puolestaan, ...] rangaistaan, [F1 kuten siitä laissa on säädetty.]] ‘(M) A man of draft age, (C-1) who without legal reason fails to arrive at the draft (&C-1) and also has not, (C-2) when it is allowed by the law, (&C-1) sent a proxy on his behalf, (M) shall be punished (F-1) as stipulated by the law’. (Finnish; draft call, Finnish Army, January 19, 2001) (88) [M [I-1 Milloin entinen kylätie, [C-2 joka [C-3 sen mukaan kuin 105 §:n 1 momentissa säädetään,] katsotaan tässä laissa tarkoitetuksi yksityiseksi tieksi] on merkitty ... maarekisteriin] saadaan sellainen tie tai sen osa ...] ‘(I-1) When a prior village road, (C-2) which, (C-3) according to what was stipulated in § 105:1, (C-2) is regarded as a private road in the sense of this law, (I1) has been included in the Land Registry, (M) such a road or a part of it can ...’ (Finnish; law 4.7. 1975) (89) [M Se, [C-1 joka ei [c-2 Nietzscheä lukiessaan] ole nauranut kunnolla,] ei ole vielä ymmärtänyt Nietzschestä mitään.] ‘(M) He/she (C-1) who (c-2) upon reading Nietzsche (C-1) has not had a good laugh (M) has not understood anything.’ (Finnish; Helsingin Sanomat 6.10. 2002) Examples (90-95) are from Nägelsbach (1963: 644-645).

21 (90) [M Id tantum deprecari, [F-1 ne inferiores iis ordines, [C-2 quam quos, [C-3 cum militassent,] habuissent,] attribuerentur.]] ‘(M) Only that is asked, (F-1) that not lower ranks to them (C-1) than those which, (C-3) when they did their military service, (C-2) had, (F-1) should be given’. (Livy) (91) [M [I-1 Si quis, [C-2 qui, [C-3 quid agam,] forte requirat,] erit,] vivere me dices.] ‘(I-1) If somebody, (C-2) who, (C-3) what I do, (C-2) happens to inquire, (I-1) there is going to be, (M) you are going to say I am alive’. (92) [M ... improbum fecit ea, [C-1 quae, [C-2 dum timor abest,] a te non discedit,] audacia.] (Cicero, Phil.; cf. Lindskog 1896:34) ‘(M) ... bad made [you] the, (C-1) which, (C-2) as long as there is no fright [in you], (C-1) does not leave you, (M) audaciousness’. (Ovid) (93) [M Nunc, [C-1 quod temeritatem temeritate alia luerit,][ &C-1 tristioremque rem, [C-2 quam necesse fuerit,] fecerit,] leniter castigat.] ‘(M) Now, (C-1) as he [Masinissa] had paid one thoughtlessness with another, (&C-1) and worse the situation (C-2) than was necessary (&C1) had made, (M) he [Scipio] mildly criticized [Masinissa]’. (Livy, Ab urbe condita; Kriebel 1873: 15) (94) [M Quis igitur, [C-1 siquidem, [I-2 ut quisque, [C-3 quod plurimi sit,] possideat,] ita ditissimus habendus sit,] dubitet, quin ...] ‘(M) Who then, (C-1) if anybody, (I-2) because he, (C-3) something which is particularly valuable, (I-2) owns, (C-1) is to be considered particularly rich, (M) doubts that ...’ (Cicero, Parad. 48; Kriebel 1873: 15) (95) Nunc ea, M quae, C-1 cum, C-2 quale sit quidpiam, I-3 disceptatur, quaeri ex utraque parte deceat, velim audire. ‘(M) Now those things, (C-1) which, (C-2) when, (I-3) how any thing is, (C-2) we discuss, (C1) from both points of view should be asked, (M) I would like to hear’. (Cicero, De partitione oratoria)

