Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli sistemebi . .... VI. romis samarTali da misi recefcia
evropaSi. .... saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common law.
marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia
romis
samarTlis safuZvlebi
leqciebis kursi
Tbilisi 2007
Sinaarsi
teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi ..................................................................................................................... 7 Sesavali........................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli sistemebi ............................................................................................ 9 I. civiluri samarTali (ius civile) ...................................................................................................................... 9 II. pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium) ........................................................................................................ 9 III. xalxis samarTali (ius gentium) .................................................................................................................... 9 IV. bunebiTi samarTali (ius naturale) ............................................................................................................... 11 Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi ................................................................................................................... 12 I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr. Sobamde 753-367ww.) ........................................ 12 $1. CveulebiTi samarTali ............................................................................................................................. 13 $2. Lex (leges) (kanoni) da plebiscita (plebiscitebi)................................................................................. 15 a) Lex (leges) - kanoni ..................................................................................................................................... 15 b) Plebiscita - plebiscitebi ......................................................................................................................... 17 $3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro .................................................................................................. 17 $4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro ................................................................... 18 $5. Iurisprudencia (romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba) ................................................................ 20 $6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi ........................................................................................................................ 25 a) Iudicatum (sasamarTlo precedenti)................................................................................................... 25 b) Senatusconsultum (senatuskonsulti) ................................................................................................... 25 g) Edicta magistratuum (magistratebis ediqtebi) ................................................................................... 26 d) Constitutiones principum (imperatorebis konstituciebi) .............................................................. 27 II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 367-17 ww.) ................................................................................. 28 III. klasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 w.) ............................................................ 31 IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.) .......................................................................................................... 33 V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.)............................................................................................................... 35 VI. romis samarTali da misi recefcia evropaSi................................................................................... 36 $1. glosatorTa saqmianoba ........................................................................................................................... 36 $2. kanonistebi .................................................................................................................................................... 37 $3. `VII muxli~ .................................................................................................................................................... 37 VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali .................................................................... 37 $1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores .................................................................................................................... 38 $2. humanistebi ..................................................................................................................................................... 38 $3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria .................................................................................................................. 38 $4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli) .................................................................................... 39 $5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi ................................................................................................................... 39 VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi ................................................... 39 $1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi ............................................................................................................................... 40 $2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common law and equity) ................................................................................................................................................................ 40 Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi da Taviseburebani ............................................................................................................................................................ 41 I. Civitas warmoSoba. Rex-ebis periodi ............................................................................................................ 42 $1. Rex (reqsi) ...................................................................................................................................................... 43 $2. senati ............................................................................................................................................................... 43 $3. xalxi da saxalxo krebebi ..................................................................................................................... 44 II. patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika ....................................................................................... 45
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$1. magistratura ................................................................................................................................................ 46 $2. senati ............................................................................................................................................................... 47 $3. saxalxo krebebi .......................................................................................................................................... 48 III. msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.) ....................................................................................................... 49 $1. principati ...................................................................................................................................................... 49 $2. dominati (Dominatus) ................................................................................................................................... 51 Tavi IV. uflebaTa dacva ....................................................................................................................................... 53 I. sasamarTlo organizacia Zvel romSi ..................................................................................................... 53 II. procesis cneba, saxeebi da stadiebi Zvel romSi............................................................................. 54 III. Lege agere (kanonismieri procesi) ............................................................................................................... 56 IV. Per formulas agere (formularuli procesi) ............................................................................................ 58 V. procesualuri warmomadgenloba ............................................................................................................. 64 VI. Indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma) ................................................................................................................... 65 VII. Litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena) ..................................................................................................... 66 VIII. sarCelebis konkurencia ........................................................................................................................... 66 IX. Iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba) ................................................................................................. 67 X. interdiqtuli warmoeba ............................................................................................................................... 68 XI. saaRsrulebo warmoeba ................................................................................................................................ 69 XII. Extra ordinem cognitio (eqstraordinaluri procesi) ............................................................................ 70 XIII. postklasikuri procesi ........................................................................................................................... 72 Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi .................................................................................................... 73 I. Servi (monebi) .......................................................................................................................................................... 73 II. Liberti (ucxoelebi)............................................................................................................................................. 77 III. Peregrini (ucxoelebi)........................................................................................................................................ 78 IV. Personae alieni iuris (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi) ................................................................... 80 V. Capitis deminutio (uflebaunarianobis damcroba) .................................................................................... 82 VI. Persona (piri) ....................................................................................................................................................... 83 VII. moyvroba ............................................................................................................................................................ 86 VIII. Colonus (koloni)............................................................................................................................................ 87 IX. Universitates (iuridiuli pirebi).................................................................................................................. 87 X. warmomadgenloba ............................................................................................................................................. 89 Tavi VI. Zveli romis saojaxo samarTali ..................................................................................................... 91 I. Familia et gentilitas (ojaxi da naTesaoba)...................................................................................................... 91 II. Sponsalia et nuptiae (niSnoba da qorwineba) ................................................................................................. 92 III. Concubinatus (konkubinati) .............................................................................................................................. 95 IV. Dos (mziTevi) ...................................................................................................................................................... 95 V. Adoptio (Svileba) ............................................................................................................................................... 100 VI. Divortium (qorwinebis Sewyveta) ............................................................................................................... 100 VII. Paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi) ..................................................................................................................... 102 VIII. Tutela et cura (mzrunveloba da meurveoba) ......................................................................................... 106 Tavi VII. Zveli romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali .................................................................................... 110 I. Ab intestato, successio legitima (kanoniT memkvidreoba) .............................................................................. 110 II. Successio testamentaria (anderZiT memkvidreoba) ....................................................................................... 113 Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali ............................................................................................................... 116 I. qoneba .................................................................................................................................................................... 116 II. Res (nivTebi) .................................................................................................................................................... 116 $1. Res extra commercium (brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi) ..................................................................... 118
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$2. Familia et pecunia ............................................................................................................................................ 118 $3. Res manicipi et res nec manicipi (mancipirebadi da aramancipirebadi nivTebi) .......................... 118 $4. Genus et species (gvarobiTi da individualuri nivTebi) .............................................................. 119 $5. Res mobiles et res immobiles (moZravi da uZravi nivTebi) .................................................................. 121 $6. Res corporales et res incorporales ..................................................................................................................... 121 $7. gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi ........................................................................................................ 121 $8. gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebadi nivTebi ........................................................................................... 122 $9. martivi da rTuli nivTebi .................................................................................................................. 122 $10. ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi ...................................................................................................... 122 $11. sakuTvnebeli ............................................................................................................................................. 122 $12. Fructus (nayofi) .......................................................................................................................................... 122 III. sakuTreba ......................................................................................................................................................... 123 $1. sakuTrebis ufleba .................................................................................................................................. 123 $2. sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi ............................................................................................................ 123 $3. Communio (condominium _ TanasakuTreba) ........................................................................................... 124 $4. sakuTrebis SeZenis saSualebebi ........................................................................................................ 124 a) Occupatio (okupacia) ................................................................................................................................. 125 b) ganZi ............................................................................................................................................................ 125 g) Specificatio (gadamuSaveba) ...................................................................................................................... 125 $5. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT ............................................................................... 126 a) Mancipatio (mancipacia) ............................................................................................................................ 126 b) in iure cessio ................................................................................................................................................. 127 g) Traditio (gadacema) ................................................................................................................................... 127 $6. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi ............................................................................................................... 127 a) Dominium ex iure Quiritium (kvirituli sakuTreba) ........................................................................ 127 b) peregrinebis sakuTreba ...................................................................................................................... 127 g) provinciuli sakuTreba ..................................................................................................................... 127 d) Res sua in bonis (bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba) ....................................................... 128 e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTliT ................................................................................................ 128 $7. Usucapio (SeZena xandazmulobiT) ........................................................................................................ 128 $8. sakuTrebis uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudva .......................................................................... 129 $9. sakuTrebis uflebis dacva .................................................................................................................. 129 IV. Possessio (mflobeloba) ............................................................................................................................... 131 V. Servitutem (servituti) ..................................................................................................................................... 132 $1. servitutis cneba ...................................................................................................................................... 132 $2. servitutebis warmoSoba ....................................................................................................................... 133 $3. servitutis saxeebi .................................................................................................................................. 133 $4. sasoflo (saadgilmamulo) servituti ........................................................................................... 133 $5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi.......................................................................................................... 134 $6. saqalaqo (saadgilmamulo) servitutebi ........................................................................................ 134 $7. piradi servitutebi ................................................................................................................................. 134 $8. servitutis Sewyveta................................................................................................................................ 135 $9. servitutis dacva ..................................................................................................................................... 135 $10. dacvis sxva saSualebebi ..................................................................................................................... 135 VI. Surepficies et emphyteusis (superficiumi da emfiTevzisi) .................................................................. 135 $1. superficiumi .............................................................................................................................................. 135 $2. emfiTevzisi ................................................................................................................................................. 136
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$3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi ........................................................................................................................ 137 $4. emfiTevzisis warmoSoba ........................................................................................................................ 137 $5. emfiTevzisis gadatana............................................................................................................................ 138 $6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta ............................................................................................................................ 138 Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali .................................................................................... 138 I. valdebulebis cneba ...................................................................................................................................... 140 II. valdebulebaTa klasifikacia .................................................................................................................. 141 III. valdebulebis Sinaarsi ............................................................................................................................. 142 IV. valdebulebis wyaro .................................................................................................................................. 142 $1. verbaluri kontraqti ............................................................................................................................. 143 a) stipulatio et obligatio verbis-is klasikuri struqtura ..................................................................... 144 b) stipulaciis Sinaarsi da misi saxeebi ........................................................................................ 145 g) Acceptilatio (valis gadaxdis aRiareba) ........................................................................................... 145 d) stipulaciis dasasruli ................................................................................................................... 146 e) Transacriptio nominum (sakredito valdebulebebis gadawera) ................................................ 146 v) Chyrographa (subieqturi) da Synographa (obieqturi sakredito dokumentebi) ............... 147 z) baTili da arara stipulaciebi..................................................................................................... 147 $2. stipulaciis baTiloba .......................................................................................................................... 148 a) ganusazRvreli obieqtis stipulacia .......................................................................................... 148 $3. Novatio (novacia) .......................................................................................................................................... 148 $4. rwmunebuleba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa. ..................................................................................... 149 $5. Intercessio (intercesia) .............................................................................................................................. 150 $6. piradi rwmunebuloba iustinianes samarTalSi. ......................................................................... 151 $7. Dotis dictio ....................................................................................................................................................... 151 $8. Operarum iurata promissio ................................................................................................................................ 151 $9. Nomen transcripticium (literaluri kontraqti) ............................................................................... 151 $10. Re (realuri kontraqtebi) .................................................................................................................. 151 $11. Consensu (konsensualuri kontraqtebi)........................................................................................... 152 V. Re (realuri kontraqtebi) ......................................................................................................................... 152 $1. Mutuum, mutui datio – (sesxi) ...................................................................................................................... 153 $2. Foenus nauticum, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi) .............................................................................. 153 $3. Commodatum (sesxi) .................................................................................................................................... 154 $4. Depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba). ................................................................................................... 155 $5. Fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba) ............................................................................................. 155 $6. Pignus datum (giravnoba)............................................................................................................................ 156 $7. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi da xelSekrulebebi ...................................................................... 156 VI. brali xelSekrulebaSi ............................................................................................................................. 156 VII. Consensu (konsensualuri xelSekruleba) ......................................................................................... 157 $1. Emptio-venditio (yidva-gayidva) ................................................................................................................. 158 $2. Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba) ................................................................................................ 162 $3. Societas (amxanagobis xelSekruleba) .................................................................................................. 164 $4. Locatio - conductio (qiravnoba, ijara). .................................................................................................... 165 VIII. Quasi ex contractu (kvazi kontraqtebi) ................................................................................................... 167 $1. Negotiorium gestio (sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba). .................................................. 167 $2. Solutio indebiti (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili fsevdo xelSekruleba) ......... 167 IX. Pacta (paqtebi) .................................................................................................................................................. 168 X. Delictum (deliqti) .......................................................................................................................................... 171
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$1. Delictum cneba da pirobebi .................................................................................................................... 171 $2. Furtum (qurdoba) ........................................................................................................................................ 173 $3. Rapina (Zarcva) ............................................................................................................................................. 174 $4. Damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba) ..................................................... 174 $5. Iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa) ......................................................................................................... 175 XI. Quasi ex delicto (kvazideliqtebi) ............................................................................................................... 176 Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali ..................................................................................................... 177 I. sisxlis samarTlis principebi ................................................................................................................ 182 $1. kanonierebis principi ............................................................................................................................. 182 $2. moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi .................................................................. 182 $3. braleulobis principi .......................................................................................................................... 183 $4. samarTlianobis principi...................................................................................................................... 183 $5. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi ................................................................................................... 183 $6. dasjadobis gardauvalobis principi ............................................................................................. 184 II. danaSauli romis samarTalSi .................................................................................................................. 184 III. brali ................................................................................................................................................................. 185 $1. Seracxaoba ................................................................................................................................................... 186 $2. danaSaulis obieqturi mxare .............................................................................................................. 186 $3. danaSaulis Cadenis stadiebi .............................................................................................................. 186 $4. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba ............................................................................................................. 187 $5. danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani ................................................................. 187 IV. sasjeli ............................................................................................................................................................ 189 $1. sasjelis cneba da misi miznebi ........................................................................................................ 189 $2. sasjelis daniSvna. danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis problema ....................... 189 $3. sasjelidan gaTavisuflebis wesi, Sewyaleba ............................................................................. 190 $4. arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani .................. 191 bibliografia ............................................................................................................................................................ 192
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teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi
Ins. Iust. _ iustinianes instituciebi D. _ iustinianes digestebi CI _ iustinianes kodeqsi SC _ senatuskonsulta Gai., I. _ gaiusis instituciebi Ulp., _ ulpiane Mod., _ modestinusiL Pomp., _ pomponiusi Pap., _ papiniane Paul., _ pavlusi Flor., _florentinusi
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Sesavali `yvela gza romSi midis~ _ ambobs erTi xatovani gamonaTqvami. romSi mimaval mravalricxovan gzaTa Soris yvelaze cnobili iyo uZvelesi via Latina – laTinuri gza, romelic qalaqSi Sedioda samxreTaRmosavleTidan, laTinuri karibWis mxridan, da, karakalas Termebis maxloblad, uerTdeboda via Appia-s (apiusis gzas). orive magistrals ki saxelganTqmuli palatinisaken mivyavarT – Septimontium-s (SvidborcvianTa) Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovani romauli borvcisaken. palatinis borcvis ukan, Tvalwin iSleba mudmivi qalaqis guli – romauli forumi, aq Tavmoyrilia romaul RvTaebaTa taZrebis umravlesoba, maT Soris dioskuriebis, konkordiis, saturninusis (romelSic ganTavsebuli iyo saxelmwifo xazina da arqivi, agreTve tabulariumi – romis saxelmwifos oficialuri dokumentaciis – gasanTluli xis dafebis, papirusis gragnilebisa da pergamentis sacavi) salocavebi da romaelTaTvis yvelaze sayvareli da saTayvanebeli qalRmerTis – vestas taZari. forumi iyo sabazro da savaWro rigebis moedanic, sadac asrulebda sakuTar mogzaurobas mTeli samyarodan _ britaneTidan-indoeTamde da evropis CrdiloeTidan-CrdiloeT afrikamde _ wamosuli saqoneli. amavdroulad, forumi iyo temperamentiT aRsavse, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centri: swored am moedanze xdeboda is movlenebi, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes msoflio istoriis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. aqve aRimarTa rostrebi – oratorTa tribuna, romelsac amSvenebda, nadavlis saxiT xelSi Cagdebuli, mtris xomaldebis cxvirebi (rostra). forumis am nawilidan mimarTavdnen xalxs saxelganTqmuli oratorebi – apius klavdiusi usinaTlo, katoni ufrosi, gaius iulius keisari, hortenzius hortalusi; aqedan ismenda romaeli xalxi didi ciceronis mgznebare gamosvlebs da aqve gamofines misma jalaTebma, markus antoniusis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT dasjili mWermetyvelis mokveTili Tavi da xelebi. forumis suliskveTebiT ganimsWvala civilizaciis Semdgomi istoria. man Tanabrad SeiTvisa, samyarosaTvis Cveuli, sikeTe da boroteba, movlenaTa logika da mistiuroba, adamianTa sidiade da fuWi gancdebi. am moedanze iyo ganTavsebuli kuria – sabWos Senoba, romelSic sxdomebs marTavda romauli senati. aqve iyo komiciebic – saxalxo krebebis Catarebis adgili, sadac irCevdnen umaRles Tanamdebobis pirebsa da xalxi xmas aZlevda umniSvnelovanes kanonebs. forumi iqca tribunis adgiladac. swored aqedan mimarTavdnen plebs tribuni plebis (xalxis tribuni), momavalSi ki – kurulis savarZelSi msxdomi, konsulebi, pretorebi da kurulis edilebi. forumma saxeli imiTac gaiTqva, rom maszed iqna gamofenili uZvelesi Leges duodecem tabularum (xis firfitebze amotvifruli kanonTa teqsti, romlis originali ganadgurda, galebis mier romis darbevisas.). romis saxelwmifoebriobis istoriis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, Zveli samyaros udidesi monapovari – romis samarTali, romlis gareSec sruliad warmoaudgenelia Tanamedrove civilizaciebis kerZo samarTlis arseboba. swored romis samarTlis gavrcelebiT moxda, romaelTa mxridan, samyaros meoregzis dapyroba. amitomac, damkvidrda mosazreba, rom romma samgzis daipyro msoflio – pirvelad legionebis meSveobiT, meored – sakuTari samarTalganviTarebiT, mesamed ki – msoflio religiis – qristianobis SemoReba-gavrcelebiT. romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum) ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda romauli Temis – civitas Romani samarTali – ius civile da romis imperiaSi Semavali mravalricxovani xalxis samarTali – ius gentium. maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ki swored romis forumze iqna dadgenili, xolo comitia-ze arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi – praetor (pretori), censor (cenzori), aediles (edili), quaestor (qvestori) uzrunvelyofdnen romis samarTlis moTxovnaTa upirobo aRsrulebasa da samarTaldamrRvevTa mkacr dasjas. romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursis mizani da daniSnulbaa Seaswavlos, iuridiuli fakultetis studentebs, romis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi da, TiToeuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saxelmwifo meqanizmis Taviseburebani, agreTve romis sajaro (ius publicum) da kerZo samarTlis (ius privata) ZiriTadi institutebis Camoyalibebisa da evoluciis procesi; ganumartos maT, Tu ratom moxda romis samarTlis recefcia – dasavleT evropis qveynebSi misi ZiriTadi debulebebis damkvidreba da, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba. ganaTlebuli iuristisaTvis savaldebuloa specialuri terminologiis Rrma da safuZvliani codna: iuridiul terminTa umravlesoba ki laTinuri warmoSobisaa: iustitia, iurisprudentia, servitutes, ususfructus, occupatio, obligatio, contractus, testamentum, consensu, conventio, advocatus, respublica, consul, censor, delicta da sxva.
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Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli sistemebi romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursi Seiswavlis Zveli romis samarTlebriv sistemas, romlis safuZvelzec Zvel romaelebsa da romSi mcxovreb ucxoelebs Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi regulirdeboda. romis saxelmwifos farglebSi samarTlis Tanamedrove sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, kerZo da sajaro samarTali mkveTradaa erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, Zveli romaelebi samarTlis sistemas erT mTlianobad ganixilavdnen da iuridiuli institutebis sxvadasxva aspeqts mxolod im socialuri rolis mixedviT adgendnen, Tu romelSic samarTlis subieqtebi gamodiodnen da romel sazogadoebriv avtoritets uzrunvelyofda adamianTa Soris tipur kavSirTa normatiuli xasiaTi. Tu saqme exeboda calkeul pirTa _ privates _ (sityvidan privus gancalkevebuli, raimes uqoneli) individualur Tu saojaxo interesebs, maSin saxeze iyo kerZo urTierTobebi, xolo subieqtebis formalizebuli neba, romelic maT kavSirebs gansazRvravda, kerZo kanonad (lex privata) iTvleboda. rodesac sakiTxi romaeli xalxis, kviritebis, saerTo interesebs (Populus Romanus Quiritium) exeboda, maSin am urTierToebebis, anu sajaro interesebis, normatiul safuZvels mTeli xalxis formalizebuli neba _ sajaro kanoni (lex publica) warmoadgenda. urTierTobis monawileTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, romauli samoqalaqo Temis (civitas) samarTali (ius civile), romaelTaTvis mkacrad erovnuli, kvirituli samarTali iyo, xolo zogadsavaldebulo da sajarod mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebsa da farglebs gansazRvravda. normaSemoqmedebiTi wesebi aRniSnuli normatiuli sistemis safuZvelze regulirdeboda, romelic moicavda: religiur ritualebs, mmarTvelobis sayovelTao-saxalxo organoebis (senati da magistratura) saqmianobas, marTlzomieri moTxovnebis sasamarTlo dacvis formebs, ucxoelebTan urTierTobis principebs, piris statusis Secvlis wesebs, romauli moqalaqeobisa da qorwinebis gansazRvris normebs, moqalaqeTa Soris (rogorc sicocxleSi, ise maTi gardacvalebis Semdeg) qonebrivi urTierTobis (sanivTo, valdebulebiTi, memkvidreobiTi samarTali) myar formebs. I. civiluri samarTali (ius civile) uZveles romaul samarTals, erT-erTi mkvidri tomis kviritebis (Quiritium) saxelwodebis mixedviT, kvirituli samarTali ewodeboda. es saxelwodeba uZveles garigebebSi terminad damkvidrda da gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda, rodesac saqme nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas (sakuTreba kvirituli samarTlis mixedviT dominium ex iure Quiritium) exeboda. mogvianebiT, samarTlis am sistemas civiluri samarTali (ius civile) ewoda, riTac xazi gaesva romis moqalaqeTa samarTlis mkacrad erovnul xasiaTs (samarTlis viwro gagebiT). sakanonmdeblo doneze civiluri samarTliT kerZo samarTlis viwro erovnuli sistema regulirdeboda; farTo gagebiT ki, civiluri samarTali yvela komentars moicavda, romelic romaelma iuristebma, XII dafis kanonTa sistemasTan erTad, Seqmes. II. pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium) samarTlis civiluri sistemis Tanadroulad, TandaTanobiT samarTlis axali sistema _ pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium), anu Tanamdebobis pirTa samarTali (ius honorarium) _ Camoyalibda. drois kvalobaze, monaTmflobeluri sistemisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gabatonebuli socialuri fenis xelSi Tavi moiyara vaWrobiTa da mevaxSeobiT miRebulma kapitalma, msxvilma saadgilmamulo sakuTrebam, ris safuZvelzec socialuri dapirispireba gamwvavda. Zveli civiluri samarTlis dadgenilebebi, rogorc raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT, axal socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs veRar pasuxobda. aRniSnuli xarvezebi saswrafo aRmofxvras saWiroebda, romlis gamosworebac sasamarTlo magistratebma _ pretorebma _ iTaves. pretoruli samarTali Tanminmdevrulad iqmneboda, rasac Sedegad mohyva, ZiriTadad, pretoruli ediqtebis safuZvleze Seqmnili, mTeli rigi axali institutebisa, romlebic samarTlebrivi dacvis axali saSualebebiT aRiWurva. civiluri samarTali pretoruli samarTlis sistemas arc cvlida da arc auqmebda, piriqiT, mis paralelurad iqmneboda da masTan erTad arsebobda. III. xalxis samarTali (ius gentium) civiluri samarTali gamoiyeneboda mxolod romis moqalaqeebis mimarT. is pirebi, romlebic romaul Tems ar ganekuTvnebodnen, mtrebad (hostes) iTvlebodnen da samarTlebriv dacvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. warmoebisa da sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, ucxoelebis ZiriTadi kerZo
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uflebebis (sakuTrebis ufleba, xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba, memkvidreobis miReba da sxva) aRiareba da dacva savaldebelo gaxda, ris safuZvelze samarTlis axali sistema, xalxis samarTali (ius gentium) Seiqmna. Civiluri samarTali ara marto pretorul samarTals, aramed samarTlis kidev erT saxes _ xalxis samarTals _ upirispirdeboda. Romis samarTlis istoriaSi es sistema yvelaze originaluri movlena gaxldaT. Istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad am sistemaSi sxvadasxva elementi gaerTianda. Tavdapirvelad, xalxis samarTlis cnebaSi moiazreboda is uZvelesi samarTali, romlis mixedviTac ucxo TemebTan romaelTa urTierTobebi wesrigdeboda. kerZod, qorwinebis sakiTxi (ius conubium) da vaWrobis ufleba (ius commercium). mogvianebiT, samarTlis am sistemam SeiTvisa is CveulebiTi samarTali, romelic praqtikulad gamoiyeneboda savaWro urTierTobebisas. es iyo zogadi xasiaTis, kerZod, yovelgvari formalurobisagan Tavisufali sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis garigebebi, laTinTa kavSiris wevrTa tomobrivi msgavseba da mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirebi. sabolood, romaelTa msoflio batonobam, xalxis samarTlis meSveobiT, imperiis sxvadasxva nawilSi moqmedi savaWro institutebi erTian samarTlebriv sistemaSi moaqcia. Ius gentium gaxda universaluri samarTlis sinonimi, romelic, erTi mxriv, ius civile-s, xolo, meore mxriv, romis imperiis saqonelbrunvaSi monawile xalxis erovnuli samarTlis sistemebs daupirispirda. vinaidan ius gentium-is normebs romaeli pretori mxolod romSi iyenebda, es sistema, kvlav, romSi moqmed samarTlad rCeboda. Tu pretori miiCnevda, rom modave mxaris interesebi samarTliani iyo, magram misi dacva civiluri samarTlis normebiT ver ganxorcieldeboda, maSin pretori gascemda faqtebze damyarebul (in factum conceptae) sasarCelo formulas, romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saqonelbrunvis Cveulebis princips efuZneboda. amgvarad Camoyalibda samarTlis axali sistema, romelic srulad Seesabameboda yofiT pirobebs. is SemuSavebeli iqna, sasamarTlo magistratebis praqtikuli saqmianobis Sedegad, miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze da xSirad savaWro Cveulebebs efuZneboda. mkacrad formaluri da naklebad mobiluri civiluri samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxis samarTali ukeT da swrafad Seewyo mzard socialur moTxovnebs. ZirZveli tradiciebisagan Tavisufali ius gentium-iT ganviTarebuli savaWro urTierTobebi regulirdeboda, romlis monawile mxareebi romaelebi da sxva eris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. amrigad, ius gentium-i universalur samarTlad iqca im TvalsazrisiT, rom komerciuli urTierTobis dasaregulireblad, savaWro brunvis nemismieri monawile mxaris mimarT (maTi moqalaqeobis miuxedavad) gamoyeneba. civiluri samarTlisa da xalxis samarTlis urTierTsapirispiro dualizmi maT Serwymas ver ganapirobebda. samarTlis unificirebis procesiT dainteresebuli iyo romauli sazogadoeba, romelic dapyrobili qveynebis yvela olqSi samoqalaqo da savaWro brunvis gafarToebas eswrafoda. aRniSnuli procesis warmatebiT ganviTarebas, uSualod uwyobda xels peregrinebisaTvis romis moqalaqeobis miniWeba. sabolood, pretoruli samarTlis, CveulebiTi samarTalisa da, zogadad, iurisprudenciis aqtiurma Zalisxmevam, ius civile-sa da ius gentium-is Serwyma ganapiroba. ganviTarebuli ius civile-s mxardaWeriTa da TanadgomiT, pretoruli samarTali sazogadoebriv yofaSi, faqtiurad, ius gentium-is principebs amkivrebda. sasaqonlo-savaWro urTierTobis wiaRSi, amave mimarTebiT moqmedi, axali CveulebiTi samarTali gansakuTrebiT uwyobda xels ius gentium-is ganviTarebas. qr. Sobamde 50 wliT adre xsenebuli samarTlis axalma axsna-ganmartebam _ nova interpretatio iuris-ma wina planze iuridiuli garigebis yvelaze arsebiTi elementis _ nebis _ mniSvneloba wamoswia. Ius gentium-is ganviTarebis meore arsebiTi faqtori e.w eqstraordinaluri kognicia (davebis gadawyvetis Tavisufali forma) aRmoCnda (amaze saubari qvemoT gveqneba). gansakuTrebuli simkacriTa da formalizmiT ius civile saojaxo-memkvidreobiT urTierTobebze zemoqmedebda, rasac ver vityviT ius gentium-ze. samagierod, moZravi qonebis brunvis farTo sfero ius
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gentium-is gavleniT viTardeboda. Ius gentium-is swrafi ganviTarebis maCvenelad, romaelma iuristebma misi regulirebis sferoSi, monobis institutis Setana miiCnies. Ius gentium-i gansakuTrebul zegavlenas saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze axdenda, ris Sedegadac, civiluri samarTlisagan gansxvavebuli, axali tipis xelSekrulebebi Seiqmna, romlebic, yovelgvari sazeimo ritualebisa da formalobebis gareSe, sada, martiv SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. xalxis samarTlis zegavlena ius civile-ze ormxrivi iyo: 1. dadgenili institutebi ius civile-m wrafad STanTqa, 2. amavdroulad, Zveli civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi xalxis samarTalSi aisaxa. romauli ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, aRniSnuli procesi sul ufro viTardeboda; amis gamo Tavad romaelebi ius gentium-sa da ius civile-s Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. Ius gentium-is Sesaxeb Teoriuli Sexedulebebis SemuSavebaze didi gavlena moaxdena berZnuli filosofiis doqtrinam, kerZod, aristoteles moZRvrebam, romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavda bunebiT da kanonier (ius naturale, ius legitimum) samarTals. romaelma iuristebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes aRniSnuli doqtrinis srulyofa-ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tumca, maTTvis ius gentium-i yovelTvis wminda romaul da ara ucxo samarTlis sistemad miiCneoda. Teoriulad, romaeli iuristebi samarTals or sfeord _ civilur da xalxis samarTlad _ yofdnen. am dayofas ciceronic iziarebda. samarTlis dayofis TvalsazrisiT, axali safuZvlebi Semoitana gaiusma, romelsac civiluri samarTali kanonmdeblobis nayofad miaCnda da igi mas bunebiTi gonis (ratio naturalis) mier Seqmnil ius gentium-s upirispirebda. romael iuristTa mier Semqnili axali Teoriis Tanaxmad, xalxis samarTali ara civilur samarTals upirispirdeboda, aramed bunebiT samarTals (stoelTa filosofiis mixedviT), romlis Tanaxmadac, bunebiTi samarTliT yvela adamiani Tanasworia _ iure naturae omnes homines aequales sunt. principatis xanaSi aequitas (samarTlianoba) _ civlur samarTalTan erTad, xalxis samarTals daupirispirda. Ius aequum-iT (samarTliani samarTali anu aequitas) mkacri samarTali (ius strictum) xorcieldeboda. iuristTa praqtikul saqmianobaSi samarTlianobis principi damkvidrda. marTalia, iuristebi Tvals xuWavdnen iseT siboroteze, rogoric monoba da mepatroneebis mier Tavisufali glexobis eqspluatacia iyo, mainc aqtiurad amkvidrebdnen samarTlianobis princips, romelic samarTlis sferoSi, kanonis winaSi yvelas udavo TanasworobiT, civiluri samarTlis moTxovnaTa simkacres amsubuqebda. didi xnis manZilze kerZo samarTlis sferoSi samarTlianobis principi iuristebis mier, wminda empiriuli (SemecnebiTi) da praqtikuli mosazrebebiT, gonebisa da samarTlianobis mzard moTxovnilebebisadmi ltolvad aRiqmeboda. respublikis bolo periodSi ki, sakuTrebis ufleba bunebiTi samarTlianobis princips efuZneboda. amis Taobaze xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli digestebSi (D.40,1,9,3): bunebiT samarTlianobas ise araferi Seesabameba, rogorc samarTliT dadgenili mesakuTris neba. samarTlianobis principTan absolutur Seusabamobad ganixileboda raime sargeblis motyuebiT (dolus) miReba, romlis sapirispirodac keTilsindisiereba bona fides miiCneoda. aseTi principiT moqmedebdnen pretoris ediqtis miRebisas, riTac aixsneba, ediqtsa da pretoruli samarTlis mraval debulebaSi ius aequum-is arsebobis sixSire. pretoruli samarTlis mraval debulebas ediqtis komentatorebi swored samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze ganmartavdnen. IV. bunebiTi samarTali (ius naturale) Ius gentium-is zemoaRniSnuli gageba romaelma iuristebma imdenad ganavrces, rom respublikis xanis bolo periodSi, arsobrivad, igi ius naturale-s dauaxloves. ciceroni iyo pirveli, vinc bunebiTi samarTali zneobis moTxovnad gansazRvra; misi mtkicebiT, samarTali bunebis mier dadgenil ucvlel zneobasa da kanons emyareboda. ulpianes azriT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebac bunebiT samarTals efuZneboda. bunebiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb misi Sexeduleba yvelaze srulyofili iyo da farTo gagebiT aRiqmeboda. ulpianes Tanaxmad, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovna, zogadad, sicocxleze vrceldeboda, xolo xalxis samarTlis moqmedebis areali mxolod adamianebiT ifargleboda. digestebSi vkiTxulobT: xalxis samarTali vrceldeba mTel kacobriobaze. amdenad, ioli gasagebia, rom igi gansxvavdeba bunebiTi samarTlisagan, romelic yvela sulierze vrceldeba, xalxis samarTali ki mxoldo adamianTa urTierTobebs moicavs. (D.1.1.1.4)
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Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis wyaro gulisxmobs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier sakuTari nebis gamoxatvis formas. Sesabamisad, samarTlis wyaroebSi asaxulia qveynis politikuri organizaciis oficialuri, saxelmwifoebrivi neba, romelic erTnairad misaRebi da savaldebuloa rogorc sazogadoebis yvela fenis, ise saxelmwifoebrivi institutebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaroebia: Cveuleba da CveulebiTi samarTli, normatiuli aqtebi, sasamarTlo da iuridiuli precedentebi, doqtrina, samarTalSegneba da samarTlebrivi ideologia. Tumca, sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi samarTlis wyaros mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebulebis gamo, zemoCamoTvlili, samarTlis ZiriTad wyaroebad yovelTvis rodi ganixileboda. Zvel romSi civilizaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze samarTlis wyaroTa didi mravalferovnebis gamo, maTi rolisa da savaldebulo Zalis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba arsebobda. Zveli romis civilizaciis istoriis Seswavlam, samarTlis istorikosebs SesaZlebloba misca samarTalganviTarebis Semdegi periodebi gamoeyoT: 1. arqauli xana – qr. Sobamde 753 _ 367w. 2. wina klasikuri periodi – qr. Sobamde 367w.-dan qr. Sobis 17w. 3. klasikuri iurisprudenciis epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 an 305w.w. 4. postklasikuri periodi IV–Vss. VI saukunis bizantiis imperatoris iustiniane didis saxelsa da moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli e.w. iustinianes samarTalSemoqmedeba calke ganxilvis sagania. es periodi moicavs iustinianes mmarTvelobis xanas _ 529-535 wlebsa da Semdeg, TiTqmis 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi e.w. iustinianes krebulSi Setanili cvlilebebisa da damatebebis, anu samarTlebrivi (sakanonmdeblo) novaciaTa epoqas, romlis Sedegad iustinianes sakanonmdeblo krebulis kidev erTi, meoTxe nawili, e.w. novelebi Seiqmna. amrigad, Zveli romis samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavla mizanSewonilia swored aRniSnuli periodebis mixedviT, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani, momdevno epoqasTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr. Sobamde 753-367ww.) Ius civile (civluri samarTali); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); ius sacrum (religiuri samarTali); ius commercium (savaWTo samarTali); pontifices (qurumi); interpretatio pontificium (qurumis ganmarteba); familia (ojaxi); fides (erTguleba); legisactiones (kanonieri sarCeli); aequum (samarTliani); fas (religiuri wesrigi); ius dicere, iuris dictio (sasamarTlo xelisufleba); curia (kuria); comitia curiata (kuriis saxalxo kreba); leges regiae (reqsebis kanonebi); populus (xalxi); comitia centuriata (centuriis saxalxo kreba); res publica (saxalxo krebebis suvereniteti, respublika); lex publica, lex rogata (sakaro kanoni); lex privata (kerZo kanoni); consul (konsuli); imperium (uzenaesi Zalaufleba); patricii (patricebi); plebs (plebeebi); civitas (Temi); hostes (mteri). qr. Somabde 753-367 ww. ori simboluri TariRia, romlebic Zvel romaelTa sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi organizaciis tradiciebs asaxavs. aRniSnuli tradiciebi jer kidev im periodidan iRebs saTaves, roca apeninis naxevarkunZuli italikebis tomebiT dasaxlebuli ar iyo da mdinare tibrosis sanapiroebze, laciumis patara olqSi, mokrZalebuli kolonia arsebobda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel romaelTa msoflmxedveloba da maTi samarTlebrivi institutebi erTbaSad ver Seicvleboda. aRniSnul epoqaSi, zogadad, retrospeqtiuli da esqotoligiuri msoflmxedvelobis wiaRSi, sagnobrivi interesebi dgindeboda da samyaros individualurad aRmqmeli calkeuli adamianis Rirebuleba fexs ikidebda. amave epoqis dasawyisSi Tu romaelebi jer kidev did patriarqalur ojaxebad (familia) cxovrobdnen da winaparTa kults (adgnatus proximus) aRmerTebdnen, qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi sazogadoeba mcire ojaxebad daiyo. gvari calkeul individs aRar STanTqavda, piriqiT, xels uwyobda misi STamomavlobis gamravlebas mcire ojaxuri koleqtivis saxiT. Zveli romauli erTobis ganviTareba im stadias asaxavda, rodesac adamians sakuTari Tavi ver warmoedgina im saojaxo organizaciis gareSe, romelsac, drois mixedviT, didi winapari, mamamTavari gansazRvravda, xolo sivrciT _ ojaxis samkvidro teritoria. am ukanasknelis sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli wminda adgilebic, anu maTi saTayvanebeli winaprebis saflavebi. ojaxis samflobelos sazRvrebs miRma mTeli garesamyaro romaelebs uwmindur Zalad warmoedginaT. sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvla ara ekonomokuri, aramed mxolod sakomunikacio mniSvnelobisa iyo, ama Tu im ojaxis wevrebTan piradi kontaqtebs damyarebis
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mizniT, ucxo gvaris wevrebs mtrebad (hostes) aRar miiCnevdnen da Sinaurebad Rebulobdnen. amrigad, ucxosTan kontaqtiT, piri, samarTlebriv aspeqtSi, sakuTar Tavs iZenda. aseTi kavSirebis erTgulebis (fides) garanti magiuri da religiuri saSualebebi (fici, totemis gacvla, misnoba) iyo. yovelive amiT dasabami mieca garkveul ritualebs, romlebmac, sxvadasxva ekonomikuri urTierToba ganapiroba. sagnobrivi interesebis ganviTarebas ritualebis specializaciac moyva. marTalia, saritualo ceremoeniebSi monawileobis ufleba hqondaT mxolod romaelebs da, nawilobriv, im laTinur Temebs, romelTac romaelebTan garkveuli saxis garigebebis dadebis ufleba miecaT. Zveli romauli sazogadoebidan ucxoelebis, anu mtrebis (hostes) gandevnam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra uZvelesi romauli samarTlebrivi sistemis karCaketiloba. saritualo ceremoniebis siwmindesa da tradiciiT dadgenili wesebs qurumebis sagangebo kolegia pontifices (pontifikosebi) icavda. Zveli romis religiur (ius sacrum) da saero cxovrebis wesebsac, axali viTarebis Sesabamisad, isini gankargavdnen, anu ama Tu im normisa Tu institutis saxes es kolegia erToblivad adgenda. amrigad, yofiTi pirobebis Secvlam samarTlis normatiul stabilurobasa da monacvleobaze gavlena ver moaxdina. qurumTa kolegia 15 pontifikosis _ flaminebi (uzenaesi RmerTebis umaRlesi qurumebi), qalRmerT vestas qalwuli qurumebis _ vestalebisa da rex sacrorum-isagan Sedgeboda. yovelwliurad pontifikosebi TavianTi kolegiis erT-erT wevrs kerZo samarTlis Seswavlas avalebdnen. aRniSnul epoqaSi, religiuri normebis Sesamabisad, kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi savaldebulo da misaRebi iyo (aequum, ius). Tumca, es garemoeba samarTlisa da religiis zust analogias rodi niSnavda. jer kidev romulusis dros, romis samarTlis istoriulad adreul etapzeve, Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo xelisufleba (iuridictio), romliTac aRiWurven rex-ebi. kerZo davaTa da konfliqtTa ganxilvisas, reqsi xelmZRvanelobda samarTliT ius (ius dicere) da samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis sanqcias awesebda. qcevis zogadi wesebis dadgenisas, rex-i (SesaZloa pontifikosebTan erTad) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasac axorcielebda. Semdeg is axal normebs waradgenda kuriis saxalxo krebaze (comitia curiata), romelic am wesebs (lex curiata) mxolod iwonebda. Rex-is kanonebis (leges regiae) Sesaxeb cnobebs gviandeli periodis avtorebi gvawvdian. qr. Sobamde 509 wels reqsebis gandevnis Semdeg axali periodi iwyeba; sasamarTlo xelisufleba da sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba or umaRles magistrats _ konsulsa da senats (aristokratiul sabWos) _ mieniWa. kanonebis miReba mxolod senatis mier maTi mowonebisa da komiciebis mier votirebis proceduris gavlis Semdeg (auctoritas patrum) xdeboda. respublikis (res publica) damyareba xalxis suverenitetis gamarjvebasa (`populus” aqedan `publicum”) da romis samoqalaqo Temad civitas (moqalaqeTa erTobliobad) gadaqcevas mowmobda. tradiciulad, am procesis dasabamad miCneulia etruskuli reqsebis epoqa, romlebic romSi qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi zeobdnen. servius tuliusis mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad, mosaxleoba qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT axal samxedro-administraciul _ centuriebad _ dayofas daeqvemdebara da axali saxis saxalxo krebebi - comitia centuriata dawesda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, etruski reqsebi qveyanas tiranulad marTavdnen, maT sagvareulo aristokratia daimorCiles, riTac didwilad amaRlda komiciebis politikuri mniSvneloba. reformis Semdeg, reqsebis gandevna kanonzomieri movlena, da sagvareulo aristokratiis erTgvari revanSi iyo. saxelmwifoSi umaRles Tanamdebobebze arCevis uleba mxolod senatorebs (patres) da maTi STamomavlebs (patricii) hqondaT; arapatriciebs aseTi ufleba ar gaaCndaT. amrigad, qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi romis sazogadoeba or fenad _ patriciebad (patricii) da plebeebad (plebs) gaiyo. ori saukunis manZilze maT Soris Seurigebeli politikuri dapirispireba plebeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: maT miaRwies sakuTari magistratis, plebsis tribunis (tribuni plebs), arCevas. Tumca, konsulebis Tanabari umaRlesi Zalaufleba (imperium), ar gaaCndaT. magram sxva nebismieri magistratis gankargulebasa da maT Soris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze, veto-s ufleba moipoves, aseve saerTo saxalxo krebebze sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mieniWaT. aRsaniSnavia, rom plebsis tribunis Zalaulfleba mxolod q. romiT ifargleboda. axla cal-calke ganvixiloT samarTlis TiToeuli wyaro. $1. CveulebiTi samarTali Mos romanum (romauli Cveuleba); mores maiorum (winaparTa daanderZevi); consuetudo samarTali); mos regionis (adgilobrivi Cveuleba, samarTlis normis analogiiT gamoyeneba).
