Investigation of distributed power generation based on renewable ...

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Investigation of distributed power generation based on renewable energy sources and hydrogen batteries* F.R. Ismagilov, I.H. Hayrullin, V.E. Vavilov, A.M. Yakupov*, G.F. Yakupova, R.F. Aflyatonov Ufa State Aviation Technical University, 12 Karl Marx Str., Ufa, 450000, Russia

article info

abstract

Article history:

The paper deals with investigation of distributed renewable power sources use efficiency

Received 27 September 2016

by the example of solar power plant, wind farm and biogas power plants. The paper uses

Accepted 9 October 2016

statistical data collection on weather conditions and solar radiation in different regions of

Available online xxx

the Russian Federation to assess effectiveness. It has been found out that arrangement of solar power plants and wind farms in the Republic of Bashkortostan is more profitable than

Keywords:

their arrangement in other regions (Astrakhan, Vladivostok, Gorno-Altaisk, Makhachkala,

Solar panels

St. Petersburg), and the use of biogas power plant is profitable in the region, where the

Crystalline modules

production of biofuels is possible, including the Republic of Bashkortostan. Moreover, the

Micromorph modules

paper presents a high-speed magnetoelectric generator for microturbines. In order to save

Microturbine

and generate electric energy in accordance with consumer load curve, hydrogen batteries

Hydrogen batteries

have been examined. © 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Introduction Today, the issue of efficient use of energy resources along with hydrocarbons' rising prices has arisen, so engineering solutions based on renewable energy sources (RES) receive widespread use in Russia. There are various types of RES in Russia, and the existing alternative energy technologies could result in future economic benefits while investing in renewable energy. So far, there are some local projects on use of domestic RES in Russian regions, particularly in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Different types of alternative energy, such as wind

power and solar energy, as well as the use of biomass as fuel have been developed there. For example, in 2001 “Bashkirenergo” OJSC installed and put into operation the third powerful in Russia Tyupkildy wind farm in Tuymazinsky District of the Republic. The following advantages of wind power could be pointed out: the absence of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and other pollutants emissions, and the effect on earth atmosphere heat balance; the ability to convert into various kinds of energy (mechanical, thermal, electric); as well as the use of inexhaustible and renewable energy sources along with savings in conventional fuels, their extraction and transfer

*

This paper is the English version of the paper reviewed in Russian and published in International Scientific Journal for Alternative Energy and Ecology “ISJAEE”, issue 191e192, number 03e04, date 29.02.2016. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.M. Yakupov). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.209 0360-3199/© 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Ismagilov FR, et al., Investigation of distributed power generation based on renewable energy sources and hydrogen batteries, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.209

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Nomenclature D r P Pmax Pnom v

wind rotor diameter, m air density equal to 1.23 kg/m3 wind turbine capacity highest active power generated by TFES during a day TFES rated capacity wind speed, m/s

Greek Letters А area swept by wind rotor, m2 x output coefficient of wind power h coefficient of rotor shaft-to-working machine transmission losses (WT efficiency) generator efficiency (hг ¼ 0.9) hг gearbox efficiency (mechanical efficiency hр hр ¼ 0.9) Acronyms ASU Astrakhan State University GASU Gorno-Altaisk State University HMG high-speed magnetoelectric generator IP DSC RAS Institute of Physics of Daghestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences MTU microturbine unit PTI Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences RES renewable energy sources SP solar panel SPP solar power plant TFES photovoltaic systems for monitoring of thinfilm and crystalline photovoltaic modules USATU Ufa State Aviation Technical University WF wind farm WT wind turbine

(MTU can operate equally efficiently on conventional fuels e natural gas, liquefied gas, diesel fuel and kerosene e as well as on low-heating-value gases and sour gases, such as casinghead gas, colliery gas and biogas). Besides, MTU has high efficiency (up to 92% in cogeneration mode). Hydrogen is environmentally friendly and very convenient method of surplus energy conservation, since it could be used directly for heating, in fuel cells and in vehicles.

