Urban Planning and Design Research, Volume 5, 2017 doi: 10.14355/updr.2017.05.001
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The Influence of Climate on Rural Housing: Thermal Bioclimatic Elements and "PsychoThermal-Stress" J. Serrano-Arellano*1, M. Dávila-Núñez2, J. M. Belman-Flores3, K. Aguilar-Castro4, E.V. Macias- Melo4, J. C. Rodríguez-Uribe1, Z. B. Trejo-Torres1 División de Arquitectura, Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Huichapan-ITESHU-TecNM. Dom. Conocido S/N, El Saucillo, Huichapan, Hgo, México. C.P. 42411. 1
Departamento de Psicología, Universidad Superior Bajío, Á lvaro Obregón # 307, Zona Centro, Celaya Gto. México. C.P. 38000. 2
Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Guanajuato. Carretera Salamanca-Valle de Santiago Km 3.5+1.8 Km. Comunidad de Palo Blanco, Salamanca, Gto., C.P. 36885, México. 3
División de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Av. Universidad s/n, Zona de la Cultura, Col. Magisterial, Vhsa, Centro, Tabasco, C.P. 86040, México. 4
[email protected]
*
Abstract In this study was analized the incorporation of some of the passive bioclimatic elements to the rural building for dampening the indoor temperature in the hot or cold seasons for the regions of the state of Hidalgo-Mexico that suffer from adverse weather conditions due to its geographical location. The homes in these areas are not usually planned or designed to provide a good protection against the effects of outdoor environment. The uncontrolled temperatures have a physical and psychological-effect on the people that may be reflected in a low psycho-social, labor or productive development. However, there exist elements of bioclimatic architecture that can be adapted to rural contructions to improve indoor temperatures allowing the residents to have a better growth and human development. These bioclimatic elements can represent a solution to protect people with limited economic resources from the outdoor environment minimizing the "psycho-thermal stress". Keywords Rural Housing; Bioclimatic; Thermal Comfort; Stress
Introduction In Mexico, about a quarter of the population lives in rural areas with less than 5,000 inhabitants per community. These areas have few job sources and present major problems of urban development. The limited urban development has caused problems related to the physical and psychological health of individuals living in poorly designed and improvised constructions, thus these construction are not prepared to deal with inclement weather. Unfortunately, these homes have no heat protection, so they are affected by outside temperature extremes. Because these houses are built with materials that are not good insulators, such materials allow high temperature during the day and low temperature overnight inside the housing [1]. In addition, the houses design does not usually include passive heating elements. These facts make difficult to maintain a thermally comfortable indoor environment. This effect seriously affects building occupants because of all these environmental adversities, they suffer the consequences of environmental thermal imbalance, for example; presenting extreme seasons with low or high temperatures compared to the past [7,8,13]. Therefore, the quality of life of its occupants is reduced by the frequency of mainly cold-related diseases. It is feasible to design passive bioclimatic elements and incorporate them into this type of construction; this action will help to regulate the houses indoor temperatures. These passive elements can improve the temperature indoor