22 (96) [M Joe Jastrow -- the only young man [C-1 who [C-2 when he wrote] had the temerity [f-2 to address her as Henrietta,] [&C-1 and signed himself Joe –]] fell in love with pretty sister Rachel.] (Brown) (97) [M Der Regierungschef, [C-1 der sich wegen Pensions- und Ausgleichszahlungen, [C-2 die sein Gehalt jahrelang monatlich um einige tausend Mark aufstockten,] seit zwei Wochen unangenehmen Fragen stellen muß,] forderte ...] ‘ (M) The head of government (C-1) who because of pensions and compensation money (C-2) that have been increasing his monthly salary for years with a couple of thousands of marks (C-1) since two weeks must ask himself unpleasant questions (M) required ...’ (Negra corpus; Korthals 2001: 186) (98) [M Im selben Zuge soll der Rabatt von 20 Pfennig pro Kubikmeter [C-1 der bisher denjenigen Großverbrauchern [C-2 die mehr als 10.000 Kubikmeter im Jahr verbrauchen,] zugestanden wurde,] entfallen.] ‘(M) At the same time the price reduction of 20 Pfennig per cubic meter (C1) which up til now to those large-scale users (C-2) who use more than 10.000 cubic meters yearly (C-1) were conceded (M) will be dropped.’ (Negra corpus; Korthals 2001:186) (99) ... and do protest M that F-1 if you knewe, ever since the arrivall of your commissionars, I-2 (wiche C-3 if the[y] list C-4 the[y] may tell you) the exstreme dangier my life was in, by an embassadors honest silence ... (Middle English, due to Terttu Nevalainen) (100) The notion M that the essence C-1 of what it means C-2 to be human f-3 is most clearly revealed in those features of human culture that are universal rather than in those F-2 that are distinctive to this people or that F-3 is a prejudice that we are not obliged F-1 to share... f-2 (Attributed to Clifford Geertz (1926-2006) by Daniel L. Everett, in an e-mail, November 2006.)

23 (101) The fact that everyone I know will be dead in 100 years is disturbing enough. (Internet 15.7.2006) 102-112 come from the internet (102) The two most difficult skills that everyone I know has to learn when they join a team are Active Listening and Active Participation. (103) The fact that everyone I know here is pleasant, easy to get on with, and (I was somewhat surprised to see) does not conform to ... (104) The fact that everyone we know and want to reach can be reached instantly opens up a new world of possibilities (105) The idea that everyone we deal with is straight is classified as heterosexism.

24 (106) "Just the idea that everyone I went with had some of the same beliefs I had made it easy to relate to them," says Doane. (107) I don't quite get where the idea that the fact that the girls were targeted was covered came from. http://ezraklein.typepad.com/blog/2006/10/quote_of_the_da_3.html Posted by: Dave Justus | Oct 16, 2006 12:01:29 PM (108) But the idea that the fact that some pain is heading my way gives me no special reason to avoid it seems so at odds with ... http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=53873 (109) I thought that the idea that the fact that it made me uncomfortable meant that I was myself gay was a ludicrous idea to me. http://www.whyzzat.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=10056&sid=3646696ca949d364ab30dcb73 2682cb4

25 (110) The fact that the idea that a governmental body, whether American, or international, should set this policy, was not even considered, is profoundly interesting about us. http://www.arraydev.com/commerce/jibc/9811-10.htm (111) Pääasian osalta hovioikeus, koskei ole näytetty, C-1 että Mattila, F-2 jonka heiniä on kaupanteon jälkeen tosin ollut pienehkö määrä Peltoniemen tilan navetan ullakolla ja heinäladossa, C-3 olisi menettelyllään aiheuttanut Karppisille heidän ilmoittamaansa vahinkoa, koska Mattila on luopunut kanteesta kirjahyllyn ja keittiön kaappien luovuttamisen osalta &C-1 sekä koska &C-1 kysymyksessä olevan navettaan kiinteästi asennetun maidonjäähdyttimen on katsottava kuuluvan kiinteistöön ja siirtyneen sen kaupan mukana Karppisille, näillä ja muutoin kihlakunnanoikeuden mainitsemilla perusteilla katsoo, ... (Finnish; Komiteamietintö 1981:26) (112) Koko jouko-oppitouhu jota pedagogiset intoilijat joilta puuttuvat tiedot siitä mitä matematiikka, aikaisempi ja moderni, on syyttä suotta nimittävät "uudeksi" matematiikaksi joutaisi positettavaksi koulun opetusohjelmasta. (Finnish; Rolf Nevanlinna, Muisteltua, Helsinki: Otava, 1976:122) (113) Pelko siitä, että rintamalta palaavat ylioppilaat, joista monet olivat menettäneet jopa viisi opiskeluvuotta, eivät jaksaisi täydellä voimalla jatkaa, osoittautui aiheettomaksi. (Finnish; Rolf Nevanlinna, Muisteltua, Helsinki: Otava, 1976:159)