(CveulebiTi
samoqalaqo brunvaSi mudmivad gamoyenebul samarTlis normas, romelic xalxis rwmenas efuZneba CveulebiTi samarTali ewodeba. CveulebiTi samarTali samarTlis is saxea, romelsac adamianebis
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gonivruli qcevis wesad miiCneven. cnebidan gamomdinare, CveulebiTi samarTlis wyaro, saxelmwifo wyobilebisagan damoukidebeli, saxalxo gonia. amitom, CveulebiTi samarTali SeiZleba ganviTardes winareistoriel xanaSi. imisaTvis rom, CveulebiT samarTals samarTlis wyaros funqcia mieniWos da moqmedebdes rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema, igi sam pirobas unda akmayofilebdes: 1. garkveuli wesis xangrZlivad, uwyvetad moqmedeba da misi dacva; 2. xalxis samarTlebrivi mrwamsi; 3. imperator konstantines konstituciis mixedviT, arsebul (moqmed) kanons unda avsebdes, ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes da mxolod sakanonmdeblo xarvezs aRmofxvravdes. wesisamebr, aseTi moTxovniT igulisxmeboda Semdegi: CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi dasaSvebi iyo praeter legem-is da ara contra legem-is pirobebSi, anu CveulebiTi samarTlis normas unda hqonoda supletoruli (xarvezis aRmofxvris SesaZlebloba) da ara derogaciuli Zala. Zvel romSi Cveulebas, Cvevas mos Romanum ewodeboda. winaparTa anderZs, danabarebs _ mores maiorum, xolo CveulebiT samarTals _ consuetudo, samarTlis normis anologiiT, erT romelime mxareSi dadgenili CveulebiT (mos regionis) calkeuli pirebis TviTneburi qcevis SesaZleblobas, qcevis zogadsavaldebulo standartiT zRudavda da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa SemTxveviTi garemoebebisagan dacvas uzrunvelyofda. kerZod, partniori mxaris ususurebisa, Tu misi mxridan fizikuri Zalis uxeSi gamoyenebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, erTi konkretuli samarTlebrivi sivrcis pirebi Tanabar pirobebSi imyofebodnen.Aam wesisadmi morCileba, `Tavisiani~-is `ucxosgan~ (hostes) da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa aramonawileTagan, anu subieqtebis arasubieqtebisagan gamijvnis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. amgvari damokidebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda Sexeduleba abstraqtuli partnioris, anu adamianTa im erTobliobis Sesaxeb, romelic yoveldRiuri urTierTobaSi qcevis msgavsi wesebiT xelmZRvanelobda. sakuTar wreSi ama Tu im Cveul qcevaze adekvaturi reaqciis molodini da imedi, qcevis aseTi wesebis dadgenas ganapirobebda da Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemis aucileblobas gansazRvravda, rac romaelTa sazogadoebaSi jerovani qcevis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa _ mos Romanum _ samarTlis axali sistemis Camoyalibebas uwyobda xels. es sistema moqmedebda ara marto yoveldRiur (Cveulebriv) qcevebSi, aramed enobriv formaSic (zepirsityvaobasa an werilobiTi dokumentebSi) aisaxa da pozitiuri samarTlis formas warmoadgenda. kodifikaciamde, normad qceuli tradiciis memkvidreobiTobas uzrunvelyofdnen pontifikosebi (pontifices), romelTac winaparTa naanderZevis (mores maiorum) dacva-gafrTxileba daevalaT. kerZod, urTierTobis dadgenili wesebis zustad gadacema sazogadoebisaTvis, misi moTxovnebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, zogadsavaldebuli wesebis mudmivad, adekvaturad dadgena-ganaxleba, mzard sazogadoebriv moTxovnebTan maTi Sesabamisobis uzrunvelsayofa. garda amisa, maTve evalebodaT qcevis dadgenili wesebis saTanado formiT axsna-ganmarteba ganviTarebuli saxogadoebisaTvis. dawerili kanonebis Seqmnis Semdegac am teqnikam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Cveulebebis avtoritetiT SeinarCuna. maTi avtoriteti imdenad didi iyo, rom pontifikosebi da gviandeli periodis saero iuristebi swored maT iyenebdnen im gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad, romelTa gamotana kanonis safuZvelze SeuZlebeli iyo. Mores maiorum-iT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi XII dafis kanonebSi ar asaxula. es faqti samarTlebrivi urTierTobis uZvelesi formebis simtkiceze miuTiTebs (ritualebi da institutebi). XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT am normaTa umravlesoba, garkveuli cvlilebebiT, ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad aRiqmeboda. unda aRiniSnos, rom mores-is didi nawili XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da amis Semdeg isini ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad ganixileboda. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania termini Cveuleba (consuetudo). qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi moRvawe pretorebi mas CveulebiTi samarTlis _ axali normatiuli elementis _ aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen. Ius civile-s gagebiT, mores maiorum-s funqcia ufro konservatiuli xasiaTisaa, consuetudo ki siaxlis wyarod, ius civile-s erTgvar saxeobad warmoCindeba. ciceronis Tanaxmad, CveulebiTi samarTali aris dauwereli kanoni, romelic efuZneba Cveulebas an adamianTa Soris SeTanxmebas da, TiTqmis, sayovelTao mowonebiT sargeblobs, uwinaresad mas vicavT, rogorc winaparTa naanderZevsa da, erTgvarad, bunebiTi samarTliT nakarnaxev kanonebs. amrigad, CveulebiTi samarTlis erTaderTi specifikuri niSani misi dawerili formiT ararseboba gaxlavT.
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$2. Lex (leges) (kanoni) da plebiscita (plebiscitebi) a) Lex (leges) - kanoni Populus (xalxi), lex publica (sajaro kanoni), lex rogata (komiciebSi votirebuli _ xmis micemiT miRebuli _ kanoni), privilegium (gansakuTrebuli norma), provocatio ad populo (komiciebSi apelacia-provokacia), leges perfecta (kanonierebis principi, srulyofili saxis kanoni ), leges minus quam perfecta (naklebad srulyofili saxis kanoni), leges imperfecta (arasrulyofili saxis naklovani kanoni). Tanamedrove samarTlis Teoriis Tanaxmad, kanonis cneba Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: kanoni aris xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier, gansakuTrebuli wesiT miRebuli, umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone normatiuli aqti, romelic awesrigebs (aregulirebs) sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis umniSvnelovanes mxareebs (sferoebs). Zvel romSi samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyaros dawerili formis kanoni warmoadgenda. gaiusis instituciebis 1.3. Tanaxmad, lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit _ kanoni aris is, rac xalxma brZana da daadgina. Zveli romaelebi kanonis (lex) _ pozitiuri samarTlis uzenaesi da yvelaze srulyofili formis _ kriteriumad saxalxo krebis mier mis miRebas miiCnevdnen; politikuri TvalsazrisiT, am aspeqtiT xalxi (populus) ganixileboda civitas-ad (suverenuli koleqtivi). praqtikulad, kanoni damtkicebuli da dadgenili unda yofiliyo mTeli romaeli xalxis (cives romani) warmomdgeni saxalxo krebis (comitia) mier: `...populi appellatione universi cives significatur _ saxeldebiT xalxi yvela moqalaqe igulisxmeboda (Gai.,1.3). sakuTari interesebis dasacavad, kanonis mimRebi suverenuli uflebebiT aRWurvili xalxis neba, kanons romis samarTlis oficialurad dadgenil (pozitivaciis) ZiriTad formad gardaqmnida, vinaidan moqalaqeTagan (cives) momdinare samarTalad _ ius civile-d aRiqmeboda. xalxisa (populus) _ samarTlis normis Semoqmedisa da Temis (cives) _ misi adresatis sayovelTaoba gansazRvravda aseTi normis universalurad gatolebad xasiaTs, imis miuxedavad, rom kanonis teqstis Camoyalibeba specialistebis mier unda momxdariyo. kanoni aris zogadi moTxovna, gamocdil kacTa gadawyvetileba, im danaSaulis daTrgunva, romelic Cadenili iqneba an TviTnebobiT, an ucodinrobiT, anu respublikis zogadi fici (D.1.3.1.). amgvarad, teqstSi saxalxo kanonis (lex populi) ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia aRniSnuli: 1. profesionalTa (samarTalmcodneebi - iuris prudentes) monawileoba cxadyofs, rom maT hqondaT saTanado codna da gamocdileba; 2. lex-i, rogorc samarTlis forma, zogad xasiaTs Seesabameboda; 3. kanonebi dgindeboda mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa (communis sponsio) da yvela moqalaqisTvis (commune praeceptum), iTvaliswinebda yovelgvari urTierTobis (sponsio) Sedegs, moqalaqeTa Soris. amdenad, gamoricxavda qcevis gauazreblobasa da umecrobas, rogorc normis SesaZlo darRvevis an ugulebelyofis mizezs. kanonebi uzrunvelyofdnen samarTlis sizustesa da sicxades. maTive daniSnuleba iyo moqalaqeTa da mmarTvelTa TviTnebobis gamoricxva. romis samarTlis istoriis aRwerisas pomponiusi erTmaneTs upirispirebs pozitiuri samarTlis Tavdapirvel ararsebobasa da romulusis mier saxalxo krebebze (comitia curiata) kanonTa gamocema-dadgenis praqtikas (leges curiata), damtkicebis saxiT. misi azriT: Cveni samoqalaqo Temis sawyis periodSi xalxma sakuTari cxovreba warmarTa gansazRvruli kanonis, gansazRvruli samarTlis gareSe, da yvelaferi reqsebis mier gacemuli saxelisuflo gankargulebebiT imarTeboda. reqsebis kanonebi gamoicemoda etruskuli dinastiis zeobis periodSi. maTi gamocema didi pontifikosis _ papiriusis mier ganxorcielda da sruliad kanonzomierad iwoda ius civile Papirianum. kanonTa gamocema ki reqsTa sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis dasrulebas daukavSirda, ris gamoc, tradiciulad, es movlena respublikis periodis dasawyisad iTvleba. am periods pomponiusi samarTlis gaurkvevlobis axal mdgomareobad axasiaTebs. XII dafis kanonebis SeqmniTa da gamoqveynebiT viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala. plebsis daJinebuli moTxovniT, qr. Sobamde 451 wels Seiqmna sakanonmdeblo komisia, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida aTi yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani romaeli (decim viri), apius klavdiusis
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xelmZRvanelobiT. komisiis mizani iyo samarTlis normebis mowesrigeba da maTSi sicxadis Setana. daaxloebiT orwliani muSaobis Semdeg, komisiam Seqmna Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi), romelTa votireba moxda centurialur komiciebSi, qr. Sobamde 449 wels. Leges duodecim tabularum iqcnen, Semdgomi periodis, romauli samarTalganviTarebis ZiriTad safuZvlad, «mTeli sajaro da kerZo samarTlis wyarod» (fons omnis publici privatique … iuris » _ Livius, 3,24,6). uamravi Cveuleba (mores) da kuriatuli kanoni (leges regiae) iqna sistematizirebuli da werilobiTi formiT dafiqsirda, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis, erTgvarovan sajaro kanonSi (lex publica). yvela norma, romelic ar Sevida kodeqsSi, CaiTvala Zaladakargulad da gauqmda. Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi) sistematizirebulia Tematuri principiT: I-II-III dafebi awesrigeben safuZvlebs; IV-V dafebi safuZvlebs;
ixilaven
samoqalaqo process, pirTa statusebs, ufleba da qmedunarianobis
saojaxo
da
memkvidreobiTi
samarTlis
sakiTxebs,
mamis
xelisuflebis
VI-VII dafebi Seicaven sanivTo da valdebulebiTi samarTlis normebs; VIII-IX dafebi awesrigeben sisxlis samarTlebriv urTierTobebs, danaSaulsa da sasjelis dadgenis safuZvlebs; X dafa exeboda sakraluri ritualebis mowesrigebas. Tumca, maleve gairkva, rom kanonmdeblebma ver gaiTvaliswines, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, momxdari cvlilebani da saWiro gaxda kidev ori dafis damateba. ase Seiqmna XI da XII dafebi, romlebSic Sevida pirveli aTi dafisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli cvlileba-damatebebi. komisiis mier Sedgenili kanonebi, komiciebSi votirebis Semdeg, amotvifres spilenZis dafebze (firfitebze) da gamofines forumze, sayovelTao gacnobis mizniT. am aqtiT xazi gaesva normatiuli sistemis erTianobasa da pozitiur samarTalSi daZleul gaurkvevlobas. Cvenamde moRweulia rogorc amonaridebi XII dafis kanonebidan, ise maT safuZvelze Sedgenili sarCelebis formulebi. qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebis mijnaze kanonTa teqsti da legis actiones gamoaqveyna seqstus eliusma, romlis naSromi safuZvlad daedo Semdgomi periodis filologiur da iuridiul komentarebs. Leges duodecim tabularum (XII dafis kanonebi)-is Sesaxeb Cveni codna ganmtkicebulia Zveli drois mecnierTa da iuristTa naSromebiT, kerZod: markus tulius ciceronis (Cicero), plinius ufrosis (Plinius), titus liviusis (Livius), dionise halikarnaselis (Dionysius) da sxvebis TxzulebebiT. Tu sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani yvela wesi kanonis saxes miiRebda, samarTlis garkveulobis idea ganuxorcielebeli darCeboda. XII dafis kanonebiT ikrZaleboda, samomavlod, iseTi saxis sakanonmdeblo iniciativa (rogatio), romelic iqneboda mimarTuli kanonis gverdis avlisa da, calkeul pirTa sasargeblod, gansakuTrebuli normebis (privilegium) misaRebad. XII dafis kanonebi pozitiuri samarTlis Secvlis sakanonmdeblo procedurasac iTvaliswinebda. titus liviusis redaqciiT, Cvenamde moRweul XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, `rac ar unda daadginos xalxma sabolood, es iqneba dadgenili samarTali.~ am dadgenilebiT naTelia, rom yoveli axali kanoni Zvels ki ar auqmebda, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, icavda arsebul (moqmed) kanons, romlis gauqmebasac iseTive procedura esaWiroeboda, rogoric misi miRebisaTvis iyo dadgenili. romis samarTalSi XII dafis kanonebi ZiriTad sakanonmdeblo aqtad rCeboda, amitom mas, sagangebo dazustebis gareSe, xSir SemTxvevaSi ubralod `leges~-ad ixseniebdnen; mogvianebiT, swored XII dafis kanonTa interpretaciis safuZvelze daixvewa da ganviTarda ius civile, ris gamoc, romauli saTemo-samarTlebrivi sistema formalurad mTlianad am kodeqss daefuZna.
momdevno anu respublikis periodSi kanonebisaTvis xmis micema komicebSi xdeboda. Ius civile-sagan gansxvavebiT, maT leges rogatae ewoda da isini 1. an reagirebas axdendnen farTod gavrcelebul
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socialur cvlilebebze da amis gamo politikur mniSvnelobas iZendnen (maTi mTavari Sedegi iyo is socialuri kompromisi, romlis Sedegadac XII dafis kanonebi Seiqmna), 2. an XII dafis kanonebSi Cadebuli principebi axal urTierTobebze vrceldeboda, riTac arsebuli xarvezebis koreqtireba xdeboda. pirveli jgufs ganekuTvneboda: 1. lex Canulea, romlis safuZvelzec qr. Sobamde 443 w., XII dafis kanonebis miRebisTanave, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; 2. lex Poetelia Papiria, romlis ZaliTac qr. Sobamde 326 w. kreditors aekrZala, TviTneburad, piradad gasworeboda valauval movales; 3. mevaxSeobis SemzRudavi kanonebi; 4. qr. Sobamde II saukunis agraruli kanonebi, romlebic miwaTmflobelobisa da miwaTsargeblobis axal wess adgendnen; 5. qorwinebis Taobaze avgustusis kanonebi, romlebic saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis mraval instituts Seexo. aRniSnul kanonTa mizani samarTlis sistemis logikis ganviTareba iyo, da ara misi reformireba. kanonTa meore jgufs ganekuTvneboda kanonebi, romlebmac marginaluri cvlilebebi daamkvidres. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo normaTa SezRuduli qmediToba. kanonSi miTiTebuli sanqciis mixedviT, romaeli iuristi ulpiane erTmaneTisagan kanonTa sam saxes ganasxvavebda: 1. leges perfectae (srulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic akrZaluli aqtis baTilobas gulisxmobda; 2. leges minus quam perfectae (naklebad srulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic samarTaldarRvevisaTvis sasjels (ZiriTadad, jarimas) adgenen, Tumca, akrZaluli aqts Zaladakargulad ar miiCnevdnen; 3. leges imperfectae (arasrulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic saerTod ar iTvaliswinebdnen sanqcias: arc aqtis baTilad cnobis, arc misi gamoyenebis gamo sasjelis dawesebis saxiT. b) Plebiscita - plebiscitebi Tavdapirvelad, plebsis saxalxo krebis (consilium plebis) mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi _ plebiscitebi (plebiscita) savaldebulo mxolod plebsisaTvis iyo (`olim patricii dicebant plebiscitis se non teneri, quia sine auctoritate eorum facta essent _ odesRac, patriciebis mtkicebiT, maT plebiscitebiT valdebulebebi ar ekisrebodaT, raki isini gamoicema maTi mowonebisa da mxardaWeris gareSe” (Gai.,1.3); Tumca, qr. Sobamde 287 w., hortenziusis kanoniT, leges populi-s msgavsad, isini mTeli romaeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulod Seiqna; hortenziusis kanonis Tanaxmad, plebiscitebi kanonebs gauTanabres. Plebiscita gansxvavdeboda leges populi-gan mxolod misi miRebis formiT, Tumca, Seesabameboda leges yvela arsebiTi maxasiaTebliT. $3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro Legis actiones (kanonismieri sarCelebi); legis actio (kanonismieri sarCeli); pars iuris (samarTlis nawili); formae agendi (sasarCelo formis normatiuli mniSvneloba). Tu kanonebi sayovelTao TviTnebobis mniSvnelobis SezRudvebs adgenen da amiT socialuri Tavisuflebis garkveuli donis dacvis garantias iZlevian, kerZo pirTa Soris warmoqmnili davis SemTxvevaSi, subieqtis samarTlebrivad dacva, gansakuTrebuli sajaro xelisuflebis _ sasamarTlos _ meSveobiT xorcieldeba. samarTlis erTi subieqti, meore subieqtis mimarT, kanonze dafuZnebul sakuTar pretenzias amtkicebda da sasamarTlos winaSe Tavad pretenziis marTebulobas asabuTebda. misi mizani kanonTa debulebis safuZvelze, sakuTari uflebamosilebis aRiarebis miRweva iyo. kanonis normebi qmediTobas, raelurad arsebuli, dacvis saSualebebiT iZendnen. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo devnis muqarac xels uwyobda piris uflebebis ganxorcielebas, yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe. termini `legis actio~ ara imdenad lex populi _ sarCelis formalur wyaroze uTiTebda, ramdenadac TviT sarCelis fiqsirebul xasiaTze: `lege agere~ niSnavda `certis verbis agere~ _ fiqsirebuli gancxadebiT veZioT dacva sasamarTloSi, garkveuli sityvebis warmoTqmiT (lex privata _ kerZo kanoni), romlis teqsti, rogorc kanonis sityvebi, ucvlelad rCeboda. pontifikosebi mkacrad icavdnen kanonis formalur mxares, Tumca drois Sesabamisi axali mniSvnelobis miniWebiT, normis qmedebas kanoniT gauTvaliswinebel urTierTobebzec avrcelebdnen. Zveli sasamarTlo procesis monawileni iZulebulni iyvnen zustad daecvaT sarCeliT fiqsirebuli sityvebi _ sasarCelo formalizmi, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebda imis rwmenas, rom sasamarTlo dadebiT gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda, radgan, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTloc SeboWili iyo amave kanoniT (is sanqcias adgenda misi moTxovnis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi). samarTlis formis materialuri da procesualuri aspeqtebis Tanxvedra, uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrulobas uzrunvelyofda,
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rac yvela msgavsi urTierTobis Tanabari dacvis garanti iyo. sasarCelo formalizmi samarTlis Rrma codnas gulisxmobda. sasamarTloSi saqmis wageba arasworad Sedgenili sarCelis gamo, TiTqmis warmoudgeneli iyo, vinaidan aseT sarCels, rogorc ararsebuls (baTils), gansaxilvelad, ubralod, arc iRebdnen. sasamarTlo procesis or nawilad dayofiT, mosamarTlesTan saqme mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xvdeboda, Tu miiCnevdnen, rom dava Rirda sasamarTlo magistrats ganexila. gaiusis droindel sasamarTlo procesSi per formulas sarCels pretori iZleoda da saqmes mosamarTlesTan gzavnida. samagierod, legis actiones dros saqmis saTanado gaformeba da maSasadame, sarCelis Sinaarsis gaformeba, sasamarTlo procesis pirvel fazas uswrebda win. qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi dadgenili, legis actions-ebi kanonis tolfasad aRiqmeboda, rogorc ius civile-s Semadgeneli nawili. swored aman ganapiroba, kanonis darad, sarCelis formulaTa gamoqveyneba. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, legis actiones, rogorc pozitiuri sarCelis forma, arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda kanonisgan: kanoni zogadsavaldebulo da sayovelTao iyo, sarCeli mxolod maSin iZens mniSvnelobas, roca mas iyeneben (forma agendi). am formis damoukidebeli mniSvneloba, garda misi gamoyenebiTi daniSnulebisa, pontifikosebis axsna-ganmartebiTi saqmianobiT, anu pozitiuri samarTlis sxva wyaros _ iuristTa avtoritetiT izRudeboda. $4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro Responsa prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi;) auctoritas prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa avtoriteti), cavere (garigebebisa da sarCelebis formis Sedgena); agere (sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba); respondere (konsultaciebze pasuxis gacema); exemplum (analogiuri kazusi); controversia (dava, uTanxmoeba); ius controversum (samarTali, iuristebs Soris davis obieqti ); auctoritas principis (princefsis avtoriteti); ius respodendi ex auctoritate principis (pasuxebis micemis ufleba princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze); ius publice respodendi (pasuxebis micemis ufleba sajaroobis safuZvelze); iuris consultus (iuriskonsulti); iura (iuridiuli literatura); leges (imperatoris konstituciebi). gaiusis Tanaxmad, Responsa prudentium sunt sententia et opiniones eorum quibus permissum est iura condere _ samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi aris mosazrebani da Sexedulebebi im pirebisa, vinc uflebamosilia Seqmnas samarTali (Gai., 1.7.). iuridiuli codnis mqone profesionali pirebisaTvis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi funqciebis miniWeba pozitiuri samarTlis arsebobis praqtikul moTxovnaTa bunebrivi Sedegi iyo. pomponiusis azriT, Constare non potest ius, nisi sit aliquis iuris peritus, per quem possit cottidie in melius produci _ samarTlis mcodne pirebis gareSe samarTali ver iarsebebs, maTi meSveobiT samarTali mudmivi srulyofis sagani iqneba (D.1.2.2.13.) Ius-is mimarT wayenebuli moTxovnebi, srulyofisa da adekvaturobis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlis normis pozitiur formasTan mudmivi SesabamisobiT unda ganviTarebuliyo. aseTi srulyofis garanti ki iyo im pirTa profesiuli saqmianoba, romelTac specialuri iuridiuli codna hqondaT (ius periti, iuris prudentes) da samarTlis sistemis funqciis uzrunvelsayofad, samarTalSegnebis erTgvar samecniero organos qmnidnen. samarTlis sistemis srulyofis procesi samarTalSemoqmedebis yvela elements moicavda; iurisprudenciis Taviseburebas warmoadgenda sistemis Sinagani mTlianobis uzrunvelyofa da normis zogadi da formaluri debulebebis konkretuli azriTa da qmediTobiT Sevseba. romauli sasamarTlo procesis SejibrebiToba, mosamarTleTa da advokatTa (romlebic kerZo pirebi iyvnen) mwiri iuridiuli ganaTleba samarTalmcodneTa avtoritets (auctoritas prudentium) uaRresad ganadidebda; es ki imas mowmobda, rom swored iuristebis mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli samarTali da sasamarTlo procesebze warmoTqmuli maTi sityvebi samarTlis yvela dargis zogad nawilad (pars iuris) iqca da mas samoqalaqo samarTali _ ius civile ewoda. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) profesiuli saqmianoba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT xorcieldeboda: cavere (axali sarCelebisa da garigebebis Sedgena), agere (sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba), respondere (pasuxebis gacema). Cavere anu sarCelebis, garigebebisa da anderZis Sedgena. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) cavere funqcia iyo magistratebisa da mosamarTleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva. gamonaklisi iyo is viTareba, roca axali sarCelis avtori Tavad magistrati iyo. respublikis periodSi samarTalmcodneebi
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(prudentes) xSirad monawileobdnen mosamarTleTa consilium-ebze; TviTon mosamarTleobdnen; pretoris sabWos wevrebi iyvnen da TviTon xdebodnen pretorebi. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) wyalobiT mravali sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, momavali sasamarTlo procesebisaTvis samagaliTo iyo, xolo axali sarCeli ki ediqtTa nawilad iqca. magram, aRniSnul organoebSi iuristebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba ar unda gavaigivoT sakuTriv iurisprudenciasTan, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis gansakuTrebul formasTan. magaliTad, actio Rutiliana, romelic gamoCenili iuristis publius rutilius rufusis (qr. Sobamde 105 w. konsuli) saxeliTaa cnobili; aRniSnuli sarCeli publiusis pretorobis dros iqna SemoRebuli (qr. Sobamde 118 w.) da iuriskonsultis profesiul cavere-d ar miiCneva. igive iTqmis actio Publiciana-ze, actio Serviana-sa da a.S. Agere iyo sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba, roca iuristi mxaris dacvis funqciebs sakuTar Tavze iRebda da advokatad gamodioda. dialogSi `brutusi~, cicerons publius rufuss rutiliusi (politikuri moRvawe), kvintus muciusi (pontifikosi) oratorebad hyavs warmodgenili. mogvianebiT, samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) agere saqmianoba advokatebisa da profesionali oratorebisTvis pasuxis gacemiT ifargleboda. iuriskonsultisTvis yvelaze tipuri funqcia kerZo pirebisa da maTi warmomadgenlebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze azris gamoTqma da pasuxebis gacema, anu `respondere~ _ gaxldaT. sasamarTlo kamaTSi mopovebuli avtoritetiT, zogjer samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) azri mosamarTlis nebaze uSualo zemoqmedebas axdenda da mas zRudavda; yvelaze mTavari mainc isaa, rom sasamarTlo sxdomebze samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) uSualo monawileoba savaldebulo ar iyo. avtoris auTenturobis garanti sagangebo beWedi, mosamarTlisadmi gagzavnili iuristis piradi werili, an konsultaciis dros damswre pirTa mowmeoba iyo. yvelaze xSirad samarTalmcodneebs (prudentes) konsultaciisaTvis orator-advokatebi mimarTavdnen; aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTalmcodneTa funqcia iyo maTTvis `hastas ministrant~ _ `Subis miwodeba~, sityvieri paeqrobis gasamarTad. argumentaciis samarTlebriv safuZvlad mores, leges, exempla (analogiuri SemTxvevebi praqtikidan) gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, sasamarTlosTvis Tavad iuriskonsultis azric savaldebulo Zalis mqoned miiCneobda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvels ara marto arsebuli pasuxi (responsa), aramed adre gamoTqmuli is mosazrebac warmoadgenda, romelic aramxolod aRiarebuli, aramed iuridiuli viTarebisTvis nimuSad miCneuli iyo. pontifikosebis mier kolegiurad gacemuli pasuxisagan (responsa) gansxvavebiT (rac uTanxmoebis daZlevis saSualebas iZleoda da samarTlis garkveulobas uzrunvelyofda), samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes), rogorc kerZo pirTa mier gacemuli pasuxebi, azrTa SesaZlo sxvaobis _ controversia-s SemTxvevaSi, uxerxulobas qmnida. azrTa mudmivi Widili sarCelis samarTlianobasa da gadawyvetilebis aqtualobas uzrunvelyofda. garkveul sakiTxTa Taobaze azrTa erTianoba yvelasTvis savaldebulo wess adgenda, xolo azrTa sxvaobis (ius controversum) SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles romelime iuristis mosazrebis arCeva SeeZlo. romelime iuristis mosazrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, sabolood, iurisprudenciis avtoritets ganamtkicebda. principatis reJimma praqtikosi iuristebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba garkveulwilad SezRuda. imperatori avgustusi pirveli iyo, vinc pomponiusis miTiTebiT daadgina, rom `Ius respodendi ex auctoritate principis _ TviT princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze” (D.1.2.2.49), iuristebs pasuxebis gacema SeeZloT. es iyo gansakuTrebuli privilegia, romelsac mravali iuristi gagebiT moekida. Tumca, am wesSi negatiuri xasiaTis garkveuli cvlilebebi imperatorma tiberiusma Seitana; man iurist mazurius sabinuss pasuxebis sajarod gacemis ufleba _ ius publice respodendi mianiWa. cvlilebaTa logikuroba ase warmogvidgeba: uwin, avgustusis dros, sajarod konsultaciis micemis uflebas princefsi ar aniWebda, Tumca, sakuTar codnaSi darwmunebuli pricepsi yvela SekiTxvaze pasuxs iZleoda, magram beWdiT ar amowmebda. amis Semdeg, imperatoris Tanxmoba sajaro movaleoba iyo; xolo, mogvianebiT, am movaleobam privilegiis saxe miiRo (“postea hoc coepit beneficium dari _ Semdeg es ufleba privilegiis saxiT eniWeboda~) (D.1.2.2.49). adrianes imperatorobis dros iuristebi aucileblad Sediodnen consilium principis-Si da imperatori
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diokletianes (306 w.) taxtidan gadadgomamde, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen imperatoris kancelariis muSaobis stilsa da teqnikaze. Tumca, es faqti pozitiuri samarTlis wyarod auctoritas prudentium-ad ar ganixileboda. dominatis epoqaSi (roca ganaTlebuli iuristebi praqtikul saqmianobas aRar eweodnen da mxolod swavlebiT iyvnen dakavebulni) responsa prudentium-i, mxolod dawerili samarTlis saxiT, klasikuri periodis Txzulebebsa da gviandeli periodis gadamuSavebuli naSromebis kompilaciebSi e.w. `iura~-Si (imperatorTa konstituciebisgan gansxvavebiT, leges-is saxiT,) arsebobda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, maTze kvlav uTiTebdnen; Tumca, samecniero azris mkveTrad dacemis Semdeg, `Zveli~ iuristebis mosazrebebTan Sepirispireba did gaugebrobas iwvevda. klasikosTa mosazrebebis savaldebulo Zala upirobo kriteriumad miiCneoda, dasavleT imperiis mmarTvelis valentiniane III-is mier, 426 w. 7 noembers miRebuli kanoniT `citirebis Sesaxeb~, romliTac dadginda im xuTi yvelaze cnobili da, drois kvalobaze, yvelaze Tanamedrove iuristis vinaoba, romelTa mosazrebebsac, sxvebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba mieniWaT. es iuristebi iyvnen: papiniane, paulusi, ulpiane, modestinusi da gaiusi. maT mosazrebaTa Soris winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi, saqmis gadawyveta mosamarTlis mier xmaTa umravlesobiT xdeboda; Tanabari `xmebis~ SemTxvevaSi _ gadamwyveti papinianes azri iyo. aRniSnuli viTarebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki, mosamarTles, saqmis sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, gadawyvetis ufleba eniWeboda. aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi kanoni `citirebis Sesaxeb~ Teodosius II-is mier 438 w. gamocemuli kodeqsiT damkvidrda, mogvianebiT ki, 529 wels, iustiniane didis Novus Codex-Si Seitanes. $5. Iurisprudencia (romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba) 1. avgustusi oqtaviane (gaius iuliusi oqtaviane avgustusi) (qr. Sobamde 63 wlis 23 seqtemberi – qr. Sobis. 14 wlis 19 agvisto) _ romis imperatori qr. Sobamde 27 wlidan. gaius iulius keisris Zmis SviliSvili, keisris mier Svilad ayvanili. principatis saxelwodebiT cnobili politikuri reJimis fuZemdebeli. gaiusi yovelmxriv uwyobda xels iurisprudenciis ganviTarebas. misi iniciativiT samoqalaqo (kerZo) samarTlis ramdenime kanoni miiRes. avgustusis sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis mizani saxelmwifo da samarTlis sistemis daxvewa, romis samarTlis institutebisa da sazogadoebis zneobis srulyofa iyo. avgustusis mmarTvelobis periodi esaa xelovnebis ayvavebis Jami; am dros moRvaweobdnen: poetebi – vergiliusi, horaciusi, properciusi, istorikosi – titus liviusi; avgustusis dros romSi aSenda mSvidobis sakurTxeveli, avgustusis forumi, mavzoleumi marsis velze da sxva. 2. avlus geliusi (daibada daaxloebiT 130 wels) _ romaeli mwerali. mis kalams ekuTvnis vrceli naSromi “antikuri Rameebi” (romelTaganc Cvenamde, 20 wignad, naxevarze metma moaRwia); naSromSi mocemulia mravali cnoba istoriis, literaturis, miTologiis, samarTlisa da filosofiis sferodan. moZRvrebisa da saTavgadasavlo moTxrobebis saxiT Sedgenili naSromi dialogis formiTaa dawerili. masSi uxvadaa citata romaeli iuristebis im Txzulebebidan, romlebic sxva wyaroebSi naxsenebi araa. 3. gaiusi – (daaxloebiT qr. Sobis 117/138-180/192 w.w) _ biografiuli cnobebi gaiusis Sesaxeb iseve ucnobia, rogorc misi namdvili saxeli. mis kalams ekuTvnis: kerZo samarTlis klasikuri saxelmZRvanelo “Institutiones,” provinciale (32 wignad antonius piusis mmarTvelobis dros) da gamokvleva Ad Q. Mucium, romlebic citirebulia iustinianes digestebSi. saintereso da simboluria gaiusis `instituciebis” _ “Institutionum iuris civilis commentarii” bedic: Sua saukuneebSi maTi didi nawili daikarga; X1X saukunemde am naSromTa mxolod fragmentebma moaRwia; sxva naSromebSi ki instituciebis Sesaxeb Semonaxulia cnobebi an maTi gadamuSavebuli varianti. kerZod, gaiusis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis boeciusi, xolo gaiusis Eepistole alarixis breviariaSia Sesuli. 1816 wels veronis biblioTekaSi germanelma istorikosma bertold georg niburma wm. ieronimes werilebTan erTad palimfsestSi gaiusis sruli xelnaweri aRmoaCina. Semdeg manuskriptis atributi cnobilma germanelma civilistma, samarTlis istoriuli skolis fuZemdebelma fridrih karl fon savinim iTava. restavraciis procesSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentis Catarebis Sedegad, instituciebis xelnaweri mniSvnelovnad dazianda, ramac SeuSala xeli instituciebis gamocemas, 1934 wels, DZvelegviptur papirusebSi aRmoCenili instituciebis axali nawyvetebis meSveobiT, teqstSi arsebul xarvezTa aRmofxvra moxerxda.
