INTEGRATING GIS AND RS TECHNIQUES AS A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM & SPATIAL INFORMATION BASE 1
Md. Shakil Khan, 2Tazrina Habib Ananya, 3Israt Jahan
1, 3 2
Undergraduate Student, Dept. of URP, KUET; E-mail:
[email protected],
[email protected] Research Associate, Centre for Climate Change and Environmental Research (C3ER), BRAC University; E-mail:
[email protected]
Abstract— This paper tries to integrate GIS and Remote Sensing techniques as an efficient decision support system (DSS) for urban/spatial problems. Rapid population growth and haphazard urbanization causing severe problems around the world especially in the developing countries. This phenomenon having a negative impact on the surrounding environment. Such problems can be analyzed towards efficient solution or prevention through efficient decision supports. In such case Geographic Information System (GIS) has long been valued as a tool for enhancing the communication and collaboration in efficient and timely decision making. On the other hand Remote sensing (RS) techniques are time saving effort and efficient way to collect space related data for further analysis. Integrating of GIS & RS techniques provided efficient timely space related information for further analysis to make decisions. This study tried this integration technique to efficiently identify suitable waste disposal sites at Khulna city. The study is done only for preliminary basis of proof to support the integration technique but it is not limited to only these kinds of uses. The method adopted in this paper involved the acquisition of data, data preparation and Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) of the prepared data with the aim of obtaining the most suitable site for solid waste disposal in Khulna. The data used for this study were Landsat 8 image with a spatial resolution of 30 m; digital elevation model (DEM) with 30 m of spatial resolution and also ground control points (GCP) were collected using hand GPS device for crosschecking. Different maps are generated using GIS and RS techniques to support the analysis. RS techniques helped analyzing current data of the sites for crosschecking and for spatial autocorrelations. The final suitability map was prepared using weighted overlay analyses on ArcGIS and leveled as high, moderate and not-suitable regions.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Geographic Information System (GIS) is an integral spatial information base for generating, processing and manipulating data to ensure better decision making [1]. This paper discusses the integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques as a Decision Support System (DSS). GIS allows the integration of geographical referenced data, together with local knowledge in relational databases to accurately display complex interactions in simple formats [2]. By the combination of geographic data from a wide range of sources, managers can quickly assemble custom maps to expedite a range of management activities. This process of creating new GIS outputs from existing data is referred to as modeling a spatial decision support system. Such modeling converts existing datasets into new datasets by applying Decision Support System (DSS) Models, Expert System (ES) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). In recent years in the developing countries with the rapid growth of population the growth of cities has been in a haphazard way. Thus the cities are getting aggravated with many urban problems. Being scattered on a big geographical area the problems at city scale can only be accessed with the virtual visualization techniques. One of such aggravating problems is finding the suitable location to dispose the increasing wastes with the increasing population. It has become a major concern in recent years to maintain a balanced healthy urban condition. This study tried to incorporate GIS and RS techniques through the support of MCA to find out the ultimate suitable location of waste disposal for Khulna city area to exemplify the efficiency of the DSS.
Keywords—GIS; RS; Integration; MCA; Waste Disposal; Suitable Location.
Corresponding Author: Md. Shakil Khan; Contact: +8801675300211 and E-mail:
[email protected]
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II.
MATERIALS & METHODS
A. Study Area Khulna city is the third largest industrial and second largest port city of Bangladesh. It is a divisional city and acts as regional hub of administrative, institutional, commercial and academic affairs. It is located on the banks of the Rupsha and the BhairabRivers. It lies between 22047´16´´ to 22052´ north latitude and 89031´36´´ to 89034´35´´ east longitude shown in Figure 1.Total area of KCC is 47.0 sq. km. comprising 31 wards [3].
Figure 1: Study Area According to final received reports of KCC, the city has a population of 1.5 million. In latest years, the rapid growth rate of population is increasing to this city has been caused in expanding the waste generation and as a result making a problem for the solid waste management system. According to the CD report, the current actual collected waste per day is 31% only whereas waste generation rate is 0.40 Kg per capita per day [4]. On the other hand, the rapid population growth rate and urbanization cause the significant fluctuations of waste generation in this city which consequently results many problems for solid waste management system. According to existed reports the amount of generated waste in Khulna is 450-520 tons per day.