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temperatures, however, not enough to obtain comfort conditions to improve the quality of life. Moreover, this will help prevent physiological and psychological diseases that are consequence of adverse temperatures inside homes. To achieve this purpose, there exists several passive elements of bioclimatic architecture as: solar chimneys, Trombe walls, ventilation ducts, exterior or underground radiators, heatsinks, among others [5]. The purpose of this study is to analize the incorporation of some of the passive bioclimatic elements to the rural building for dampening the temperature peak at critical times in the region hot or cold seasons. Regional and Natural Distribution of Hidalgo In the state of Hidalgo, in 2014, global population density was increased to 133 inhabitants per km2. The regions Pachuca, Tizayuca, Tula, and Tulancingo, are the most densely populated with 649.3, 294.8, 280.6, and 250.4 inhabitants per km2, respectively. On the other hand, the regions of Metztitlán, Zimapán, Jacala, and Huichapan have a greater surface area in km2. However, they represent the lowest population density zone, with 29.9, 40.2, 59.6, and 61.5 inhabitants per km2, respectively [16]. The state of Hidalgo is located northeast of the metropolitan area of Mexico City; with extreme geographic coordinates 21° 24' north; South, 19° 36' north latitude; east, 97° 58'; west, 99° 53' west longitude. In the north it borders with the state of San Luis Potosi; to the northeast and east with Veracruz; east and southeast Puebla; south, with the states of Tlaxcala and Mexico; West, with Queretaro. For better planning of state development, regionalization of municipalities formed into 17 regions, integrated as shown by Table 1 [21]. TABLE 1 REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF MUNICIPALITIES IN THE STATE OF HIDALGO
Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Region IX Region X Region XI Region XII Region XIII Region XIV Region XV Region XVI Region XVII
Pachuca: Epazoyucan, Mineral del Monte, Mineral de la Reforma, Pachuca de Soto y San Agustín Tlaxiaca. Tulancingo: Cuautepec de Hinojosa, Santiago Tulantepec, Singuilucan y Tulancingo de Bravo. Tula: Tepetitlán, Tezontepec de Aldama, Tlahuelilpan, and Tula de Allende. Huichapan: Chapantongo, Huichapan, Nopala de Villagrán, and Tecozautla. Zimapán: Nicolás Flores, Pacula, Tasquillo, and Zimapán. Ixmiquilpan: Alfajayucan, Cardonal, Chilcuautla, and Ixmiquilpan. Actopan: Actopan, El Arenal, Francisco I. Madero, Mixquiahuala de Juárez, Progreso de Obregón, San Salvador, and Santiago de Anaya. Metztitlán: Eloxochitlán, Juárez Hidalgo, Metztitlán, San Agustín Metzquititlán, and Tlahuiltepa. Molango: Calnali, Huazalingo, Lolotla, Molango de Escamilla, Tepehuacán de Guerrero, and Tlanchinol. Huejutla: Atlapexco, Huautla, Huejutla de Reyes, Jaltocán, San Felipe Orizatlán, Xochiatipan, and Yahualica. Apan: Almoloya, Apan, Emiliano Zapata, Tepeapulco, and Tlanalapa. Tizayuca: Villa de Tezontepec, Tizayuca, Tolcayuca, Zapotlán de Juárez, and Zempoala. OtomíTepehua: Acaxochitlán, Agua Blanca de Iturbide, Huehuetla, Metepec, San Bartolo Tutotepec, and Tenango de Doria. Tepeji: Ajacuba, Atitalaquia, Atotonilco de Tula, Tepeji del Río de Ocampo, Tetepango, and Tlaxcoapan. Atotonilco: Acatlán, Atotonilco el Grande, Huasca de Ocampo, Mineral del Chico, and Omitlán de Juárez. Jacala: Chapulhuacán, Jacala de Ledezma, La Misión, and Pisaflores. Zacualtipán: Tianguistengo, Xochicoatlán, and Zacualtipán de Á ngeles.
