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Banats Journal of Biotechnology 2012, III(2),
OTIORRHYNCHUS LIGUSTICI L. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) III. MODELING SCALE FOR RESISTANCE IN ALFALFA VARIETIES DOI: 10.7904/2068 – 4738 – 3(2) – 81
Ivelina NIKOLOVA, Nataliya GEORGIEVA E-mail:
[email protected] Abstract: In 2006 – 2009 period in the experimental field of IFC – Pleven were carried out studies with 8 alfalfa varieties included in the Official variety catalog of Bulgaria (2005): Europe (France), Prista 2 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Prista 3 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Prista 4 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Obnova 10 (IFC, Pleven), Pleven 6 (IFC, Pleven), Dara (IFC, Pleven) and Multifoliate (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse). For evaluation of the resistance in alfalfa varieties to Otiorrhynchus ligustici was developed 5 – graded scale based on the numbers of furrows on the root system. With the most strongly pronounced damage and high percentage of plants with score 3, 4 and 5 was distinguished the fourth year in alfalfa cultivation. As middle resistance varieties to the attack from O. lygustici were Europe, Prista 2 and Multifoliate (the index of attack was 21.7, 22.9 and 23.0% respectively) which is important for the selection and practice. Key words: alfalfa varieties, scale for resistance, Otiorrhynchus ligustici
resistance in alfalfa Otiorrhynchus ligustici L.
Introduction The use of insecticide preparations for insect control in alfalfa is efficient but it does not respond of the European requirements for biological farming. Moreover it leaded to violation of the biological balance in the agrocenoses. The determination of tolerant or resistant alfalfa varieties to the pests is important for the selection and practice. Their use is easy–applicable, economical and is not harmful for environment. For evaluation of the tolerance in alfalfa varieties to some pests were developed scales for Therioaphis maculata Buckton BERBERET et al., 1991, Empoasca fabae Harris MS CASLIN and MILLER, 1998 , Hypera postica Gyllenhal RATCLIFFE, 1991 and other. RATCLIFFE and ELGIN, 1987 developed test for resistance evaluation of germinated alfalfa to H. рostica. The tolerance of the crop to the pest could be evaluated and depending on the exudate concentration from secretory trihomes SHADE et al., 197 ELGIN et al., 1984; KEMENESY and . MANNINGER, 1968 introduced standard tests for characterizing of the resistance of varieties Medicago sativa to some pests. The objective of present study was to develop a scale for evaluation of the
varieties
to
Material and methods In 2006–2009 period in the experimental field of IFC–Pleven was carried out studies with 8 alfalfa varieties included in the Official variety catalog of Bulgaria (2005): Europe (France), Prista 2 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Prista 3 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Prista 4 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Obnova 10 (IFC, Pleven), Pleven 6 (IFC, Pleven), Dara (IFC, Pleven) and Multifoliate (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse). The trial was conducted on slightly leached chernozem, non irrigated conditions and natural population density of Otiorrhynchus ligustici. The sowing was carried out by the block method at row spacing of 11.5 cm and sowing rate 2.5 kg/da, in 4 replications. The degree of damage from Otiorrhynchus ligustici was established by taking soil monoliths 20х200х40 cm (width/length/depth) at early flowering stage of each regrowth. It was reported the number of gnawed furrows on the root system of the plants.