Goals and objectives Renewable energy has also some disadvantages, and the most critical of them is the dependence on weather conditions which results in additional use of hydrogen batteries and microturbines, installed to provide energy in the event of manufactured load decrease and load-factoring. Block diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 1. However, the combined use of several sources of electric power doesn't fully solve the problem of RES-power plants' efficient operation, so the problem of rational distribution of wind turbines (WT) and solar panels (SP) in the territory of Russia to provide inexpensive power generation, highly competitive with electric power generated by conventional energy sources is of paramount importance in estimating development prospects of these sectors of alternative energy in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Thus, the main goal of the paper is investigation of selfcontained power supplies such as WT, SP, biogas power plant with hydrogen batteries, while its main objective is efficiency study of self-contained power supplies based on alternative sources. This requires accomplishing tasks of collection and analysis of statistical data on WT and SP performance in various weather conditions of Russian regions.

Investigation of solar panel efficiency processes. The primary wind energy conversion devices are wind power plants including wind farms. Solar energy is projected to be the most promising renewable energy industry, the development of which is also related to renewable energy support programs, implemented in USA, Japan, European and other countries. Sunlight energy which comes to Earth is almost inexhaustible since it exceeds the energy of all global reserves of oil, gas, coal and other energy resources including renewable resources. In May 2014 the Government of Republic of Bashkortostan signed cooperation agreement with Hevel Solar LLC and Avelar Solar Technology LLC to develop solar power plants (SPP) [1]. The major advantage of biomass is the fact that it is more ecofriendly than conventional energy sources. One of biogas technology development prospects in decentralized energy is the use of microturbine units (MTU) with high-speed magnetoelectric generators (HMG), hybrid magnetic bearings-based preferably [2]. The advantages of MTU are minimum amount of rotating groups (turbine, compressor and electric generator are directly connected in present day MTU designs), ability of cogeneration and trigeneration, versatility of consumed fuel

Collection of statistical data on SP in Russia is carried out by means of photovoltaic systems for monitoring of thin-film and crystalline photovoltaic modules (TFES). The systems are intended for establishing insolation level; they collect, store and transfer via Internet such data as panels' characteristics, ambient temperature and panel surface temperature, solar flux level, wind speed and wind direction, etc. [3]. Such system is also used in Bashkortostan by student design office SKB-3 to investigate solar cells efficiency. The measuring complex for TFES monitoring system is placed on the roof of USATU 8-th building, and it consists of two types of solar panels and the meters which determine wind direction, wind speed, temperature, solar radiation and other climatic and weather conditions [3]. Besides, the complex is connected under the roof to hydrogen batteries and HMG, installed for redundancy and load-factoring. The authors of the paper have analyzed the data obtained by means of such measuring complexes, used for the following TFES: e Astrakhan, Astrakhan State University (ASU);

Please cite this article in press as: Ismagilov FR, et al., Investigation of distributed power generation based on renewable energy sources and hydrogen batteries, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.209

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Fig. 1 e Block diagram of distributed generation based on renewable energy sources.

e Vladivostok; e Gorno-Altaisk, Gorno-Altaisk State University (GASU); e Makhachkala, Institute of Physics of Daghestan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IP DSC RAS); e St Petersburg, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PTI); e Ufa, Ufa State Aviation Technical University (USATU). Location map of TFES in investigated regions is shown in Fig. 2. Then TFES have been compared by relative capacity Pmax/ Pnom values, where Pmax is the highest active power, generated by TFES during the day; Pnom is TFES rated capacity. To level the effect of weather conditions, various for each solar panel location at different times, the days with approximately identical weather have been determined. The following parameters have been considered to characterize the weather: ambient temperature, daylight hours and cloudiness [4e6]. The results of comparative analysis are summarized in Tables 1e4. Pmax/Pnom values have been determined separately for micromorph and crystalline photovoltaic (PV) modules [7,8].

Table 1 e Comparison of TPVS by Pmax/Pnom value of PV modules (winter). Location

PMAX/PHOM Micromorph PV Modules

Crystalline PV Modules

0.91

1.09

0.88 0.77 0.68 0.67 0.64

0.99 0.90 0.90 0.81 0.77

SaintPetersburg Ufa Makhachkala Astrakhan Vladivostok Gorno-Altaisk

The comparison characteristic of SPP with micromorph and crystalline PV modules efficiency within a year is shown in Figs. 3e4. As illustrated in Fig. 3, SP with micromorph PV modules located in Ufa has relatively high efficiency within a year compared to similar units operated in other regions: it ranks 2nd by Pmax/Pnom value in winter and in summer, and it ranks 3rd out of 6 in autumn and in spring.