The State of Hidalgo has different types of climates, 39% of its territory is semi-dry, 33% is temperate sub-humid, 16% is warm humid, 6% is warm subtropical, and the remaining 6% is temperate humid. The southwest portion (Valle del Mezquital) is a semi-dry climate. The Sierra Madre Oriental is temperate and humid, and it is humid and hot in the Huasteca. The average annual temperature is 16°C; the minimum temperature of the coldest month, January, is about 4°C, and the maximum occurs in April and May, which on average is 27°C. The rain comes in summer, from June to September, the average annual rainfall in the state is 800 mm. Due to the existing climatological diversity in the state, and it is to consider the broader picture of conditions in the state, where
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respiratory diseases stand out in the population [16]. Table 2 shows the different regions of natural composition of the State of Hidalgo where people live in marginalized areas, inhabiting the homes that are conducive to the adaptation of bioclimatic architecture. TABLE 2 CLASSIFICATION OF THE REGION ACCORDING TO ITS NATURAL COMPOSITION
La Huasteca
La Sierra Alta
La Sierra Baja
La Sierra Gorda
La Sierra de Tenango
Tulancingo Valley
Mining Region
The Altiplano
Mexico Basin
Mezquital Valley
It is a long, narrow strip of land, its height does not exceed 800 m above sea level, and it is located on the coastal plain of the Gulf. It is composed of the municipalities of Atlapexco, Chapulhuacán, Huautla, Huazalingo, Huejutla, Jaltocán, Pisaflores, San Felipe Orizatlán, Tepehuacán de Guerrero, Tlanchinol, Xochiatipan, and Yahualica. The Grand Sierra Madre Oriental, born in Veracruz and ends in Coahuila, passing from southeast to northeast, splitting the state in half, the climate of this region is classified as temperate and sub-humid. Including the municipalities of Calnali, Eloxochitlán, Juarez Hidalgo, Lolotla, Molango, Nicolás Flores, Tianguistengo, Tlahuiltepa, Xochicoatlán, and Zacualtipán. It is characterized by grooves instead of stones in the highlands, is a plain that suddenly plunges into five major canyons oriented south to north which are called the four rivers that cross; with a porous soil and sediment, it becomes very fertile. Integrate the municipalities of Atotonilco El Grande, Cardonal, St. Augustine Metzquititlán, Metztitlán, and Santiago de Anaya. Born in Hidalgo as a branch of the Sierra Madre Oriental and culminates in San Luis Potosí, it consists of volcanic mountains that start in the northeast of the state; vegetation is sparse and is considered arid due to the undulations of the land and the absence of deep soil. It composed of the municipalities of Jacala de Ledezma, La Misión, Pacula, and Zimapán. Starts by passing through the Valle de Tulancingo towards Acaxochitlán; this region of low mountains has an average annual temperature of 16°C, and the weather is humid with constant mist and heavy rain in the summer. It is characterized by extensive wooded areas, where you can find many springs, streams, and waterfalls. Encompasses the municipalities of Agua Blanca de Iturbide, Huehuetla, San Bartolo Tutotepec and Tenango de Doria. It is characterized by the mild climate and an average annual temperature of 15 °C in spring, born on the high plains of Tenango and ends at the plateau of Apan. Including the municipalities of Acatlán, Acaxochitlán, Cuautepec de Hinojosa, Metepec, Santiago Tulantepec, and Tulancingo de Bravo. It encompasses the Sierra de Pachuca, extends northward, and is then introduced to the east behind the mountains that reach Actopan, and towards the south includes the slopes that descend to the Mineral de la Reforma and the city of Pachuca, leaving the latter as the boundary between the Comarca and the Basin of Mexico. Includes the municipalities of Huasca de Ocampo, Mineral de la Reforma, Mineral del Chico Mineral del Monte, Omitlán Juarez, and Pachuca de Soto. Located in the Southern Highlands and found the Plains of Apan; the climate of the plateau is favorable only to plant maguey and barley because they resist heavy frost falling in the area. Includes the municipalities of Almoloya, Apan, Emiliano Zapata, Epazoyucan, Singuilucan, Tepeapulco, Tlanalapa and Zempoala Also known as the Valle de México, it is a closed basin, where water flows have no natural outlet to the sea. The only constant of the region is its ever flat panorama, extending from Tizayuca to Pachuca; a corridor protected by a line of hills on each side, where rain is scarce. Consequently, the climate is not only mild but also semiarid. It comprises the municipalities of Tizayuca, Tolcayuca, Tezontepec, and Zapotlán. El Mezquital is 2,000m above sea level away from natural protection against climate changes; it is why temperatures of 9°C below zero are recorded in the first months of the year and 38°C in the shade in May. It includes the municipalities of Actopan, Ajacuba, Alfajayucan, El Arenal, Atitalaquia, Atotonilco de Tula, Chapantongo, Chilcuautla, Francisco I. Madero, Huichapan, Ixmiquilpan, Mixquiahuala, Nopala, Progreso de Obregon, San Agustin Tlaxiaca, San Salvador, Tasquillo, Tecozautla, Tepetitlán, Tepeji del Rio, Tetepango, Tezontepec de Aldama, Tlahuelilpan, Tlaxcoapan, and Tula de Allende.