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4. iavolenusi priskus oqtavius tidius tosiane (qr. Sobis I s.) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. Consul (86w.), imperatorebis _ traianesa da adrianes mrCeveli, samarTlis maswavlebeli. iavolenusma brwyinvale politikuri kariera Seiqmna (oTxi provinciis nacvali iyo). rogorc iuristi, iavolenusi originaluri, SemoqmedebiT niWiT gamoirCeoda. Mmis kalams ekuTvnis: Epistulae, Libri ex Cassio, Libri ex Plautio, Libri ex posterioribus Labeonis (labeonis teqstebis krebuli). iavolenusis moswavle gaxldaT iuliane, xolo celsus sabinusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, igi sabinianelTa skolas Caudga saTaveSi. 5. iuliane lucius oqtavius kornelius emiliane (daax. II s.) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. igi daibada q. gadrumetSi (Crdilo afrika) daaxloebiT 100 w. misi maswavlebeli iyo cnobili iuristi, traianesa da adrianes mrCeveli iavolenus priskusi, romelic xelmZRvanelobda sabinianelTa skolas. iuliane iyo germaniis, espaneTisa da afrikis mefeTa nacvali. 148 wlidan _ konsuli da mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxldaT imperatorebis – adrianes, antoninus piusis, markus avreliusisa da lucius verusis mrCeveli. iavolenusis Semdeg, sabinianelTa skolas iuliane Caudga saTaveSi. samarTlisa da saxelmwifos winaSe iulianes yvelaze didi damsaxureba iyo Edictum perpetuum (mudmivi ediqtis) damuSaveba da redaqtireba, romelSic sistematizirebuli da unificirebulia wina epoqebis pretoruli samarTlis debulebani. 6. iustiniane I didi – (482-565 ww. ) _ aRmosavleT romis imperiis imperatori – 527-565 ww. uzomod didia misi damsaxureba samarTlis istoriis sferoSi. dResdReobiT Cven xelT arsebul utyuar da mravalferovan cnobebs romis kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, swored mas unda vumadlodeT. iustiniane Iis samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis krebuli _ `Corpus Iuris Civilis~ marTlacda saimedo xomaldi, aTaswleulze metia, rac samarTlisa da TviT istoriis boboqar talRebs miapobs. iustinianes cxovrebisa da pirovnebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ramdenadac mravalricxovania, imdenadve araerTgvarovania. iustinianes mmarTvelobis dros romis imperiis orive nawilis xelaxali gaerTianebiT, qveynis politikuri siZliere ganmtkicda. misi zeobis dros, bizantiis imperatori italiaSi _ ostguTebs, vestguTebs _ espaneTSi, Crdilo afrikaSi _ vandalebs ebrZoda. Tumca ki, rogorc `iustinianes instituciebis~ SesavalSia naTqvami, `imperatoris dideba ara marto iaraRis ZaliT unda damSvendes, aramed kanonis ZaliTac, raTa qveyanas rogorc omis, ise mSvidobianobis Jams samarTlianad marTavdes~. swored am mizniT, imperator iustinianes brZanebiT, mecnieriuristTa jgufma tribonianes xelmZRvanelobiT, jer imperatoris mier gamocemuli kanonebi (klasificirebuli da sistematizirebuli), 529 wels, iustinianes kodeqsis saxiT gamoaqveyna, Semdeg iustinianes digestebi (fragmentebi 39 romaeli iuristis Txzulebebidan 50 wignad) da iustinianes instituciebi (samarTlis oficialuri elementaruli saxelmZRvanelo) gamosca. krebulis sami nawilis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, 529 wlidan moyolebuli imperatoris mier gamocemuli brZanebebi da gankargulebebi erT krebulad gaaerTianes da mas novelebi ewodes. imperatori iustiniane didi organizatoruli niWiTa da, intrigebis gziT, sakuTari Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis uzado unariT gamoirCeoda. mis moRvaweobas wiTel zolad gasdevs xelovnebisa da mecnierebisadmi siyvaruli (misi zeobisas konstantinopolSi wm. sofias didebuli taZari aages) da Seurigebeli dogmatizmi, rac naTlad gamovlinda eretikosebis umowyalo devnasa, aTenis neoplatonuri akademiis akrZalvasa da gauqmebaSi. imperator iustinianesa da misi saxelmwifoebrivi politikis dedaazri iyo: `axali, iseTive didi da Zlevamosili romis aRorZineba, rogoric Zveli romi iyo, magram ara warmarTuli, aramed qristianuli romisa.~ 7. klavdiusi apius kekus (qr. Sobamde 450w.) _ cnobili romaeli saxelmwifo moRvawe da iuristi. klavdiusi patriciebisa da decimvirebis meTauri iyo. man gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana decimvirTa komisiis muSaobaSi; misi rCevebis Sedegad mravali debuleba Sevida XII dafis kanonebSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, klavdiusma sakuTari xelisufleba borotad gamoiyena da pativi ayara virginias; es faqti decimvirTa Zalauflebis dacemis sababi Seiqmna. 8. labeoni markus antistius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 45 w. - qr. Sobis 10/21 ww.) _ avgustusis droindeli yvelaze gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, romelic gamoirCeoda codnismoyvareobiT, originaluri azrovnebiTa da novatorobiT aramarto samarTlis, aramed monaTesave mecnierebaTa sferoebSic. trebacius testas mowafe. labeoni Tavisi mrwamsiT respublikeli gaxldaT. Tavis
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siZulvils principatis mimarT igi ar malavda. Tumca, labeonis piradi da samecniero avtoritetis gamo, avgustusi mainc didi pativiscemiT epyroboda mas. momdevno periodis yvela gamoCenili iuristi labeonis Sromebis citirebas axdenda. labeonma miaRwia pretorobas, Tumca, uari Tqva konsulobaze da mTlianad samarTalmcodneobis srulyofa-ganviTarebaze muSaobda: 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi romSi samarTals aswavlida, 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ki sakuTar mamulSi naSromebs qmnida. Llabeonma dawera 40-mde naSromi (Cvenamde mxolod umniSvnelo nawyvetebma moaRwia), maT Soris: Ad Legem XII tabularum, Ad edictum, (pretoruli ediqtis pirveli klasikuri komentarebi), De iure pontificio, Epistulae, Responsa, Pithana. labeonis sicocxleSi gamouqveynebeli naSromebi ucnobma avtorma gamosca (libri posteriores). 9. modestinusi herenius (qr. Sobis 226-244 ww.) _ `klasikuri periodis~ erT-erTi ukanaskneli iuristi, ulpianes moswavle, avtori samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis naSromebisa, romlebsac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, damxmare saxelmZRvanelos an praqtikuli komentaris mniSvneloba hqondaT. modestinusi romSi praefectus vigilimus movaleobas asrulebda. Vigilis iyo Zveli romis xanZarsawinaaRmdego razmi, romelic Ramis saaTebSi sapolicio samsaxuris funqciebsac asrulebda. amrigad, saxanZro razmisa da sapolicio samsaxuris ufrosis movaleoba praefectus praetoria-s Semdeg, faqtobrivad, meore Tanamdeboba iyo; masve evaleboda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis iurisdiqciac. garda amisa, cnobilia, rom modestinusi samarTals aswavlida maqsiminus umcross (imperator maqsiminus Trakielis vaJs, romelic, 238 wels, jariskacTa amboxis dros, mamasTan erTad akvileusis alyis dros mokles). 239 wels imperatorma markus antoninus gordianus mesamem mas ius respodendi-s, anu iuridiul sakiTxebze daskvnebis micemis ufleba uboZa. modestinusma Seqmna naSromebi samarTlis yvela dargSi, igi werda rogorc laTinur, ise berZnul enebze. misi Txzulebebi mosamarTle da samarTlis SemswavlelTaTvis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloebi ufro iyo, vidre Teoriul-kvleviTi xasiaTis Sromebi. modestinusis kalams ekuTvnis Semdegi Sromebi: Regulae, Responsa, Pandectae, De praescriptionibus. modestinusis naSromebma (papinianusis, pavlusis, gaiusisa da ulpianes naSromebTan erTad), `citirebis Sesaxeb~ 426 wlis kanoniT, citirebis ufleba moipoves da saqmeebis ganxilvis dros sasamarTloSi uapelacio upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen. 10. marcelusi lucius ulpius (qr. Sobis II s.) – cnobili romaeli iuristi. marcelusi imperatorebis antoninus piusisa da markus avreliusis mrCeveli gaxldaT. TanamedroveTa Soris igi, sruliad damsaxurebulad, iTvleboda SorsmWvretel da gonier analitikosad. marcelusma kritikulad gadaamuSava iulianes mravali debuleba da uaryo zogierTi maTgani. marcelusis Txzulebebi, kerZod, misi `digestebi~ 31 wignad, Zalze popularul naSromad iTvleboda; pavlusi, ulpiane, modestinusi, marciane, trifoninusi maT xSirad iyenebdnen, xolo kvintus cervidius scevolam am TxzulebaTa komentarebi Seadgina. 11. pavlusi iulius (II saukunis bolo _ III saukunisis dasawyisi) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi, scevolas mowafe. digestebis mTeli moculobis TiTqmis erT meeqvseds pavlusis TxzulebaTa nawyvetebi Seadgens. 426 wels imperatorebma Teodosius II-m da valentiniane III-m gamosces kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTloebs pavlusis naSromTa citirebis ufleba da am naSromebis safuZvelze sasamarTlo davebis ganxilvis uflebamosileba eZleodaT. pavlusi iyo advokati, mogvianebiT _ pretorianelTa gvardiis prefeqtis asesori (Tanamdebobis piris TanaSemwe). am dros prefeqtis Tanamdeboba papinianes ekava. Semdeg pavlusma magister memoriae-s maRali Tanamdeboba daikava (ganagebda princefsis dRiurs, iwerda mis moxsenebebs da gankargavda mis korespondencias) da papinianesTan erTad saimperatoro sabWos wevri gaxda; imperator aleqsandre severusis mmarTvelobis dros, Tavis kolega ulpianesTan erTad, igi praefectus praetoriae gaxda. pavlusis kalams ekuTvnis 86 Txzuleba 319 wignad, romelTa Sorisacaa neraciusis, iulianes, papinianes, scevolas Sromebisadmi miZRvnili SeniSvnebi (Notae), Ad Plautium, Ad Sabinum-is komentarebi. pavlusis mTavari naSromi Ad edictum erTdroulad pretoruli samarTlis normaTa komentaricaa da maTi uzogadesi formulirebac. pavlusiseuli fragmentebis im nawilebis garda, romlebic iustinianes digestebSia, nawilobriv SemorCenilia misi naSromi sententiae ad filium (Svilebisadmi micemuli rCeva-darigebani), romelic didi popularobiT sargeblobda modevno saukuneebSi; pavlusis rCevadarigebebma aseve, kanonis Zala SeiZina. aRniSnul naSromSi pavlusi samarTlis zogad sistemasa da mis calkeul debulebebs mokled da gasagebad ayalibebs.
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12. papiniane emilius (daaxloebiT 146-212 ww. daibada siriis q. hemezaSi) _ erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli mecnier_iuristi, romlis siRrmiseulma azrovnebam da cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam, igi II-III saukuneebis gamoCenil samarTalmcodneTa liderad aqcia. `citirebis Sesaxeb” 426 wlis kanonis safuZvelze, nebismier samarTlebriv sakiTxze, yvela sxva avtoris mosazrebasTan SedarebiT, papinianes mosazreba upiratesobiT sargeblobda. savaraudod, papiniane enaTesaveboda imperator septimius severuss, romelsac colad misi da hyavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, kvintus cervidius scevolas skolaSi septimius severusi da papiniane erTad swavlobdnen.Mseverusis mmarTvelobis dros papinianem praefectus praetoriae-s Tanamdeboba miiRo. septimiusis memkvidris - imperator karakalas dros, papinianem uari ganacxada karakalas mier umcrosi Zmis _ getasa da misi momxreebis mklvelobis gamarTlebaze, riTac imperatori gadaimtera; 212 wels karakalas brZanebiT papiniane daqiravebulma mkvlelma mokla. papinianes mTavari naSromebia Quaestiones 19 wignad da Responsa, romlebic stilisturad imdenad rTuli iyo, kazuisturi masaliT ki _ imdenad mdidari, rom samarTlis skolaSi mesame wels iswavleboda (am skolis msmenelebs `papinianelebsac~ uwodebdnen). 13. pomponiusi seqstus (qr. Sobis IIs.) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi, iulianes Tanamedrove. samarTlis sferoSi pomponiusi, ZiriTadad, pedagogiur da literaturul saqmianobas eweoda. igi aRniSnuli periodis erT-erTi nayofieri SemoqmedTagania. mis kalams ekuTvnis: Cvenamde moRweuli pretoruli ediqtis yvelaze vrceli komentari (daaxloebi, 150 wignad). pomponiusis ediqti romis samarTlis istoriis yvelaze vrcel da popularul naSromad iTvleba. formalurad sabinianelTa skolis mimdevari, prokulianelTa skolis Sexedulebebs ar uaryofda. 14. rufusi servius sulfius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe, akviliusisa da luciusis mowafe, konsuli (51 w.), prokonsuli aqeaSi (46-45 ww.). kvintus mucius scevolasTan erTad, servius rufusi respublikuri samarTalmcodneobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad iTvleboda; samarTlis Tanmimdevruli meTodisti, imavdroulad, kargi praktikosi, SesaniSnavi oratori, pedagogi (10-ze meti moswavle gamozarda) da Zalze nayofieri avtori, romelmac STamomavlobas dautova: daaxloebiT 180 wigni, mravalricxovani gamosvlebi sasamarTlo sxdomaze, pretoruli ediqtis pirveli, Zalze mokle komentari da sxva naSromebi, kerZod: De dotibus, De sacris detestands, Reprehensa Scaevolae, Responsa, romlebic misma mowafeebma avfidius namusam, alfenus varusma da sxvebma gamosces. 15. rufusi rutilius publius (qr. Sobamde 158 w. ?) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, publius muciusis mowafe, konsuli (105 w.). 92 wels qveynidan gaZeveba mas usamarTlod miusajes. rufusi saxelganTqmuli respodenti gaxldaT. mis kalams ekuTvnis: actio formula Rutiliana da (SesaZloa) constitutio Rutiliana. garda amisa, rufusis Sesaxeb cnobilia, rom igi gatacebuli iyo oratoruli xelovnebiTa da istoriis kvleviT. 16. sabinus mazurius (qr. Sobis I s.) _ romis samarTlis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze avtoritetuli moRvawe, romlis saxelsac, postklasikuri tradiciiT, sabinianelTa skolis – samarTlis mecnierebis axali mimdinareobis _ daarseba ukavSirdeba. ateius kapitonis mowafe. sabinusis erTguli Tanamoazre iyo misi mowafe kasius longinusi. sabinusi warmoSobiT ubralo ojaxidan iyo, Tavs irCenda im honorarebiT, romlebsac mowafeebi uxdidnen. 50 wlis asakSi mxedris cenzis miRebas igi imperator tiberiuss umadloda, romelmac, mxedrebis wodebis warmomadgenelTagan, pirvelad sabinuss darTo neba gaeca kvalificiuri pasuxebi, anu profesiul doneze gadaewyvita is samarTlebrivi problemebi, romlebic arsebul sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, saTanadod, asaxuli ar iyo. sabinusis Sexedulebebze garkveuli gavlena moaxdina mucius scevola pontifikosis ideebma, rasac mowmobs Tavad mazurius sabinusis mTavari naSromis Ius civile-s saxelwodebac, romelic scevolas Txzulebis saxelwodebis identuria. 17. scevola publius mucius (qr. Sobamde 133 w.) _ didi qurumi da konsuli; misi gonierebis, samarTlis Rrma codnisa da sasamarTlo davebis ganxilvis dros miukerZoeblobis gamo, scevolamama ciceronma did da WeSmarit iuristad aRiara. pomponiusma publius mucius scevolas (markus iunius brutussa da markus maniliusTan erTad) civiluri samarTlis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli uwoda. scevola-mamam samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos 10 wigni miuZRvna; didi qurumi, qurumebis kolegiis
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privilegirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze metad, iuridiul kompetenturobaze zrunavda, riTac samarTlis sekularizacias Seuwyo xeli. 18. scevola kvintus mucius konsuli (qr. Sobamde 95 w.) da didi qurumi (qr. Sobamde 84 w.). umwikvlo reputaciiT scevola-Svilis saxelma da avtoritetma mamis dideba daCrdila. man brwyinvale filosofiuri ganaTleba miiRo. kvintus mucius scevolam samarTlis sferoSi Rrma codniTa da oratoruli xelovnebiT didi popularoba moipova. sasamarTloSi mis gamosvlebs axalgazrda ciceroni usmenda. scevola-Svilma monawileoba miiRo lucinius-muciusis kanonebis SedgenaSi. samarTlis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, misi udidesi damsaxureba gaxlavT is, rom man pirvelma samarTlebrivi aqtebi ara qronologiurad, aramed sistemurad Camoayaliba, razec misi Txzulebis De iure civili-is 18 wignSi mocemuli samoqalaqo samarTlis ZiriTadi cnebebi metyvelebs. 19. trifoninusi klavdius (qr. Sobis II-III ss.) – romaeli iuristi. papinianusisa da paulusis Tanamedrove, maTTan erTad swavlobda kvintus cervidius scevolas samarTlis skolaSi. trifoninusi septimius severusis saimperatoro sabWos wevri iyo. sabWos sxdomebze ganxilul sakiTxebze saboloo daskvnebi, quaestor sacri patatii-im, Camoayaliba naSromSi Disputationes. 20. triboniane (?- 542/546 ww.) – gamoCenili bizantieli iuristi, iustinianes droindeli saxelmwifo moRvawe, ekava umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi (magister officium). triboniane gaxldaT iustinianes samoqalaqo samarTlis krebulis Seqmnis iniciatori da koordinatori. Codex-ze muSaobisas, igi mxolod komisiis wevrobas dasjerda, 530 wlidan ki, faqtobrivad, yvela samuSaos igi xelmZRvanelobda da TanamSromlebsac sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr arCevda. tribonianem komisias gadasca sakuTari unikaluri biblioTeka, romelic im droisaTvis xelmiuwvdomel, iSviaT gamocemebs Seicavda. samarTlis winaSe tribonianes Rvawlze termini `emblemaTa triboniane~ aSkarad metyvelebs. 21. trebacius gaius testa (gardaicvala qr. Sobis I saukunis dasawyiSi) _ labeonis maswavlebeli, gviandeli respublikis erT-erTi cnobili romaeli iuristi, romlis naSromma Cvenamde moaRwia, misi calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi ki sxva avtorebis Txzulebebma Semogvinaxa. testa mxedarTa wodebis warmomadgeneli iyo, megobrobda ciceronTan (romelmac igi keisars gaacno), horaciusTan, iyo avgustusis mrCeveli, romlis mmarTvelobis drosac trebacius testas avtoriteti Zalze amaRlda, rac misma samarTlis siRrmiseulma codnam da cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam ganapiroba. 22. ulpiane domicius (daax. II saukunis II naxevari) gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, warmoSobiT sirieli. pavlusis msgavsad, ulpianes pretorianelTa gvardiis prefeqt papinianesTan asesoris Tanamdeboba ekava. mogvianebiT, saimperatoro kancelariis ufrosi (magister serinius), xolo aleqsander severusis mmarTvelobis dros praefectus preatoriae iyo. ulpiane axalgazrda imperatoris, aleqsander severusisa da misi dedis – mameas ndobiT aRWurvili piri gaxldaT. mas Tavad imperatoric did pativs scemda. samxedro valdebulebisa da imperatoris erTgulebis momxere, ulpiane ver egueboda yovlisSemZle pretorianel jariskacTa da oficerTa Tavgasulobas; am umarTavi Zalisadmi misi principuli damokidebuleba, sabolood, tragikulad dasrulda – 228 wels, igi imperator aleqsander severusis Tvalwin mokles pretorianelebma. ulpianes kalams ekuTvnis grandiozuli naSromi `Ad edictum~_ pretoruli samarTlis komentari 83 wignad, Txzulebebi: Ad Sabinum de appellationibus, De fideicommissus, agreTve calkeul kanonTa komentarebi. Cvenamde moaRwia ulpianes Sromebma Iber singularis regularum-is 29 Tavma (samarTalmcodneobis Sesaswavlad). mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad, ulpianes TxzulebebSi stoelTa ideebis zegavlena igrZnoba, rasac, kanonTan SedarebiT, zneobrivi normebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba mowmobs. 23.Fflorentinusi (qr. Sobis II s.) _ romaeli iuristi, romlis Sesaxebac cnobilia, rom man vrceli naSromi _ Institutiones _ dawera. frolentinusis Sesaxeb Cvenamde Zalze mcire cnobebma moaRwia. iustinianes digestebSi mocemuli fragmentebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom Rrma filosofiuri azrovnebiTa da oratoruli niWiT gamorCeul iurists, samarTlis rTuli cnebebisa da debulebebis martivad axsnis unaric Seswevda. kerZod, frolentinuss genialurad aqvs ganmartebuli Tavisuflebisa da monobis arsi, romelic mocemulia De status hominum-Si. 24. ciceroni markus tulius (qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) – udidesi romaeli filosofosi, oratori,
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politikuri moRvawe, mwerali, iuristi. respublikuri wyobis momxre da respublikelTa erT-erTi ukanaskneli gamoCenili ideologi. politikuri uiRblobis gamo, igi araerTxel ganidevna romidan; cicerons bedi ar swyalobda; erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis ideuri mowinaaRmdege, markus antoninusma proskripciul siebSi Seitana. ciceroni iyo ganumeorebeli oratori, sazogadoebis winaSe warmoTqmuli misi sityvebi dRemde oratoruli xelovnebis nimuSad rCeba. filosofiaSi ekleqturi Sexedulebebis momxres _ stoicizmis, akademizmisa da epikureizmis simbiozi, imavdroulad sajaro da kerZo samarTlis sferoSi samarTlis mTeli rigi fuZemdebluri principebis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevda. ciceronis yvelaze cnobili naSromebia: `oratorisadmi~, `saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~, `kanonebis Sesaxeb~, `keTilisa da borotis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~, `movaleobaTa Sesaxeb~ da sxva. rogorc respublikuri wyobilebis ideologi, ciceroni (romelsac im droisaTvis axleburi azrovnebis gamo homo novus-s uwodebdnen), romis siZlieresa da mis uZveles kanons (De respublica, De legibus) ganadidebda. ciceronis saxelganTqmul trilogiaSi (`De oratore~, `Orator~, `Brutus~) sasamarTlo da politikuri oratoris – perfectus orator – srulyofili saxea aRwerili. $6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi a) Iudicatum (sasamarTlo precedenti) Auctoritas res iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis avtoriteti); exemplum (precedenti). romis samarTlis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, iuriskonsultebis (iuris prudentes) intensiurma samarTalSemoqmedebiTma saqmianobam, faqtiurad, sasamarTlo praqtikis roli da mniSvneloba dasca. digestebSi (D.1.3.38) moyvanilia kalistratusis (qr. Sobis II-III ss. romaeli iuristi) azri, rom imperator septimius severusis moTxoviT, kanonSi raime saeWvos an sxvaobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kanonis Zala miniWeboda im Cveulebas an avtoritetul saqmes, romelTa safuZvelzec sasamarTloSi saqme wydeboda. es aris romaul iuridiul literaturaSi arsebuli erTaderTi teqsti, romelic sasamarTlo precedentisTvis savaldebulo Zalis miniWebasa da kanonTan mis gaTanabrebis aucileblobaze (rogorc avtoritetul sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze) metyvelebs. am teqstidan irkveva, rom, analogiuri SemTxvevebis regulirebis mizniT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa magaliTad miRebis praqtika (ad exempla), Zvel romSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo da imperatoris nebas ar eqvemdebareboda. respublikis periodis ritorikul TxzulebebSi, iudicatum-i samarTlis im sxva wyaroebisa da mtkicebulebaTa saSualebebTan erTad ixsenieba, romlebsac sasamarTlo sxdomebze advokatebi iyenebdnen. Tumca, rogorc gairkva, digestebSi kalistratusis teqsti pavlusis xsenebul teqstTan erTadaa mocemuli (D.1.3.37); pavlusis teqstSi saubaria provinciuli samarTlis Sesaxeb; pavlusi wers, interpretaciis dros, eWvis arsebobisas, msgavsi Sinaarsis SemTxvevis gadawyveta, sasamarTlom provinciuli Temis Cveulebis (adgilobrivi samarTali) siRrmiseulad Seswavlis Sedegad unda moaxdinos. amrigad, kalistratusis fragmentSi moxseniebuli septimiuss severusis reskripti, eZRvneba provinciul sasamarTlo praqtikas, sadac ganviTarebuli iuridiuli azrovneba ar arsebobda da mravalsaukunovani tradiciis kompensireba adgilobrivi CveulebiTi samarTlisa da precedentis interpretatios xarjze xdeboda. b) Senatusconsultum (senatuskonsulti) Senatusconsultum - SC; Quaestiones extraordinariae et quaestiones perpetuae (sagangebo da mudmivmoqmedi sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo); oratio principis (princefsis sityva sasamarTloSi). Senatusconsultum (SC) xalxis (populus) monawileobis gareSe miiReboda; aqedan gamomdinare, qmediTobis TvalsazrisiT, leges-Tan misi gaTanabreba, udavod gamoiwvevda im konceptualur sirTules, romelic asaxulia gaiusis teqstSi: Senatusconsultum est, quod senatus iubet atque constituit: idque legis vicem optinet quamvis fuerit quaesitum _ senatis dadgenileba aris is, rac senatma brZana da daadgina; mas aqvs kanonis Zala, Tumca, amis Sesaxeb bevrs daobdnen (Gai., 1,4). qr. Sobis II saukunemde SC-s kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda da
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amitom ius civile-s SeqmnaSi uSualo monawileobas ver iRebda. senats hqonda ori SesaZlebloba: normatiul viTarebaze SualobiTi gavlenis mosaxdenad, sasurveli kanonis miReba daevalebina magistratisTvis, an pretorisagan _ ediqtSi cvlilebebis Setana. zogjer senati magistratisagan sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlos - quaestiones extra ordinariae _ Seqmnas iTxovda. amgvari dawesebuleba ver iqneboda mudmivmoqmedi, misi Seqmna kanonis (lex) miRebas saWiroebda, xolo senatuskonsults kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda. amdenad, moqalaqes yovelTvis hqonda ufleba apelaciiT miemarTa xalxisaTvis. qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi Zvel romSi seriozuli politikuri da samarTlebrivi krizisi warmoiSva, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom senatma msgavsi sagangebo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis SezRudvis Tavidan acileba moisurva. principatis periodSi, komiciebis rolis dacemis Sedegad, senatis normaSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo imperatoris xelSi senatuskonsulti pretoris ediqtze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRi Seiqna. marTalia, qr. Sobis I saukuneSi senatuskonsults, ius civile-Tan mimarTebiT, kanonis Zala jer kidev ar gaaCnda da mxolod pretorul samarTlis (ius honorarium) Camoyalibebaze axdenda gavlenas, qr. Sobis II saukunidan misi roli imdenad gaizrda, rom civiluri samarTlis tolfasi Sedegi miiRo, rac kanonTan mis gaTanabrebaze metyvelebda. g) Edicta magistratuum (magistratebis ediqtebi)
(normis dadgenisa da gamoqveynebis ufleba); edictum (magistratis ediqti), iurisdictio (sasamarTlo uflebamosileba); officium (Tanamdebobrivi movaleobani); interdictum (interdiqti); edictum perpetuum (mudmivi ediqti); edicta repentina (erTjeradi ediqti); decretum (dekreti); denegatio actionis (sasarCelo dacvaze uaris Tqma); edictum provinciale (provinciuli ediqti); aediles curules (kurulis edilebi); praefecti (prefeqti); praesides provinciale (provinciis gubernatorebi). Ius edicendi
umaRlesi samxedro da sajaro xelisuflebis (imperium) mqone romael magistratebs ius edicendi ganxorcieleba (Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis mizniT, zogadsavaldebulo qcevis wesebis dadgena da gamocema), ediqtis (edictum) saxiT, SeeZloT. marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio) ganxorcielebis ufleba qr. Sobamde 242 w. q. romis mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgebel pretorsa (praetor urbanus) da peregrinebis pretors (praetor peregrinus) mieniWaT. `Ius dicere” iyo samoqalaqo sasamarTlo ganxilvis (in iure) pirveli stadia, romlis drosac saqmis arsi dgindeboda da Sesabamisi procesualuri saSualebebi ganisazRvreboda. sakuTari uflebis (ius, iuris dicendi) safuZvelze, pretori mosamarTles uTiTebda im safuZvels, romlis Tanaxmadac am ukanasknels gadawyvetileba unda gamoetana. pretoris gadawyvetileba ganisazRvreboda ius civile-s im normebiT, romlebic ama Tu im urTierTobis dasadgenad gamoiyeneboda. sakuTari imperium-is safuZvelze, pretors dacvis specifikuri saSualebebis gaTvaliswineba da saqmis damoukidebeli ganxilvac SeeZlo. aseTi eqstraordinaluri procesebi xels uwyobda samarTlis sistemis ganviTarebas da ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis oficialur doneze dacvisa da aRiarebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. garda pretorebisa, romlebic zogadi iurisdictio-Ti sargeblobdnen, specialuri iurisdiqcia mieniWaT kurulis edilebsac _ magistratebs, romlebic q. romSi wesrigis dacvaze iyvnen pasuxismgebelni, gansakuTrebiT bazrebSi (cura urbis). sakuTari officium-is farglebSi ius edicendi hqonda edilsac; igi gamoscemda ediqtebs (edicta), romlebic ara marto marTlmsajulebis, aramed kerZo samarTlis, da gansakuTrebiT _ edicta iurisdictionis exeboda. magistratebis ediqtebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi, lex Aebutia-s gamocemiT SeiZina. damkvidrda axali saxis procesi _ per formulas, romelic legis actiones procesTan Tanadroulad moqmedebda. aRniSnulis Sedegad, ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis dacva pretorsac SeeZlo. amisTvisac igi ara eqstraordinalur, aramed Cveulebriv samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv saSualebebs iyenebda. qr. Sobamde 17 w. legis actiones procesis gauqmebiT, samoqalaqo procesualuri saSualebebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, magistratebis ediqtma TiTqmis monopoluri mdgomareoba moipova. Camoyalibda axali, gansakuTrebuli normatiuli sistema _ ius honorarium anu praetorium (magistratebis anu pretoruli samarTali), romelsac ius civile-Tvis praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda: pretoruli dacvis gansakuTrebul saSualebebs moqalaqe Tu ar gamoiyenebda, igi civiluri samarTlis normis anabara
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rCeboda, xolo pretorulma samarTalma ius civile-s institutebis modifikacias xeli materialuradac Seuwyo. Tavdapirvelad, pretorTa mier ediqtebis Sesruleba Rirsebis (fides) sakiTxad iqca da `dignitas~-ze (tradiciul warmodgenaze) iyo damokidebuli. pretors SeeZlo uari eTqva misive ediqtiT gamocxadebul sarCelze (denegare actionem); aseve, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoeca axali ediqti, romelic, Tanamdebobaze misi daniSvnis dros, gamocemuli ediqtis sapirispiro iqneboda; e.w. erTjeradi saxis naCqarevi ediqtisagan (edicta repentina) gansxvavebiT, wlis dasawyisSi gamocemuli ediqti, pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi Zalas inarTunebda da mudmiv ediqtad (edictum perpetuum) iwodeboda. qr. Sobamde 67 w. plebsis tribunis korneliusis mier gamocemuli kanoniT, pretors, edictum perpetuum-is garda, sxva aqtebiT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba aekrZala. marTlmsajulebis sferoSi edicta repentina-s gauqmebam, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, pretoris mier araordinaluri gadawyvetilebebis (decretum) miRebaze gavlena ver moaxdina. amasTanave, ediqtis (an kanonis) winaaRmdeg wasvla pretors ar SeeZlo, mas evaleboda mxolod dadgenili samarTlis farglebSi moqmedeba da axal urTierTobebze bonum et aequum-is ZiriTadi principebis gavrceleba. qr. Sobis II saukuneSi, roca senatusconsultum-s kanonis Zala mieca, imperatoris kancelaria sagrZnoblad gaaqtiurda, kerZo samarTali ius civile-s farglebSi ganviTarda, ediqti ki arsebiTad SeizRuda da misi ganviTarebis procesic SeCerda. aseTi viTarebis logikuri Sedegi ki iyo, imperator adrianes iniciativiT, pretoruli samarTlis saboloo sistematizacia. 131 w. imperatorma kvestorebs salvius iulianesa da servius korneliuss pretoruli ediqtebis saerTo redaqtireba daavala. am amocanis Sesasruleblad saTanado codna mxolod iulianes hqonda, amdenad, TiTqmis mTeli samuSaoc man Seasrula. iulianes redaqciiT gamocemul ediqts `Edictum perpetuum-i~ ewoda (Tumca, sruliad axali mniSvnelobiT). amieridan kodificirebul teqstSi magistratebs mxolod aucilebeli xasiaTis damatebebis Setana SeeZloT. amrigad, papinianes Tanaxmad, pretoruli samarTali aris is, rac civiluri samarTlis gaumjobesebis, masSi damatebebisa Tu cvlilebebis Setanis mizniT, civiluri samarTlis sajaro sargeblianobis asamaRleblad, pretorebma brZanes (D.1.1.7). d) Constitutiones principum (imperatorebis konstituciebi) Lex generalis (zogadi moqmedebis norma); decretum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba); rescriptum (calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta); subscriptio (kerZo piris moTxovniT (sapasuxod) gamotanili gadawyvetileba); epistula (Tanamdebobis piris moTxovnaze sapasuxo gadawyvetileba ); translatio imperii (Zalauflebis gadatana). ulpianes azriT, princefsis gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala aqvs, radgan xalxi imperators mTel xelisuflebas, princefsis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli kanoniT, gadascems. (D.1.4.1). am teqstSi, faqtiurad, principatis, rogorc politikuri reJimis, arsia Camoyalibebuli. princefsi, rogorc kanonmdebeli, xalxis sinonimia da magistratis msgavsad (romelsac xalxma garkveuli vadiT imperium-i gadasca) ki ar axorcielebs Tanamdebobriv funqciebs, aramed saxalxo nebas samisdReSiod gamoxatavs. III saukuneSi Camoyalibebul principatis reJimis gamamarTlebel konceptualur tradicias naTlad asaxavs Zalauflebis gadatanis (translatio imperii) idea. pomponiusi princefss populus-is sadar suverenad axasiaTebs (D.1.2.2.11). misi azriT, princefsis mdgomareoba pozitiuri samarTlis pirveladi wyaros tolfasia; sakanonmdeblo uflebamosilebebs igi sakuTari saxelisuflo statusis mixedviT, qmnida. pomponusis Tanaxmad, aseTi cvlileba romis saxelmwifos bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi iyo, romelic, TavisTavad, iTxovda samarTlis dadgenis saSualebaTa Semcirebasa da am uflebamosilebis erTi piris xelSi Tavmoyras. Constitutio principis-iT gamoxatuli axali suverenis neba, kanonzomierad icavs kanons, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis formas. pomponiusis azriT, is, rac Tavad princefsma daadgina, kanonis magivrad Sesruldeba _ quod ipse prinseps constituit pro lege servetur (D.1.2.2.12). ulpianes Tanaxmad, princefsis neba da xelisufleba xalxisas uTanabrdeba, imperatoris konstitucia Tavad kanonia (legem esse constat). (D.1.4.1.1) princefsis konstituciasa da kanons Soris gansxvaveba-Tanafardoba marcianusis teqstSia mocemuli: `werilobiTi formiT dadgenili pirobebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba imperatoris ediqts, an kanons, an kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebs... dauwerlad iTvleba _ condiciones contra edicta imperatorum aut contra leges aut quae