Results and discussion For evaluation of the resistance in alfalfa varieties to Otiorrhynchus ligustici 81
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was developed 5 – graded scale which is based on the number of furrows on the root system per plant. Score 0–healthy root Score 1–single small furrows Score 2–single long gnawed furrows or 2 furrows Score 3–3 or 4 furrows Score 4–5-6 furrows Score 5–over 6 furrows In the year of the establishment of the stand (2006) were established single furrows from the pest on the root system of plants only in the autumn regrowth in varieties of Prista 2 and Multifoliate. From studied alfalfa varieties in the spring regrowth during 2007 dominated roots with single gnawed furrows as the percentage of plants with score 1 was on average 4.1% followed by plants with score 2 – 1.5% (Table 1). The share of roots with score 3 was non significant (0.8%). A similar trend was observed in the following regrowths as in the summer and autumn regrowths the percentage of plants with score 1 increased in the limits 16.3–19–8.4%, with score 2–9.4–10.6% and with score 3–10.0–10.6%. In the last regrowth the percentage of plants with damaged root system with score 4 was on average 1.3%. In 2008 the share of plants with score 1 and 2 is equalized in the summer regrowth and in the autumn regrowth dominated plants with score 2 and 3 (average 10.7 and 12.4% respectively). With the greatest damage and high percentage of plants with score 3 (3–4 furrows on the root system per plant) is distinguished 2009 when the fluctuation was in limits 21.4–25.7%. During the next year were established and plants with more from 6 gnawed furrows (score 5) especially in the summer and autumn regrowths (2.1– 2.5%). In regard to the varieties the trends during separate years and regrowths were not unidirectional as total for 2007– 2009 period to the average values for year is outlined the following trend–with high percentage of total score were distinguished Dara, Prista 3 and Prista 4
(48.1, 46.5 and 44.6% respectively) and with low percentage–Prista 2, Obnova 10, Multifoliate and Europe (41.1, 41.8, 43.6 and 44.2% respectively). The data corresponded with the area of damaged roots by O. ligustici and the percentage of damage on the root system NIKOLOVA and GEORGIEVA, 2012 . For comparison the resistance of alfalfa varieties to Otiorrhynchus ligustici was used index of attack (In, %) (Table 2). The resistance of varieties was determined on base of the index which was calculated by formula of McKinney: In = Σ(a*b) x 100 / n x N, where: In–index of attack ,% а–number of plants with definite score b–the relevant score n–total number of inspected plants N–the highest score from the scale The index of attack increased during separate regrowths and years in different degree (Table 2). In 2007 was observed the greatest rising on average in the values of parameter in the summer and autumn regrowths compared to the spring regrowth–4 and 6 times respectively. During next year of alfalfa cultivation (2008) that rising was weaker pronounced–by 82.0 and 105.0 % in the summer and autumn regrowths to spring regrowth. With the weakest increase in the index of attack was distinguished 2009–by 14.9 and 46.6% for the summer and autumn regrowths. Compared to the vegetation period of 2007 the parameter increased three times in 2008 and five times in 2009. In evaluation of the health status in separate varieties was observed a distinction in the index of attack. In 2007 the tendency in the summer and autumn regrowths and average for the year is deviated from that one in the spring regrowth. Probably it due to weakly pronounced attack in the spring regrowth.
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Table 1. Attack by Otiorrhynchus ligustici L. on the root system in alfalfa varieties 2007 % plants with damages on the root system Spring regrowth Summer regrowth
Varieties Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate х
score 1
score 2
score 3
score 4
6.9 8.9 1.5 2.0 0.5 4.9 4.4 3.4 4.1
3.0 3.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 2.5 0.0 1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 2.0 1.0 0.8
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Spring regrowth Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate х
score 1
score 2
score 3
score 4
6.0 9.5 10.0 10.0 9.5 12.5 15.0 8.0 10.1
5.5 5.5 6.5 14.0 8.0 4.5 9.0 4.0 7.1
3.5 2.0 3.0 7.0 3.5 1.5 6.0 2.5 3.6