Vernacular housing and Thermal Effect Vernacular architecture is Hidalgo State is not prepared for handling the climatic conditions of the region, as rural households in these regions are thermally unsuitable for its occupants. These constructions have their origins in the early indigenous settlements which have been adapted over time preserving the tradition of building materials used in construction. These materials are not sustainable due to the pollution involved in the traditional methods
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of their manufacture. These factors, coupled with climate change, have generated a popular trend towards sustainable architecture. Furthermore, it is noticeable that global climate change has practically eradicated the changes between the seasons previously marked. Strictly speaking, there are only two seasons in the year in the state of Hidalgo; summer and winter. Moreover, from a regional point of view both seasons have worsened and caused extreme temperatures over time inside homes. These temperature changes in the environment bring changes in living conditions for the inhabitants of these homes, changing sometimes the lifestyle and other time causing health-related problems or even causing psycological changes. It is worth mentioning in this regard that the psycological changes can affect the personality of the inhabitant [9,10], this expresses a certain generalization of an existing relationship between individual-environment experiences. The psychological effects on the individual are manifested as discontent and frustration, which are reinforced and come to represent a social problem. In this context, the above seems clear and is corroborated by other studies. For example, [24] describes how the warm and dry winds over land may aggravate or increase various psychological disorders. Among the most prevalent are depressive disorders, anxiety and restlessness, psychomotor agitation, irritability, migraines, decreased attention span, nervous excitement, and especially increased aggression. With an drastic increase of temperatures and decreased humidity, the endocrine glands are excited by releasing adrenaline, and even exhaust the adrenals in chronic situations. In a short period of time, nervous and endocrine systems are altered by such conditions. Furthermore, blood sugar levels are modified, the calcium/potassium ratio, as well as sodium, magnesium, and phosphate levels. Both cold and heat or air currents can affect the individual mainly in marginalized housing conditions, such as rural buildings, which are more vulnerable to climate change. In this context, the psychological impact will be considerable, although the inhabitants of these homes do not perceive the causes of such behavior because they are apparently "adapted" to such living conditions. This is the situation of many people in rural areas of the State of Hidalgo, as well as those in states of Mexico; they conform to the collective psychology. A further general consequence of the psychological affectation is transmitted generationally and it is perceived as "normal" that living conditions become increasingly more difficult. In this sense, state and federal programs have not been sensitized to provide adecuate conditions inside the houses and have focused more on satisfy the demand of housing due population growth. This problem has even more serious connotations if psychobiological consequences arise during gestation. In other words, housing represents a strong emotional load at the different stages in which the mother is in gestation. Inhabiting a house where the thermal distress is a constant, the fetus somehow perceives the adverse conditions of the indoor environment of housing, which is likely to manifest itself as an adaptive cellular reprogramming of such circumstances, however, this effect will have consequences that may adversely manifest itself in the individual at some stage [6]. As a result, is pressing to prevent such psychobiological disorders caused by thermally inadequate housing. A priority of the ecological movement and sustainable culture should be to reclaim the idea of returning to their ancestral by following the principles of living in harmony with the environment, of which we are an intrinsic part. This practical proposal is conducive to start in rural areas, where the elements of nature are perceived and where there is an opportunity for humans to link to the environment closely and interact with their environment in a respectful manner. Marginalization in Rural Housing When one talks about the rural population, one immediately think of small villages located in remote, isolated and solitary areas in a state with little cultural and social development. This analysis of the region is not far from reality, however, this does not mean losing the opportunity to get back in touch with the harmonious origins of building environment. In this context, [23] denominated rural housing as a highly active and interactive organism within the natural, built and community environment, which constitutes not only cultural heritage but also emotional support and cohesion for families. The organism supports or greatly influences economic and community activities, and here we point out that this contrast with the experience of city living, since the activities of its members no
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longer encourage such characteristics of community life [22]. However, housing is not the problem, but the context that surrounds it.