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legis vicem optinent scriptae… pro non scriptis habentur. . . (D.28.7.14). aseTi damokidebuleba imperatoris konstitucias ganaxsvavebda pozitiuri samarTlis im sxva formebisgan, romelTac SeiZleba kanonis (lex) masStabebi mivusadagoT da vivaraudoT, rom konstitucia sakuTari Tavis kriteriumi iyo. am logikis gamoxatulebaa cnobili maqsima _ princefsi kanonisgan Tavisufalia _ princeps legibus solutus est (D.1.3.31). formis mixedviT, imperatoris konstituciebi iyofa: 1. Edicta _ zogadi moqmedebis norma; 2. Decreta _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, Cveulebriv, qveda instanciis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze apelaciis pasuxad; 3. Rescripta _ calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta, romelic, Tavis mxriv, subscriptiones-ad da epistulaed iyofoda imis mixedviT, kerZo Tu Tanamdebobis piris SekiTxvis sapasuxod iyo gacemuli. III saukunis bolomde saimperatoro samarTalSemoqmedebis sxva formebs Soris rescripta dominirebda. romis pozitiuri samarTlis struqturaSi rescripta xSirad responsa prudentium-Tan erTad ixsenieboda. kerZo samarTlis calkeul problemaTa gadaWriT ius controversum-Si Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda. postklasikur epoqaSi (konstantines gamefebasTan erTad) rescripta-m adrindeli mniSvneloba dakarga. samagierod, konstantines periodidan kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis regulirebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani roli SeiZina edicta-m da is leges generales-i gaxda. am periodSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli swored imperatoris konstituciebi (leges) iyo. klasikuri periodis iuristebis mosazrebas _ iura-s maSin mimarTavdnen, roca sakanonmdeblo moTxovna ar gaaCndaT. imperatoris konstituciebis kerZo krebulebis Sesaqmnelad mzardma interesma iseTi mniSvnelovani aqtebis Seqmna ganapiroba, rogoricaa diokletianes dros Sedgenili Codex Gregorianus da Codex Hermogenianus. 428 w. aRmosavleT romis imperiis mmarTvelma Teodosius II-m samarTlis wyaroebis zogadi sistematizacia ganizraxa. 438 w. ZalaSi Sevida Codex Theodosianus-i, romelSic konstantines Semdeg gamocemuli konstituciebi gaaerTianes. 528 w. aprilSi aRmosavleT romis imperatorma iustinianem brZana SeeqmnaT axali kodeqsi Novus Codex, romelic 529 wlis aprilSi ZalaSi Sevida. iustinianem Tavi mouyara Zvel kodeqsebs; 439 wlis Semdgom miRebuli axali konstituciebic daurTo da maT novellae constitutiones uwoda. aRniSnulma kodeqsma Cvenamde ver moaRwia. II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 367-17 ww.) urbanus (qalaqis pretori); praetor peregrinus (peregrinebis pretori); per formulas agere (formularuli procesi); edictum praetorium (pretoruli ediqti); edictum tralaticium (ediqtis monacvleoba _ memkvidreobiToba); ius praetorium (pretoruli samarTali); ius honorarium (magistratebis samarTali); iuris prudentes (iurisprudencia); responsa (iuristebis pasuxebi); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); divisiodefinitio (sarCelis sistematizacia); pars iuris (samarTlis mecniereba); aequitas (samarTlianoba). Praetor
qr. Sobamde 367 wels tribun licinius stolonusisa da misi kolega seqstius lateranusis iniciativiT miRebuli kanoniT (lex Liciniae Sextiae) dadginda: erT-erT konsulad aucileblad plebsis warmomadgeneli unda arCeuliyo. am monopoliuri uflebis dakargvas patriciebi ver Seeguen da imave kanoniT, kompensaciis saxiT, q. romis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi umaRlesi magistratis axali Tanamdebobis _ qalaqis pretoris (preator urbanus) SemoReba moiTxoves. qalaqis pretori konsulis umcrosi TanaSemwe da Sesabamisi impirium-iT aRWurvili piri unda yofiliyo. pretori marTlmsajulebas (iuris dictio) ganaxorcielebda. aRniSnuli magistraturis SemoReba, faqtiurad, mmarTvelobis sistemidan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis instituciur gamoyofas niSnavda. aseTma cvlilebam sasamarTlo procesis axali formis Camoyalibeba da mTeli romauli samarTlis sistemis TandaTanobiTi gardaqmna gamoiwvia. amrigad, es cvlilebebi SeiZleba Sevafasod ara konstituciuri samarTlis, aramed samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriis umniSvnelovanes movlenad. swored aRniSnuli movlenaa miCneuli romis samarTlis arqauli periodis dasasrulad da e.w. winaklasikuri periodis dasawyisad. tradiciis Tanaxmad, romSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis wodebrivi gaTanabreba qr. Sobamde 287 wels miRebul hortenziusis kanons (lex Hortensia) ukavSirdeba. am kanoniT plebsis saxalxo krebebis gadawyvetilebebs (plebiscita) kanonis (lex) Zala mieniWaT da yvela moqalaqisTvis savaldebulo gaxda. formalur-konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT, aseTi cvlileba plebsisaTvis privilegiis miniWeba iyo, vinaidan, iZulebis wesiT, mTeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulod mxolod erTi wodebis neba iqca; maSin, roca patriciebs aseTi ufleba ar gaaCndaT. msgavsi disproporcia magistraturebis mimarTac
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SeiniSneboda. amieridan, romis respublikaSi Tu plebeebs nebismieri Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeeZloT, sakuTriv plebeebis magistraturis (maT Soris ki umTavresi tribuni iyo) dakavebis ufleba mxolod plebeebs eniWebodaT, anu, am TvalsazrisiT, isini wodebriv upiratesobas inarCunebdnen. arsebiTad, patriciati saxelmwifos erTaderTi umaRlesi wodeba aRar iyo. plebeebis elitam patriciatTan aRreva moaxerxa, patriciebisa da plebeebis zeda fenam ki sazogadoebis axali umaRlesi wodeba _ nobiliteti (nobilis) Seqmna. saxelmwifo wyobilebis oligarqiuli xasiaTi mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels gabatonebuli socialluri jgufebis politikur aqtivobas da interesTa memkvidreobiTobis harmoniul Tanxvedras iwvevda, rasac Sedegad romis respublikis ayvaveba mohyva. mogvianebiT, aRniSnulma viTarebam ganapiroba amave reJimis swrafi rRveva da dacema. respublikis periodSi evropis, afrikis da aziis uzarmazar teritoriebze romis gabatonebam konstituciuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. qr. Sobamde VI saukunis bolos laciumze dakarguli batonoba romma kvlav daibruna; qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi centraluri italia daipyro da xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebisaken aiRo gezi, sadac 264 wlidan mis uSualo metoqes _ karTagens _ daupirispirda. e.w. `punikur omebSi~ miRweuli warmatebebiT Caeyara safuZveli romis batonobasa da Zalauflebas axal dapyrobil teritoriebze, romlebzec romis provinciebi (provinciae) Seiqmna. provinciaTa mmarTvelebad pretoris msgavsi sasamarTlo funqciebiT aRWurvili prokonsulebi da propretorebi (proconsul et propraetore) dainiSnen. qr. Sobamde II saukunis Sua periodisaTvis roms Tanaswori mowinaaRmdege ukve aRar hyavda. winaklasikuri periodi es aris axali formis garigebebisa da samarTlis axali mecnierebis Camoyalibebis xana. mkacrad dacul saritualo formaTa gareSe dadebuli xelSekrulebebi mxolod mxareTa nebis gamovlenas efuZneboda da pretoris dacvas eqvemdebareboda. Tu garigeba mxolod romael moqalaqeTa Soris ideboda, maSin isini qalaqis pretors mimarTavdnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 242 wlidan Tu garigebis erT-erTi mxare ucxoeli iyo, saqmes peregrinebis specialuri pretori (preator peregrinus) ganixilavda. pretori saqmis arss adgenda, ris Sesabamisadac, Tu mosarCelis mier moyvanili faqtebi sarwmuno iyo, brZanebas gascemda mosamarTlisadmi (anu im kerZo pirisadmi, romelic, modave mxareebis mier SeirCeoda), raTa mas saqmeze gadawyvetileba gamoetana. pretoris mxridan, kerZo mosamarTlisaTvis sasamarTlo funqciebis delegireba, gansakuTrebuli brZanebis (formula) saxiT xdeboda; aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis axal, pretorul saxes, formularuli procesi (per formulas) ewoda. Tanamdebobis dakavebis Semdeg, yoveli axali pretori gamoscemda ediqts (edictum), romliTac gacxadebuli iyo, misi magistratobis periodSi, ra saxis samarTlebrivi urTierToba moipovebda dacvis uflebas. Amgvarad, ediqtis zogadi debulebebi da masSi moyvanili sasarCelo formulebi, calkeul saqmeze gamotanili dekretebisagan (decretum) gansxvavebiT, droSi gansazRvruli simtkiciT gamoirCeodnen (edictum perpetuum). yovel axal magistrats momdevno wels, winamorbedis ediqtSi cvlileba Sehqonda. Tumca, ediqtis Sinaarsis memkvidreobiToba (edictum tralaticium), zogadad, SenarCunebuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom pretori flobda imperium-s da SeeZlo, iZulebis wesiT, uzrunveleyo misi iurisdiqciis safuZvelze gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, mas lex publicae-s (igulisxmeba XII dafisa da sxva kanonebi) sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis ufleba mainc ar gaaCnda. samoqalaqo procesis organizeba da pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobisTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, kardinalur cvlilebebs iTxovda, rac qr. Sobamde II saukunis meore naxevarSi ebuciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) ganxorcielda. faqtiurad, amiT safuZveli Caeyara sasamarTlo magistratis reformatorul iniciativas. momdevno asi wlis ganmavlobaSi romauli samarTlis sistema mniSvnelovnad garTulda. garda ius civile-s institutebisa, Seiqmna pretoruli sarCelebis sistema, romelTa meSveobiTac mkacri samoqalaqo samarTliT (ius strictum) gauTvaliwinebeli da misi debulebebis sawinaaRmdego urTierTobebis dacvac gaxda SesaZlebeli. mxareTa mier procesis erT-erTi saxeobis arCevis Semdeg, gadawyvetilebis Secvla maT im SemTxvevaSic ekrZalebodaT, roca paraleluri sistema ufro sasurveli Sedegis imeds iZleoda. amrigad,
procesualuri
saSualebebiT
pretorma
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gadalaxa
ius civile-s
SeuTavsebloba,
romelic
socialuri urTierTobebis Secvla-garTulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. pretoruli dacvis saSualebebisTvis mimarTva kerZo pirebs exmareboda axal, pretoruli ediqtis debulebebze dafuZnebul, samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa agebaSi. pretorulma (ius praetorium) anu magistratebis samarTalma (ius honorarium) romis samarTlis sistema ara mxolod procesualuri, aramed materialuri TvalsazrisiTac mTlianad Secvala. qr. Sobamde 17 w. gamocemulma avgustusis kanonma gaauqma marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba (leges Iuliae de iurisdictione) per legis actiones proceduris safuZvelze. pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebis srulyofa romis samarTlis mecnierebis Camoyalibebis periods daemTxva. respublikis periodSi termini samarTlis specialisti-mcodne romael samarTalmcodnes (iuris prudentes), `pontifices”-gan ara imdenad saero TanamdebobiT, ramdenadac aristokratiuli mdgomareobiT ganasxvavebda, vinaidan am drois iuristebi _ ZiriTadad pontifikosebi _ eqs-magistratebi iyvnen, xolo samarTalmcodneobis permanentuloba uSualod pontifikosebis saqmianobas ukavSirdeboda. am faqtze, konsulis Tanamdebobaze myofi pirveli plebei pontifikosis _ tiberius korunkaniusis saqmianobac mowmobs, romelic damswreebs samarTlis sakiTxebze konsultaciebs individualurad aZlevda. swored iurisprudenciis ayvavebis periodSi, daZlia romma mkacrad erovnuli samarTlis saritualo formebi da peregrinebisTvis xelmisawvdomi axali formis kontraqtebi SeimuSava. am samarTlebrivi konstruqciebis sayovelTao xasiaTi aisaxa im SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, es normebi yvela xalxisaTvis, erovnuli da moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis iyo. ase mieca dasabami xalxis samarTals (ius gentium). Ius gentium-iT dadgenili garigebebi sxvadasxvagvari komerciuli urTierTobisas gamoiyeneboda da maT orive pretoris sasamarTlo dacviT sargeblobis ufleba moipoves. am Taobis iuristebis saqmianobam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba samarTlebrivi azris progresi. isini gaecnen aristoteles dialeqtikas, romelic Sesaswavli sagnis analizisa (safuZvlebis mixedviT dayofa) da sinTezis (SemecnebiT kategoriebSi rekonstruqcia) meTodebs efuZneboda; aman xeli Seuwyo samarTlebrivi institutebis, gvarobiT niSniT (genera), relevantur dayofas (divisiones), rac romauli iurisprudenciis ZiriTad meTodologiad iqca. romaeli filosofosebi da samarTalmcodneebi pozitiuri samarTlisa da samarTlianobis urTierTdapirispirebis ideas aristoteles daesesxnen. oficialurad dadgenili samarTlisagan gansxvavebul, samarTlianobas maT aequitas uwodes. Tavdapirvelad, Tu samarTali (ius) da samarTlianoba (aequum) sinonimebad iTvleboda da misaRebis, marTebulis ideas Seesabameboda (axal droSi ius-i ganixileboda im dadgenil da umkacres raimed, romelic movlenaTa bunebriv wesrigs saerTod ar pasuxobda), aequum-ma ufro eTikuri (zneobrivi) mniSvneloba SeiZina da sityvebiT bonum et aequum (keTili da samarTliani) aRiniSneboda. samarTalmcodneebis _ prudentes mTavari saqmianobis mizani kanonis arsisa da movlenaTa bunebrivi wesrigis (naturalis ratio) moTxovnaTa urTierTSesatyvisobis uzrunvelyofa gaxldaT. konkretul sakiTxebze iuriskonsultebis gadawyvetilebebi sasamarTlosTvis savaldebulo Zalas, samarTlianobis principTan, Sesabamisobis SeTxvevaSi iZendnen. amrigad, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, samarTlianobis dadgena an qcevis wesebiT misi gamoxatva maTTvis ius civile-s tolfasi iyo. maT mier iuris gentium-iT SemuSavebuli xelSekrulebebi, romlebic ex bono et aequi sarCelebis dacviT sargeblobda, ganaxlebuli ius civile-s ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. ciceronis azriT, samoqalaqo samarTali aris erTi samoqalaqo Temis wevrTaTvis dadgenili samarTlianoba, nivTis kuTvnilebis gansazRvris uzrunvelsayofad _ ius civile est aequitas constituta eis qui eiusdem civitatis sunt, ad res obtinendas…. winaklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qvaze an brinjaos firfitebze dawerilma sakanonmdeblo normebma. esaa senatis dadgenilebebi, romauli (leges rogatae) da municipaluri (leges datae) kanonebi. maTi umravlesoba administraciuli da sisxlis samarTlis normebs Seicavs. romis samarTlis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba brinjaos dafis 9 natexs, romlebic, erTi mxriv, qr. Sobamde 121 wels miRebul lex Cecilia repetundarum-s, xolo meore mxriv, qr. Sobamde 111 wels miRebul lex agrarian-s Seicaven. Lex Cecilia repetundarum meqrTameobisTvis adgens sasamarTlo devnis axal wess, romlis ZaliTac,
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provinciis mkvidrs, piradad an sakuTari patronis, romis moqalaqis, SuamdgomlobiT romaeli magistratis meqrTameobaSi dadanaSauleba SeeZlo, xolo lex agraria sazogadoebriv mindvrebze (ager publicus) miwaTsargeblobis axal wesebs adgenda. am kanonis Tanaxmad, yvela saxis kerZo mflobeloba (possessiones) kerZo sakuTrebad (ager privatus) iqca, xolo sxvadasxva kategriis miwaze renta (vectigal) dawesda. III. klasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 w.) Princeps (princefsi); consilium principis (princefsis sabWo); praefectus praetoria (pretorianelTa prefeqti); praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqti); provinciae Caesaris (saimperatoro provinciebi); provinciae populi Romani (senatis provinciebi); schola, secta (samarTlis (mecnieruli) skola); Sabiniani (sabinianelebi) da Proculiani (prokulianelebi); institutiones (institutebi); nota _ (lema, SeniSvna); problemata _ (problemuri literatura); responsa, digesta, epistulae. qronologiurad, romis samarTlis klasikuri periodi samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebul oqtaviane avgustusis mier damkvidrebuli axali politikuri reJimis _ principatis periods _ ukavSirdeba, xolo principatis dacema da dasasruli _ imperator aleqsander severusis gardacvalebas (235 w.). am dros mTeli qveyana xangrZlivma politikurma krizisma _ e.w. `jariskacTa imperatorebis epoqam~ _ moicva. qr. Sobamde 27 w. oqtavianem eqstraordinaluri (sagangebo) uflebamosilebani moixsna da senats ganucxada, rom respublikuri wyobis aRdgena surda. saxelmwifoSi pirveli piris _ princefsis (princeps) gansakuTrebuli statusiT igulisxmeboda meamboxe provinciebisa da iq ganlagebuli jarebis marTva da `avgustusis~ titulis is sagangebo imperium-i, romliTac oqtaviane, misi moRvaweobiT, kmayofilma senatma daajildova. am viTarebas avgustusi aRwers Tavis politikur anderZSi _ `Res gestae ~(qmedebani). igi wers: amis Semdeg me yvelaze didi avtoriteti gamaCnda, Tumca, magistraturaSi Cemi Zalaufleba, Cemive kolegebis statuss sulac ar aRemateboda~. qr. Sobamde 27 wels avgustusma Seqmna consilium principis _ sakonsultacio sabWo, romelic aRniSnuli saqmeebis ganxorcielebaSi senats cvlida. qr. Sobamde 23 wels avgustusma uari ganacxada konsulatze da imperium proconsulare _ provinciebis erTi jgufisa da iq ganlagebul jarebis marTvis uzenaesi xelisufleba miiTvisa, rac, faqtiurad, yvela danarCeni prokonsulis (maius) xelisuflebas aRemateboda da funqcionaluri SeuzRudaobiT (infinitum) gamoirCeoda. pozitiuri saxis am xelisuflebas man plebeebis tribunis mudmivi xelisufleba (tribunicia potestas) SeuTavsa da oficialurad es movaleobac moixsna. amis Semdeg, marTalia, avgustusi tribunad aRar iTvleboda, magram mas nebismieri magistratis gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadeba SeeZlo. am periodidan moyolebuli axali politikuri reJimi sabolood Camoyalibda. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aseTma struqturam, senatTan, yvelaze efeqtur politikur mSromlobas xeli Seuwyo da imperiis mmarTvelobis axali sistemis organizeba uzrunvelyo.
Tana-
qr. Sobamde 16 wels Seiqmna axali administraciuli struqtura _ praefectura urbi (saqalaqo prefeqtura), mis saTaveSi mdgom pirs _ praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqts) _ Tavad imperatori niSnavda. qalaqis pretori (praetor urbi) q. romSi arsebul wesrigze agebda pasuxs. missave sapolicio funqciebs samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze sasamarTlo funqciebi daemata. qr. Sobamde 2 w. avgustusma Seqmna praefectus praetoriae _ pretorianelTa prefeqtis Tanamdeboba, romelic sagangebo jaris, pretorianelTa kohortis (cohors praetoriae) meTauri iyo. es jari ganlegabuli iyo q. romSi. pretorianelTa prefeqti sardlobda italiis mTel teritoriaze ganlagebul jarebs, igi imperatoris marjvena xeli iyo q. romSi, riTac man ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba igdo xelT, kerZod, romis farglebs gareT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba. pretorianelTa prefeqti yvela provinciisaTvis uzenaesi sasamarTlo instancia iyo samoqalaqo saqmeebze, xolo imperatoris qveyanaSi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi (vice sacra), misi iurisdiqcia sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebzec vrceldeboda. septimius severusis dros misi Zalaufleba, garda q. romisa, mTels italiaze gavrcelda. 235 w. aleqsander severusis konstitucia, pretorianelTa prefeqtis brZanebulebaTa normatiul mniSvnelobas (formae), im pirobiT aRiarebda, Tu kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeboda. mogvianebiT, biurokratiuli sawyisebi ufro ganmtkicda. severusebis mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze eqstraordinaluri
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sasamarTlo proceduris damyarebiT, senatma dakarga sasamarTlo funqciebi. principatis epoqaSi romma axali, mniSvnelovani teritoriebi daipyro. qr. Sobamde 29 w. avgustusma SemoierTa egvipte, riTac safuZveli Caeyara axali kategoriis saimperatoro provinciebs _ provinciae Caesaris, romlebic gansxvavdeboda senatis _ romaeli xalxis (provinciae populi Romani) _ provinciebisgan. imperiaSi mSvidobis simyare centraluri xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis efeqturma Serwymam, ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebam ganapiroba. imperiis Sida komunikaciebis intensiurma ganviTarebam saxelmwifo sul ufro homogenuri gaxada. am procesis apogead iTvleba imperator karakalas mier qr. Sobamde 212 wels gamocemuli ediqti (Constitutio Antoniniana), romlis Tanaxmadac, imperiis mravalmilioniani mosaxleoba romis moqalaqeTa uflebebs iZenda. am droidan moyolebuli, sxvaoba ius civile-sa da ius gentium-s Soris, mxolod akademiuri mniSvnelobisaRa iyo. qr. Sobamde 17 w. avgustusis kanonma `kerZo pirTa Soris davebis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilvis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum), gaauqma per legis actionem procesi. amieridan, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo procesis _ per formulas _ formis erToblioba, samarTlis institutebis Sesabamis unifikacias iTxovda. qr. Sobis I saukuneSi dadebuli garigebebis umravlesoba, marTalia, ius gentium-s efuZneboda, magram mainc ius civile-s doneze iqna aRiarebuli. mkacr civilur (ius strictum) samarTalSi imperatoris moTxovnebs arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi Sehqonda; gansakuTrebiT es exeba piris uflebebis, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis, saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis sferoebs. imperatorebi xels uwyobdnen iuristiebs politikur karieras; sabolood, am TanamSromlobas Sedegad mohyva iuristebis monawileoba consilium principis-s saqmianobaSi, aseve maT moipoves pretorianelTa prefeqtis Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba. sasamarTlos sistemis progresi uSualod ukavSirdeboda damoukidebel samarTalmcodneTa (prudentes) moRvaweobas. avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, maTi avtoritetis (auctoritas principis) amaRlebaze TviT imperatorebi zrunavdnen. respublikis bolos ori iuristi dawinaurda: ateius kapitoni da markus anTistius labeoni. kapitoni tradiciul Sexedulebebs emxroboda; misi Txzulebebi sajaro samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. labeoni kerZo samarTlis problemebisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgomiT gamoirCeoda: mas q. romis pretoris mier Sedgenili ediqtis komentarebi ekuTvnis. am ori cnobili pirovnebis politikuri antagonizmi SesaZleblobas iZleva avxsnaT, Tu, mainc da mainc, maT saxelTan ratomaa dakavSirebuli klasikuri periodis ori samarTlis skolis Seqmnis tradicia: igulisxmeba prokulianelTa da sabinianelTa skolebi. arc erT skolas miekuTvneboda II saukuneSi mcxovrebi cnobili iuristi florentinusi (Florentinus). man Seqmna `Institutiones~ Tormet wignad. termini `institutio~ (`ganaTleba~) miuTiTebs dawyebiTi codnis safuZvlebis (elementa) Camoyalibebasa da amisaTvis elementaruli xasiaTis samuSaoebis Sesrulebaze. imavdroulad, moRvaweoba daiwyo romaelma iuristma gaiusma. misi naSromi Institutiones (oTx wignad) Cvenamde srulyofilad moRweuli erTaderTi klasikuri Txzulebaa. gaiusis naSromi daiwera antoninus piusis mmarTvelobis dros da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoica. `instituciebis~ zogadi struqtura aseTia: pirebi, nivTebi, valdebulebebi, sarCelebi; gaiusiseuli modeli misaRebi gaxda iustinianes instituciebisa da napoleonis kodeqsisTvis (1804 w.), aseve maT safuZvelze Seqmnil Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsebisTvis. klasikuri periodis iuristebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen winamorbedTa naSromebis komentarebs, maT Soris, ius civile-s zogad Sromebsa, Tu calkeuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb fundamenturi monografiebis avtorTa Txzulebebs. komentarebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT SeniSvnebi (notae). am Janris Tavisebureba isaa, rom Canaweri uSualod sxva iuristis naSromis teqstSi keTdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom SeniSvnebs akeTebdnen aramxolod piradi qmnilebebis mindvrebze, aramed yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromebis saarqivo aslebzec. pretoruli ediqtis komentarebi (Ad edictum) samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) literaturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Cveulebriv, komentirebas qalaqis pretoris ediqti eqvemdebareboda. yvelaze vrceli komentarebi (150 wignamde) ekuTvnis pomponiuss, romlis citirebasac sxva avtorebi, magram ara kompilatorebi axdendnen. paulusma dawera ediqtis komentarebi 78 wignad.
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iuriskonsultTa praqtikuli, profesiuli saqmianobis amsaxveli Janri iyo responsa (konsultaciebi, pasuxebi), romelSic, uSualod, klasikuri epoqis samarTlebrivi azris ayvavebaa asaxuli. Digesta _ esaa calkeul gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli da responsa-s Janris yvelaze ganzogadebuli saxe. Epistulae (werilebi) iuridiuli konsultaciis saxeoba iyo, romelic axlobeli adamianis SekiTxvis pasuxad gaicemoda. Quaestiones (SekiTxvebi) gansxvavdeboda sakuTriv responsa-sagan gansaxilvel sakiTxTa xelovnurobiT. aseT viTarebas, calkeuli institutis an principis detalurad Sewsavlis mizniT, Tavad iuristi an misi mowafe warmoidgenda. IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.) Dominatus(dominati); tetrarqia; coloni (kolonati); decuriones (dekurionebi); pars imperii (imperiis nawili); constitutio (imperatoris brZaneba); vulgarizmi; iuridiuli (saswavlo) skola; praeceptores (profesori). qronologiurad, postklasikuri periodi klasikuri periodis dasasruliTa da iustinianes mmarTvelobis periodis dasawyisiT ganisazRvreboda. tradiciulad, aseTi periodizacia am epoqisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas asaxavs da im mkveTr gansxvavebas gulisxmobs, romelic romis samarTlis klasikur periodsa da mis Semdgom _ dacema-gadagvarebis _ etapze arsebobda. III saukunis meore naxevarSi dawyebuli naxevarsaukunovani zogadi krizisi, romelmac mTeli romauli sazogadoeba moicva, romis samarTlis istoriazec aisaxa. gviandeli romis epoqisaTvis niSandoblivia didi politikuri (dominatis Camoyalibeba), kulturuli (qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba) da samarTlebrivi Zvrebi, ramac mravali saukunis manZilze gansazRvres evropis saxe. 284 wels iliriulma legionebma taxtze dasves imperatori diokletiane, romelic ar dakmayofilda erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis damkvidrebiT. man moaxdina mTeli imperiis mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizacia da dasavleT provinciebis mmarTvelad yvelaze erTguli sardali _ maqsimiane daniSna. SemdgomSi, provinciebis mmarTvelTa TanaSemweebad kidev ori piri (galeriusi, romelic mis pirad moadgiled iTvleboda da konstancius qlorusi, romelic maqsimianes TanaSemwe iyo) gamocxadda. diokletiane da maqsimiane avgustusebad iwodebodnen, maT mier Svilad ayvanili TanaSemweebi ki _ keisrebad. dadginda, rom avgustusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxtis memkvidred cxaddeboda misi uSualo TanaSemwe keisari, romelic, Tavadac axal keisars iyvanda Svilad. Lex de imperio gauqmda da monarqiam sabolood CamoiSora respublikuri safarveli. oTxTa mmarTvelobis aRniSnul sistemas tetrarqia ewoda. es sistema imperiis dayofas ar gulisxmobda (uzenaesi xelisufleba diokletianem SeinarCuna), magram man mmarTvelobis decentralizacia gamoiwvia. ganxorcielda administraciuli reforma, romlis Sedegadac Seiqmna Semcirebuli moculobis provinciebi _ diocezebi, romelTa saTaveSic pretorianelTa prefeqtisadmi daqvemdebarebuli vikariusebi idgnen. Tavis mxriv, diocezebi daiyo ufro mcire teritoriul erTeulebad _ provinciebad, romlebsac reqtorebi marTavdnen. Camoyalibda axali biurokratiuli institutebi, konsulatma da preturam uwindeli mniSvneloba dakarges. diokletianem SemoiRo axali sagadasaxado sistema da imperiis mTel teritoriaze gadamxdelTa, zedmiwevniT zusti, aRwera Caatara. man safuZveli Cauyara profesiuli kastebis Seqmnas da daadgina: samxedro mosamsaxureTa vaJiSvilebi mamis saqmes unda gahyolodnen. moxda memkvidreobiTi moijareebis _ kolonebis (coloni) miwaze samarTlebrivi mimagreba, ris Sedegadac imperator Teodosius I-is mmarTvelobis dros mosaxleobis es kategoria, faqtiurad, yma-glexebad iqca. garda amisa, municipaluri sabWoebis _ kuriebis _ wevroba memkvidreobiTi gaxda. kuriebis wevrebi anu dekurionebi (decuriones), maT mier gankargul olqebSi gadasaxadebis akrefaze sakuTari qonebiT agebdnen pasuxs. safinanso politika uSedegod dasrulda, warumatebeli aRmoCnda qristianebis devnac, romelic, garkveuli periodis sjulSemwynareblobis Semdeg, 303 wels kvlav ganaxlda. 305 w. taxtidan gadadga diokletiane. man imperiis dasavleT nawilis mmarTveli maqsimianec aiZula, gadamdgariyo. 306 wels keisar konstanciusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, jariskacebma avgustusad misi vaJi, konstantine gamoacxades. 312 wels, maqsimianes vaJiSvil maqsenciusze, samxedro gamarjvebis moipovebis Semdeg, imperiis dasavleT nawilzec konstantines Zalaufleba gavrcelda.