Fig. 2 e Geographic location of investigated objects. Please cite this article in press as: Ismagilov FR, et al., Investigation of distributed power generation based on renewable energy sources and hydrogen batteries, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.209

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Table 2 e Comparison of TPVS by Pmax/Pnom value of PV modules (spring). Location




0.91

1.09

0.84 1.13 1.07 0.84 1.06

1.0 1.33 1.19 1.03 1.24

Table 3 e Comparison of TPVS by Pmax/Pnom value of PV modules (summer). Location




0.84

0.62

0.95 0.9 0.92 1.73 0.86

0.98 0.96 0.98 1.07 0.94

Table 4 e Comparison of TPVS by Pmax/Pnom value of PV modules (autumn). Location




0.8

0.89

0.91 1.18 0.8 0.87 0.94

0.62 1.27 1.04 1 1.04

Fig. 4 demonstrates that SP with crystalline PV modules located in Ufa has relatively low efficiency within a year compared to similar units operated in other regions: it ranks 2nd by Pmax/Pnom value in winter, and it ranks 6th out of 6 in spring, in summer and in autumn [9e11].

Analysis of wind turbines efficiency Further, we shall compare wind power potential of these regions. To this end, we use TFES statistical data, and in this case, it's average wind speed. We shall calculate capacity of horizontal axial wind turbine (WT) by the example of Ufa. The

area swept by wind rotor could be obtained from the following equation: А¼

pD2 3; 14,22 ¼ ¼ 3; 14m2 ; 4 4

(1)

where D is wind rotor diameter, m (2 m here). WT capacity could be obtained from the following equation: A P ¼ r v3 ,x,h ¼ 1; W; 2

(2)

where r is air density equal to 1.23 kg/m3; v is wind speed, m/s; x is output coefficient; h is coefficient of rotor shaft-to-working machine transmission losses (WT efficiency) which could be defined as follows: hп ¼ hр hг ;

(3)

where hp is gearbox efficiency (mechanical efficiency hp ¼ 0.9); hг is generator efficiency ðhг ¼ 0:9Þ. Calculations for other regions of WT potential distribution are similar. The obtained results are summarized in Tables 5e8. Comparative chart for calculation analysis is shown in Fig. 5. As indicated in Fig. 5, WT located in Ufa has relatively low efficiency compared to similar units, operated in other regions: it ranks 6th in spring and 3rd in summer and autumn, while it ranks 2nd in spring, in summer and in autumn, and 3rd in winter by capacity.

Microturbine units The systems less than 1 mW$e have been unprofitable for a long time; however, the situation is changing now. Today manufacturers develop the systems with lower capacities and there are turbines less than 25 kW$e. Thus, the power range of microturbines is from 25 up to 200 kW$e. Microturbine is manufactured in the form of the construction with one moving element e rotary shaft, on which electric generator, compressor and turbine itself are arranged in axial alignment. High-speed shaft rotates at 96,000 revolutions per minute at nominal load and it is supported by air bearings which don't require liquid lubricant. Fig. 6 illustrates a sketch of microturbine, produced by Capstone Corporation. The prime fuel for microturbine is natural gas, but it also can run on diesel fuel, gasoline and other power-intensive fuel types. Today, the work is in progress on the use of biogas [12e15]. Microturbines have environmental advantages: NOx emissions are about 10e25 ppm. In relation to microturbines study, the prototype of high-speed magnetoelectric generator based on magnetic bearings with a capacity of 120 kW and a mass of 32 kg (Fig. 7) is developed at Department of Electromechanics at USATU. This prototype has higher efficiency at minimum weightdimension factors compared to analogs, which is accomplished by the unique design concept of hybrid magnetic bearings, developed at Department of Electromechanics at USATU [8e11].


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Fig. 3 e Micromorph PV modules efficiency within a year.

Fig. 4 e Crystalline PV modules efficiency within a year.

Table 5 e Wind turbine potential capacity (winter).