0.0 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 1.1
Spring regrowth
score 1
score 2
score 2
score 3
score 4
14.0 14.0 5.0 0.0 12.0 10.0 1.0 0.0 20.0 18.0 6.0 0.0 19.0 7.0 1.0 0.0 16.0 6.0 10.0 0.0 21.0 11.0 3.0 1.0 22.0 11.0 7.0 0.0 23.0 8.0 17.0 3.0 18.4 10.6 6.3 0.5 2008 Summer regrowth
20.0 14.0 16.0 17.0 9.0 21.0 12.0 21.0 16.3
6.0 8.0 12.0 7.0 9.0 4.0 15.0 14.0 9.4
4.0 5.0 12.0 13.0 9.0 12.0 11.0 14.0 10.0
0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.3
score 1
score 1
score 2
score 3
score 4
9.0 10.5 12.0 8.0 8.5 7.0 7.5 11.0 9.2
11.0 14.0 11.5 12.5 10.5 8.5 8.5 9.0 10.7
14.0 8.5 12.5 14.0 13.5 14.5 16.0 6.5 12.4
3.0 2.5 2.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 5.0 1.3 3.5
score 3
score 4
Autumn regrowth
score 1
score 2
score 3
score 4
12 12.0 8.5 2.0 11.5 11.5 8.5 2.5 11.0 14.4 10.5 1.0 8.0 11.0 13.0 6.0 11.5 5.5 15.0 3.5 10.5 12.5 9.5 2.0 9.0 13.5 12.0 2.0 10.0 7.0 7.0 3.0 10.4 10.9 10.5 2.8 2009 Summer regrowth
Autumn regrowth
Autumn regrowth
score score score score score score score score score score score score score score score 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate х
Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate х
20.0 26.0 30.0 26.7 14.0 16.0 28.0 20.0 22.6
16.0 30.0 26.0 24.4 24.0 30.0 32.0 18.0 25.1
score 1 15.5 16.0 17.1 13.7 11.9 16.6 14.1 15.0 15.0
42.0 12.0 12.0 33.3 20.0 42.0 28.0 16.0 25.7
6.0 2.0 2.0 0.0 10.0 8.0 2.0 0.0 3.8
2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.5
score 2 14.0 15.1 14.1 14.7 10.3 13.2 16.6 11.4 13.7
28.0 32.0 22.0 0.0 6.0 28.0 34.0 16.0 0.0 6.0 40.0 24.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 16.0 26.0 28.0 0.0 8.0 28.0 22.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 26.0 26.0 0.0 0.0 12.0 40.0 34.0 0.0 0.0 28.9 31.1 11.1 0.0 0.0 26.4 29.4 21.4 0.0 2.5 average for 2007-2009 score 3 score 4 12.2 1.6 8.6 0.8 13.7 1.6 13.7 1.6 11.7 6.5 12.8 2.1 15.7 1.8 13.9 2.9 12.8 2.4
With low index for the year compared to the average one was distinguished Prista 2, Europe and Prista 4 (average 6.5, 7.8 and 7.9%) and with
23.3 23.3 13.3 16.7 10.0 26.7 16.7 10.0 17.5
26.7 20.0 13.3 30.0 6.7 20.0 20.8 10.0 18.4
score 5 0.9 0.7 0.0 0.9 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.6
10.0 23.3 53.3 13.3 13.3 6.7 25.0 50.0 24.4
3.3 0.0 6.7 0.0 40.0 0.0 0.0 16.7 8.3
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.3 0.0 0.0 3.3 2.1
total 44.2 41.1 46.5 44.6 41.8 45.0 48.1 43.6 44.4
high index–Multifoliate, Prista 3 and Dara (respectively 11.7, 10.7 and 10.2%). In next two years was outlined a similar trend as the preference of O. ligustici was 83
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more clearly pronounced and standed out the pest tolerant varieties. In 2008 tolerant varieties to the damages from O. ligustici at regrowths and average for the year were Multifoliate and Europe (the index of
attack for the year was 17.5 and 20.7% respectively). Strongly preferred varieties were Prista 4 and Dara (32.1 and 31.3% respectively).
Table 2. Index of attack (In) in alfalfa varieties depending on the attack from Otiorrhynchus ligustici L. Varieties Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate х
Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate х
Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate х Europe Prista 2 Prista 3 Prista 4 Obnova 10 Pleven 6 Dara Multifoliate
2007 Spring regrowth Summer regrowth Autumn regrowth Average In, % 3.2 8.8 11.4 7.8 3.5 7.0 9.0 6.5 0.8 14.8 16.4 10.7 1.2 7.2 15.2 7.9 1.8 11.6 12.0 8.5 2.1 10.5 14.2 8.9 2.0 13.0 15.6 10.2 2.2 13.4 19.4 11.7 2.1 10.8 14.2 9.0 2008 In, % Spring regrowth Summer regrowth Autumn regrowth Average 11.8 21.8 28.6 20.7 11.4 29.6 33.0 24.7 13.6 23.8 30.6 22.7 26.8 33.6 36.0 32.1 14.4 32.6 35.2 27.4 16.0 31.6 36.6 28.1 27.0 30.0 37.0 31.3 7.8 21.0 23.6 17.5 16.1 29.3 33.0 25.6 2009 In, % Spring regrowth Summer regrowth Autumn regrowth Average 32.7 34.6 42.4 36.6 33.5 34.8 44.4 37.6 31.5 43.3 56.7 43.8 38.4 38.9 64.5 47.3 36.4 44.0 59.3 46.6 38.9 48.8 46.0 44.6 38.8 41.3 60.4 46.8 34.7 41.5 43.7 40.0 35.6 40.9 52.2 42.9 In, %, average for 2007-2009 Degree of resistance 21.7 MR 22.9 MR 25.7 S 29.1 S 27.5 S 27.2 S 29.4 S 23.1 MR
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Prista 2 and Multifoliate and the index of attack was 21.7, 22.9 and 23.0% respectively which is important for the selection and practice in alfalfa cultivation.