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313 w. konstantinem gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romlis Tanaxmadac, qristianoba sxva religiebs gautolda, qristianul eklesiebs ki CamorTmeuli qoneba daubrunda. 324 w., aRmosavleTis avgustus-maqsenciusze gamarjvebis Semdeg, konstantines qristianulfiluri xelisufleba mTeli imperiis teritoriaze gavrcelda. 325 wels, imperatoris iniciativiTa da aqtiuri monawileobiT, Catarda nikeis msoflio saeklesio kreba, romelmac samebis erTmorwmuneobis Sesaxeb marTlmadidebluri dogmati gamoacxada da eretikosobas brZola gamoucxada. am RonisZiebiT qristianuli eklesia ideologiuradac imperatoris xelisuflebas daemorCila. 380 wels Teodosius didma gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romelic, nikeis msoflio saeklesio krebis dogmatebis safuZvelze, moqalaqeebisgan qristianobis miRebas iTxovda. 391 wels man yvela warmarTuli taZari daxura da gandegilTa devna iwyo. konstantinem warmatebuli safinanso reforma gaatara, mosaxleobis dabegvris sistema gaaumjobesa, samxedro da administraciuli xelisufleba erTmaneTisgan gamijna, xolo pretorianelTa prefeqtisaTvis Zalauflebis CamorTmeviT, kidev ufro gaaZliera armia, dedaqalaqi gadaitana bizantionSi, romelsac SemdgomSi konstantinopoli ewoda. 395 wlidan, imperator Teodosius didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, sul ufro mkveTr xasiaTs iZenda imperiis or nawils (partes imperii) Soris dava, ori diocezis _ dakiisa da makedoniis gamo, riTac isargebles, Teodosiusis mier mowveuli, alarihis vesTguTebma; 410 wels maT romi aiRes da gaZarcves. 425 w. taxtze avida imperatori valentiniane III-e, romlis drosac droebiTma politikurma stabilurobam daisadgura. Tumca, verc aman ixsna pars Occidentis genzerihis vandalebisa da atilas hunebis (451-452 ww.) Semosevisgan, romlebmac daarbies da daipyres afrika, galia da CrdiloeT italia. 455 w. vandalebma daikaves kunZuli sardinia da iqidan romze veraguli Tavdasxma ganaxorcieles. barbarosebTan kavSiris damyarebis praqtikam da maTma mowvevam romaelTa samsaxurSi, romis dasavleTi nawilis politikuri simtkice mkveTrad Seasusta, rac 476 wlis politikuri gadatrialebiT dasrulda. barbarosTa beladma odoakrma taxtidan norCi uzurpatori romulus konstantinusi Camoagdo da, konstantinopolSi, imperator zenonTan gagzavna. sanacvlod, odoakrma italiis mmarTveloba iTxova. 480 w. gardaicvala imperator zenonis mier kanonier mmarTvelad aRiarebuli _ iulius nepoti. male dasavleT imperiisgan gadarCenili nawili _ italia Teodorixis osTguTebis xeliT gaaTavisufles. odoakri Caiketa ravenaSi, sadac igi 493 w. mokles. am xnis ganmavlobaSi konsulTa arCevnebi kvlav grZeldeboda romSi, administraciul Zalauflebas ki praefectus urbi axorcielebda; Teodorihma miiRo uzenaesi mxedarTmTavris Tanamdeboba da rex-is wodeba SeinarCuna. V saukunis bolos galiis samxreT-dasavleT nawili da espaneTi vesTguTebis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, samxreT-aRmosavleTi galia _ burgundebis samefoSi, xolo galia md. luaras CrdiloeTiT _ xlodvigis frankTa samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. postklasikuri epoqis samarTalganviTareba biurokratizmis ganmtkicebas, saxelmwifos feodalizaciasa da pirovnebis damoukideblobis dacemas asaxavda. konstantines droidan moyolebuli, roca pozitiuri samarTlis ZiriTadi forma _ imperatoris konstitucia (constitutio _ dadgena, daweseba) ediqtad (zogadi moqmedebis normebi _ generalis) iqca, mkveTrad gauaresda kancelariis muSaobis xarisxi; kanonebis iuridiuli da enobrivi forma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri periodis nimuSebisgan. samarTlis samecniero ganviTarebisa da praqtikos-moxeleTa momzadebis donis dacemis gamo, postklasikuri epoqa vulgarizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. am epoqis iuristebi inteleqtualuri damoukideblobiT ver daikvexnidnen: Zalze didi iyo maT winamorbedTa samecniero memkvidreobis avtoriteti. am epoqis samarTalmcodneebi, maTi Tanamedrove periodis pozitiuri samarTlis stabilizaciisa da unifikaciis mizniT, zogadi debulebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen. zogjer xdeboda klasikuri periodis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebs moculobiTi Semcireba, zogjer ki _ kompilaciebis gadamuSaveba. IV saukunis dasasrulidan iuridiul skolebSi samarTlis sferoSi e.w. klasikuri tendencia ganviTarda. xsenebul skolaTa warmomadgenlebi klasikuri periodis avtoritetul mecnierTa naSromebs iyenebdnen. Tumca, am tendenciisaTvis ucxoa klasikuri memkvidreobisadmi istoriuli midgoma. piriqiT, iuridiuli skolis profesorebi (praeceptores) beriTSi (beiruTi), konstantinopolSi, aleqsandriasa da romSi cdilobdnen daedginaT iseTi kanoni, romelic samarTlis mecnierebis uzenaes gamovlenad aRiqmeboda. praqtikuli mosazreba aiZulebda profesorebs yuradReba gaemaxvilebinaT severusTa epoqis iuristTa naSromebsa da gaiusis `institutebze~.
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wesisamebr, imperatoris konstituciisaTvis mimarTva iurists mxolod klasikuri memkvidreobis SeTvisebis Semdeg SeeZlo. momzadeba elementaruli naSromebis (gaiusis Sromebi) SeswavliT iwyeboda; swavlebis meore wels msmeneli (savaraudod, ulpianes komentarebis safuZvelze) _ ediqts, xolo mesame wels papinianes naSromebs swavlobda. praqtikuli sakiTxebis gacnoba mxolod swavlebis meoTxe wels iyo SesaZlebeli. aRniSnul naSromTa Seswavla damoukideblad xdeboda da ZiriTadi saswavlo masala pavlusis naSromebi iyo. swavlebis mexuTe wels, individualuri damrigeblebis xelmZRvanelobiT, konstituciebis Seswavla iwyeboda. konstituciebisa da moqmedi samarTlis komentirebas profesorebi Tavs aridebdnen; maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo studentebisTvis is klasikuri normebi aexsnaT da ganemartaT, romlebic aRar gamoiyeneboda da TanamedroveobasTan mxolod nawilobriv iyo adaptirebuli. postklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qristian imperatorTa konstituciebis krebulis mniSvnelovanma fragmentebma (alarihis 506 w. kodeqsis didi nawili), romlebic 429-438 ww., imperator Teodosius II-is iniciativiT (Codex Theodosianus) momzadda. am epoqis kerZo samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaro Teodosiusis kodeqsia. V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.) Corpus Iuris Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis krebuli); Digesta seu Pandectae (digestebi anu pandeqtebi); Codex (kodeqsi); Novellae constitutiones (novelebi); kodifikacia; interpolaciebi. imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobis dros iuridiuli kulturisa da iuridiuli ganaTlebis aRorZineba, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis doneze, imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad, iustinianes droindeli, klasicizmi iqca. imperatori da misi kancelaria normatiuli stabilurobis damkvidrebas cdilobdnen da maT am mizniT, iuridiuli samecniero tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRadgines mravali klasikuri instituti, romelTa safuZvelzec Zveli kontraverzebi da winaaRmdegobebi iqna daZleuli. mTel rig garigebebSi (mancipatio, emancipatio, cretio) Zveli ritualebis gauqmeba imaze miuTiTebs, rom es garigebebi moqmed institutebad aRiqmeboda da klasikur memkvidreobas kanonmdebeli erT mTlian sistemad ganixilavda. iustinianes samarTlebrivi politikisa da misi iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli samarTlis kodifikaciis meSveobiT, evropulma kulturam klasikuri periodis romaeli iuristebis teqstebi da imperatorebis konstituciebi SeinarCuna. mogvianebiT, kodifikaciis teqstebs _ Corpus Iuris Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis krebuli) _ dasavleT evropaSi swavlobdnen. is oficialur saxelmZRvanelos _ institutiones warmoadgenda; igi 532 wels gaiusis, florentinusis, marcianusis, ulpianesa da sxvaTa `Institutiones~ safuZvelze iqna Sedgenili; klasikosTa Txzulebebis anTologia _ Digesta (krebuli) 530533 wlebSi sagangebod Seqmnilma komisiam moamzada; 534 wels imperatorTa konstituciebis krebuli _ Codex ZalaSi Sevida. Cvenamde iustinianes instituciebma IX da X saukuneebis xelnawerTa saxiT moaRwia. pretoruli ediqtis wesis mixedviT, iustinianes kodeqsSi mocemulia adreanes droidan moyolebuli, iustinianes mmarTvelobamde (534 w. CaTvliT) arsebuli imperatorebis konstituciebi. konstituciebis teqsti xSir SemTxvevaSi Semcirebuli saxiTaa mocemuli, adreuli epoqis konstituciebis teqsti gadamuSavebuli da redaqtirebulia, amoRebulia moZvelebuli an gauqmebuli terminebi da debulebebi. teqsts erTvis SemdgenelTa mier Camatebuli SeniSvnebi _ interpolaciebi. kodeqsTan uSualo kavSirSia iustinianes mier, kodifikaciis Semdeg, Seqmnili axali konstituciebi _ Novellae Constitutiones, romelTTaganac zogierTis mizani kerZo samarTlis institutebis gardaqmnaa: magaliTad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis piradi garantia; anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba. iustinianes kodifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia Digesta. swored am gamocemam Semogvinaxa klasikuri iuridiuli teqstebi, ris safuZvelzec italiaSi, XI saukunidan moyolebuli, romis samarTali evropel iuristTa mudmivi mecnieruli Seswavlis obieqtad iqca. 530 wlis bolos, imperatorma iustinianem gamosca konstitucia _ `Deo Auctore~, romlis Tanaxmadac, sagangebo sakodifikacio komisia Seiqmna. mas saTaveSi im drois saukeTeso iuristi _ triboniane Caudga. komisiis
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wevrebi iyvnen: beriTidan, profesori doroTeusi (Dorotheus) da konstantinopolidan, profesorebi anatoliusi (Anatolius), Teofilusi (Theophilus) da kratinusi (Cratinus). TanaSemweebad maT 11 iuristi daeniSnaT. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi komisiam waikiTxa da Seiswavla 1535 wigni, iuridiul TxzulebaTa teqstebiT, romelTa safuZvelzec Seadgina 50 wignis anTologia, romelic 432 Tematur Tavad daiyo. digestebSi mocemulia amonaridebi 38 iuristis 275 amonaridSi, miTiTebulia Txzulebebis avtorTa saxelebi.
Txzulebidan,
romelTaganac,
TiToeul
VI. romis samarTali da misi recefcia evropaSi ramdenime saukunis manZilze evropa gansakuTrebul geografiul da politikur realobad yalibdeboda. mTlianobaSi, esaa romauli, qristianuli da germanuli kulturis elementebis erTianoba, rac qmnis im fenomens, romelic evropad iwodeba. cnebis TvalsazrisiT, esaa istoriisa da kulturul-politikur ideaTa erTiani qmnileba, romelic Sua saukuneebSi Caisaxa. 800 wels romis papma leon III-m, Sobis dResaswaulze, frankTa mefe Sarl didi imperatorad akurTxa. erTgvarad, politikuri da iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, es faqti evropis imperiuli ideebis realizebas niSnavda. Sua saukuneebis axali politikuri wyobis mkvidri sayrdeni Zala iyo imperatoris (monarqis) xelisufleba (regalis potestas) da romis papis saRvTo Zalaufleba (sacrata auctoritas). dasavleT imperiis aRdgenis Semdeg, msoflioSi Tanaarsebobda sami civilizacia: dasavlur-qristianuli, bizantiuri da islamuri. berZnul filosofiasa da qristianul sarwmunoebasTan erTad, erT-erTi faqtori romis samarTali iyo, romelic evropis kulturis erTian ideas qmnida. evropis aRmosavleT nawilSi romanistuli tradiciis aRdgena ukavSirdeboda imperator iustinianes Corpus luris Civilis-s. XII saukunidan, kodeqsis gavrcelebiT, ase vTqvaT, romis samarTali meored daibada. evropis dasavleTSi romis samarTlis SenarCuneba vesTguTebis samarTalma (Lex Romana Wisigothorum) anu alarixis kodeqsma (Breviarum Alaricanum) (506 w.) da vesTgoTurma kanonmdeblobam ganapiroba. evropaSi, XII saukuneSi, romis samarTlis recefcia mniSvnelovanwilad boloniel glosatorTa saqmianobam da maT mier samarTlis, rogorc imperiuli samarTlis, gaidealebam ganapiroba. maTi azriT, saRvTo romis imperia romis uSualo memkvidre da uflebamonacvle iyo. evropisaTvis romis samarTlis gacnobisa da regionSi misi gavrcelebis mizniT, garkveuli saqmianoba kanonistebma (kanonikuri samarTlis avtorebma) ganaxorcieles, komentatorebma ki _ zogad-evropuli samarTli SeimuSaves. $1. glosatorTa saqmianoba glosatorebi iyvnen Tavisufali xelovnebis skolis maswavleblebi, sadac gramatikasa da ritorikasTan erTad, isini iurisprudenciasac aswavlidnen. am saxeldebas dasabami mieca terminidan `glosa~, rac iustinianes Corpus Iuris Civilis teqstTa velebze gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs niSnavda. iuridiuli codnis Seswavlas safuZveli `xelovnebis magistrma~ (magister artium) irneriusma (daax. 1055-1130 ww.) Cauyara. digestebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, samarTlis Seswavla man codnis damoukidebel sferod aqcia, xolo sqolastikuri logikisa da gramatikis wesebis gamoyenebiT, mas samecniero xasiaTi SesZina. ubralo xelovnebis skolaSi dasabami mieca cnobil kerZo saswavlebels _ boloniis universitets, sadac evropis sxvadasxva qveynis studentebi iuridiul ganaTlebas iRebdnen. boloniis universitetSi romauli kulturis idea da romis samarTlis imperiuli koncefcia aRorZinda. romis imperiis uSualo memkvidresa da uflebamonacvles _ dasavleTis imperias _ unda exelmZRvanela ideiT: samarTali erTia, radgan erTia imperia _ unum esse ius, cum unum sit imperium. irneriusis memkvidreebad oTxi doqtoria miCneuli: bulgarusi, martinusi, hugo da iakobi. Glossa Magna/Ordinaria anu `didi (Cveulebrivi) glosa~ ki akursiusma Seadgena. rogorc Zvel romSi, ise Sua saukuneebSi iuristi rigiTi moqalaqe, kerZo piri, iyo. Tumca, am ori periodis iuristebi erTmaneTisgan socialuri warmomavlobiTa da maT mier gamoyenebuli meTodebiT gansxvavdebodnen. mcodne romaeli iuristi rCevebs aZlevda romael moqalaqeebs, konsultacias uwevda pretorebsa da sxva magistratebs da ase qmnida samarTals; amis Semdeg, mas iwvevdnen princefsis samsaxurSi, riTac igi oficialuri piri xdeboda. glosatori iyo maswavlebeli, romelic ganviTarebuli iuridiuli sistemis ararsebobisa da adgilobrivi statusebis usistemo gamoyenebis
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gamo, universaluri samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas, digestebSi mocemuli iurisprudenciis principebis safuZvelze eweoda. glosatorTa azriT, iuridiuli codnis sawyisad, uSecdomo wignad da yovelive WeSmaritis wyarod irneriusisa da glosatorebis teqsti miiCneva, romelic srulyofilebiT gamoirCeoda da winaaRmdegobriv mosazrebebs ar Seicavda. am viTarebam ganapiroba iurisprudenciaSi filologiuri da logikur-dialeqtikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba, riTac manamde mxolod literaturaTmcodneebi da Teologebi sargeblobdnen. aqedan gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebis iuristebi mxolod teqstis ganmmarteblebi rodi iyvnen; isini akeTebdnen romaeli iuristebis pasuxTa komentars, Tematurad mwyobri Txzulebis saxiT, sistemuri xasiaTis naSromebs qmnidnen, rogorcaa, magaliTad, e.w. summae, romelSic Tavmoyril problemaTa (quaestiones) dadebiTi da uaryofiTi pasuxebi _ `Tanaxma var~ da `winaaRmdegi var~ _ ganixileboda. amrigad, klasikosebis drois `ars~-idan (xelovneba), samarTali iqca `scientia~-ad (mecniereba), romlis ganviTareba-srulyofa universitetebSi xdeboda da, amdenad, axali Sexedulebebisa da midgomebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo.
$2. kanonistebi romauli kanonis (lex Romana) winaSe, `RvTis kanonis~ (lex Dei) upiratesoba, Tanasworobisa (honestas) da qristianuli samarTlianobis (aequitas cristiana) principebi, swored kanonistebis meSveobiT, gadamwyvet gavlenas axdendnen axal samarTalze. meore mxriv, antikuri samyaros kulturuli tradiciebis damcveli da gamavrcelebeli swored eklesia gaxldaT. Tavisufali xelovnebisa da samarTlis orive dargis (samoqalaqo da kanonikuri) Seswavlisa da swavlebis centrebi eklesia-monastrebsa da samefo saydrebSi ganTavsda. kanonistebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi saero iurisdiqciasac exeboda; maT mier SemuSavebuli axali doqtrinebi da gadawyvetilebebi, marTalia romauli samarTlisagan gansxvavdeboda, magram mainc uzomo gavlenas axdenda axal samarTalze. kerZod, is moqmedebda stipulaciebis, xelSekrulebebisa da araformaluri SeTanxmebebis (paqtebi), Cuqebis, dapirebis, mflobelobisa da memkvidreobis, sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da gamoZiebis mimarT. $3. `VII muxli~ Sua saukuneebSi, romis samarTlis recefciis TvalsazriT, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda alfons X-e brZenis dros Sedgenil kodeqss, romlis SemuSaveba mamamisis _ ferdinand III-is dros daiwyo da 1263 an 1265 wels dasrulda. kodeqsis redaqciaze didi zegavlena glosatorebma _ akursiusma, agaim, da gansakuTrebiT, iakobma (romlis gavlena zedmiwevniT aisaxa me-3 muxlze), dekretalistebma da kanonistebma, aseve kastiliis iuridiulma dokumentebma moaxdines. kodeqsi cnobilia `kanonTa wignis~ an `kanonTa krebulis~ saxelwodebiT. saxeldeba gansazRvra misi Semadgeneli wignebisa Tu muxlebis raodenobam; gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia me-7 muxli. pirvel muxlSi saubaria samarTlis wyaroebsa da saeklesio sakiTxebze; me-2 muxlSi _ sajaro samarTalze; me-3 muxlSi _ sasamarTlo organizaciasa da samarTalwarmoebaze; me-4 da me-6 muxlebSi Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi, xolo me-7 muxlSi _ sisxlis samarTali. aRniSnulma kodeqsma didi gavlena moaxdina kastiliuri da espanur-amerikuli samarTlis romanizaciaze; magram evropaSi romis samarTlis recefciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod swored es krebuli unda ganixilebodes, radgan mis safuZvelze Camoyalibda evropel da amerikel iuristTa samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi.
VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali evropuli saerTo samarTlis fuZemdeblebad miiCnevian komentatorebi (consiliatores), romelTa axsnaganmartebiTma krebulebma Sua saukuneebis periodis samarTlis ganviTareba ganapiroba da Tanamedrove samarTals Cauyara safuZveli. praqtikuli miznebis mqone axali iurisprudenciis Camoyalibebisas isini, glosatorebis msgavsad, romis samarTlis ZiriTadi principebis Tanamedrove samarTlisTvis morgebas cdilobdnen. aseT tradicias italiuri meTodi (mos italicus) ewoda da miznad sargeblis motanas da misi praqtikuli daniSnulebis ganxorcielebas isaxavda, riTac gansxvavdeboda frangi iuristebis mier SemuSavebuli galuri (mos gallicus) meTodebis kulturuli anu humanisturi
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tendenciebisgan. $1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores evropuli iurisprudenciis realuri fuZemdeblebi komentatorebi anu praqtikosebi arian. maT iustinianes samarTali saerToevropul samarTlad aqcies. komentatorTa Soris gamoirCeoda boloniasa da perujaSi moRvawe profesori bartolo, romlis Sesaxebac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ambobdnen: `aravinaa iuristi, Tu ara bartolos mimdevari _ nemo iurista nisi Bartolista~. komentatorebma sistemuri iuridiuli doqtrina Seqmnes; maT glosatorTa meTodologia _ sqolastikuri dialeqtikisa da logikis meSveobiT _ iuristis profesiul iaraRad aqcies. iuridiuli sistemis SemuSavebisas, maT warmatebiT daZlies kanonikur da romaul samarTals, aseve saerTo samarTalsa da adgilobriv (regionalur) samarTalSemoqmedebas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi. maTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, saero saqmeebisTvis saerTo samarTali (ius commune) gamoiyeneboda, xolo kanonikuri samarTali mxolod sasuliero saqmeebis mogvarebisas moqmedebda. moqmedi specialuri samarTlis normebi, adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis saxiT, saerTo samarTals eqvemdebareboda da iuridiuli Zala mxolod sakuTari kompetenciis farglebSi gaaCndaT. $2. humanistebi XVI saukuneSi saero azrovneba, Tavisi axali formiT, aRorZinebis xanis deda-azriT _ humanizmiT gamovlinda. humanizmis msoflgagebis centrSi dgas adamiani _ rogorc pirovneba da rogorc Tavisufali. evropis qveynebSi TiToeuli saxelmwifosaTvis niSandoblivi _ ekonomikuri Tu socialurpolitikuri _ pirobebis miuxedavad, aRorZineba da humanisturi moZraoba, ZiriTadad, erTi xaziT mimdinareobda. es iyo brZola Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis, rogorc uZlieresi feodalis, ideologiis winaaRmdeg. aRorZinebis epoqa xasiaTdeba antikuri kulturis, samarTlis, filosofiisa da literaturisadmi didi interesiT. komentatorebisaTvis (mos italicus) niSandoblivi praqtikuli tendenciebisgan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi humanistebis kulturuli mimdinareoba (mos gallicus), istorias saero meTodebiT swavlobda da ZiriTadi istoriuli movlenebis religiur-utilitaruli Sexedulebebisagan gaTavisuflebas cdilobda. humanistebi didad afasebdnen klasikur iurisprudencias da cdilobdnen samarTlis wyaroebis gaTavisuflebas yvela im modifikaciisgan, romelsac uxvad iyenebdnen iustinianeseuli kanonmdeblobis kompilatorebi (interpolaciebi) da Sua saukuneebis periodis glosatorebi (glosa da komentarebi). am mizniT, TavianT gamokvlevebSi maT gamoiyenes ara marto iustinianes kodeqsis winamorbedi samarTlis wyaroebi, aramed saliteraturo tradiciac. marTalia, humanistebma ver Seqmnes `samarTlis istoria~, magram maT mier gamokvleulma antikuri periodis samarTlis wyaroebma, romis samarTlis Seswavlas mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina. maT SeimuSaves e.w. profesorTa samarTali, romelic, iuristTa didi masidan calke mdgomi, mcirericxovani mecnieriuristTa jgufis prerogativad iqca. $3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi moqmedi bunebiTi samarTlis skola, adamianis bunebisa da gonebis Sesabamisi da yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo, universaluri samarTlis suliskveTebaze dafuZnebul, socialur eTikas aRiarebda. adamianis saqmianobaTa sferoSi bekonis, dekartis, niutonis sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebis praqtikulma gamoyenebma, bunebiTi kanonebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebazec ganavrco. Teologiisa da Sua saukuneebis istoriuli mrwamsis postulatebis uaryofis Semdeg, maT axali, zogadi cnebebisa da principebis, samarTlis sistemis SemuSaveba daiwyes. reformaciisa da kontrreformaciis ideebiT, aseve safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebiT STagonebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis ideologebi, uzenaess Rirebulebad adamianTa Soris Tanasworobasa da samarTlianobas miiCnevdnen. iuristTa am skolis yvelaze did warmomadgenlebad aRiarebulni arian hugo grociusi (saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da gonis samarTlis meTodologiis fuZemdebeli), samuel pufendorfi, qristian Tomaziusi da qristian volfi. enciklopedistebi akritikebdnen, iuristebisTvis Cveul, kazuistikis meTods, romelic analogiiT msjelobisas da precedentis safuZvelze gamoiyeneboda, rac, maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi gaugebrobebisa da gaurkvevlobis wyaro iyo, moqalaqeTa Soris ki uimedobas aRvivebda.
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bunebiTi samarTlis skola romis samarTals ratio scripta-d (dawerili goni) ganixilavda. iuristebi kvlav romanistikis cnebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, xolo samarTlamcodneobiT naSromebs _ usistemobis gamo akritikebdnen. romauli samarTlebrivi doqtrinisadmi amgvari damokidebulebiT, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen frangi mecnierebi doma da potie, romelTac mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonies napoleonis 1804 wlis kodifikaciaze. $4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli) samarTlis axali mecnierebisa da `moqmedi~ romis samarTlis mimarT, axleburi damokidebuleba kvlav naTlad gamoikveTa XIX saukunis dasawyisSi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs germaniis samarTlis istoriuli skola da am skolis damaarseblis fon savinis moRvaweoba. savinis naSromiT _ `romis samarTlis moqmedi sistema~ _ romis samarTali evropuli kulturis safuZvlad da mis ganuyofel nawiladaa aRiarebuli. savini samarTals ori gansxvavebuli _ istoriuli da sistemuri _ kuTxiT ganixilavs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, samarTali xalxis suliskveTebis bunebriv da spontanur gamovlinebad, xelovnebis, enisa da folkloris msgavs, avTentur fenomenad aRiqmeba. Tumca, xalxis neba da misi suliskveTeba ara Tavad xalxis, aramed ganaTlebuli iuristebis, mecnierebisa da mosamarTleebis mieraa gamoxatuli. iuristis ucilobeli movaleobaa sakuTari eris istoriis Seswavla, raTa saTanadod gansazRvros iuridiuli memkvidreoba, da amiT xeli Seuwyos erovnuli suliskveTebis ganaxleba-SenarCunebas. sistemis TvalsazrisiT, samarTali mecnieruli racionalizmisadmi daqvemdebarebuli cnebebisa da principebis erTobliobaa, induqciisa da deduqciis meTodebis gamoyeneba ki _ iuridiuli dogmatikis sistemurobis garanti. samarTlis sferoSi kantis mier SemuSavebuli axali samecniero koncefciis gamoyenebam da universitetis _ samecniero-kvleviT centrad _ qcevis ideam, profesorTa samarTlis (iuristebis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT) Seqmna ganapiroba. sakiTxi exeba 1810 wels gaxsnil berlinis universitets, sadac prof. humboldtma, sxva cnobil mecnierebTan erTad, savinic miiwvia. glosatorTa Semoqmedebis gaTvaliswinebiT, savinim upiratesoba humanistebs mianiWa, vinaidan miaCnda, rom komentatorebi da maTi mimdevrebi, usus modernus meTodiT, WeSmariti samarTlis keTilSobilur principebs arRvevdnen. savinis imis gamoc akritikebdnen, rom realurad, mis mier Seqmnili romis samarTlis moqmedi sistema, sxvadasxva epoqis elementebisagan Sedgeboda da, faqtiurad, arc erT epoqaSi moqmedebda. arqaul da klasikur samarTals xelovnurad mieniWa moqmedi samarTlis statusi, ramac igi zogadi Teoriis dogmad aqcia. $5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi pandeqturi samarTlis (pandeqtebis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba _ usus modernum pandectarum) fuZemdeblebma, interpretaciis meSveobiT, mecniereba da iuridiuli dogmatika _ Corpus iuris - SeimuSaves. es iyo e.w. `cnebebis iurisprudencia~, anu pandeqtistika (saxelwodeba pandeqtebis sistemuri Seswavlidan momdinareobs). pandeqtistikas safuZveli Cauyares r. puxtam da iseTma cnobilma romanistebma, rogorebic iyvnen vagnerovi, dernburgi da vindSaidi. pandeqtistebi iuridiuli mecnierebis pozitivistur mimdinareobas mfarvelobdnen. maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi wesrigi iuridiuli principebisa da normebis sruli da Caketili sistemaa. amis gamo maT miuReblad miaCndaT kazusebis arseboba, cnebebisa da dogmebis sistemaSi, radgan maTi gadawyvetis xerxebi iurists (mis xelT arsebuli saSualebebiT), samarTlis normiT gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevaSic (formalur-logikuri procedurebis gamoyenebis gareSe), SeeZlo Seevso da gamoeZia. VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, romis samarTlis aqtualizaciis praqtikuli tendencia, anu italiuri meTodi (mos italicus) ganxorcielebulad miiCnies. Tumca, imis mtkiceba, rom iuristebs romis samarTlis mimarT interesi gauneldaT usafuZvloa, vinaidan dRemde arsebuli mravali istoriuli da dogmaturi mizezi, romis samarTlis sicocxlisunarianobas cxadyofs. samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi dRemde SenarCunebulia romis samarTlis cnebebi da principebi. erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis Sefasebis myar safuZvlad da amosaval wertilad maTi saerTo
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romanistikuli wyaroebi unda gamoviyenoT, iseve, rogorc es axali saerToevropuli samarTlis Seqmnisas xdeba. Tanamedrove samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze Seqmnili romauli iurisprudencia, konsultaciebis formiT ganxorcielebul Tavisufal saqmianobas warmoadgenda; igive iTqmis saerTo samarTlis ganmmartebelTa da komentatorTa (consiliatores) naSromebzec. samarTalmcodneobis SemoqmedebiTi Tu sainterpretacio bunebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben Tanamedrove iuridiul sistemaTa daxurul da Ria formebs, anu erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos erTi ram: ra principiTaa Seqmnili samarTali _ cocxali (precedentuli), Tu werilobiTi formiT (erT krebulSi sistemurad Camoyalibebul normaTa wesiT). samarTlis Ria tipis nimuSia anglo-saqsonuri precendentuli samarTlis sistema, xolo samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi asaxuli samarTali _ daxurul models ganekuTvneba. aRniSnuli gansxvaveba am ori sistemis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gasamijnad ar gamodgeba, vinaidan, dResdReobiT, sakanonmdeblo samarTali orive sistemas iyenebs; garda amisa, es ori sistema yovelTvis verc warsulis mkacrad istoriul kriteriumebs daeyrdnoba. romauli iurisprudencia gamudmebiT uwyobda xels samarTlis SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas da sxvadasxva iuridiul sistemaze udavo gavlenas axdenda. Sesabamisad, ufro mizanSewonilia samoqalaqo kodeqsebisa da anglo-saqsonuri `saerTo samarTlis~ mimarTeba romis samarTalTan, cal-calke ganvixiloT. $1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis mimdevarTa doqtrina da maTi postulatebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnasa da gamocemas uwyobda xels. 1804 wels napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsis SeqmniT sakodifikacio saqmianobam safrangeTSi umaRles dones miaRwia (Tumca, msgavsi samoqalaqo kodeqsebi manamde bavariasa da prusiaSic arsebobda). safrangeTis revluciis periodSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis avtorebma uari ganacxades oTx, maTi azriT, Zalzed kazuisturad, an piriqiT, abstraqtulad Sedgenil proeqtze. or ukiduresobas Soris miRweuli kompromisis Sedegad, franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi sakanonmdeblo teqnikis nimuSadaaa miCneuli, romelic, mogvianebiT, sxva qveynebis samoqalaqo kodeqsTa misabaZ magaliTad iqca. frangulma kodeqsma zegavlena moaxdina aramxolod evropis, aramed amerikis kodifikaciebzec. napoleonis kodeqsi mTlianad romis samarTlis principebs efuZneboda, ramac misi warmateba ganapiroba. XIX saukunis didma frangma iuristebma obrim da rom, iurisprudenciisa da doqtrinis urTierTzemoqmedebis dadgeniT, axali kanonmdebloba Zalze gonivrulad da gabedulad ganmartes. 1900 wlamde germaniis samoqalaqo sjuldeba ZalaSi ver Sedioda istoriuli skolis winaaRmdegobis gamo. germanuli samoqalaqo sjuldeba pandeqtistikis yvelaze srulyofili da damaxasiaTebeli qmnilebaa, romelic Seiqmna samarTlis istoriuli skolis saqmianobis miwuruls da romis samarTlis dasasrulze miuTiTebs. kodeqsis zogadma nawilma da iuridiuli garigebis doqtrinam mniSvelovani zegavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove civilistikaze. $2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common law and equity) samarTlis am sistemisaTvis niSandoblivia gansakuTrebuli da specifikuri Taviseburebebi, riTac igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistemebis romanistuli tradiciebisgan. aRniSnuli sistemiT, erTmaneTisagan ganaszvaveben sakanonmdeblo samarTalsa (Statute law) da precedentul samarTals (Common law). XI saukuneSi normanTa Semosevis Semdeg, roca inglisis dampyrobelma _ uiliamma qveyanaSi batonymuri sistema da centralizebuli administracia SemoiRo, dasabami mieca saerTo samarTlis (Common law) istorias. samarTlebrivi reformebis gansaxorcieleblad, arsebuli samarTlisa da marTlmsajulebis dacvis uflebamosilebani mefem sakuTar Tavze aiRo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis centrs warmoadgenda samefo karis sasamarTlo (Curia regis), sadac xdeboda adgilobriv sasamarTloebSi ganxiluli saqmeebis gadasinjva. mefis sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeboda Serifis, anu im moxelis mier, romelic sasamarTlo-administraciuli funqciebiTa da gamsvleli sasamarTlo sxdomebis (Justice in Eyre) warmarTvis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. samarTalwarmoeba sasamarTlo brZanebebis (writs an brevia) sistemiT xelmZRvanelobda. brZaneba iyo pergamentze, tipuri da mkacrad gansazRvruli formulebis gamoyenebiT, lakonurad Sedgenili gansakuTrebuli werilobiTi sabuTi, romelic miiReboda samefo kancelariaSi. formulaTa Sesadgenad gansazRvruli krebulebiT xel-
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mZRvanelobdnen, risTvisac gasamrjelos iRebdnen. sasamarTlo brZanebebisa da maT safuZvelze gacemuli sarCelebis meSveobiT, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mefe adgenda kanonebs (imdeni sarCeli iyo, ramdenic brZanebaTa formula). amis gamo, inglisuri saerTo samarTali imTaviTve pozitiuri iyo da yovelTvis dauwerel, CveulebiT samarTlad miiCneoda, xolo romis samarTali, romelic universitetebSi iswavleboda, wignier da idealur samarTlad ganixileboda. samarTlianobis samarTlis (Equity) cnebaSi igulisxmeboda sasamarTlo sistema, romelic upirispirdeba saerTo samarTals (Common law) da lord-kancleris sasamarTloSi (Court of Chansery) moqmedebda. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis TxovniT, qveSevrdomebi peticiiT mimarTavdnen uSualod mefes. mefe gzavnida moTxovnas samefo sabWosa (King’s Council) da kanclerTan, romelic samefo sindisis mcvelad (keeper of the King’s conscience) iTvleboda. samarTlianobis cnebaze dafuZnebuli, sasuliero piris _ kancleris iurisdiqciis mizani iyo mopasuxis sindisis ganwmenda. samarTlianobis samarTlis mizani marTlmsajulebis arsebiTi, da ara formaluri ganxorcieleba iyo; amitom samoqmedod or xerxs iyenebdnen: realur aRsrulebas (specific performance), romelic xorcieldeboda aRsrulebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis gamocemis gansakuTrebuli formiT da raime qmedebis (injunction) sasamarTlo akrZalviT, rac zianis mimyenebelisaTvis garkveuli qmedebis ganmeorebiT Cadenas krZalvda. samefo iurisdiqciam pirveli gamarjveba, samarTlianobis samarTlis upiratesobis Sesaxeb, brZanebulebis gamocemiT da saerTo samarTalsa da samarTlianobis samarTals Soris winaaRmdegobis daZleviT moipova. Tumca, maT Soris dapirispireba kvlav grZeldeboda: Common law-s farglebSi moqmedi mosamarTleebi, vestminsteris sasamarTloebis mimarT, kancleris sasamarTlos saapelacio instanciad gadaqcevis faqts ar iwonebdnen. rac Seexeba romis samarTlis recefciis mniSvnelobas, inglisuri samarTlis evoluciis procesSi, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sam momentze: 1. eklesiis, upirveles yovlisa, benediqtelTa ordenisa da glosatorTa doqtrinis gavlenaze. romanistikis zemoqmedebis kvali SeiniSneba terminologiaSi, inglisuri samarTlis analizisa da, misi samarTlis sistemad gadaqcevis procesSi, romis samarTlis cnebebis gamoyenebaSi; 2. XVI saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefciam gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova, germaniaSi qorwinebis sakiTxSi saepiskoposo sasamarTloebma romaul-kanonikuri doqtrina aRiares, xolo inglisuri saerTo samarTlis gamarjvebas iuristTa wodebisa da maTi warmomadgenlis _ kokis _ pirovnuli avtoriteti uzrunvelyofda, riTac inglisuri CveulebiTi samarTali romis samarTlis debulebebis gamoyenebas ugulebelyofda; 3. mesame momenti exeboda samarTlis Teorias da ara praqtikas, raSic didi wvlili miuZRvis ingliseli moazrovnis jon ostinis Txzulebebsa da samarTlis istorikosis _ meitlendis Sromebs. kazusebidan gamomdinare, principebisa da normebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, romaul da inglisur iurisprudencias bevri ram aqvT saerTo, miuxedavad gansxvavebuli kritikisa da ganviTarebis ganvlili gzisa; kerZod, saerTo sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis kazuisturi xasiaTi, teqnikis gamoyeneba. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iuristTa da mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebze did gavlenas axdenda intuicia, romelic, logikuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis miuxedavad, samarTlianobis princips efuZneboda.
Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi da Taviseburebani
romSi moqmed iuridiul debulebebaTa erTobliobas romis samarTali ewodeba. samarTlis es tipi viTardeboda xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelic 13 saukunis manZilze _ qr. Sobamde 753 wlidan qr. Sobis 565 wlamde _ imperator iustinianes gardacvalebamde gagrZelda. romis samarTlis gamoyenebis istoria mxolod aRniSnuli qronologiuri periodiT rodi ifargleba. Semdeg sxvadasxva qveynisa da sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabamisad, Sua da axal saukuneebSi moqmedma, romis samarTlebrivma sistemam Cvens dromdec moaRwia. amitom amboben: romis samarTali xel-
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meored daibadao. Tumca romanistTa, anu romis samarTlis mkvlevarTa interesis ZiriTadi obieqti romis moqalaqeTa urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kerZo samarTalia, dResdReisobiT mravali samecniero naSromi kvlavac eZRvneba romis sajaro samarTlis, romauli saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istorias. aseTi saxis gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia istoriuli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebac, vinaidan romis kerZosamarTlebrivi institutebis evoluciis procesi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda romSi moqmed politikur sistemasa da samarTalSemoqmedebiT tradicas. romis politikurma reJimma, mmarTvelobis transformaciis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime etapi ganvlo. kerZod: 1. reqsebis epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 753-510 ww; 2. respublikis periodi _ qr. Sobamde 510-27 ww; 3. principatisa _ qr. Sobamde 27 w.-qr. Sobis 284 w. da 4. dominatis epoqa _ 284-565 ww. aRniSnuli bolo ori etapi imperiuli mmarTvelobis ori gansxvavebuli formaa. sakuTriv romis iuridiuli sistemis ganxilvisas, TiToeuli etapisaTvis, niSandoblivi arsebiTi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenime etaps ganasxvaveben; esenia: 1. arqauli _ qr. Sobamde 753-367 ww.; 2. winaklasikuri _ qr. Sobamde 367-130 ww.; 3. klasikuri _ qr. Sobamde 130 w. - qr. Sobis 235 w. esaa yvelaze xangrZlivi periodi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sam etapad iyofa: a) adreuli klasika _ qr. Sobamde 130-30 ww.; b) ganviTarebuli klasika _ qr. Sobamde 30 w. _ qr. Sobis 130 w.; g) gviandeli klasika _ 130-235 ww.; 4. postklasikuri _ 235-527 ww.; 5. iustinianes periodis samarTali _ 527-568 ww. romis samarTlis istoriis pirveli, arqauli anu kvirituli samarTlis periodi droSi emTxveva reqsebisa da respublikuri saxelmwifo wyobilebis adreul da klasikur periodebs. klasikuri samarTlis pirveli etapi gviandeli respublikis epoqas Seesabameba, xolo klasicizimis meore da mesame etapebi _ principatis xanas (imperiis pirvel etaps), anu romis imperiis teritoriuli gafarToebis periods. romis samarTlis istoriis postklasikuri da mmarTvelobis _ dominatis _ xanas Seesabameba.
iustinianes
periodebi
SeuzRudavi
monarqiuli
I. Civitas warmoSoba. Rex-ebis periodi civitas (qalaq-saxelmwifo); Senatus Populus que Romanus (SPQR) (senati da romaeli xalxi ); ager publicus
(saxelmwifo miwebi). saxelmwifoebriobis Tanamedrove koncefciebis (saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebis) gamoyeneba Zvelromauli Temis mimarT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, vinaidan didia modernistuli Teoriebis gavlena. Zveli romaelebisaTvis politikuri erToba ganuyofeli iyo romauli Temis moqalaqeebisagan. Sesabamisad, romauli Temis wevrebi sakuTar Tavs Populus Romanus-s uwodebdnen, xolo oficialur dokumentebsa da legionerTa samkerde niSnebze pirvel adgilze senati iyo: Senatus Populus que Romanus (SPQR). cnebiT respublica sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi an sazogadoebrivi qmedebebi aRiniSneboda. principatis epoqaSi romaul libera res publica-s imperatoris potestas-i daupirispirda. mecnierTa umravlesobis azriT, primitiul romaul politikur organizacias yvelaze ukeT Seesabameba termini `qalaq-saxelmwifo~; es iyo erTgvari citadeli, romlis kedlebs SigniTac xelisuflebis saqalaqo da qalaqs daqvemdebarebuli teritoriebis administraciuli organoebi iyo ganTavsebuli. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebiT SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom romis saxelmwifo Tanmimdevruli sinoikizmis (axlo mdebare dasaxlebaTa urTierTSerwymis) safuZvelze Camoyalibda. romi Svid borcvze ganlagebuli ramdenime dasaxlebis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna. Sesabamisad, am adgils Septimontium-i anu Svidborcviani (aventinusi, palatinusi, kapitoliumi, kvirinalis, viminalis, eskvilinusi da keliusi) ewoda. mogvianebiT, qalaqs galavani Semoavles, romelic mosaxleobas mtris Tavdasxmisagan icavda. am borcvTagan erT-erTs, kapitoliumi Semdegi garemoebis gamo ewoda: borcvze iupiteris taZris asagebad saZirkvelis gaTxrisas md. tibrosis sanapiroebze muSebma adamianis Tavis qala aRmoaCines. metad xelsayreli savaWro gzebis (via Salaria) kveTaze mkvidri primitiuli sasoflo Temi, TandaTanobiT iZenda qalaq-saxelmwifos (civitas) niSan-maxasiaTeblebs. galavanSemovlebuli uZvelesi civitas-is teritoriaze (pomoerium), mravlad iyo wminda adgilebi, sadac sxvadasxva magiuri da religiuri ritualebi tardeboda; aqve mdebareobda mTavrobis rezidencia da sagangebo adgilebi
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saxalxo krebebis Casatareblad. miTis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi dasaxleba romulusis saxels ukavSirdeba, manve daudgina qalaqs Tavdapirveli sazRvrebi (e.w. Roma quadrata). qalaqs gars ertya sajaro miwebi da saZovrebi (ager publicus) da mtris Semosevebisagan daucveli soflebi da miwaTmoqmedTa gancalkevebiT mdgomi qoxebi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebis Tanaxmad, civitas-is garSemo safortifikacio samuSaoebi permanentulad, laTinebis TemebiT dasaxlebuli soflebis gaerTianebiT, mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, romi albalongas (Alba Longa) kolonia iyo. aqve dabadebula qalRmerT vestas qurumi qali rea-silvia, tyupi Zmis _ romulusisa da remusis deda. amrigad, romi saerTo mmarTvelobas daqvemdebarebuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufis konglomerats, ciceronis Tanaxmad, coetus hominum iure sociali-s, warmoadgenda. primitiuli civitas-is mmarTvelobis organoebi iyo: $1. Rex (reqsi) rex sacrorum (saRvTo ritualebi); interrex (Sualeduri funqciebiT aRWurvili reqsi); regifugium (reqsis gaqceva); quando rex comitia vit fas (formula, riTac reqsi RvTis nebas aqveynebda). reqsi (rex) iyo uzenaesi samxedro da politikuri beladi, romelic, xalxis survilis SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqeTa sakraluri warmomadgenlis funqciasac asrulebda. aqedan gamomdinare, reqsi anu beladi (ductor) iyo, religiur-magiuri ritualebis Catarebis uflebamosilebiT, aRWurvili piri, romlis magiur da zebunebriv unars misi piradi qarizma kidev ufro aZlierebda. reqsis zebunebrivi Zalisadmi rwmena xalxs mis morCilebas da misi xelisuflebis uzenaesobas STaagonebda. romaelebs reqsi miaCndaT RvTis nebis aRmsruleblad, romlis nebasac xalxs amcnobdnen qurumebi; isini momavals zeciur movlenebze dakvirvebiT, msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelebis Signeulobisa da frinvelTa frenis (auspicium, augurium) mixedviT winaswarmetyvelebdnen. gadmocemis mixedviT, roms marTavda Svidi reqsi: romulusi (Romulus), numa pompiliusi (Numa Pompilius), tulus hostiliusi (Tullus Gostilius), ankus marciusi (Ancus Marcius), tarkvinius priskusi (Tarquinius Priscus), servius tuliusi (Servius Tullius) da tarkvinius amayi (Superbus). pirveli oTxi reqsi laTinTa da sabinTa warmomadgeneli iyo, xolo bolo sami reqsi ki _ etruskTa tomisa. respublikis periodSi romma SeinarCuna reqsebis xelisuflebisaTvis niSandoblivi rudimentebi. laTini reqsebi roms senatTan TanxmobiT marTavdnen, samagierod, xalxis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. etruskma reqsebma TavianTi despotizmiT xalxi daipirispires. bolo reqss _ tarkviniuss amays _ romaelebi ganudgnen, aujanydnen da gandevnes. etruskTa dinastiis reqsebma SemoiRes uzenaesi xelisuflebis (imperium) Semdegi simboloebi: spilos Zvlisgan damzadebuli samefo taxti, porfiris samosi _ toga (toga) da wkeplebiT SeiaraRebuli piradi mcvelebi (lictores); magram romaeli rex-i araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar miiCneva mefed; ase rom, maTi zeobis epoqa arasworad miiCnies monarqiuli mmarTvelobis periodad. $2. senati Senex (mxrcovani); Senatus (senati); patres (senatorebi); tribus (triba); gens (gvari); sacra gentilicia (wminda ritualis aRsruleba); interregnum (reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg xelisuflebis aRsruleba
senatorebis mier ). Tavdapirveli senati (Senatus) iyo uxucesTa sabWo, romelic reqss iseTi umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifo problemebis gadawyvetaSi exmareboda, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, omisa da zavis sakiTxi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, romulusma Tavad daaarsa senati, romlis SemadgenlobaSic 100 senatori Seiyvana; drois kvalobaze, maTi ricxvi gaizarda da tarkvinius priskusis mmarTvelobis dros maTma ricxvma 300 miaRwia. SesaZloa, senatorTa ricxvi ganisazRvreboda im patres raodenobiT, senatSi adgilis dakavebis ufleba rom moipoves. senatorTa es wodeba (patres) imas mowmobs, rom senati gvarTa meTaurebis wridan iqmneboda. gvari (gens) iyo im ramdenime monaTesave ojaxis gaerTianeba, romelsac saerTo winapari hyavda. Civitas-is Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis (familia), gvarisa (gens) da tomis
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(tribus) funqciis sakiTxi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ganixileboda romanistikaSi. ojaxis wevrebs erTmaneTTan sisxliT naTesaoba akavSirebdaT. ojaxi uZvelesi socialuri organizmia. ojaxTa kavSiri, romelsac saerTo winapari (patres gentis) hyavda naTesavTa erTobas _ gvars (gens) qmnida. gvaris wevrebi saerTo sagvareulo saxels atarebdnen da gvaris yvela wevrisaTvis erTnair wminda ritualebs (sacra gentilicia) aRasrulebdnen. reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg mTeli Zalaufleba gadadioda senatorTa xelT (interregnum), romlebic axal reqss irCvdnen. $3. xalxi da saxalxo krebebi pirvel saukuneebSi xalxi ori fenis _ patriciebisa da plebeebisagan _ Sedgeboda. privilegirebul fenas Seadgenden patriciebi; klientebi da gaazatebulebi maTze iyvnen damokidebulni. patronisa da klientis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi mocemulia dionise halikarnaseliTan, romlis mtkicebiTac patronis uflebebi romulusma SemoiRo. patroni klients iuridiuli xasiaTis rCevebs aZlevda da mas sxva pirTa ukanono devnisagan icavda; Tavis mxriv, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, klienti patronis daxmarebis valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebda; magaliTad, misi qaliSvilebis gaTxovebisas an patronis tyveobdan gamosyidvisas, klients sakuTari patronis sasamarTlo xarjebi an sajaro jarimebi unda gadaexada. patrons da klients erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi mowmed gamosvlis ufleba ar hqondaT. klients ar SeeZlo xmis micema im kandidaturis winaaRdeg, romelsac patroni mxars uWerda. patriciebis fena Sedgeboda im 100 ojaxisgan (familia), romelic romis teritoriaze uZvelesi droidan cxovrobda (patriciebis STamomavlebi imave wodebas ganekuTvnbodnen). patriciebis ojaxebi _ gvarad, gvarebi ki tomebad erTiandeboden. patriciebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT SeuzRudavad sargeblobden, aRniSnul uflebebs plebeebis (plebs) fena moklebuli iyo. Tanasworobisa da sazogadoebis erTiani patriciul-plebeuri maRali fenis _ nobilis _ Sesaqmnelad plebeebi, ramdenime saukunis manZilze ibrZodnen. saxelmwifos respublikuri wyobis dros nobiliteti gabatonebul fenas warmoadgenda. xalxs iwvevdnen sagangebo krebebis e.w. komiciebis (comitia; cum+ire: Sekreba) sxdomebze. saxalxo krebis uZveles saxes warmoadgenda kuriis kreba (comitia curiata), romelic moqalaqeebs kuriebis mixedviT aerTianebda. 30 kuriad dayofili mosaxleoba sam tribad erTiandeboda. Tavdapirvelad, kuriis krebis kompetencia lex curiata de imperio (romlis ZaliTac reqss saxelisuflebo uflebamosileba eniWeboda) mxardaWera da adrogatio (Svilad ayvanis erT-erTi saxe) gaxldaT. centuriis komiciebi (comitia centuriata) boloswina etruskelma reqsma servius tuliusma Seqmna. aRniSnuli komicia efuZneboda romaeli jaris axal struqturas, romelic, jariskacTa qonebrivi statusis mixedviT, xuT kategoriad iyofoda. romis jarisa da saxalxo krebebis reformatorad servius tuliusia miCneuli. laTinTa da sabinTa `monarqiis~ pirvel etapze jaris Sekreba gvarebis mixedviT xdeboda; wlis ganmavlobaSi jarSi, patriciebisa da klientebisagan, romel wevrs unda emsaxura, amas gvari (gens) adgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, jarSi kavaleria dominirebda. brZolis hoplituri taqtikis SemoRebiT, cxenosanTa rigebi Semcirda. hoplitebi (hoplitas) (mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari) _ es iyo asi meomrisagan Semdgari samxedro razmebi (centuriae), romlebic mkacrad icavdnen sabrZolo mwyobrsa da samxedro disciplinasa, rac maT brZolisunarianobas ganamtkicebda. samxedro reformis gatarebisas, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, servius tuliusma moqalaqeebi 5 jgufad dahyo. pirveli, umaRlesi jgufis wevrobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo 100 000 sisterciis (fuladi erTeuli) qona, meoresaTvis _ 75 000, mesame da meoTxisaTvis _ Sesabamisad, 50 000 da 25 000, xolo bolo, mexuTe jgufs 12 000 sisterciis qona moeTxoveboda. moqalaqeTa TiToeuli kategoria valdebuli iyo gamoeyvana centuriis gansazRvruli raodenoba (magaliTad, pirvel kategorias 30 centuriis gamoyvana evaleboda). mxedrobas (equites) 18 centuria gamohyavda, xolo damxmare kari (muSebi, musikosebi da proletarii) kidev 5 centurias qmnida. amgvarad, centuriebis saerTo ricxvi 193 Seadgenda. centuria (centuria), erTdroulad, samxedro erTeuli da politikur-fiskaluri gaerTianeba iyo, anu maT saxalxo krebaze xmis micemis ufleba hqonda. xmis micemisas, pirveloba moqalaqeTa yvelaze SeZlebul fenas eniWeboda, vinaidan centuriaTa yvelaze didi raodenoba (30 centuria) am fenas gamohyavda. xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobis mopovebis Semdeg (moqalaqeTa pirveli fena, cxenosnebTan erTad, 98 centurias Seadgenda. isini pirvelebi aZlevdnen xmas da saxalxo krebebze xmaTa umravlesobas iRebdnen) xmis micemis procedura wydeboda.
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II. patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika Comitia curiata (kuriis kreba); comitia centuriata (centuriis kreba); comitia tributa (tribis kreba); plebs (mdabio); nobilis (warCinebuli); centuriae (centuriebi); hoplitas (mZimedSeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari); equites (mxedrebi); proletarii (uqonelni). gadmocemis Tanaxmad, tarkviniusebis gvaris ukanaskneli reqsi qr. Sobamde 510 wels romidan gandevnes da, erTwliani uflebamosilebis vadiT, magistratis Tanamdeboba SemoiRes. kolegiis wevri _ magistratebi umaRlesi samxedro da politikuri xelisuflebiT aRWurvili pirebi iyvnen. qr. Sobamde 451 wels SeirCa aTi moqalaqe (decemviri legibus scribundis), romelTac XII dafis kanonebis redaqtireba daevalaT. sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris urTierTobebis ukiduresi gamwvavebisa da politikuri dapirispirebis fonze, ori weli gagrZelda. XII dafis kanonebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, xalxma konsulebis arCeva aRar isurva da mmarTveloba gadasca konsulis ZalauflebiT aRWurvil samxedro tribunebs (tribuni militum consulari potestate), romelTac jarebis sardlobis ufleba moipoves. qr. Sobamde 367 wels liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanoniT (lex Liciniae et Sextiae) konsulati _ respublikuri romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis umaRlesi organo _ sabolood damkvidrda. antikuri periodis cnobebis interpretaciisas, istorikosTa azri orad iyofa: erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, romSi tarkviniusebis gandevnis Semdeg, politikuri sistemis reformireba mkveTrad, revoluciuri meTodebiT ganxorcielda; istorikosTa meore jgufis (umravlesobis) azriT, reforma mdovred, Tumca, Tanamimdevrulad mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, SesaZloa yovelwliurad, airCeoda mxolod erTi umaRlesi pretori (praetor maximus, prae+ire _ jaris winamZRoli, mxedraTmTavari), romelsac, damxmared (savaraudod, jarebis sardlebad) umcros pretorebs (praetores minores) uniSnavdnen. romis respublikuri saxelmwifo wyoblebis sawyisi etapi patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris gamudmebuli da mkveTri urTierTdapirispirebiT xasiaTdeboda. privilegirebuli politikuri uflebebis mudmivad borotad gamoyenebiT, patriciebis gabatonebuli fena pleebis gaRizianebas iwvevda; protestis niSnad, plebeebi roms tovebdnen da secesiebs (secessio), anu romidan maT saTayvanebel wminda mTaze organizebul gaqcevas, mimarTavdnen. patriciebi samxedro samsxurs mxolod plebeebs avaldebulebdnen, valauval plebeebs savalo kabalaSi amyofebdnen. aRniSnuli, pirveli socialuri konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. qr. Sobamde 494 w. plebeebma miaRwies, rom patriciebma maT mier arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi _ tribuni plebis _ aRiares. plebsis tribunebs magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze veto-s dadebis ufleba miecaT. RvTaebrivi kanonis (lex sacrata) ZaliT, plebsis tribuni xelSeuvalobiT (sacrosanctae) sargeblobda; mis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi mxilebuli piri kanongareSed (homo sacer) cxaddeboda. male plebeebma politikuri moTxovnebic wamoayenes. maT patriciebs plebsis tribunis uflebamosilebaTa (potestas tribunicia) aRiarebas, tribunisaTvis veto-s uflebis, plebsis saxalxo krebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebisTvis (plebiscita) iuridiulad savaldebulo Zalis miniWeba mosTxoves. valeriusisa da horaciusis kanonis (leges Valeriae-Horatiae) miRebiT, tribuni, xelSeuvalobis mqone civitas-is uflebamosiლ magistratad iqca; qr. Sobamde 445 w. kanuleusis kanoniT (lex Canulea) patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; qr. Sobamde 367 w. plebeebis konstituciuri moTxovnebi sabolood dakmayofilda. liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanonis (leges Liciniae Sextiae) Tanaxmad, ori konsulidan erT-erTi, aucileblad, plebsis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. publilius filonis kanoniTa (lex Publilia Philonis) da hortensius kanoniT (lex Plebiscita Hortensia), plebsis saxalxo krebebze miRebul gadawyvetilebebs komiciebis mier dadgenili, kanonis Zala mieniWa. patriciul-plebeuri mmarTvelobis mqone civitas-is safuZvelze aRmocenebulma axalma saxelmwifo wyobam, qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebSi ganviTarebis mwvervals moaRwia. mmarTvelobis am tipis saxelmwifo organoebi iyo: magistratura, senati da saxalxo krebebi. Zveli berZeni istorikosisa da filosofosis polibiosis Tanaxmad, romis saxelmwifo wyobileba Sereuli tipis saxelmwifo formaa, romelic aristoteles mier gansazRvrul monarqiis, aristokratiisa da demokratiis cnebaSi ar jdeba. erTi mxriv, Tu konsulis uflebamosilebas ganvixilavT, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom romi _ monarqiaa; senatis uflebamosilebaTa ganxilvis safuZvelze, SeiZleba
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davaskvnaT, rom is aristokratiuli wyobis mqonea; xolo mravalricxovani xalxis politikur uflebebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, vifiqrebT, rom romi demokratiuli saxelmwifoa. imdroindel romSi, senatisa da patriciuli magistraturis batonobis didi xnis manZilze, mmrTvelobis sferoSi monawileobis misaRebad, plebeebis brZolis miuxedavad, romis saxelmwifo wyoba mainc aristokratiuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeboda. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia xelisuflebaTa aRniSnuli Tanafardoba xelisuflebaTa danawilebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo xelisufleba) Tanamedrove Teoriis mixedviT aixsnas. erTi ram faqtia: romis saxelmwifo wyobis sistemiT, politikuri institutebis urTierTdamokidebulba da urTierTkontroli xorcieldeboda. mudmivmoqmedi organo _ senati (Senatus), uflebamosilebaTa erTwliani vadiT arCeul magistratebze, arsebiTi gavlenas axdenda; imavdroulad, sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis (res publica) saerTo mmarTvelobasac uWerda mxars. $1. magistratura Veto (akrZalva); imperium (Zalaufleba); auspicia (frinvelebsa da cxovelebze dakvirveba); imperium militiae (samxedro Zalaufleba); imperium domi (xelisufleba qveynis SigniT); provocatio ad populum (xalxisadmi mimarTva); praetor maximus (umaRlesi pretori); collega minor (umcrosi TanaSemwe); praetor peregrinus (ucxoelebis pretori); quaestorae parricidii (kvestorebis TanaSemweebi); quaestores aerarii (saxazino kvestorebi); cura urbis (qalaqis zedamxedveloba); cura ludorum (TamaSebze zedamxedveloba); cura morum (zneobaze zedamxedveloba); cura annonae (sursaT-sanovageze zedamxedveloba); tribuni plebis (plebsis tribuni); intercessio (tribunis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba sxva magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze); ius auxilii (moqalaqeTa dacvis ufleba); ius agendicum senatus (senatis mowvevis ufleba); ius agendi cum plebe (plebsis krebis mowvevis ufleba; lectio senatus (senatis dakompleqteba). respublikuri magistraturis ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. arCeviToba; 2. kolegialoba; 3. Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada; 4. usasyidloba; 5. angariSvaldebuleba. wesis Tanaxmad, magistratebi komiciebSi erTwliani vadiT da kolegialobis principiT airCeodnen; maT hqondaT Tanabari uflebamosilebani, aseve kolegis gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadebis ufleba. did xarjebTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuris miuxedavad, magistratoba usasyidlod iyo; Tanamdebobis dakavebisas, isini debdnen fics, rom kanonis Sesabamisad (nihil contra leges fecissent) imoqmedeben. magistrati, romelic sakuTar Zalauflebas borotad iyenebda, meqrTameobaSi braldebuli piris msgavsad (crimen repetundarum) isjeboda. kuriatul kanonTa (lex curiata) da auspiciiT (auspicia) anu RvTis nebis axsna-ganmartebis uflebiT, romael konsulebs uzenaesi xelisufleba (imperium) eZleodaT. Imperium-i anu uzenaesi xelisufleba eniWeboda ufross magistratebs _ konsulebs, diqtatorebs, pretorebsa da samxedro tribunebs. erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben imperium-is or saxes: imperium militiae _ romis sazRvrebs gareT jaris sardlobis ufleba da imperium domi _ umaRlesi samoqalaqo xelisufleba q. romis sazRvrebSi, sadac moqalaqeTaTvis sasjelis Sefardeba izRudeboda mxolod romaeli xalxisadmi apelirebiT (provocatio ad populum), romelic braldebuls saxalxo krebisaTvis mimarTvis uflebas aZlevda. T. momzenis klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, magistraturebi iyofada or saxeobad: Cveulebrivi (ordinariaeordinaluri) da gansakuTrebuli (extra ordinem-eqstraordinaluri). Tavis mxriv, Cveulebrivi magistratura mudmivmoqmed da garkveuli Sesvenebebis Semdeg amoqmedebul organoebad iyofoda. mudmivmoqmedi magistraturebi: 1. konsulati. romSi erTi wlis vadiT arCeuli ori konsuli iyo. maTi Tanamdebobaze yofnis erT wels maTive saxeli ewodeboda. konsulebi axorcielebdnen imperium-s, anu uzenaes samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas; atarebdnen samkerde niSansa da reqsis simboloebs: emosaT porfiris toga da Tan dahyvebodaT liqtorebi. damnaSavisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis ufleba mxolod konsuls eniWeboda. sikvdilmisjils e.w. provocatio-s wesiT am ganaCenis gasaCivreba centuriis saxalxo krebis mimarT mxolod q.romis farglebSi SeeZlo; Tu aRniSnul sasjels provinciaSi gamoitndnen, is saboloo iyo da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda. 2. pretura. pretori uzenaesi xelisuflebiT aRWurvili magistri (praetor maximus) iyo. liciniusisa
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da seqstiusis kanonebSi pretori moxseniebulia konsulis umcros TanaSemwed (collega minor). imave kanoniT, pretors marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio) ganxorcielebis funqciac mieniWa, gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan marTlmsajulebis instituciurad gamoyofis Semdeg. qr. Sobamde 242 w. SemoiRes axali Tanamdeboba ucxoelebis pretori (praetor peregrinus), romelsac romael moqalaqeebsa da ucxoelebs Soris sasamarTlo davebis ganxilva-gadawyveta daevala. 3. kvestura. kvestori iyo konsulis TanaSemwe (quaestores parricidii), romelsac, umTavresad, saxelmwifo damnaSaveTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da danaSaulis gamoZieba evaleboda. garda amisa, kvestorebs, danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan saxelmwifo xazinisa da sxva saxis sazogadoebrivi qonebis dacvac evalebodaT (quaestores aerarii). 4. ediliteti. Tavdapirvelad, edilebi (aediles) plebsis RvTaebaTa kults zedamxedvelobdnen. mogvianebiT, maT romSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva (cura urbis), qalaqis xorbliTa da sarCo-sanovagiT momarageba (cura annonae) da TamaSebis organizeba (cura ludorum) daevalaT. 5. plebsis tribunati. Tavdapirvelad, plebsis tribunebi, patriciebis winaaRmdeg socialuri TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi, plebeebis `revoluciuri~ beladebi iyvnen. patriciati iZulebuli gaxda, magistratebis mier miRebul nebismier gadawyvetilebaze, plebsis tribunis vetosa (intercessio) da moqalaqeTa dacvis (ius auxilii), aseve senatisa da plebsis krebebis mowvevis uflebac (ius agendi cum senatus, cum plebe) eRiarebina. 6. cenzura ordinaluri, magram ara permanentuli magistratura iyo. yofili konsulebi 18 Tvis vadiT airCeodnen cenzorebad (censor), romelTa movaleobac yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeebis aRwera da maTi saTanado kategoriebSi ganweseba gaxldaT. cenzori akompleqtebda senats (lectio senatus), zedamxedvelobda moqalaqeTa zneobas (cura morum). Tu moqalaqe uzneo qmedebas Caidenda, mas ricxavdnen moqalaqeTa siidan, mis mier Cadenil uRirs qmedebaze werilobiTi miTiTebiT. magistraturis meore _ eqstraordinaluri saxe diqtatoris instituti iyo. sagangebo viTarebis dros konsulebi niSnavdnen diqtators, romlis uflebamosileba mxolod eqvsi TviT gamisazRvreboda. am drois ganmavlobaSi is iyo erTpirovnuli xelisufali, romlis kompetenciaSic uzenaesi samxedro da samoqalaqo administracia (imperium militiae et imperium domi) Sedioda. diqtaturis dros moqalaqeTa yvela ufleba SeCerebuli iyo. ramdenime magistraturis erTi piris xelSi moqceva dauSvebeli iyo. qr. Sobamde 180 w. viliusis kanoniT (lex Villia annalis) dadginda: erTi da igive piri, imave an sxva Tanamdebobaze xelmeored mxolod ori wlis Semdeg airCeoda. amave kanoniT, ganisazRvra magistratobis Semdegi ierarqia (cursus honorum): kvestura, ediliteti, pretura, konsulati; cenzorad da diqtatorad mxolod yofili konsuli daiSveboda. $2. senati Senatus (senati); senex (senatori); patres (mamebi); conscripti (miwerilni). senati (senatus) iyo respublikuri romis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgelobiTi da saTaTbiro organo, romlis wevrebadac senatori (senex) _ patriciebi (e.w. `patres~ - mamebi, romlebsac clarissimi (D.27.10.5)-c ewodebodaT, rac maT brwyinvale warmomavlobasa da xarisxs gulisxmobda da senatori _ plebeebi (e.w. conscripti - miwerilni) airCeodnen. senatis kompetenciaSi Sedioda: omis gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba; religiuri ceremonialis aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba; sazogadoebrivi finansebis gankargva da mxedarTmTavrebis daniSvna. aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom senatis funqcia mxolod saTaTbiro uflebamosilebiT ar ifargleboda. magistratebis xelisufleba droiT iyo SezRuduli, xolo mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo organo senati, komiciebis mier miRebul kanonebs sakuTari auctoritas-iT amtkicebda, senatusconsultum-iT ki sakanonmdeblo saqmianobas axorcielebda. senatorTa ricxvi permanentulad izrdeboda da III saukunis dasawyisSi aTass miaRwia.