Wind speed, m/s Wind turbine capacity, W

Astrakhan

Vladivostok

Gorno-Altaisk

Makhachkala

Saint-Petersburg

Ufa

4 25.04

4 25.04

1 1.56

2 6.26

2 6.26

1 1.56

Table 6 e Wind turbine potential capacity (spring).


Astrakhan

Vladivostok

Gorno-Altaisk

Makhachkala

Saint-Petersburg

Ufa

5 39.12

3 14.08

5 39.12

3 14.08

4 25.04

4 25.04


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Table 7 e Wind turbine potential capacity (summer).


Astrakhan

Vladivostok

Gorno-Altaisk

Makhachkala

Saint-Petersburg

Ufa

1 1.56

1 1.56

2 6.26

3 14.08

1 1.56

2 6.26

Table 8 e Wind turbine potential capacity (autumn).


Astrakhan

Vladivostok

Gorno-Altaisk

Makhachkala

Saint-Petersburg

Ufa

1 1.56

2 6.26

2 6.26

1 1.56

1 1.56

1 1.56

Fig. 5 e Wind turbine efficiency within a year.

Fig. 6 e Turbec T 100 microturbine unit [7]: 1 e HSG; 2 e turbine; 3 e pipe from the recuperator; 4 e recuperator; 5 e heat exchanger; 6 e air ventilation output; 7 e exhaust manifold; 8 e water inlet manifold to heat exchanger; 9 e hot water manifold to the consumer; 10 e power electronics; 11 e manifold to recuperator; 12 eoil pump; 13 e exhaust air pump; 14 e cooling water pump; 15 e control system; 16 e combustion chamber; 17 eair inlet; 18 e air filter. Please cite this article in press as: Ismagilov FR, et al., Investigation of distributed power generation based on renewable energy sources and hydrogen batteries, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.209


Fig. 7 e Noncontact magnetoelectric generator (capacity of 120 kW, rotor speed of 60,000 rpm).

Hydrogen batteries More and more wind farms and solar power plants are built every year. As noted earlier, they have yet a significant disadvantage e irregular output capacity, which varies depending on the time of day and the weather, so energy storages should be built for reliable power supply, which could replenish power supply in case of power loss. Electrolysis plants would perform the task of such energy storages splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by means of “extra” electricity, generated by wind turbines or solar panels [16]. For example at present, more than 20 experimental storages in the form of several transport baskets with electrolysis equipment, pressurised hydrogen tanks and generator for hydrogen-to-electricity reverse transformation have been built in Germany. Electrolysis has been considered so far as not very effective way of energy transformation, since up to 65% of initial energy is lost during this process. However, the situation is changing gradually due to technological advancement and widespread use of renewable energy sources. Hydrogen storages in combination with wind turbines and solar panels can't thus far compete with low-cost natural gas. Though, the new technology could be taken up during greenfield establishment of energy infrastructure. Besides, in some instances building of a new “green” power plant could be more profitable than modification of gas engine. Today, wind turbine capacity has attained high values; thus Danish Vestas V164 wind turbine has an output capacity of 8 mW, and this is enough to power 7500 households. So, secure self-contained power system could be built up, capable to generate energy and fuel from “no-cost raw material”: wind and water [17].

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direction in this region herewith is the use of micromorph PV modules. During most of the year SP high efficiency is kept, and Bashkortostan is the 3rd among 6 regions (following Gorno-Altaisk and Makhachkala or Saint-Petersburg) by this value. The use of SPP would allow achieving high values of specific electric energy production by solar power plants and increase energy independence of the region in an environmentally sound manner. The investigation has also shown that the use of wind energy in the territory of Bashkortostan is unprofitable. During most of the year WT efficiency remains relatively low, and only in spring WT ultimate theoretical capacity equal to 25 kW could be achieved, which exceeds similar WT output capacity in Makhachkala. It has been also concluded that hydrogen batteries in combination with microturbine units based on high-speed magnetoelectric generators allow increasing security of power supply and quality of electrical energy significantly. HMG developed for use at biogas power plants has been represented in this paper, which would allow increasing specific capacity and decreasing overall dimensions. Hydrogen batteries allow using energy resources with security and quality required by consumer and power system, as well as increasing power system stability.

Acknowledgement The investigation has been financially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 16-38-60001).

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