Integrated Sensor and RFID Network Node Placement ... - IEEE Xplore

Proceeding of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on RFID Technologies and Applications, 4

5 September, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

-

Integrated Sensor and RFID Network Node Placement in Disaster Monitoring Applications* Muhammad Sirajo Aliyu, Hassan Chizari, Abdul Hanan Abdullah Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computing Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Email: [email protected]@[email protected]

Sensors

are

becoming

applications with

the

mission

information

the

monitoring

Abstract:

of

more

popular

sending

and

in

many

receiving

network hole and stain,

In even applications with high level

of coverage requirements, coverage holes are unavoidable due

environment. However

to the following [7], sensor nodes are randomly deployment,

coverage and prolonging the network lifetime are challenging

sensor connection failures, sensor position changes, sensor

issues in disaster monitoring application. In this paper Sensors

movements, and the presence of obstacles.

from

and RFID's are integrated together not only to reduce the cost

II.

of deployment but also to reduce the energy consumption and increase the coverage of the monitoring region, four different scenarios

are

been

used

and

a

flooding

algorithm

was

developed to ensure an efficient message broadcast all over the network in order to reduce energy consumption in the network and to have full coverage of the monitoring region. Keywords:- Sensor, RFID, Network, Disaster, flooding

A.

SENSOR NETWORK

Wireless Sensor Network WSNs are unlike RFID networks. Usually WSNs are used

to observe objects in interest areas or to detect environments, while on the other hand RFID systems are used to detect location and presence of objects which contains RFID tags, In some typical applications of WSN, relay nodes are deployed to forward data from sensor nodes to remote sinks in WSNs. It forms a multiple hop network while traditional RFID is only

I.

single hop and consists of a batch of tags and several readers.

INTRODUCTION

Recent development in technology has enable predicting the

Sensor nodes are more intelligent than RFID tags [8], [9]. Sensor nodes' firmware can easily be reprogrammed which is

future in which a high number of dimunitive devices of low

not the same for RFID tags. RFID readers can only be

power, processing and communication capabilities, equipped with one or more sensors, typically powered by batteries and called speckles from what today is known as a wireless sensor network (WSN) [1, 2]. Wireless Sensor Network nodes have the ability to detect the environment, communicate with neighbouring nodes, and in m a n y cases perform t h e basic computations on the data being collected, the sensor n o d e sends such collected data, usually via r a d i o transmitter, to the base station (sink) either directly or through a data concentration centre [3], [4] when a large number of

parameterized, but they are rarely user-programmed. Hence, RFID

networks

and WSNs represent

two complementary

technologies and there exist a number of advantages in merging these two technologies [5]. Wireless sensor have the ability to adapt dynamic changes of an environment, these can respond to the changes in network topologies. B.

Radio Frequency Identification RFID is a tag device which contains some information

about what it is tagged. RFID is vastly used in different applications from books in library to military equipment and ship cargos. There are various types of RFID devices, but

these device work together in a colloaborative way to carried

mainly they can be divided into two main groups: passive

out a particular task, they form a wireless sensor network [5],

RFID and active RFID [lO]. An active RFID is equipped with a

it has a wide range of real life applications such as Military,

battery and perhaps a sensing device. Moreover, an active

health care, agriculture, smart grid, disaster management and

RFID can communication to other active RFIDs and share

environment etc. Wireless sensor have the ability to adapt

information [11]. With these advantages, an active RFID is

dynamic cabnages of an environment, these can respond to the

more expensive than a passive RFID; however, it is still much

changes in network topologies, most of the wireless sensor nodes has computing capability to process and store data signals, and they are normally characterized as having limited resources (memory,

low-power consumption,

size). Some

benefits of wireless sensor networks include operating in harsh environments unattended for extended periods of time, a reduction in the cost of wiring, and additional flexibility that was impractical previously. Wireless sensor deployment without enough coverage and good sensor node placement can result into unreliable output performance, in [6] the studies shows network boundaries are detected in the coverage rate calculation protocols, which include the network outline and the node neighbouring the

cheaper than current sensors. Cheap price, small size makes RFIDs a very good device for disaster monitoring. The importance of using active RFIDs in building evacuation has been studied by Chatfield, Wamba, and Tatano [12]. The positive effect of using RFIDs for disaster management in earthquake has also been proved by [13].The problem of energy

in

active RFIDs

has

been

explored

by

Hande,

Bridgelall, and Zoghi [14] to proposed an energy efficient message delivery mechanism for them. To practice the effect of using RFID devices in real world, Zoghi and McKee [15] developed a real test-bed of RFIDs in Texas Disaster City.