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$3. saxalxo krebebi Plebiscita (plebisciti); consilia plebis (plebsis kreba); magistratus maiores (umaRlesi rangis magistratebi); magistratus minores (dabali rangis magistratebi); ius agendi cum populo (komiciebis mowvevis ufleba); ius agendi cum plebe (plebsis krebebis mowvevis ufleba); optimates (optimatebi); populares (popularebi); nobilitas (warCinebuli); ordo equister (mxedarTa wodeba); consul sine collega (konsuli kolegis gareSe). Tavdapirvelad, magistratebis arCeva da kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micema centuriis saxalxo krebis kompetencia iyo. magram reformebis gatarebam, da qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeTa socialur jgufebad, SedarebiT, samarTlianma dayofam, ganapiroba tribis komiciebisaTvis centuriis krebebis umaRlesi funqciebis nawilis gadacema. mogvianebiT, kanonis Zalis mqone plebiscita-s plebsis kreba (consilia plebis) iRebda. umaRlesi magistratebis (magistratus maiores) _ konsulebis, cenzorebis, pretorebis arCeva (daniSvna) centurialuri komiciis kompetencia iyo. tribebis komiciebi yvelaze dabali rangis magistratebs (magistratus minores) _ edilebsa da kvestorebs irCevdnen; plebsis krebebze ki _ plebsis tribunebs. plebsis krebebze magistratebad mxolod moqmedi magistratebis mier warmodgenil pirebs irCevdnen. kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micemis dros sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mxolod moqmed magistratebs hqondaT; saxalxo kreba uflebamosili iyo maTi iniciativa mieRo an saerTod uareyo; misi Secvlis, Sevsebis an nawilobriv miRebis ufleba maT ar gaaCndaT. komiciebis mowvevis ufleba (ius agendi cum populo) umaRles magistratebs, xolo plebsis krebebis (ius agendi cum plebe) _ plebsis tribunebs hqondaT. saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis dasrulebisTanave, romma aqtiuri dapyrobiTi omebis politika daiwyo, ris Sedegadac im droisaTvis cnobil, TiTqmis mTel geografiul sivrceze gabatonda. meore punikuri omis Semdeg (qr. Sobamde 220 w.), daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 168 w. mimdinare omebis Sedegad, romis saxelmwifo msoflio imperia gaxda. qr. Sobamde II saukunidan romis saxelmwifo wyobileba, axali socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma, Rrma krizisma moicva. upirveles yovlisa, Zveli civitas-is administraciuli organoebi msoflio imperiis mmarTvelobis sferoSi wamoWril moTxovnebs veRar akmayofilebda. umaRles Tanamdebobaze xanmokle vadiT pirTa arCeva saxelisuflo struqturebs araefeqturs xdida, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme dapyrobili provinciebis samxedro mmarTvelobas exeboda. saxelmwifos konstituciur mdgomareobaze uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenda, erTi mxriv, Zveli senatoruli aristokratia, savaWro operaciebiT gamdidrebuli mxedarTa wodebis da meore mxriv, optimatebisa (optimates) da popularebis (populares) urTierTqiSpi. primitiul agrarul ekonomikas swrafad enacvleboda monebis Sromaze damyarebuli intensiuri latifundisturi meurneoba. gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad sakuTar miwebs kargavda wvril mesakuTreTa fena _ jarisa da saxalxo krebebis mTavari wyaro. amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs plutarqes `biografiebis~ is Tavi, romelic tiberius graqhusis moRvaweobas eZRvneba. kerZod, etruriis velebis Semovlisas, man aRmoaCina, rom glexebis mier mitovebuli miwis nakveTebis did nawils senatoruli aristokratiis monebi amuSavebdnen. aRniSnuli viTareba moraluri simtkicis daqveiTebaze metyvelebda. politikuri krizisis erT-erTi mizezi sruluflebian moqalaqeTa raodenobisa da dapyrobili teritoriebis (provinciebis) mosaxleobis raodenobis disproporciis Seuqcevadi gazrdac iyo. krizisuli periodis sxva epizodTa Soris Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Zmebi graqhusebis mier SeTavazebuli agraruli reforma; am movlenam kidev ufro gaamwvava mZvinvare politikuri qiSpi saxelmwifoSi. politikuri simSvidis rRvevis kidev erT mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Seurigebeli dapirispreba mmarTvel oligarqiasa (senatoruli nobilitas) da mxedarTa wodebas (ordo equister) Soris. samxedro beladebsa da senats Soris dausrulebelma konfliqtma erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba. romis saxelmwifo sistema saWiroebda siaxles, politikur anu konstituciur reformas an antikonstituciur qmedebas _ saxelmwifos gadatrialebas. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji gaius mariusma gadadga. romauli jaris SemadgenlobaSi, daqiravebuli jaris nawilebis SeyvaniT man konsuloba moipova. qr. Sobamde 104-100 ww. samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, kornelius sulam, ganusazRvreli vadiT, Tavi diqtatorad gamoacxada da senatoruli oligarqiis reJimis aRdgena daiwyo. plebsis tribunebis gavlenis Semcirebis mizniT, man aRadgina Zveli principi, romlis
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Tanaxmadac, plebsis krebis gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala mxolod senatis mier damtkicebis Semdeg eniWeboda. man tribuns CamoarTva sxva magistraturis dakavebis ufleba, xolo veto-s ufleba gaavrcela im saCivrebze, romelsac, Seuracxyofis msxverplad qceuli an magistratis mier, sakuTari mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegad, dazaralebuli moqalaqe mowinaaRmdegis mimarT Seitanda. sulas reformebi maleve gauqmda; saxelmwifo kvlav mwvave politikurma krizisma da samoqalaqo omis safrTxem moicva. Tavdapirvelad, prokonsulis sagangebo uflebamosilebani mianiWes pompeuss, romelmac qr. Sobamde 52 w. Tavi erTpirovnul, `kolegis gareSe~ konsulad (consul sine collega) gamoacxada. Semdeg, keisaris, pompeusisa da krasusis paqtiT, Seiqmna pirveli triumvirati, rac sajaro xelisuflebis gadanawilebas niSnavda. krasusis daRupvis Semdeg Tavi iCina dapirispirebam optimatebis lider pompeussa da popularebis belad keisars Soris. provinciaSi sakuTar legionebTan myofma keisarma konsulobas ver miaRwia. aseve ar gaiTvaliswines misi interesebi, ris gamoc plebsis tribunebs uari eTqvaT saxalxo krebebSi monawileobaze. am faqtma sabolood gaamwvava damokidebuleba senatsa da keisars Soris, romelmac, demokratiuli wyobilebis aRdgenis sababiT, italiis sazRvari gadmolaxa. mis winaaRmdeg oligarqiuli reJimis damcvelma pompeusma gailaSqra. gamarjvebis mopovebis Semdeg, keisarma cezalpiuri galiis, siciliisa da sxva provinciebis mkvidrT romis moqalaqeoba uboZa, riTac maT swraf romanizacias Seuwyo xeli. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi konsulad, cenzorad, mudmiv diqtatorad arCeulma keisarma tribunis Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas) kanondarRveviT miiniWa. keisari grZnobda saxelmwifo reformebis gatarebis aucileblobas; ris gamoc, moZvelebuli saxelmwifo sistemis reorganizebis mizniT, gadamWreli zomebi miiRo. keisris reformebi oqtavianes gardaqmnebis dasawyisad miiCneva. romis imperiis uzenaesi politikuri xelmZRvaneloba (gestio rei publicae) diqtatorma (dictator) igdo xelT; mTeli imperiis administraciuli mmarTveloba ki italiuri modelis Sesabamisad, lex Iulia municipalis-is safuZvleze gardaiqmna. keisrisaTvis imperator perpetuum wodebis miniWebam magistratebze, senatsa da saxalxo krebebze misi uzenaesi xelisufleba ganamtkica. qr. Sobamde 44 wlis martis Tvis dResaswaulis idebis (idus) dros, keisris reformatoruli da mmarTvelobiTi diqtatoruli xelisufleba daemxo; magram keisris mkvlelebma dasaxul mizans ver miaRwies: warsulis dabruneba, senatoruli oligarqiis batonobis aRdgena, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. markus antoniusis, oqtavianesa da lipidusis SemadgenlobiT axali triumvirati Seiqmna. qr. Sobamde 31 wels aqciumis (Actium) koncxTan (saberZneTi), markus antoniusTan brZolaSi, oqtavianem gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da safuZveli Cauyara saxelmwifos axal politikur wyobas _ principats. III. msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.) $1. principati Princeps (pirveli); restaurator rei publicae (respublikis amRorZinebeli); res gestiae divi Augusti (RvTaebrivi avgustusis mmarTveloba); consensus universorum (moqalaqeTa sayovelTao Tanxmoba). mas Semdeg, rac oqtavianem keisris mkvlelebi dasaja da sakuTari mtrebic daamarcxa, romis istoriaSi axal politikur sistemas mieca dasabami. Zvel respublikuri politikur wyobas axali saxelmwifoebrivi reJimi mxolod garegnulad eTanadeboda. Tanamedrove terminologiis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo respublikuri wyobis ara revoluciuri damxoba, aramed misi TandaTanobiTi reformireba. axali politikuri wesrigis damyarebisa da misi konsolidaciis periodSi, avgustusis ZiriTadi mizani respublikis aRdgena (restaurator rei publicae) gaxldaT. avtobiografiaSi `Res gestiae divi Augusti~ avgustusi warmogvidgeba im axalgazrda mxedarTmTavrad, romelmac jari sakuTari saxsrebiT daiqirava, raTa `SeTqmulTa mir Cagruli samSoblo gaeTavisuflebina~ (avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Canawerebi ankarasa da antioqiaSi aRmoCenilma warwerebma Semogvinaxa. xsenebuli memuarebi avgustusma sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi dawera. SesaZloa, Canawerebi amotvifruli yofiliyo im marmarilos filebze, romlebiTac marsis velze aRmarTuli misi mavzoleumi moapirkeTes). markus antoniusis dasamarcxeblad senatma oqtavianes pretoris imperium-i uboZa da senatSi miiRo. qr. Sobamde 43 w. oqtaviane konsulad airCies, xolo qr. Sobamde 32 wels `italiasa da provinciebSi~ SeTqmulTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad (coniuratio Italiae et provinciarum) gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebani mianiWes. moqalaqeTa sayovelTao TanxmobiT (consensus universorum), qr. Sobamde 31 wels mopovebuli gamarjvebis niSnad, oqtavianes respublikis amaRorZinebeli (restaurator rei publicae) uwodes. amieridan, mas yovelwliurad irCevdnen konsulis Tanamdebobaze, xolo privilegiis niSnad
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senatSi princeps-oba (pirveli) uboZes. qr. Sobamde 27 wlis 13 ianvars, senatis sazeimo sxdomaze, oqtavianem ganacxada, rom amieridan igi daasrulebda mSvidobismyofel misias, uars ityoda saxelmwifo saqmeebze da mTel Zalauflebas romael xalxsa da mis senats gadascemda. senatis daJinebuli moTxovniT, oqtavianem `gulmowyaleba gamoiCina~ da, konsulobis SenarCunebasa da gandgomili provinciebis dasamorCileblad miniWebul sagangebo imperium-ze, Tanxmoba ganacxada. senatma mas Augustus wodeba mianiWa, ris Sedegad oqtavianes Imperator Caesar Augustus-s uwodebdnen. Imperator samxedro meTaurs niSnavda (am wodebiT legionebi mxedarTmTavars mimarTavdnen). Caesar _ misi Sviladamyvanis, iulius keisris saxeli iyo. Augustus _ romis axaldamaarsebeli, anu axali romulusi (qalaqis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli religiuri rituali augustum, augurium) iyo. senatis mier miRebul politikuri gadawyvetilebebze Tavad avgustusi werda: `amieridan, sakuTari auctoritas wyalobiT, me yvelaze maRla videqi, Tumca Cemi potestas, magistraturaSi moRvawe, kolegebis Zalauflebas ar aRemateboda~. swored auctoritas wyalobiT, anu yvelas mier aRiarebuli piradi prestiJis da ara potestas, anu magistratis xelisuflebis safuZvelze, miRweul iqna kompromisi mmarTvelobis axal, avtoritarul wessa da saxalxo-aristokratiul-respublikur reJims Soris. T. momzenis mtkicebiT, principati, rogorc orxelisuflebianoba, iyo iseTi reJimi, romlis drosac Zalaufleba gamijnuli iyo princefssa da senats Soris. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, avgustuss saukeTeso wesrigis fuZemdebeli (optimi status auctor) uwodes. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali mowyobis pirobebSi princefss imperium proconsulare maius et infinitum da tribunicia potestas mieniWa. pirveli wodebiT jaris uzenaesi mxedarTmTavroba da saimperio provinciebis mmarTvelobis ufleba igulisxmeboda. Tribunicia potestas-iT ki, princefss magistratebis mier gamocemul nebismier aqtze, veto (intercessio) dadebis SesaZleblobas da plebsis saxalxo krebebis mowvevis uflebas (ius agendi cum plebe) aniWebda. mogvianebiT, qr. Sobamde 44 w. keisris mibaZviT, oqtavianem plebsis tribunis Tanamdebobaze, dadgenili proceduris gareSe, sakuTari kandidatura wamoayena. Tumca markus antoniusis protestis gamo, tribunis Tanamdebobaze oqtavianes uari eTqva. qr. Sobamde 36 w. oqtavianes plebsis tribunis RvTaebrivi xelSeuvaloba (sacrosanctitas) mieniWa, xolo 30 wels _ tribunis samisdReSio Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas vitalicia). man tribunis uflebamosilebas SeuTavsa prokonsulis Tanamdeboba (imperium proconsulare), riTac dairRva uZvelesi da myarad moqmedi principi: erTi piris xelSi samoqalaqo (imperium domi) da samxedro (imperium militiae) xelisuflebis SeTavsebis dauSvebloba. romSi Sesvlis dros, prokonsulebisagan gansxvavebiT, princefss jaris sardlobis uflebamosilebis moxsna ar moeTxoveboda. tiberiusis droidan moyolebuli, princefsis tribunis xelisufleba imperiis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelda. qr. Sobis II saukunidan tribunebs aRar irCevdnen. Tumca, cnobebi am Tanamdebobis Sesaxeb IV da V saukuneebSi gamocemul imperatorTa konstituciebSia SemorCenili. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi wesrigisa da simSvidis damkvidrebis Semdeg, avgustusis moRvaweobiT, dasabami mieca provinciebis romanizaciis xangrZliv process. egvipte man romaeli xalxis xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara, xolo egviptis mmarTveloba sakuTar Tavze aiRo. romis moqalaqis (civis romanus) sapatio mdgomareobisa da misi uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romis moqalaqis tolfas uflebebs provinciis mcxovreblebs avgustusi individualurad aniWebda, provinciebSi ki romis msgavs mmarTvelobis sistemas amkvidrebda. yvelaze mdidar provinciebs, maTi Semorigebis sababiT, princefsi uSualod sakuTar xelisuflebas uqvemdebarebda (saimperatoro provinciebi), xolo danarCeni provinciebi senatis administraciul daqvemdebarebaSi (senatis provinciebi) rCebodnen. provinciebis pirvel saxeobas avgustusis legati-propretorebi (legati Augusti pro praetore) marTavdnen, meore saxeobas _ prokonsulebi. Tumca, yvela maTgans Tanamdebobaze princefsi niSnavda. municipaluri mmarTvelobis reJimsac (municipia) romauli struqtura hqonda: magistratebi, senati, komiciebi. municipaluri sabWoebi (ordo decurionum) 100 wevrisagan Sedgeboda. isini yofili magistratebis rigebidan airCeodnen. saqmianobis kolegialuri wesiT warsamarTavad magistratebs municipiebSi erTi wlis vadiT irCevdnen. principatis periodSi imperiuli biurokratia Camoyalibda. princefsma sakuTari uflebamosilebani, ierarqiulobis mixedviT, Tanamdebobis pirebs gadasca, romlebic, saqmianobis safasurad, gasamrjelos iRebdnen. yvelaze didi gavleniTa da ZalauflebiT pretorebi sargeblobdnen: 1. samxedro funqciebiT aRWurvili, praefectus praetorio imperatoris pirad gvardias sardlobda; 2. romSi poli-
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ciasa da sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos praefectus urbi xelmZRvanelobda; 3. Ramis saaTebSi simSvidis uzrunvelmyof samsaxurs praefectus vigilum xelmZRvanelobda; masve eqvemdebareboda xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuri; 4. sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris ufross _ praefectus annonae bazrebis kontrolic evaleboda; 5. safosto samsaxuris ufrosi praefectus vehiculorum iyo. imperatoris piradi kancelariis (scrinia) ZiriTadi funqciebi iyo: imperatoris saxeliT oficialuri mimowera, imperatoris qonebis gankargva, sakadro sakiTxebis gadawyveta, princefsis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul sasamarTlo davaTa ganxilva. Sesabamisad, imperatoris kancelaria (scrinia) oTx ganyofilebad iyofoda: 1. ab epistulis _ princefsis oficialuri korespondenciis ganyofileba; 2. a rationibus _ imperatoris qonebis marTvis ganyofileba; 3. a cognitionibus _ princefsis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebuli sasamarTlo davebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba; 4. a libellis _ arzebisa da ajebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba. imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis dros saxelmwifo aparatis biurokratizaciis procesi dasrulda, Seiqmna saimperatoro sabWo (consilium principis), anu gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro organo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi maRalCinosani moxeleebi da gamoCenili iuristebi Sediodnen. amrigad, principati iyo SeniRbuli, Selamazebuli romauli imperia, romlis dros, formalurad, ganagrZobdnen arsebobas respublikuri periodis saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi, Tumca realuri Zalaufleba Tavmoyrili iyo mxolod princefsisa da misi uaxlovesi garemocvis xelSi. axali reJimis yvelaze rTuli sakiTxi _ qveynis pirveli piris xelisuflebis memkvidreobiTobis problema _ verc avgustusis politikurma geniam gadawyvita da verc misi memkvidreebis gonierebam. qarizmatulobis tradiciuli rwmenisa da rex-is dros taxtis memkvidreobiTobis dinastiuri formisadmi romaelTa siZulvilis gamo, xelisuflebis monacvleobis problema kvlavac gadauWreli iyo da mudmiv politikur krizisebsa da gadatrialebebs uwyobda xels. konkretuli istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris daniSvna sami wesiT xdeboda: 1. imperatoris mier mis sicocxleSive memkvidris daniSvna anu cooptacia; 2. senatis Sexedulebisamebr memkvidres daniSvna; 3. legionebis mier ama Tu im piris imperatorad gamocxadeba. rogorc wesi, princefsebi memkvidred Sviladayvanils asaxelebdnen. magaliTad, keisarma memkvidred oqtaviane daasaxela. senati imperatoris arCevans yovelTvis ar eTanxmeboda. Tumca, avgustusis memkvidre `dinastiebSi~, xSiri iyo instituciuri krizisi, ris gamoc iulius-klavdiusebis dinastiis ramdenime imperatori _ tiberiusi, kaligula, klavdiusi _ sakuTari naTesavebisa da pretorianelTa msxverpli gaxda; sxvebma _ magaliTad, neroni _ sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrules. flaviusebsa da vespasianes legionebi uWerdnen mxars. titusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, legionerebma imperatoris taxtze dasves domiciane, romelmac, aseve tragikulad daasrula sicocxle. antoninusebis dinastiis imperatorebma _ nervam, traianem, adrianem, antoninus piusma, markus avreliusma da komodusma _ imperiis gandidebiT, mSvidobis damyarebiTa da Sviladayvanis sistemis mkacri dacviT (yvelam ara) gaiTqves saxeli. rodesac imperatori aRniSnul princips ugulebelyofda da, mamidan Svilze, taxtis memkvidreobas aniWebda upiratesobas, saxelmwifoSi kvlav politikuri krizisi da anarqia isadgurebda. swored ase moxda maSin, roca markus avreliusma taxtis memkvidred sakuTari vaJiSvili _ komodusi daasaxela, romelic sakuTari tiranuli mmarTvelobis msxverpli Seiqna. aleqsander severusis mkvlelobis Semdeg, saxelmwifo xangrZlivma politikurma krizisma da anarqiam moicva, ramac principatis epoqas bolo mouRo. $2. dominati (Dominatus) dominatis saxeliT cnobili axali politikuri sistemis epoqaSi, princefsi (princeps _ senatorTa Soris pirveli) mbrZaneblad (dominus) iqca, xolo moqalaqeebi (civis) qveSevrdomebi (subditi) gaxdnen. dominatis dros imperatori absoluturi Zalauflebis mqone piri iyo. saxelmwifoSi damkvidrebuli sistema, principatis avtoritaruli demokratiidan dominatis periodis absolutur da TviTmpyrobelur monarqiamde, romis politikuri sistemis xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegi iyo. qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis axali principebi III saukuneSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis sistemis umwvavesi krizisis dros SemoiRes, rasac ekonomikuri da socialuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi kidev ufro aRrma-
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vebda. aRniSnuli viTareba primitiuli agraruli ekonomikis, mZime sagadasaxado sistemisa da sasoflo raionebis (annona) mudmivi danawevrebis sruli kraxis Sedegi iyo. fuladi erTeulis emisias gamudmebiT mimarTavdnen karakala da sxva imperatorebi. Tumca, saxelmwifoSi mZvinvare inflacias es ver Sveloda. sayovelTao siRaribisa da sulier faseulobaTa Rrma krizisis viTarebaSi, saxelmwifoSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba politikur faqtorebs eniWeboda. upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos samxedro aristokratiis uzomo batonoba, maT politikosebs sakuTari neba Tavs moaxvies da faqtiurad, mmarTvelobis yvela sferoSi TviTneboba daamkvidres. qveynis mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda sagareo faqtorebic, kerZod, barbarosTa gamudmebuli Semosevebi da romis armiaSi maTi (germanelebis, aRmosavleTis xalxisa da momTabare arabebis) miReba; klasikuri romauli civilizaciisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilma elementebma TandaTanobiT mniSvnelovani gavlena moipoves, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa romis saxelmwifoze da misi civilizaciis daqveiTeba da dacema gamoiwvia. 212 wels imperatorma markus avrelius antoninus karakalam mTeli imperiis Tavisufal mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba mianiWa, ramac romis moqalaqeTa (cives romani) privilegirebuli mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. romis moqalaqeebi romis imperatoris qveSevrdomebad iqcnen. romis imperatorebma, aRmosavluri monarqiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mmarTvelobis despoturi forma daamkvidres. septimius severusma dominus-is wodeba miiRo. dion kasiosis Tanaxmad, imperator septimius severusma sakuTar Svilebs anderZad daubara: `gaamdidreT jariskacebi da safrTxeze nuRar ifiqrebT~. zogma imperatorma senatorebad barbarosebi daniSna da sasaxlis karze aRmosavlur-despoturi ritualebi SemoiRo. 239-284 ww. romis imperia umwvavesma politikurma krizisma da anarqiam moicva, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom am drois ganmavlobaSi saimperatoro taxti, erTmeoris miyolebiT, 22 pirma daikava. maTi umravlesoba saxelmwifoSi gamefebul qaoss Seewira. mSvidobianobis xanmokle periodi daamyara iliriuli warmoSobis mxedarTmTavarma avrelianem, romlis brZanebiTac fulis monetebze misi tituli _ mefe da RmerTi (dominus et deus) _ iyo amotvifruli; amiT igi aRmosavleTis monarqebs baZavda. mkacri wesrigis damyarebas, imperiis Zlevamosilebisa da romauli gmiruli suliskveTebis aRdgenas Seecada meore ilirieli mxedarTmTavari diokletiane (284-305 ww.). man sakuTar xelisuflebas sakraluri xasiaTi mianiWa da moiTxova, rom misTvis iupiteris vaJi _ ioviusi (Iovius) ewodebinaT. romis armiis reformirebis Sedegad diokletianem Seqmna swrafi reagirebis korpusi _ exercitus praesentialis, romelsac mtris Semoseva sazRvarzeve unda ukuegdo. inflaciis SesaCereblad man gamosca ediqti _ edictum de rerum venalicium, romliTac diokletianem pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze, momsaxurebis sferos da satransporto saSualebebze minimaluri fasebi daadgina. garda amisa, man mniSvnelovani reforma ganaxorciela imperiuli mmarTvelobis sferoSic; Seqmna xelisuflebis ierarqiuli piramida, romlis umaRlesi piri Tavad imperatori iyo. e.w. officia palatina (sasaxlis uwyebani) centraluri mmarTvelobis organoebad iqca, xolo quaestor sacri palatii (RvTaebrivi sasaxlis mcveli) erTgvarad, iusticiis ministri iyo; magister officiorum _ provinciis moxeleTa ufrosi iyo; comes sacrarum largitationum-i da comes rerum privatarum-i, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo finansebsa da imperatoris qonebas ganagebdnen. msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis meTaurebad imperatorma ramdenime Tanamdeboba _ magistri militum _ SemoiRo. vrceli imperiis farglebSi, mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizaciis mizniT, diokletianem e.w. tetrarqiis sistema Seqmna; man imperia dayo or _ aRmosavleT romisa da dasavleT romis _ imperiebad, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, oTx _ aRmosavleTi, iliria, italia da galia _ prefeqturad daiyo, es ukanasknelni _ diocezebad, xolo diocezebi _ provinciebad. Prefeqturebs marTavdnen prefeqtebi (praefectus), diocezebs _ vikariusebi (vicarius), xolo provinciebs _ reqtorebi (rector) imperiis TiToeul nawils marTavda avgustusi (Augustus), romelsac memkvidris Svilad ayvana SeeZlo. aseT memkvidreebs `keisrebi~ ewodebodaT. diokletiane aRmosavleT romis imperias ganagebda, misi rezidencia nikomediaSi mdebareobda; dasavleT imperias, romlis dedaqalaqic milani (mediolani) iyo, mmarTvelad maqsimiane daeniSna. magram xelisuflebis memkvidreobiTobis problema verc am RonisZiebebma gadaWra. 305 w., imperator diokletianes taxtidan nebayoflobiT gadadgomis Semdeg, brZola xelisuflebisaTvis axali ZaliT gamwvavda. imperatorma konstantinem, metoqis _ maqsenciusis damarcxebiT, imperia kvlav gaaerTiana. imperator konstantines, romelic saxelmwifos 307-337 ww. marTavda, romaeli istorikosi amiane marcelinusi novatorad da uZvelesi institutebis reformatorad ixseniebs. konstantines 313 wils milanis
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(mediolanis) ediqtiT _ `qristianuli religiis mimarT rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb~, TandaTanoboT, qristianoba imperiis oficialur religiad, xolo RvTaebrivi samarTali _ monarqiis politikur sayrdenad iqca. saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi konstantinem gadaitana bizantionSi, romelsac mogvianebiT konstantinopoli ewoda. konstantines gardacvalebis Semdeg, misma vaJebma imperia kvlav or nawilad gayves. 395 w., roca imperatorma Teodosius I-ma saxelmwifos aRmosavleTi nawilis marTva Tavis erT vaJiSvils _ arkadiuss, xolo dasavleTi nawilisa, meore vaJs, honoriuss daavala, imperiis gayofa sabolood dasrulda. barbarosTa gamudmebul Semosevas ganicdida dasavleT romis imperia. 476 w. barbarosebis samxedro beladma _ odoakrma dasaleT romis ukanaskneli imperatori romulus avgustulusi daamxo, riTac dasavleT romis imperiis istoria dasrulda. aRmosavleT romis _ bizantiis _ imperia kidev TiTqmis 1 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganagrZobda arsebobas da is daeca Turq-osmaloTa Semosavisa da, 53-dRiani alyis Sedegad, imperiis dedaqalaqis _ konstantinopolos dakavebis Semdeg, 1453 wlis 28 maiss. bizantiaSi viTardeboda romis samarTali, romelmac ganviTarebis mwvervals imperator iustiniane I Magnus (didis) mmarTvelobis dros (527-565 ww.) miaRwia. iustiniane daibada iliriis provinciaSi (romelmac imperias ramdenime imperatori misca) terensiumis mxareSi, glexi _ sabaciusis ojaxSi. iustiniane mTielisa da miwaTmoqmedisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulieri sitkiciT gamoirCeoda. igi bizantionSi Camoiyvana da aRzarda biZam (dedis Zmam) _ iustinem, romelic imperator anastasiosis gvardiaSi msaxurobda. anastasiosis gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxti daikava iustinem. man TanammarTvelad disSvili daniSvna da iusitinianec uwoda. iustinianem iqorwina cirkis mocekvave qal _ Teodoraze, romelsac iustinem, disSvilTan erTad, Augusta-s tituli uboZa. iustinianes sanukvari ocneba romis imperiis Zveli didebisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena iyo. iustinianes mmarTvelobis mkvidri sayrdeni qristianuli ideologia da samarTlebrivi `klasicizmi~ iyo.
Tavi IV. uflebaTa dacva I. sasamarTlo organizacia Zvel romSi romSi sasamarTlo SedarebiT gvian iqca saxelmwfo organod. am mxriv saetapoa qr. Sobamde 149 weli, rodesac adre arsebuli decemviri stlitibas iudicandis-is paralelurad, mudmivi sasamarTloebi _ `Quaestiones perfectuae~ _ daarsda. decemvirebis sasamarTlos didi mniSvneloba aRar eniWeboda, maTi meSveobiT mxolod moqalaqeobasa da TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi ganixileboda. adreul xanaSi aseve arsebobda 105 msajulis SemadgenlobiT centumvirebis sasamarTlo, romelTac tribebis mixedviT _ TiToeuli tribadan sam-sam kaci _ irCevdnen. isini ZiriTadad memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebul davebs ganixilavdnen. amgvarad, Zvel romSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda memkvidreobis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli sadavo saqmeebis ganxilvas. mudmivi sasamarTlo (Quaestiones perfectuae) provinciebSi gamoZalvisa da Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonis (crimen repetundarum) safuZvelze Seiqmna. SemdgomSi, am sasamarTloebis gansjadobas daeqvemdebara `romis xalxis didebis Seuracxyofis~ saqmeebi, rac saxelmwifo Ralats gulisxmobda. amave sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedioda mkvlelobis, Zaladobis, siyalbis, arCevnebis dros amomrCevelTa mosyidvis, saxazino qonebis qurdobis saqmeebic. sulas diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis mZime danaSaulis CamdenTa saTanadod dasjis mizniT, mravali mkacri kanoni gamosces. aRniSnul saqmeTa gansaxilvelad calkeuli sasamarTloebic Seiqmna. Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTleebad sazogadoebis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. pirveli mosamarTleebi gaxldaT umaRlesi qurumebi – pontifikosebi, romlebic ZiriTadad senatorTa fenas ganekuTvnebodnen. cnobilma gaius graqxusma sasamarTloebSi moRvaweobis neba darTo mxedarTa wodebis warmomadgenlebsac. male sasamarTloebi upiratesad mxedrebis xelSi aRmoCnda. qr. Sobamde 70 wlamde romis sazogadoebis maRali fenis warmomadgenlebi sasamarTloebSi monawileobis uflebis misaRebad brZolas ganagrZnobdnen. sabolood imas miaRwies, rom mosamarTleebs senatorebis, mxedrebis
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da tribunTa fenidan irCevdnen. yovel wels pretori ramdenime aseuli kacis sias adgenda. sasamarTlo procesi am siis mixedviT unda gamarTuliyo. ficis miRebis Semdeg, magistrati ramdenime aTeul mosamarTles niSnavda. am dros saxelmwifo-sajaroobis sawyisi sasamarTlo procesze jer kidev ar iyo ganviTarebuli. samarTalSi micema kvlavindeburad kerZo saqmed iTvleboda. esa Tu is piri pretors mimarTavda TxovniT, rom sasamarTlos procesze bralmdeblis saxiT daeSvaT. ra Tqma unda, mas unda daesaxelebina braldebulis vinaobac. braldebuls dakiTxvisaTvis iZaxebdnen. sasamarTlo procesze saqmis ganxilva-gamoZieba daaxloebiT 30-100 dRis Semdeg iniSneboda. sasamarTloze ismendnen rogorc braldebulis dasacav, ise mis winaaRmdeg warmoTqmul sityvebs; xdeboda mowmeTa dakiTxva da warmodgenili sabuTebis ganxilva da mxolod amis Semdeg ganaCeni xmaTa umravlesobiT gamohqondaT. gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis SemTxvevaSi braldebuls mkacri sasjeli eloda; Zveli Cveulebis Tanaxmad, braldebuls saxalxo krebisadmi apelirebis (provocatio) ufleba eZleoda. sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, procesze monawiled plebsis tribunic daiSveboda. mwvave politikuri viTarebis gamo, bralmdebelisa da braldebulis socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba, mosamarTleTa simpaTia da antipaTia did zegavlenas axdenda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze. amis gamo, sasamarTloebi metwilad politikuri konfliqtebis ganmxilvelis funqcias asrulebdnen. sasamarTlos statusis gansazRvraze didi gavlena moaxdina romis saxelmwifos monarqizacizaciis Semdgomma procesma. Tu respublikis periodSi saqmeebs magistratebis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi ganixilavdnen, marTlmsajulebis funqciebi TandaTan TavadGsaxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebis – pretorebis xelSi aRmoCnda da warmoiSva extra ordinem. qr. Sobis II saukunis iuristis seqstus pomponiusis CamonaTvalSi mocemulia im Tanamdebobis pirTa sia, romelTac gasamarTlebis ufleba eniWebodaT; romSi marTlmsajulebas axorcielebda plebeebis 10 tribuni, 18 pretori, 6 edili. (D.1.2.29-34). romis imperiis provinciebSi mosamarTlis funqcias presidebi (praesidis - Tavi, Tavmjdomare _ mefisnacvlebi da maTi moadgileebi) asrulebdnen. zogierTi mniSvnelovani saqmis, magaliTad, saxazino saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli darRvevis garCeva saxazino da saimperatoro qonebis mmarTvel moxelesac SeeZlo. qalaqebSi mosamarTlis funqcia dakisrebuli hqondaT duumvirebs (duumviri), romelTac samTavrobo moxeleebi uflebebs TandaTanobiT uzRudavdnen. romSi arsebobda sazogadoebrivi interesebis kerZo dacvis praqtikac. sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos interesebis dasacavad romis yvela moqalaqes ufleba hqonda bralmdeblad gamosuliyo. jariskacebsa da uflebaayrilebs (famas) aseTi uflebebi ar gaaCndaT. iseTi saxis saqmeebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic misi `udidebulesobis Seuracxyofas~ exeboda, bralmdeblebad gamosvla jariskacebs, qalebsa da monebsac SeeZloT. (D.48.4.7.1;D.2.8). qr. Sobis II saukunis romaeli iuristis pavlusis Txzulebis meSveobiT, Cvenamde moaRwia werilobiTi braldebis sanimuSo formulam: ama da am piris konsulobis dros, ama da am pretorTan lucius ticiusma, iuliusis kanonis Tanaxmad, mruSobaSi dasdo brali mevias, romelmac ama da am Tves, ama da am piris konsulobis dros, ama da am qalaqis ama da am saxlSi imruSa gaius seiusTan (D.48.2.3). imperiis periodis romis sasamarTlom TandaTan dakarga saqveyno Tanxmobis, da, Tu gnebavT, im adgilis funqcia, sadac asparezi eZleoda Tavisufal azrs da mWermetyvelTa paeqrobas; erTmmarTvelobisa da diqtatoruli reJimis Sedegad sasamarTlo procesebs politikuri mniSvneloba daekarga, Sesabamisad sul ufro mcire mniSvneloba eniWeboda emociebs, gacilebiT arsebiTi iyo samarTlis yovelmxrivi da zusti codna, misi axsna-ganmartebis da konkretul viTarebasTan morgebis unari. II. procesis cneba, saxeebi da stadiebi Zvel romSi Actio (sarCeli), actor (mosarCele), reus (mopasuxe), actiones in rem, legis actio sacramento in rem (sanivTo sarCeli), actiones in personam, legis actio sacramento in personam (piradi sarCelebi), litis contestatio (procesis dadgena), iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba).