B. Methods The suitable locations for the waste disposal are identified using multi-criteria evaluation and location adjustment techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS). The suitable locations, estimated from multi-criteria evaluation technique of GIS, are identified by distance factor mapping using the United States Geological Survey (USGS) satellite images. The Landsat image of 30m×30m resolution Path 137 and Row 44 covered the whole study area that was collected on January 1, 2014 with 0% cloud cover. The particular location(s) for the waste disposal are identified using the USGS satellite image and site suitability analyses using multi factor technique in ArcGIS platform. Finally, the resulted locations are cross-matched with the Google Earth image and field survey to check the resulted accuracy. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a handy tool such analysis. Multi factor technique in GIS platform was used for the analysis of the acquired data to identify the suitable location for the waste disposal. GIS is a Computerized Information System for capturing, storing integrating, manipulating, analyzing, checking and displaying data which are spatially referring to the earth. It handles both positional and attributes data as in maps and plans. On the other hand Remote Sensing (RS) is an advanced technique which is very much handy in case of detailed analysis of a location. This technique helps to identify the impacts on the land use pattern due to sudden changes. It also helps to visualize the onsite recent data which is handy in case of land use suitability assessment. The database map is created and other thematic maps also created and weight value is allocated to them based on the key parameters. All the raster data sets for different layers were overlaid and the scores each composite class determined using raster calculator tool of spatial analyst extensive of Arc map. The final suitability classes are: Most suitable Moderately suitable Not suitable This study identifies a list of criteria for location suitability analysis, such as: distance from water bodies, distance from drainage network, distance from major transportation route, distance from rail network, distance from build-up area, distance from parks and distance from agricultural lands, . Each criterion is ranked into three groups, such as: most suitable, moderately suitable and not suitable (Table 1).
Figure 2: Model Prepared in the GIS Model Maker
Corresponding Author: Md. Shakil Khan; Contact: +8801675300211 and E-mail:
[email protected]
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Table 1: Selected criteria’s for suitable landfill location identification Criteria Water Bodies: River, Ponds & Canales Major Transportation Route/ Intersectionsection of a busy road Drainage Network
Railway Net-work
Educational Structures Buildup area(Land Use): Residential Area and Commercial Area Agricultural Lands
Open Space
Distance 300 m 200 m 100 m 400 m 300 m 200 m 300 m 200 m 100 m 400 m 300 m 200 m 600m 400 m 200 m 400 m 300 m 200 m 200 m 150 m 100 m 25 m 50 m 75 m
Weight 15
5
10
5
5
30
15
15
Suitability Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable Most Suitable Moderately Suitable Not Suitable
Figure 3: Methodological Approaches Corresponding Author: Md. Shakil Khan; Contact: +8801675300211 and E-mail:
[email protected]
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III.
ANALYSIS & FINDINGS
Satellite image of 2014 from United Nations Geological Survey (USGS) official website is collected and the land cover scenario has been checked with proper land cover classification techniques. The classification method and accuracy assessment methods are well established as remote sensing techniques for quick data derivation. Then the land cover data and the field assessment data is fed into the model created using ArcGIS model builder. The model considered multi criteria for identifying the most suitable locations for the waste disposal according to the given criteria. A. Land Cover Supervised classification method helped classifying land cover changes within the year 2014. For accuracy assessment signature values are attained using hand GPS and topographic map from the Khulna city corporation (KCC). The land cover classification (Table 2) contains different subclasses within [5]. Table 2: Land Cover Classes Description All residential, commercial and industrial areas, villages, settlements and transportation infrastructure. Water Body River, sea, permanent open water, lakes, ponds, canals and reservoirs. Trees, shrub lands and semi natural vegetation: deciduous, coniferous. Vegetation Mixed forest, palms, orchard, herbs, climbers, gardens, inner-city recreational areas, parks and playgrounds, grassland and vegetable lands. Low Land Gully, swamps, mudflats, all cultivated areas including urban agriculture; crop fields and rice-paddies. Fallow Land Fallow land, earth and sand land infillings, construction sites, developed land, excavation sites, solid waste landfills, open space, bare soils. Land Cover Built-Up Area
The classification results show that the land-cover from the year 2014 is dynamic. The land cover of the area is about 23% built-up, 25% vegetation, 28% fallow lands, 14% low lands and 10% water bodies. The accuracy assessment of the classification result is done using accuracy assessment tool of ERDAS software. A total of 50 random points are selected and cross matched manually with the current land cover type. The result shows that the land cover classification has been about 85% accurate which is more than the usual accepted result of land cover classification methods.
Figure 4: Land Cover Classification B. Multi Criteria Analysis The multi criteria evaluation technique analyses different spatial factors at a time to determine suitable location. Considering the standard facts the criteria’s are selected to identify the suitable location of solid waste disposal in Khulna city. According to the criteria’s have been selected a suitable solid waste disposal site should be at minimum distance of 300 m from drainage networks, 400 m from major transport routes, 300 m from water bodies, 400 m from residential or commercial areas, 500 m. From health facilities, 600 m from educational institutions and as near possible to open spaces.