Proceeding of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on RFID Technologies and Applications, 4

C.

are

researchers to studies

5 September, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

disaster and post disaster situations; and proposed a remote

Integration a/ Sensors There

-

different

approaches

studied

by

different

integrate RFID networks and WSNs, in this

three types are been discussed and one have been

sensing solution for that. In [21], also showed

how to

gathered information through remote sensing and its values in forestry applications. The

considered, while Table I show the different features of

environmental monitoring application can also be used in our

Sensors and RFID's .

daily activities rather than disaster monitoring. Propst, Poole,

•

Integration of sensors and RFIDs in hardware level, which

gives

a

single

device

combining

both

architectures [16]. •

Using sensors as the tag reader,

that serves as

automated reader which fetch information from RFID device [17]. •

The third type of integration is using WSN alongside RFID devices to fetch the data, aggregate, and route them to the sink(s) [18]. TABLE!.

RFID

WSNS

Purpose

Detect presence of tagged Objects

Component

Tags. readers

Protocols

RFID standards

Sense parameters in environment or provide information on the condition of attached objects Sensor nodes, relay nodes, sinks Zigbee, Wi-Fi

Communication

Single-hop

Multi-hop

Mobility

Tags move with attached Objects

Sensor usually static

Tags are battery-powered or passive Usually closed systems Reader expensive Tag-cheap Fixed, usually requires careful placement Tags are optimized to perform a single operation, such as read

Battery-powered

Power supply

Programmability Price Sensor

Deployment

Design goal

III.

nodes

Programmable

with one another as shown in figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Features of Disaster Monitoring

number of sensor nodes, it is important to consider the cost of purchasing each an every single node, when it comes to a

node medium Sink-expensive Random or fixed

large area to be covered, justifying the total cost of the network due to the high number of sensors to be deployed in the

monitoring fields such as disaster monitoring to cover a

vast landscape, lead to the need of a way of bringing the cost of each sensor to be low [23].

WSNs are generalpurpose

network by sensors is very important which can be a major [26]

for disaster prevention in different application show the

need of coverage in the monitoring field, which may lead to the need of high numbers of sensors to be deployed for the disaster monitoring to have adequate coverage of the region

information on decision making before or after disaster is not something to be neglect able. There are many works which environmental

Coverage:- Coverage preservation is one of the important

features of WSN [24], the total area been covered in a sensor problem in the network, studies carried out such as [25] and

studied by many researchers. The effect of having proper

of

energy consumption through a better message broadcasting all over the network in disaster monitoring applications. The

Cost Efficiency:- Even though sensor networks has a large

FEATURES OF DISASTER MONITORING

importance

before the event. In this research the focus is on having a wider coverage of the monitoring field and reducing the

Applications

Environmental monitoring in disaster management has been

the

daily applications are it features which are Coverage, energy management, packet delivery speed and reliability during and

are

APPLICA nONS

show

However, the differences between disaster monitoring and our

features of disaster monitoring application are interconnected

DIFFERENT FEATURES OF RFlD AND WSN

Features

and Hallstrom [22] used sensors to monitor empty spaces on parking lots to help drivers with occupancy information.

monitoring. For

instance, Lorincz and Malan [19] showed the effectiveness of WSN on collecting information on emergency cases. Hussain et al [20] demonstrated the importance of information in pre-

[27]. Energy

Efficiency:- Wireless

sensor

network

for

disaster

monitoring application have constraint such as limited energy for the network to stay alive for a long period of time [28], sensors

have

impossible

a

when

finite

lifetime

deployed

to

it

is

unfeasible

recharge

since

or

replace

or

their

batteries when their energy is fully consumed [29], [27], therefore reducing the energy consumption of the sensors is a

Proceeding of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on RFID Technologies and Applications, 4 - 5 September, Johor Bahru, Malaysia

critical issue in

prolonging the network overall lifetime by

banlancing energy comsumption between the sensors.