(b)
(a)
(c)
FIG. 1 HOUSING IN MARGINALIZED RURAL COMMUNITIES
Figure 1 shows the housing conditions for some residents in rural communities in the study areas. The type of housing depicted is representative of vernacular architecture. Figure 1(a) shows an elderly person who shared his experience of living for many years in this home. This is in the community called "El Tendido" of the region IV municipality of Huichapan. Figures 1(b) and 1(c) are images of two houses located in the of Saucillo community, in the municipality of Huichapan, Hidalgo. The gentleman in the image (a) said that he has inhabited that dwelling his entire life, and commented us the circumstances that occur at different times of the year due to changes in the climate. The materials used in the construction of housing in Figure 1 shows the level of marginalization of these populations, 46.6% percent of indigenous people who still live in the municipalities have homes with dirt floors and 6.8% of indigenous people in Hidalgo are homeless with a roof made of waste material, sheet or reeds. As regards walls, 1.6% has walls of waste material or cardboard sheet. Indigenous people are more likely to have this type of walls in indigenous municipalities (2.8%), and it is less for those living in municipalities with a scattered indigenous population, 1.1% [8]. Stress or Distress "Psycho-Thermal" The importance of housing in which an individual resides is because human beings are not prepared physiologically to live outdoors, this lack of natural aptitude must be compensated with clothing first and then with the use of shelters or closed spaces. Thus, both elements preserve us from the extreme conditions for which we are not physically prepared. Hence the importance of the living space where we spend much of our lives when a person experiences physical, thermal comfort in relation to the surrounding environment, we talk about this being in thermal comfort conditions. On the contrary, when experiencing thermal discomfort, this can manifest as "psycho thermal-stress" that part of a state of alert to what the psyche perceives as a thermal agent threatening when the tolerance threshold has exceeded this signal, tend to dwindle the distress. This can lead to a series of symptoms, including physical illness and consider that this is originated by the thermal environment of the housing. It should be noted physical and psychological illnesses are caused to a significant extent by the environment in which we live. Regarding the biological point of view, it can be considered that the generation of these symptoms starts with the thermal sensations perceived through units known as cell receptors; Ruffini and Krause corpuscles on the skin. These cell units inform the outside temperature of the human body is perceived through the air or objects (hot, cold, warm). These receptors are stimulated by temperature changes. The feeling may be considered the impression that an event causes through the senses or, in other words, the immediate response that the sense organs give upon receipt of a stimulus. The sensory organs include eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin. In this way, the individual interprets sensory information from these organs through a perception, it is designated as the psychic function that represents the first step in the cognition process [14]. In conditions of thermal discomfort, the senses are activated and alert the body to the fact that it is not in an optimal environment for development. Couple with this stimulus, the burden of adaptive mental belief makes
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sense that the physical environment may become a space of rejection or activated benefit to biological and emotional development. In this context, a warm atmosphere can be a therapeutic process and housing becomes a part or an extension of the human being. It is already known that extreme cold or hot environments have biological and mental or psychological consequences; it is known that the cold inhibits the production of serotonin, and excess heat tends to make people violent and aggressive. So today, scientists estimate that a large part of the population is vulnerable to sudden changes in temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure [12]. It is also known that the human body behaves as a polarized bio-electric machine, which is sensitive to all electromagnetic activity of the environment. Foehn episodes and desert winds are clear examples of how an imbalance in the electrical charges in the air can result in the onset or worsening of certain meteorotropic diseases. Adaptive Bioclimatic Architecture Bioclimatic architecture is a trend that differs from the modern traditional architecture that takes cutting-edge trends and unconventional models as key elements in the building. However, it is known that traditional architecture took into account bioclimatic architecture or sustainable elements to achieve the best conditions of the thermal environment inside buildings. However, throughout history there has been a change of such architectural design, primarily