26 (114) Programmet M som går ut på C-1 att de F-2 som känner sig illa behandlade C-3 genast slussas vidare och får experthjälp &F-2 har enligt Helminen intresserat andra samfund. (Swedish; Hufudstadsbladet 10.3.2004 s.3) (115) FINLEX ® - Uppdaterad lagstiftning: 29.12.1994/1471 Om sådana alkoholdrycker för vilka innan denna lag träder i kraft har betalts skatt på alkoholdrycker eller läskedrycksaccis överförs med stöd av lagen om ... (Swedish) (116) Donald Rumsfeld, M som liknat dem C-1 som kritiserar Irakkriget C-2 med dem som gjorde eftergifter för Hitler 1938 F-2 har retat upp demokraterna rejält. (Swedish; Hufvudstadsbladet 11.9.2006 s.12) (117) Ingen som såg avsnittet där Louis (han som överger sin aidssjuke pojkvän Prior och som kämpar med sitt dåliga samvete dra (sic!) ner byxorna inför de anonyma sadisterna i Central Park kunde väl undgå att bli berörd. (Swedish; Hufvudstadsbladet) (118) Bilden av ett par glasögon vill visa att på samma sätt som den som bär ett par blåfärgade glasögon uppfattar verkligheten som blåtonad, så upplever vi ... (Swedish; Hufvudstadsbladet)

M C-1 F-2 C-3 &C-3

27 (119) Och i sin förståeliga önskan M att ombesörja c-1 att Hitlers planer på F-2 att inom en snar framtid sätta igång Gul c-3 skulle gäckas av dåligt väder betalade Göring ... (Swedish; David Irving, Göring, Stockholm: Legenda, 1989, 306) (120) Jag försökte en gång, har Seyss-Inquart, som då var nazisternas guvernör i Holland, berättat, att undersöka saken med polishjälp... (Swedish; David Irving, Göring, Stockholm: Legenda, 1989, 330)

The lower clause (C-low) of the C2s, listed in the above order (The first thirteen lines are from the upper C2-pair of the C3s, the next thirteen lines from the lower C2-pair of the C3s. Then follow the C2s. The star ‘*’ indicates that the respective C-low does not contain any pronoun, zeroes included.) si diutius in hac urbe ... maneret der diese wilde Gegend zu jener Zeit … durschstreifte der … vorgeschrieben zu sein scheint wozu ich … das Erz als Geschenk gab welcher ihm …überlegen ist der bei seiner Durchreise den seltsamen Mann … im Augenschein zu nehmen wünsche von dem … benachrichtigt with whom Gregory of Tours … must have mixed who refused ... to go around pretending to be himself who ... had approached him in a Westminster corridor with a view to wishing him luck when riding a cycle … on a road or other public place som han … hade med sitantens moder att de framdeles under en konung … skulle få själfwa regera i Swerige quam cuperet delere als diese Geschichte dort spielte sobald die Schützenkette formiert ist ..., was Ihnen bereits bekannt wie allgemein angenommen wird den er mit sich führe was vorgefallen whom he has no reason to mention

28 as he put it not having seen him for some time not being a motor vehicle der efter et ophold i København vilde rejse hjem til Ålborg d. 10. juni f. å. som wistades i Polen that worked in New Haven than is common in modern politics even if they were not commending her for the leadership who subsequently complained about their assault on Heath die verwitwete, geschiedene und ledige steuerpflichtige mit Kinder oder Unterstützungsbedürftigen führen die nicht so sind to which exception has been taken der erst sieben Monate an der Macht war, als er im Februar 1976 ermordet wurde as he is without doubt the wittiest that can lose -d for which her husband paid when the war began that everybody is working on ubi parentibus orbae uirgines aluntur, et educantur should he not vote in accordance with a prime ministerial dictate where he was banished to Belfast for being lazy and unenthusiastic whatever else he did who has not experienced it having been taught by him which must have been provided by the practice known as chip-o’s widely recognized as the wildest college weekend anywhere as it always is while in attendance at Carleton College as it must be by him actuated by a blind zeal who was acting as umpire I had ever seen on a woman he gave known for convenience as ‘incised twills’ [F-3 because the pattern in a silk of one color appears to be engraved say in which the theme of homosexuality remains latent as we have heard who were drawn from within 30 miles as was the way of the world where it is appropriate when the copy was made I won who do not work

