experiences of such stress, over the life course2. - The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult. STRAIN) was developed to address this issue by ...
Translation and Evaluation of the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) in Italian Alberto
1 Collazzoni ,
1University
2 Ottaviani ,
3 Mancini ,
4 Spahr ,
Cristina Francesco Chandler M. Stassja 5 4 1 Milton J. Cazassa , Grant S. Shields , and George M. Slavich
1 Sichko ,
of California, Los Angeles; 2Sapienza University of Rome; 3Marconi University, Italy; 4University of California, Davis; 5Catholic and Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil.
INTRODUCTION - Stressful life events and chronic difficulties are recognized as worldwide problems that increase risk for poor mental and physical health, in turn leading to substantial disease burden and mortality1. - Despite this issue, however, no gold standard system exists for measuring lifetime stress exposure, and rarely do assessments include an individuals’ actual exposure to both acute and chronic stressors, or even individuals’ subjective experiences of such stress, over the life course2. - The Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN) was developed to address this issue by providing researchers with an innovative online interview for assessing cumulative lifetime stress exposure3.
RESULTS - The rating scales mean values are reported in Table 1. - The concurrent validity of the STRAIN was very good, as evidenced by a significant correlation with the CTQ (r = .30, p < .01). - Meanwhile, the discriminant validity of the STRAIN was demonstrated by a lack of significant associations—only a minor trend (p =.07) with Agreeableness—with all of the TIPI subscales. - In terms of predictive validity (Figure 2), the STRAIN was strongly associated with both mental health complaints (ΔR2 = 0.3) and physical health complaints (ΔR2 = 0.7).
a While
- To examine whether the Italian STRAIN predicts mental and physical health problems.
CTQ-SF
Openness to Experiences
PARTICIPANTS - We recruited 112 Italian adults (50% female) from the general population. Participants were strictly matched for age (M = 36.3, SD = 3.87, range = 19-75) and χ2 was not significant for age or sex. MEASURES - All subjects completed the Italian STRAIN. - Participants’ personality characteristics and history of childhood abuse were assessed using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, short form (CTQ-SF) - In addition, current mental health and physical health complaints were assessed using the Kessler-6 item psychological distress inventory (K-6)6 and the Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ)7, respectively.
TIPI Extroversion
.30** -.07
STRAIN -.03
TIPI Emotional Stability
.17 .07
- The Italian version of the STRAIN demonstrated very good psychometric properties and predictive validity with respect to both mental and physical health problems, thus confirming the results of the original English STRAIN2. - Moreover, the Italian STRAIN was shown to be a very good predictor of mental and physical health problems, thus confirming prior research using the STRAIN1.
.03
METHODS TRANSLATION AND BACK-TRANSLATION PROCESSES - A native Italian speaker who is fluent in English translated the Adult STRAIN into Italian and a second bilingual speaker translated the Adult STRAIN back into English. - The back-translated version of the Adult STRAIN was then evaluated to ensure the accuracy of the Italian translation.
the STRAIN produces many outputs, here we focus on the count of stressors.
DISCUSSION
GOALS - To translate the Adult STRAIN into Italian and evaluate its psychometric properties in an Italian general population.
Table 1. Means and Standard Deviations for the STRAIN, PHQ, K6, CTQ-SF, and TIPI. Measure M SD Italian STRAINa 16.35 8.79 PHQ 32.34 10.25 K6 11.83 4.56 CTQ-SF 50.22 4.38 TIPI Extraversion 8.55 1.60 TIPI Agreeableness 8.88 1.64 TIPI Conscientiousness 9.10 1.54 TIPI Emotional Stability 8.87 1.71 TIPI Openness to Experiences 9.65 1.35
TIPI Agreeableness
- Future studies are needed to confirm the test-retest reliability of the STRAIN, and to examine its utility for predicting different mental and physical health problems.
TIPI Conscientiousness
SELECTED REFERENCES Shields, G. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2017). Lifetime stress exposure and health: A review of contemporary assessment methods and biological mechanisms. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(8). 1
Figure 1. Correlations between the STRAIN, CTQ-SF, and TIPI subscales. **p < .01.
Slavich, G. M., & Shields, G. S. (2018). Assessing lifetime stress exposure using the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN): An overview and initial validation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80(1), 17-27. 2
3 Kurtzman,
K6 STRAIN
L., O'Donovan, A., Koslov, K., Arenander, J., Epel, E. S., & Slavich, G. M. (2012). Sweating the big stuff: Dispositional pessimism exacerbates the deleterious effects of life stress on metabolic health. European Journal of Psychotraumatology. Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann Jr, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in personality, 37(6), 504-528. 4
5 Bernstein,
PHQ
Figure 2. Linear Regression analysis with the STRAIN predicting mental (K6) and physical (PHQ) health complaints. *p < .05.
D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., ... & Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child abuse & neglect, 27(2), 169-190. 6 Kessler,
R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., . . . Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32, 959-976. 7 Schat,
A. C., Kelloway, E. K., & Desmarais, S. (2005). The Physical Health Questionnaire (PHQ): Construct validation of a self-report scale of somatic symptoms. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 363-381.