due to the appearance of fossil fuels, which generate energy to maintain the required thermal comfort conditions inside the buildings by using active sistems. It is also known that this is not a sustainable option for the future due to increased costs of energy resources to keep operating equipment that controls the thermal conditions of buildings. Also, the current shortage of fossil fuel resources or pollution that using these fuels incurs, builders again take into account passive bioclimatic elements in architectural design. The current need is to design self-sustaining systems through bioclimatic architecture to affect the environment as little as possible and to meet the comfort requirements in different aspects, thus achieving the best thermal conditions in a building [20]. It is to recognize that new generations, sensitive to climate change, have taken aspects of natural, solar, bio-climatic, and ecological architecture to harness natural sources of energy incorporated into their architectural designs. In this context what is sought is the integration of the building with its occupants and the environment. Both for the maximum benefit of the conditions of a particular place, and to create better living conditions in a building. Thus, sustainable architecture seeks to harness natural elements such as solar energy, climate according to the annual seasons, ventilation of the area, as well as exploiting the properties of materials, such as if soils are favorable or modifiable to the requirements construction, among others [15]. The selection of materials and construction system must respond to the cultural identity of the region where the construction takes place. Maintenance costs of the building, which are derived directly from the selection of materials and construction system should aim at sustainable architecture and also be consistent with the economic conditions of the inhabitants. Therefore, the buildings must be adapted to the climate and geography, and should preferably use materials produced in the region. With livable, functional, physically, and psychologically adequate space, conducive to the comprehensive development of human beings and their activities. This, also taking into account the life cycle of materials, such as consecutive and interlinked stages of a production from raw material extraction to final disposal or waste phase stages [19]. To achieve greater efficiency and climate comfort of the home, the selection of building materials must be done according to their thermal inertia and surface characteristics. A high thermal inertia is presented when the time it takes the heat flow into the building is extended. Hence, in buildings located in cold and temperate climates the use of materials with high thermal inertia is recommended; while those warm wet weather recommended materials should be with low thermal capacity [2]. Considering the type of materials and constructions mentioned which are necessary for creating thermally comfortable conditions, it is inferred that most of the rural population of the State of Hidalgo has no conditions of sustainability or thermal control. It is noteworthy to mention that the vernacular architecture of these rural areas has its origin in indigenous housing, which has a low the degree of thermal conditioning, for example; Otomi traditional housing is on one level and is built of adobe, with beams of pine or cherry and clay tiles. Inside there are two or three rooms; one of which is wider than the others and serves as a bedroom. The kitchen is outside the home, it is a structure made of stone and clay, with exposed beams and wooden poles and roof sheets of cardboard
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or asbestos. In this construction, the stove is made of masonry, and the “tlecuil” or stove, is made of three stones that hold the hotplate that is made of iron or clay]. Passive Bioclimatic Systems Passive bioclimatic systems can be of various shapes and with different elements that use natural resources to produce thermally comfortable conditions inside the buildings. For example, in the following section, we show some elements that may be incorporated in the buildings, Figure 2 [18]. Trombe wall
a)
The balance of heat flow through a window on a wall collector (Trombe wall).
Radiation (heating)
b) Direct heat gain.
c) Indirect heating by infrared emission to the inside of the building.
d) Reflection of shortwave and longwave radiation.
e) Geometry and orientation for solar energy collection.
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Convection (Cooling)
g) Induced ventilation. (Harnessing the buoyancy effect of the air mass, the air is suctioned in a roof lantern).
f) Direct cooling ventilation.
Convection (heating)
h) Absorption of heat from the structure using passive wind capture.
i) Thermal insulation in the double wall with induced ventilation.
Cooling or heating.
j) Deviating the wind: natural filters for warm or cold air, polluted with odors or at excessive speeds.
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k) Direct evaporative cooling (plant vapotranspiration).