An analogical trend was found in 2009–tolerant were Europe, Prista 2 and Multifoliate (average for year the index of attack was respectively 36.6, 37.6 and 40.0% and it was under the average), and sensitive varieties were Prista 4, Dara and Obnova 10 (47.3, 46.8 and 46.6% respectively). For determination of the resistance of studied varieties and for comparison of the index of attack was used a scale which is modified on base of approved scales for resistance of Executive Аgency for Variety Testing, Field Inspection and Seed Control (EAVTFISC) and DONCHEV, 1982: R (In = 0 – 5)–resistant; MR (In = 6 – 25)–middle resistant; S (In = 26 – 50)–sensitive; SS (In – 50)–strongly sensitive
References 1. Donchev, N.; Diseases and pests on wheat. Wheat in Bulgaria, 1982, 321 – 359. 2. Nikolova, I.; Georgieva, N.; Otiorrhynchus ligusticI L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) I. Comparative study of the resistance of alfalfa varieties. Banat′s Journal of press Biotechnology , 2012 in . 3. Berberet, R. C.; Caddel, J. L. and Zarrabi, A.A.; Spotted alfalfa aphid resistance, 1991. http: www.naaic.org/stdtests/spotted.htm. 4. Elgin, J. H.; Barnes, D. K.; Standard tests to characterize pest resistance in alfalfa cultivars. Monograph, 1984, p. 38, Beltsville: U.S.D.A. 5. Kemenesy, H. C. and Manninger, G.; Die Luzerne anbau und pflanzenschutz. Akadémiai Kiadó, 1968, Budapest. 6. McCaslin, M. and Miller, D.; Potato leafhooper resistance, 1998. http: www.naaic.org/stdtests/potatolh.htm. 7. McKinney, M. and Breebaart, J.; Features for audio and music classification. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Music Information Retrieval (ISMIR 03), Baltimore, Maryland, USA, October 27-30, 2003. 8. Ratcliffe, R. H.; Alfalfa weevil resistance, 1991. http: www.naaic.org/stdtests/weevil.htm 9. Ratcliffe, R. H. and. Elgin, J. H. Jr.; A seedling test to select for alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) resistance in alfalfa. Journal of economic entomology. 1987, 80 (4), pp. 975 – 978. 10. Shade, R. E.; Thompson, T. E.; Campbell, W. R.; An Alfalfa Weevil Larval Resistance Mechanism Detected in Medicago. Journal of Economic Entomology, 1975, 68 (3), pp. 399 – 404(6).
As middle resistant varieties to attack from O. lygustici were Europe, Prista 2 and Multifoliate (the index of attack was 21.7, 22.9 and 23.0% respectively) and sensitive varieties were the left ones (Dara, Prista 4, Obnova 10, Pleven 6 and Prista 3). The data corresponded with the established surface and percentage of damage on the root system of plants (the parameters were considered in previous publications). At cultivation of alfalfa varieties included in the variety catalog of Bulgaria as tolerant to the damages of O.ligustici were outlined Europe, Prista 2 and Multifoliate which had meaning for the selection and practice.
Conclusions For evaluation of the resistance in alfalfa varieties to Otiorrhynchus ligustici was developed 5-graded scale based on the number of furrows on the root system. With the most strongly pronounced damage, with high percentage of damaged plants with score 3, 4 and 5 was distinguished Dara, Prista 3 and Prista 4 (48.1, 46.5 and 44.6% respectively) and with low one–Prista 2, Obnova 10, Multifoliate and Europe (41.1, 41.8, 43.6 and 44.2% respectively). As middle resistance varieties to attack from O. lygustici were Europe,
Received: May 19, 2012 Accepted: August 28, 2012
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