29 which are applied I have which is not according to law to whom it belongs by adoption of whose language I am writing by whom the commands in question are issued of which the very texture of the act though multivocal to which such and such sensation belongs as I have formerly vouchsaved where the types are found in welchem man mit diesen Mann stand der ihm entgegen kam während er das Blatt zusammengelegte den er aus dieser Entdeckung zu ziehen hoffte wie er glaubte den er akkordiert hatte da sie ihn kennen gelernt habe que, selon elle, j’aurais trouvé à entendre la Berma som angår de yttre tingen innan vi mötte dem som sysslar med sociologi som de insjuknade har druckit som varit tråkiga nog som flyttar söderut där så många stridiga viljor förefanns innan han kommit till mig som väljer den följande påven enligt hvad för någon tid sedan är anfört innan denna lag träder i kraft innan denna förordning trätt i kraft de hører navnet Auken milloin se lain mukaan on sallittu sen mukaan kuin 105 §:n 1 momentissa säädetään Nietzscheä lukiessaan cum militassent quid agam dum timor abest quam necesse fuerit quod plurimi sit cum quale sit quidpiam disceptatur when he wrote die sein Gehalt jahrelang monatlich um einige tausend Mark aufstockten die mehr als 10.000 Kubikmeter im Jahr verbrauchen Here the examples of the JL paper end. ---------------------------------------------------

30 In a submission to the LINGUIST List on March 11, 1996, Martin Wynne reported having found an example of C2 in BNC (cf. http://nora.hd.uib.no/corpora/1996-1/0157.html). According to Wynne, the two levels of parentheses might create a C2. However, F-4 in this sentence is finally embedded because no part of F-3 occurs to the right of it. Thus it is not a genuine C2: # Already the “What I want for Christmas” letters are pouring into Mr. Brooke, although the goodies (we don’t know for certain what they will amount to – that would spoil the surprise – but if we are lucky they may amount to £36 million per sector) will not be dispensed with for two years at least.

M C-1 F-1 C-2 F-3 F-4 &C-2 I-3

http://www.kultur-netz.de/literat/prosa/homue/schachtl.htm Schachtelsatz Schon immer mal wollte ich einen Satz, der zwar grammatikalisch richtig gebildet, jedoch durch die Anfügung von Nebensätzen, die durch ein Komma, welches das Verb bzw. das Hilfsverb, das dieserart jeweils erst nach dem Schachtelsatz, der eigentlich den Zusammenhang, der ebenfalls im Nebensatz, der kurz vor dem Verb, welches das Satzende, das das Verb bzw. das Hilfsverb, das durch das bereits genannte Komma, das ja die Nebensätze, die eingeschachtelt worden sind, abschachtelt, ineinander verschachtelt wurde, endlich bringt, wieder entschachtelt, verschachtelt worden ist, erklärt wird, erklären sollte, genannt wird, somit einschachtelt, getrennt werden, verschachtelt wird, ist,

31 formulieren.

MACHINE-READABLE CORPORA Brown = Brown Corpus. A Standard Corpus of Present-Day Edited American English, for use with Digital Computers. The Brown Corpus Manual by W. N. Francis and H. Ku?era, 1971, revised and amplified 1979. http://www.hit.uib.no/icame/brown/bcm.html ICE-GB = The International Corpus of English. The British Component. London: Survey of English Usage, University College London. 1998. CD ROM. LOB = LOB Corpus. The Tagged LOB Corpus. User's Manual by Stig Johansson in collaboration with Eric Atwell, Roger Garside, Geoffrey Leech, 1986. http://www.hit.uib.no/icame/lobman/lob-cont.html

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