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l) Evaporative cooling and ventilation induced by the greenhouse effect with heat storage in rocks and water (WatsonLabs, 1980). FIG. 2 BIOCLIMATIC ELEMENTS TO INCORPORATE RURAL HOUSING
Thermal comfort in buildings is an important element, so much so, that global standards have been set, which govern the temperature standards that must exist inside a building. For example, the ASHRAE standard 55 [2]. It also mentions a definition of thermal comfort; it defines it as "the mental condition that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment”. However, this concept involves many parameters which some have been shown to be difficult to assess. Thus, one can speak of the hygro-thermal environment, which involves other aspects related to humans, such as race, gender, age, etc., and other parameters unrelated to the physical condition of the individual, such as wind speed, temperature, and humidity, among others. Another way to evaluate thermal comfort is through the average Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and PPD indexes (estimated percentage of people dissatisfied); these variables determine the percentage of occupants who feel thermal comfort. For this, we have established different scales which define the limits of comfort, where you can locate average temperatures, according to the season. In the case of people with special needs who have a physical disability, there is the ISO/TS 14415 standard, [17]. Finally, it is worth mentioning that there are ethnic, national and geographical differences in dealing with spaces that have not been thermally conditioned [2,3,4]. To address the issue of thermal comfort there are different elements to be taken into account and the conditions that influence the environment-building-individual, such as: *Thermal mass or thermal inertia; is a property having single or composites of transmitting the stored heat; it is, for example, a wall or building cover. *The air temperature; we note the relative humidity (RH) is inherent with the air temperature. This relationship is such that high temperatures have higher relative humidity, and so, conversely, the lower the temperature the relative humidity percentage decreases until it reaches practically null values. It is important to mention the relative humidity as this also influences the comfort rating of an individual. This is because, at higher RH the human body loses the ability to sweat, but in the opposite case, if sweating levels are too high it can lead to dehydration [4]. *The radiant temperature, which the average temperature of an enclosed space where you have an equal exchange black body radiation. *Direct radiation; this can be measured with some instruments that capture solar radiation or that are emitted by a body. *Air velocity; this directly affects the gain or loss of heat by the connective effect. *Metabolism; the human body works as a mechanism that is generating energy in the form of work or heat.
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*Clothes; this can change the values of heat exchange between the person and the environment around him. The abovementioned elements determine the thermal comfort are not all elements or factors that influence it. There is a large number of variables involved in the process of heat exchange between the environment-buildingindividual, together with the dynamic nature of the process (due to continuous variation of weather conditions). However, it may be concluded that the importance of an environment with a suitable thermal comfort goes beyond a preference or requirement out of context. It deals with the space where the development and growth of a family is planned, or where people with physiological problems or elderly people live. The lack of an adequate degree of heat not only affects physical respiratory and circulatory diseases, and allergies, among other conditions, and these diseases are no less important than the psychological disorders, but unlike these, physiological discomforts may be remedied much faster than psychological symptoms, which may be considered superfluous and even nonexistent. Conclusions For centuries man have sought to leave a footprint of their presence on the earth through magnificent buildings. However, in the past the total population was not such as to endanger the ecosystem; on the contrary, the existence of man and achievements were limited to their survival and interaction with the environment through knowledge. The proliferation of the human species has given rise to a need to housing development allowing a space to develop their activities. However, the home no longer has a symbiotic relationship with the environment. This triggers a series of physiological and psychological effects to its occupants, from mild symptoms to chronic illness as psychological "stress", which may be more appropriately called psychological distress. Whereas part of the thermal environment around the concept could be encompassed in the term "psycho-thermal distress" which means the unfavorable thermal effect on the individual within the building is caused by the climatic conditions of its environment. This dysfunction of the building is presented for different reasons which range from socioeconomic, to technological development, construction processes, among others, coupled with the serious climate problems present today. Due to the above, the use of the building materials of the enviroment, the inclusion of passive bioclimatic systems and the adaptation of the bioclimatic architecture can represent a solution to protect people with limited economic resources from the outdoor environment providing "healthy spaces" from the point of view physiological and psychological minimizing the "psycho-thermal stress". ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), whose financial support made this work possible, also the authors wish to thank the Directorate for Research Support and Postgraduate Programs at the University of Guanajuato for their support in the translation and editing of the English-language version of this article REFERENCES
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