Corresponding Author: Md. Shakil Khan; Contact: +8801675300211 and E-mail:
[email protected]
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Considering these factors buffer network of each spatial features has been created with different distance factors specializing most suitable, moderate suitable and not suitable spatial distances from each features to determine suitable location.
Figure 7: Most Suitable Location Map Figure 5: Map overlay C. Suitable Location Identification Overlaying different layers and trough assigning weight value to each layer according to their relative importance the suitable locations for solid waste disposal in Khulna city is identified. The highest weight assigned 30 to buildup areas as the landfill area need to be at highest distant point from the buildup areas. The other weight values assigned for the weighted overlay is assigned in the Table 3. The red, blue and pink color on the map represents the most suitable, moderate suitable and less suitable sites for solid waste disposal. Overlaying the resulted locations with recent satellite image the spatio-temporal justification has been made [7].
Figure 6: Multi Criteria Analysis Results
Moreover the resulted locations are overlaid with the digital elevation model (DEM) and only the most suitable locations are accounted for further analysis [6]. Using definition query method only most suitable locations are displayed. Only 11 locations are identified according to the criteria’s has been implemented. Then these suitable locations are cross matched with the elevation data for further analysis. Considering the site elevation 5-7 m high lands are considered as suitable cause lowlands has a danger that wastes might get in filtered and mixed with ground water at rainy season. On the other hand higher grounds than 5-7 m will cause problems for the surrounding environment. Also the consideration of available space and the land price, accessibility to the sites is considered to select the ultimate disposal sites.
Figure 8: Suitable Location on Elevation map
Corresponding Author: Md. Shakil Khan; Contact: +8801675300211 and E-mail:
[email protected]
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According to the criteria site number 4 and 11 is selected for the ultimate waste disposal location for Khulna city. Site visit at the selected ultimate waste disposal sites to characterize the soil properties at the visual level. Table 3: Justification of the Suitable Locations Site No.
Site Elevation
Land Price Per Katha
Land Size (Acre)
Accessibility
1
Near Gilatola Zoo
5-7 m
6 lacks
0.07
Moderate
2
Near Police training center
3-5 m
6 lacks
0.96
Poor
3
Near Teligati
5-7 m
7 lacks
0.85
Poor
5-7 m
5 lacks
11.91
Moderate
5-7 m
5 lacks
6.25
Poor
4 5
Near KhulnaSatkhira Road Near KhulnaSatkhira Road
6
Near Khulna Phultala Bypass road
3-5 m
6 lacks
2.39
Good
7
Near Khulna Phultala Bypass road
3-5 m
6 lacks
1.94
Good
8
Near KMC & Humanity watch office
9 10
11
IV.
Location
SOS shishupalli & Herman minor school Near chitran pre cadet school Near the school of logistics and management
3-5 m
12 lacks
11.73
Good
5-7 m
8 lacks
0.07
Poor
7-10 m
8 lacks
0.006
Poor
5-7 m
6 lacks
11.323
Moderate
Remarks Satisfies Most of the criterias but the space is not sufficient and it is away from KCC area Low land otherwise fits all other criterias Accessibility is Poor here and it is near an water body Satisfies maximum criteria Accessibility problem is severe Satisfies the maximum criteria Falls within the KCC area Low Land area Low Land Near water bodies Satisfies most of the criteria One canal divides the area Near agricultural lands
Severe level accessibility problem Satisfies most of the criteria Near little water bodies Nearer to Rupsha Bridge Outside of the city area
CONCLUSION
Practically there are no proper solid waste management activities in the some areas of Khulna city. In residential areas, domestic solid waste is not collected by KCC. There are some dustbins in core city area but not well maintained. Huge amount of municipal solid waste is generated daily in Khulna city from house hold, Offices, hospitals, clinics and market places and dumped in unspecified low lands. There is no organized system of house to house collection or collection from road side bins. A major quantity of generated waste is found dumped on streets, walkways, open drains and open spaces. So we need to plan an appropriate solid waste collection and dumping practice for keep the city fresh and healthy.
So the decision support using the integration process of GIS & RS techniques has been a successful tool to generate quick results to depict quick decision making. In case of major decisions by the policy makers and city leaders the method can help decision making process more logical and time efficient. V.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At first the author is thankful to the Almighty. The gratitude is to Md Anisur Rahman, conservancy officer of Khulna City Corporation (KCC) for providing the data about present landfill condition of Khulna city.
Corresponding Author: Md. Shakil Khan; Contact: +8801675300211 and E-mail:
[email protected]
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Corresponding Author: Md. Shakil Khan; Contact: +8801675300211 and E-mail:
[email protected]
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