Y-axis

01 00

Broadcasting Speed:- Most applications rely on flooding for

900

different networking purposes [30], to advertised messages

SOO

network-wide such as energy residual and failure detection,

700

the energy residual level is been reported periodically, this

600

components gives a notification to the user when any region cannot be sensed due to depletion of sensor energy or node malfunctioning [31], therefore flooding algorithms are critical problem

for

the

overall

network

monitoring

in

disaster

•

. .

500 04 0 300 200

monitoring application.

X-axis 01 0 :-''0 ---:: 02 =-0 ---:::40::-0 --=60=0 --80= 0=----=01 00

IV.

SIMULA nON SETUP

Figure II: All Sensors

Sensors and RFID's are used in our simulation in four different scenarios using the same dimension of the monitoring

Y-axis

11XXJ

field and flooding algorithm for message propagation, firstly

!m

we used only sensors, secondly only RFID's, thirdly sensors

IlOO

and RFID's together while lastly sensor and RFID's together

700

with a delay in message propagation, we observed the coverage

600

of the region, time taken to propagate a message all over the network and energy consumed, by considering a fixed budget to cover the field given.

.'

500 4()Q 300

The simulation setup in this research is as follows.

200 100

TABLE II.

SIMULAnON PARAMETERS 0

Simulation Parameters Dimension of Area Covered Budget

Values 1000 *!OOOM'

Random Placement

RFlD Cost

RM 30 (Assumed)

Sensor Coverage RFlDComm.

4()Q

600

11XXJ

IlOO

X-axis

Figure III: All RFID's

RM2920

Placement Node Strategy Sensor Cost

Sensor Comm.

200

0

RM 200 (Assumed)

Y-axis

!Ul

500M

No of Simulation

100

'+

.

••' • GOO .,. 700

200M 100M

:

+

500

+.

.

.. .

+

200

+'

.+ •

+

+

£m

250M

RFlD Coverage

HID

.

. : :.. + ,

.'

. "

,

++

'.

.

+:: . �

+

+.

Different simulation topology where chosen by the algorithm

. •

+

.

...+ '.

'

°0

.

' ..

� .�

••

• ++

100

which placed the sensor nodes in monitoring region

too ..

• +

+

+

#0

'00

200

300

400

500

600

700

£m

"

!Ul

at

random. Figure IV: Sensors and RFID's

•

7000

X-axis

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VI.

12

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CONCLUSION

Disaster monitoring application features make it unique from other sensors application, coverage is one of the major factor of the application which requires higher number of - n1ish T�WD

sensor, the results earlier discussed show that the monitored

-Fn5h&neo

area coverage have being maximize by having more sensor

-FmishT.ne Sensors

separated all over the field and the cost of the network has

- n1ishT.ne AfII)

became low due to the mixture of the two different devices one with high cost while the other one have low cost,

vast

landscape coverage with affordable cost (budget) to ensure an X-axis ��

�rl� __ ...... ..... ,... ....

__ �rl� __ ............. . .... q-

�rl� _--

efficient monitoring have been achieved, it shows less energy consumption with a fast fmishing time of message propagation in the network, the work can further be expanded in a more realistic situation and other application that requires wide

Figure V: Time for Message Propagation Y-axis

coverage of the monitoring field.

HOO

1400

--

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

J

immense amount of motivation and research solutions provided

The

1200

�

authors

like

to express gratitude for

by

-ToUEne.DWD

acknowledge Ali Selamat, Toni Anwar for their valuable

-TotiIfnelDAR)

Safaei. The

authors

would

also

like

the

-ToU&.e.DD -TabllfneID�

Mahmood

would

to

contribution and advicese.

200

REFERENCES ... ..

..... ,...-_ ........... __ ............ __ ....... .... .... rI ....... . ..... .. ......... ,... ,...

X-axis

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Figure VI: Energy Consumed V.

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