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1. sarCelis cneba piris uflebis dacva samarTlis arsebobisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis funqcionirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia. subieqturi iuridiuli garemoebebis substanciuri (materialuri) aspeqtis gacnobis Semdeg, romis samoqalaqo procesis ZiriTadi institutebi unda ganvixiloT. individualur doneze samarTlebrivi moTxovna, rogorc socialuri qcevis normatulobis gamoxatuleba, zogadad dadgenil wesebTan konkretuli moTxovnis aucilebel Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa Soris warmoqmnili konfliqti samarTlis subieqtTa dacvis formas iZens imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba maTi pretenzia zogadad dadgenili qcevis wesebs, anu ganixileba Tu ara samarTlis subieqtebs Soris warmoSobili dava samarTlis normis miukerZoebeli interpretatoris mier; Tanac, davis gadawyveta mxolod dadgenili zogadsavaldebulo wesebiT unda moxdes. romauli procesis gansakuTrebul Tavseburebaze swored misTvis damaxasiaTebeli dispoziciurobis principi metyvelebs. magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli sasamarTlo devnas mxolod kerZo iniciativis safuZvelze eqvemdebareboda. maSinac ki, roca saxelmwifo samarTlis subieqts misi uflebebis realizaciaSi exmareboda, saxelmwifo individis interesebs warmoadgenda; aRniSnul procesSi monawileobiT saxelmwifo Tavad subieqtis Semcvlelad an mis damxmared gamodioda. piris daukmayofilebeli interesi sarCelis saxiT formdeboda. sarCeli (actio) aris samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile erTi mxaris mier meore mxarisaTvis werilobiTi formiT wardgenili pretenzia, romelic marTlwesrigiTaa aRiarebuli. sasamarTlo procesi iwyeba mosarCele piris (actor) pretenziis dasabuTebuli aRiarebiT; meore mxare _ mopasuxe (reus), movale iyo Seesrulebina sasamarTlos mier dakisrebuli is valdebulebebi, romelsac misgan mosarCele iTxovda, raTa arsebuli urTirTobis eqvivalenturoba aRdgeniliyo. radgan sasamarTlo Carevis gareSe actor–ma ver miaRwia, mopasuxis mxridan, garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas, valdebulebis aRsruleba mopasuxes iZulebis wesiT ekisreboda. formasa da Sinaarss Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba samarTlebrivi sanqciiT kompensirdeboda; Tumca formiT gauTvaliswinebeli interesi aucileblad unda yofiliyo dasabuTebuli, raTa misi samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa moxerxebuliyo. warmoiqmneboda axali samarTlebrivi viTareba, romelSic urTierTobis aqtiuri mxaris axali interesi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, sarCeliT (actio iudicati) dakmayofildeboda da piruku, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi subieqturi interesis Sesabamisoba srulfasovnad iTvleboda, Tu samarTlebrivi moTxovniT uflebaTa aRiareba da aRdgena igulisxmeboda. amrigad, garkveul farglebSi, iudicatum _ uflebaTa abstraqtul aRdgenasa da nebis Tavisuflebis gamoxatvas warmoadgenda. piris uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis romauli procesi, individebis TasnasworobiTa da damoukideblobiT xelmZRvanelobda. materialur aspeqtSi ZiriTadi uflebebis (abstraqtuli an SefardebiTi) sarCelebi Sesabamisad or jgufad: sanivTo (actiones in rem) da pirad (actiones in personam) sarCelebad iyofa. gaiusis azriT, In personam actio est, qua animus cum aliquo, qui nobis vel ex contractu vel ex delicto obligatus est, id est cum intendimus dare, faure, praestare, oportere – piradi sarCelis safuZvelze, Cven vawarmoebT process imaT winaaRmdeg, visac xelSekrulebiT an deliqtiT Cvens sasargeblod raime evaleba, anu roca pretenziiT vacxadebT, Cveni pretenziis Tanaxmad, an raime unda gadmogvecen sakuTrebaSi, an raime Segvisrulon, an raimeTi uzrunvelgvyon. `In rem actio est, cum aut corporalem rem intendimus nostram esse, aut ius aliquid nobis competere veluti utendi aut utendi fruendi, eundi agendi aquamve ducendi vel altius tollendi prospiciendive; actio ex diverso adversario est negativa – sanivToa sarCeli, roca vacxadebT pretenzias sxeulebrivi nivTis kuTvnilebaze, an uflebaze, magaliTad, raimeTi sargeblobis ufleba, sargeblobisa da nayofis miRebis ufleba, vinmes teritoriaze gavlis, saqonlis gadarekvis, wylis gayvanis ufleba, an ufleba garkveul simaRleze maRali Senobis agebis akrZalvisa mezoblisaTvis, an piruku, roca sarCeli mowinaaRmdegis uflebas uaryofs~.
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sanivTo sarCelis wardgenisas, mosarCele sanivTo uflebebze pretenzias acxadebda. am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sarCeliT, mopasuxe SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri piri. garkveuloba mxolod procesis dadgenis (litis contestatio) dros miiRweoda. piradi sarCelis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, (sarCeli valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb) pasuxs agebda mxolod kreditoris movale konkretuli piri, romelic valdebuli iyo kreditoris winaSe. In personam-is procesSi mogebis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles moTxovna wydeboda sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze dafuZnebuli axali uflebis subieqti xdeboda.
da
mosarCele
In rem-i sarCelis dros mosarCeles SeeZlo darCeniliyo subieqtad imave uflebisa, romelzec pretenzias acxadebda. III. Lege agere (kanonismieri procesi) Legis actio (kanonieri sarCeli); lex privata (kerZo kanoni); in iure (mosamarTleobis funqciiT aRWurvili magistratis winaSe warmarTuli procesis stadia); vindicatio (vindikacia); festuca (saritualo kverTxi); iudex (nafici mosamarTle); apud iudicem (mosamarTlesTan saqmis ganxilvis stadia); aeris confessio (valis aRiareba); arbiter (arbitri); secum dictio (mevalis wayvana kreditoris saxlSi); vindex (damcveli); manus iniectio pro iudicato (xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiurad); sponsor (rwmunebuli); depensum (rwmunebulis mier, ZiriTadi mevalis magier, valis gadaxda); manus inectio pura (xelis dadeba uflebebSi damcrobis gareSe); condictio (kondiqciuri sarCeli). Lege agere (sarCelis kanonieri formiT wardgena) niSnavda certis verbis agere – sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenas garkveuli sityvebiT, roca sarCeli Sedgenili iyo im kanonis sityvebis Sesabamisad, romelsac efuZneboda. kanoni, romelsac mosarCele warmoTqvamda iyo kerZo kanoni, romelic subieqtis nebis avtonomiurobasa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogadsavaldebulo wesebisadmi mis Sesabamisobas gamoxatavda. kanonier sarCelTa Soris uZvelesi legis actio sacramento in rem-i iyo. ficze dafuZnebuli sanivTo sarCeli cnobilia gaiusis dawvrilebiTi aRweriT. sasamarTlo xorcieldeboda pretoris winaSe winaswar gansazRvrul adgilze; mowinaaRmdege mxareebi xelSi iRebdnen saritualo kverTxsa (festuca) da sadao nivTs (an didi nivTis SemTxvevaSi, mis mcire nawils) da morigeobiT warmoTqvamdnen Semdeg sityvebs: vacxadeb, rom kvirituli samarTlis ZaliTa da misi debulebebis safuZvelze, es nivTi mainc Cemia. rogorc vTqvi, isea, esec Sen, me ukve movaxdine vindicireba. nivTze uflebis damtkicebis dros (vindicatio), Cveulebis Tanaxmad, monas kveTxs adebdnen. TiToeuli mowinaaRmdegis mtkicebiT, kvirituli samarTlis (wminda romauli Temis gansakuTrebuli ufleba) safuZvelze, mona mas ekuTvnoda da kuTvnilebis safuZvels (causa) asaxelebda. pretendentebi, scenaze myofi msaxiobebis msgavsad, sakuTar pretenziebs simboloebis enaze ayalibebdnen, riTac ganzogadebisaTvis savaldebulo abstraqcia miiRweoda. procesis am stadiaze saqmeSi ereoda damswre magistrati, romelic mxareebs monis gaTavisuflebisaken mouwodebda. magistris Careva mowmobda, rom dava absurdamde iyo misuli. erTsa da imave nivTze erTdroulad sxvadasxva piris gansakuTrebuli da eqskluziuri ufleba dauSvebeli iyo. am formiT mxareTa dapirispireba konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas gamoricxavda. Semdeg is mxare, romelic pirveli axdenda vindicirebas, mowinaaRmdeges mouwodebda pretenziis safuZveli (causa) daesaxelebina da ideboda fici garkeul Tanxaze, romelic, davis wagebis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo xazinaSi gadairicxeboda. nivTze gacxadebuli pretenziebis identuroba erT-erTi mxaris sicrueze metyvelebda. amitom vindikaciis marTebulobaSi eWvis Setana sruliad kanonzomieri iyo; amis gamo procesi, piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis (in iuria) Sesaxeb da ara nivTze uflebis Sesaxeb, saqmis gamoZiebaSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. wminda fics (sacramentum in iure) debdnen ara nivTze uflebis, aramed saritualo pretenziis gacxadebis gamo, vinaidan saqme ara sanivTo urTierTobebis darRvevas, aramed piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas exeboda.
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amrigad, procesis Semdgomi ganviTareba ukve iZenda piradi sarCelis _ legis actio sacramento in personamis saxes, romlis Sesaxebac wyaroebSi mocemuli informaciis simwiris gamo, mecnierebs dRemde bundovani warmodgena aqvT. Tumca, erTi ram naTelia: aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis saxe efuZneboda fics da marTlsawinaaRmdego (dausabuTebeli) moTxovnis wamomyenebeli piris (romelmac kerZo kanoni (lex privata) anu normatiulad mniSvnelovani forma aramarTlzomierad gamoiyena) pasuxismgeblobas adgenda. amrigad, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod nivTis Taobaze aRZruli konkretuli (piradi moTxovnis saxiT) sasamarTlo dava SemdgomSi samarTaldarRvevis Sesaxeb _ iniuria _ procesSi gadadioda da samarTaldamrRvevi (usafuZvlod modave) mxaris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dgeboda, vinaidan es mxare wminda ficis gamtexad miiCneoda. mogvianebiT, sadao saqmeSi monawile Suamavlebis mimarTac procesis or fazas ganasxvavebdnen: mogvianebiT, procesis ori stadiis gamoyofas, davaSi monawile Suamavlis mixedviTac axdendnen. kerZod, Tu arsebuli samarTlebrivi pretenzia sasamrTlo magistratis winaSe gacxaddeboda, in iure stadiaze davis formalizebuli ganxilva da saqmeze gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) gamotana xdeboda. aRniSnul funqcias mosamarTle (iudex) axorcielebda. sasamarTlo procesis amave stadiaze davis sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio) unda momxdariyo. am momentidan davis saganze mxareebs mxolod procesualuri uflebebi gaaCndaT, vinaidan materialuri uflebebi ukve sxva – procesualur – doneze iyo gadasuli. aRniSnuli momenti gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia. sasamarTlo procesis (interesTa konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli formaluri gamoxatva) specifika am proceduriT miRwevadi, samarTlebrivad mowesrigebuli urTierTobebis abstraqtulobis maRali xarisxis maCvenebeli iyo, rac sasamarTlo procesze monawileTa samarTlebriv urTierTobas uzrunvelyofda. motivebis miuxedavad, konfliqtis monawile mxareTa saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis dros, isini sazogadoebis Suamavlad gamosvlas iTxovdnen, amitom mxareebi aucileblad imave pirobebSi unda CaeyenebinaT, rac msgavs viTarebaSi sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis mimarT gaiTvaliswineboda. calkeuli piris moTxovna sayovelTao aRiarebas iZenda da swored es gaxldaT procesis _ rogorc darRveuli uflebis dacvis gansakuTrebuli saSualebis _ mniSvneloba. sasamarTlo funqciebis danawileba jer kidev XII dafis kanonebis dros iyo cnobili, rodesac mxedvelobaSi miiReboda gansakuTrebuli sarCeli – legis actio per iudicis postulationem _ `mosamarTlis gamoTxovis meSveobiT~ (Gai.,4,17a.). aseT SemTxvevaSi, xazinis sasargeblod sajarimo Tanxis gadaxda ar iniSneboda; sadavo sagnis dadgenis Semdeg (nominata causa), procesis monawileebi magistratisagan mosamarTlis daniSvnas iTxovdnen. procesis pirvel stadiaze gamartiveba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom legis actio-s aRniSnuli saxe, mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi _ verbaluri valdebulebidan (ex stipulatione) warmoSobili uflebebis dasacavad an saerTo samkvidros, an TanasakuTrebis ganawilebis dros daiSveboda. Sponsio-dan (stipulatio-s uZvelesi forma) warmoqmnili valis moTxovniT mosarCele mopasuxes eubneboda: ex sponsione me mihi ex milia daro oportere aio: id postulo aias an negas? _ vamtkiceb, rom ficiT gamtkicebuli dapirebis safuZvelze, Sen CemTvis aTi aTasis mocema gmarTebs: gekiTxebi, adastureb amas, Tu uaryof? Tu mopasuxe warmoTqvamda aio, procesi dasrulebulad iTvleboda, vinaidan sasamarTloSi valis aRiareba (aeris confessio) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) tolfasi iyo; xolo Tu mopasuxe sadavo sagans – vals uaryofda, mosamarTlis daniSvnis Taobaze, mosarCele TxovniT mimarTavda pretors. procesi gadadioda axal stadiaze, romlis Sedegadac mosamarTle mopasuxes an gaamtyunebda da valis gadaxdas daakisrebda, an gaamarTlebda. gaiusis teqstSi mocemuli sxvaoba nafic mosamarTlesa (iudex) da momrigebel arbitrs (arbiter) Soris uZveles movlenad iTvleba. farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTezis Tanaxmad, mosamarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, arbitris funqcia iyo miyenebuli zaralis moculobis dadgena (davis qonebrivi Sefaseba – litis aestimatio), romelsac, piradi sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. uZveles droSi aRsrulebis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda legis actio per manus iniectionem (xelis dadebis meSveobiT), romelic, XII dafis kanonebiT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
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Seusruleblobis an aRiarebuli valis gadaxdaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi _ gamoiyeneboda. Tu valauval movales damcveli (vindex) ar gamouCndeboda, mas piradi statusis dakargvis safrTxe emuqreboda (capitis deminutio maxima); kreditoris saxlSi misi miyvanidan mesamoce dRes secum ductio dgeboda. piradi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg, damonebul pirs sakuTari saxeliT Tavis dacva aRar SeeZlo; sasamarTlo procesze mas damcveli unda gamoeyvana. xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Seusruleblobisas (sacramento in personam, an per iudicis postulationem procesis dros) xdeboda da sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani formiT iyo dadasturebuli, rogorc movalis kreditorisadmi gansakuTrebuli piradi damokidebulebis valdebuleba, xolo xelis dadebiT dasturdeboda damokidebuleba, romlisaganac movales valis gadaxdac aRar aTavisuflebda. swored valauvali movalis gamosasyidad dgeboda dacvis aucilebloba, ris Semdegac movale damcvelze damokidebuli xdeboda. aRsrulebis saSualebis Semdeg formad – legis actio per pignoris capionem (giraos mitacebis meSveobiT) iTvleboda. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli am formiT, msxverplad Sesawiri cxovelis sayideli fasis anazRaureba igulisxmeboda. aRniSnuli forma aseve gamoiyeneboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tu mesakuTres samsxverplo nadimis gasamarTad tvirTis mzedavi cxovelebis daqiraveba esaWiroeboda. giraos mitaceba certa verba sityvebis warmoTqmiT xdeboda. am formis gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebi TviT romaelebSic imis eWvs badebda, Tu ramdenad iyo is legis actio-s forma, radgan proceduras magistrati ar eswreboda. savaraudod, piri, romelsac pignoris capio eniWeboda, RmerTebis an romaeli xalxis saxeliT moqmedebda, riTac TavisTavad viTareba sajaro xasiaTs iZenda. sasamarTlo sarCelis axali saxeoba iyo – legis actio per condictionem _ romlis safuZvelzec sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanasTan (dare) dakavSirebiT, valdebulebis Sesruleba moiTxoveboda. sarCelis es saxeoba qr. Sobamde III saukunis dasasruls lex Salia-s safuZvelze miiRes. am sarCelis gamoyenebis sferoze misive saxeldeba _ piradi sarCeli sakuTrebis gadatanis Sesaxeb (condictio) miuTiTebda. am sarCelis gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas warmoadgenda pretenziis abstraqtuli, causa-sagan damoukidebeli formulireba: aio te mihi ex milia dare oportere: id postulo aias an negas _ me vamtkiceb, rom Sen aTi aTasi unda momce: me gekiTxebi, adastureb Sen amas, Tu uaryof? uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, gancxadebidan 30 dRis Semdeg mopasuxes sasamarTloSi iZaxebdnen. es periodi, romelic qr. Sobamde IV saukunis bolosa da III saukunis dasawyisSi lex Pinaria-s safuZvelze dadginda, procesis stadiebs Soris vadas aRniSnavda. IV. Per formulas agere (formularuli procesi) Centum vires (centumvirebis sasamarTloebi); formula (sasarCelo formula); concepta verba (formulis
fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi). qr. Sobamde II saukunis me-3 meoTxedSi ebuciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) dadginda sasamarTlo procesis axali saxe – formuliT (per formulas) anu dadgenili sityvebiT (per concepta verba). es kanoni, romelsac gaiusi da avlus geliusi ixsenieben, aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis sakanonmdeblo bazas qmnida. uZvelesi cnobebi am formulis Sesaxeb lex latina tabulae Bantinae-Si gvxvdeba (qr. Sobamde 133 – 118 ww., savaraudod, q. bantiusis (samxr. italia) statuti). paraleluri saproceso saSualebebis Seqmna lex Aebutia-s miRebamde, gacilebiT adre daiwyo. Tumca, swored am kanoniT mieniWa gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba pretorul process, ris Semdegac, ara marto civilur sarCelze uari, aramed mxareTaTvis axali wesebis SeTavazebac pretoris nebaze iyo damokidebuli. procesis orive forma – legis actiones et per formulas _ Tanaarsebobda, magram qr. Sobamde 17 w. lex lulia iudiciorum privatorum-ma (da municipalitetebisaTvis dadgenili msgavsi kanoni) legisaqciuri procesi gaauqma. Zveli sarCelebi gansaxilvelad mxolod maSin miiReboda, Tu saqme centumvirebis (centumviri) sasamarTloSi unda ganxiluliyo da moTxovna pretoris winaSe sakramentaluri formiT (lege agere sacramento) unda gamoTqmulliyo, anda zianis miyenebis muqaris (damnum infectum) SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebeli iyo pretoruli stipulaciis gamoyeneba da safrTxis Semqmneli mezoblisagan dapirebis miReba, rom is, SesaZlo zianis Sedegad, miyenebul zarals aanazRaurebda.
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gaiusis Tanaxmad, romaelebi upiratesobas pretoruli dacvis saSualebebs aniWebdnen. Per formulas procesic ori stadiiT iyo warmodgenili: a) in iure da b) apud iudicem. b) Apud iudicem stadiaze sasamarTlo warmoeba Datio iudicem (mosamarTlis daniSnva); mors litis (davis Sewyveta procesis kanonieri xangrZlivobis gadametebis (gadacilebis) gamo); traditio iudicii (apud iudicem stadiaze formulaSi Setanili cvlileba): mutatio iudicii (mosamarTlis Secvla); sibi non liquere (mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze
uaris Tqma saqmis gaurkvevlobis gamo). Litis contestatio da datio iudicii Semdeg, qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi, pinariusis kanonis Tanaxmad, pretori modave mxareebs 30 dRis Semdeg uniSnavda mosamarTles (datio iudicem), romelic, erTi dRis Semdeg, mopasuxes mouwodebda sasamarTloSi _ apud iudicem (legisaqciuri an formularuli procesis meore stadia nafici mosamarTlis winaSe, romelsac gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba saqmeze, yvela warmodgenili mtkicebulebis Semowmebis Semdeg) gamocxadebuliyo. Tu mopasuxe sasamarTloSi ar gamocxaddeboda, naSuadRevs, XII dafis kanonebis normis Tanaxmad, mosamarTles ganaCeni sasamarTloSi gamocxadebuli mxaris sasargeblod gamohqonda. Lex Iulia, iudicia legitima-sadmi, davis sasamarTlo ganxilvis maqsimalur vadad 18 Tves adgenda, xolo iudicia legitima-sTvis pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. aRniSnuli vadis amowurvis Semdeg, litis contestatio Zalas kargavda, anu saxeze iyo `davis gardacvaleba~ (mors litis), anu mosarCelis moTxovna gaqviTulad iTvleboda. Tu mopasuxe process Segnebulad aWianurebda, misi qmedeba mosamarTlis mier aRikveTeboda. procesis am stadiaze davis monawile piris Secvla (gardacvalebis gamo an cognitos et procurator daniSvnisas) daiSveboda, rasac magistratis mier formulaSi cvlilebis (translatio iudicii) Semotana moyveboda, magram ara axali litis contestatio-s dadgena. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, pretori mosamarTles cvlida (mutatio iudicii). yvela aRniSnuli cvlileba mxareTa Tanxmobas iTxovda, xolo Tu mopasuxe uars ityoda, es dacvaze uaris Tqmad (indefensio) ganixileboda. procesis erTianobaze mosamarTlis Secvla zegavlenas ar axdenda, radgan litis contestatio ucvleli iyo. romSi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romlis saqmianoba sasamarTlo magistratis imperium-sa da mis iussum iudicandi-ze (mosamarTlisaTvis gacemuli brZaneba mis mier saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad) iyo damokidebuli. sakuTari Zalauflebis safuZvelze, pretors saqmis warmoebis (procesis) SeCereba da mosamarTlisaTvis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanis akrZlava SeeZlo, rac procesis CaSlas iwvevda. procesSi Carevis SesaZlebloba hqonda sxva pretorsac, romelic kolegis gadawyvetilebaze veto uflebiT (intercessio) iyo aRWurvili. I. formulis nawilebi Praeiudicium (winaswari sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec piris uflebis dadgena xdeboda); bona fides (keTilsindisiereba); iudicium bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebi); formula arbitraria (gansakuTrebuli fraza, romelic iudicia arbitraria sarCelis formulaSi iyo Setanili); arbitrum (iussum) de restituendo
(mosamarTlis mier mopasuxisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, raTa mas mosarCelis moTxovna sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde daakmayofilos); contumacia (sasamarTlosadmi daumorCilebloba); litis aestimatio (davis Sefaseba). cnobilia formulis condemnatio (Gai.,4,39).
Semdegi
ZiriTadi
nawilebi
(partes formulae): demonstratio, intentio, adiudicatio,
1. Adiudicatio (miniWeba) gvxvdeba mxolod iseTi saxis sarCelebSi, romlebic TanasakuTrebisa da sazRvrebis ganawilebis Taobaze dgeboda. sarCelis am nawiliT mosamarTles amcnobdnen imis Taobaze, TanamesakuTreTagan Tu romels ra odenobis wili ekuTvnoda. 2. Intentio-Si (intencia) Camoyalibebuli iyo mosarCeles moTxovna, anu pretenzia (desiderium suum); es nawili iwyeba sityvebiT: `Tu gairkva, rom (dadasturda, rom). . .~ da dasaxelebuli iyo is ufleba, romelsac mosarCeles moTxovna efuZneba.
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3. Demonstratio-Si (demonstracia) Camoyalibebuli iyo saqmis arsi (Semadgenloba), hipoTeza. is iwyeboda kavSiriT `vinaidan~ (quod) da saxeldeboda is faqtebi da garemoebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec mosarCeleTa uflebebi da mopasuxes movaleobebi (garigebebi) ganisazRvreboda. 4. Condemnatio-Ti (kondemnacia) mosamarTles mopasuxis dasjis an gamarTlebis uflebamosileba eniWeboda. Per formulas procesiT wagebuls, mogebuli mxaris sasargeblod mxolod fuladi Tanxis gadaxda evaleboda. dauSvebeli iyo mopasuxis mimarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis gamotana, romliTac mas garkveuli moqmedebis Sesruleba an sadavo nivTis naturiT gadacema evaleboda. aRniSnuli saxis moTxovnis wamoyeneba subieqtis avtonomiurobas da uSualod romis ius privatum-is principebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. fuladi Tanxis miniWebis gansakuTrebuli principi – condemnatio pecuniaria, romelic sasamarTlo procesis pretoruli formiT damkvidrda, mxareTa formaluri Tanasworobis principis uSualo Sedegi iyo da samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas yvelaze naTlad asaxavda. Condemnatio sintaqsurad ukavSirdeboda intentio-s da mis gareSe Zala ar hqonda; xolo intentio, piriqiT, formulis sruliad damoukidebeli nawili iyo da uflebis konstatacias (praeiudicium) ukavSirdeboda; es ukanaskneli sasamarTlo ganxilvebze dasturdeboda; swored intentio asaxelebda faqts, romelzec sasamarTlos sabraldeboda gadawyvetilebis gamotana iyo damokidebuli. amasTanave, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda is garemoebac, rom swored aRniSnuli faqtis arsebobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli garkveuli Sedegis dadgoma da mxareTa Soris iuridiuli xasiaTis urTierTobis mogvareba. intenciis mTavar normatiul wyarod pretoruli ediqti miiCneoda. Tumca, formulis Sedgenac swored faqtis safuZvleze xdeboda (formula in factum concepta), anu Tu intentio-Si ius civile-s mier aRiarebuli faqti iyo moyvanili, formula samarTlis safuZvelze (formula in ius concepta) iqmneboda. In factum conceptae formulebi asaxavda pretoruli dacvis ganviTarebaSi uZvelesi stadiis Taviseburebas, roca pretori, sakuTari imperium-iT, mosamarTlisagan iTxovda mxedvelobaSi mieRo is faqtic, romelsac ius civile ar aRiarebda. amaTan mimarTebiT, araferia naTqvami im ius-is Sesaxeb, romelzec actor-i sakuTar moTxovnas afuZnebda da arc civiluri movaleobaa (reus oportere) miTiTebuli. sarCels mxolod maSin hqonda in ius consepta formulis saxe, roca mosarCeles moTxovna ius civile-s efuZneba. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi (iudicia bonae fidei) saocari moqnilobiTa da mosamarTlis Zalze farTo uflebamosilebiT gamoirCeoda. aseTi sarCelis meSveobiT mosarCele garigebidan iTxovda ara marto dadebiTi interesis dakmayofilebas, aramed im Sedegis dadgomasac, romelic damatebiT SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. am ukanasknelTa dadeba SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc xelSekrulebis dadebisas, ise mogvianebiTac. amave dros, mosarCeles, xelSekrulebis dadebisas, nebelobiTi xarvezebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, amis Sesaxeb miTiTeba SeeZlo, Tanac specialuri sasarCelo uaryofis (exceptio pacti, doli, metus) gamouyenebladac. aRniSnuli sarCelebi konsesualuri da realuri kontraqtebidan warmoSobil uflebebs, sameurveo piris (actio tutelae) da, qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, colis samziTvo uflebebs (iucactio rei uxoriae) icavdnen. Iudicia arbitraria-s SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle farTo uflebamosilebiT sargeblobda. Iudicia arbitraria sarCelis is saxeobaa, romlis formula mocemuli iyo sagangebo fraziT, romelsac, intentio-s Semdeg, condemnatio-s win urTavdnen xolme. formulis teqstSi aseTi fraza yvela sanivTo sarCelSi (D.4.2.10.1; 6.1.68; 7.6.5,4a) da zogierT pirad sarCelSic (actio aqua pluviae arcendae, actio Fabiana, actio Calviciana) gvxvdeba. aRniSnuli sagangebo frazis safuZvelze, Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTle arkvevda hqonda Tu ara mosarCele mxares miTiTebuli ufleba – pronuntiatio de iure. uflebis Sesaxeb dadebiTi mtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, brZanebis Semcveli fraziT, dadgenil vadamde mopasuxes mosarCelisaTvis nivTis gadacema – iussum de restituendo _ evaleboda. mopasuxis Tanxmoba aTavisuflebda mas pasuxismgeblobisagan. formulis Sesabamisad, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba gamoetana. xolo, Tu mopasuxe uars acxadebda (an braldebad ar miiCnevda sadavo faqts), misi qmedeba sasamarTlosadmi daumorCileblobad (contumacia) ganixileboda da imiT isjeboda, rom davis Sefaseba (litis aestimatio) xdeboda sadao nivTis RirebulebiT. nivTis Rirebulebas, TavisTavad, mosarCele acxadebda daficebiT.
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II. Condemnatio saSualebebi Condemnatio certa (gansazRvruli kondemnacia); condemnatio incerta (ganusazRvreli kondemnacia); kondemnacioSi (condemnatio) miTiTebuli miniWebis moculoba unda Seesabamebodes intentio-Si mocemul formulirebas. imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli dasaxelebuli Tanxa, ganasxvavebdnen condemnatio certa-s (gansazRvrul) da condemnatio incerta-s (ganusazRvrel) kondemnacias. Condemnatio mxolod maSin iyo gansazRvruli, Tu intentio-Si fulis garkveuli odenoba (mxolod gansakuTrebiT kondiqciur sarCelSi – condictio certae pecuniae) iyo miTiTebuli. aseT formulirebas adgendnen im SemTxvevaSi, roca mosarCeles ufleba hqonda mopasuxisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba moeTxova. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi es iyo condemnatio incerta. formulis am nawilis ganusazRvreloba ori saxisa iyo: 1. zogjer mosamarTlesagan iTxoven mopasuxis mimarT gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romliTac am ukanasknels garkveul odenobaze meti Tanxa ar unda gadaexada. mosamarTle uflebamosili iyo gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic mopasuxes naklebi Tanxis gadaxdas avaldebulebda; 2. Tumca, ufro xSirad mosamarTles aseTi zusti SezRudvis gansazRvra ar moeTxoveba. mas mxolod mopasuxisaTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenoba unda daedgina. III. Iuris petitio (moTxovnis gadameteba) Intentio incerta (ganusazRvreli intencia); pluris petitio re (moTxovnis gadameteba obieqtis mimarT); pluris petitio tempore (moTxovnis gadameteba drois mimarT); pluris petitio loco (moTxovnis gadameteba adgilis mimarT); pluris petitio causa (moTxovnis gadameteba safuZvlis mimarT); intentio certa (gansazRvruli intencia); actio certi an condictio (sarCeli gansazRvrulis Sesaxeb an kondiqciuri sarCeli); lis dividua (ganawilebuli dava); falsa demonstratio (cru demonstracia). fiqsirebuli xasiaTi moTxovnisa, romliTac mosamarTles mimarTavdnen, ganapirobebda imas, rom Tu CamoTvlili faqtebiT ver dadasturdeboda mopasuxes marTlac marTebda Tu ara is, rasac misgan mosarCele iTxovda, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoetana. samarTliT dadgenilze (pluris petitio) metis moTxovna uflebis dakargvas iwvevda, vinaidan erTsa da imave saqmeze ganmeorebiTi sarCelis Setana dauSvebeli iyo. ganusazRvreli intenciis (intentio incerta) SemTxvevaSi, gadametebuli moTxovnis wardgena SeuZlebeli iyo, miT ufro, Tu misaniWebeli obieqtis odenoba gansazRvruli ar iyo. Pluris petitio gamoiyeneboda obieqtis, vadis, adgilisa da samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa mimarT: re, tempore, loco, causa. 1. Pluris petitio re _ dasaSvebze meti Tanxis odenobis nivTis moTxovnisas; 2. Pluris petitio tempore _ dadgenil vadamde moiTxoveboda is, risi gadaxdac savaldebulo iyo; 3. Pluris petitio loco _ danapirebis Sesruleba sxva adgilze moiTxoveboda; 4. Pluris petitio causa gamoiyeneboda alternatiuli valdebulebis (alternatio) SemTxvevaSi, anu rodesac, struqturiT gaTvaliswinebuli, valdebulebis arCevanis uflebas (ius variandi), kreditori mevales arTmevda. (Gai.,4,53d). Tu garkveuli intenciis (intentio certa) mqone sarCelis formuliT miTiTebuli iyo imaze naklebi moTxovna, risi uflebamosilebac mosarCeles hqonda, meore wels mas procesis sxva pretorTan ganmeoreba SeeZlo, romlis drosac is danarCens iTxovda. am SemTxvevaSi procesi ara ganmeorebiTi, aramed gayofili (lis dividua) iyo. Tu condementio-Si warmodgenili moTxovnis gadameteba mxolod pretoris miTiTebebze iyo damokidebuli, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis imaze metis gadaxda daekisrebina, vidre amas mosarCele intentio-Ti iTxovda. am SemTxvevaSi, pretori mopasuxes exmareboda, mosarCele ki _ pirvandeli mdgomareobis mdgomareobis aRdgenis moTxovniT (in integrum restitutio) gamodioda, raTa amis Semdeg mainc miemarTa sasamarTlosaTvis marTebuli kondemnaciiT. Fi in demonstratione plus aut minus positum sit, nihil in iudicium deducitur, et ideo res in integro manet: et hoc est quod dictur falsa demonstratione rem non perimi – Tu demonstraciaSi miTiTebulia (saWiroze) meti an naklebi moTxovna, sasamarTlo ganxilvis usagnobis gamo, saqme pirvandel mdgomareobaSi rCeba; swored aseT SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba: cru demonstraciis gamo saqme uqmdeba. (Gai.,4,58). Tumca, labeonis azriT, Tu demonstracioTi moTxovnis nawili miTiTebuli iyo, is cru demostraciad ar miiCneoda, (Gai.,4.59; D.19.1.3;
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3.3.78.1; 13.6.17.4). IV. Formulae ficticiae (fiqciis Semcveli formula) da pirTa monacvleobiT Sedgenili formula Fictio (fiqcia); fictio iuris (civiluri statusis mqone fiqcia). Intentio-Ti pretors SeeZlo mosamarTlisagan moeTxova iseTi qmedebebis Sesruleba, romelTa arsebiTi iuridiuli faqti, TiTqosda, realurad ar arsebobda, an piriqiT _ aseTi faqti namdvilad arsebobda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi fiqcia pozitiuri iyo, meore SemTxvevaSi _ negatiuri. pozitiuri samarTlis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT (adiuvare ius civile), fiqcia (fictio) pretoris umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti iyo. zogjer fiqcia pretoruli sarCelis (actio Publiciana-s msgavsad) Seqmnis mizniT gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, rogorc wesi, fiqcia tipuri sarCelis danamati iyo, raTa sasarCelo dacva mieniWebinaT im pirisaTvis, romelsac mkacri samarTliT (ius strictum) amis ufleba ar gaaCnda, anda im piris gasasamarTleblad, vinc, ius civile-s Tanaxmad, dasjas rom eqvemdebareboda. magaliTad, pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze (bonorum possessor), samkvidros misaRebad mowveuli piris dasacavad. pretori mas aZlevda sarCels, romliTac mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mosarCele memkvidred ecno. aRniSnuli fiqciis gareSe, pretorul memkvidres samkvidros moTxovna ar SeeZlo, vinaidan, ius civile-Ti igi memkvidre (heres) ar iyo (Gai.,4,34). msgavsi formulis Sedgena moiTxoveboda umemkvidreod darCenili valauvali movalis uflebamonacvlis (bonorum emptor) mimarT, romelic aseTi mevalis memkvidred fiqtiurad cxaddeboda (Gai.,4,35). yvelaze Zveli civiluri sarCelis forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda, Tu samarTaldarRvevis (ex delicto) erT-erT mxare ucxoeli (peregrinus) iyo, romelzec romis civiluri samarTali ar vrceldeboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, formulaSi iwereboda fiqcia: “Si civis Romanus esset – is, rom romis moqalaqe yofiliyo”. (Gai.,4,37). savaraudod, aRniSnul praqtikas peregrinebis pretoris sasamarTloTi mieca dasabami. sagulisxmoa, rom dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi statusis fiqcia (fictio iuris), rogorc urTierTobaTa dacvis procesualuri saSualeba maSin gamoiyeneboda, roca pretori, materialuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, uZluri iyo: ius civile Tanaxmad, mas ufleba ar hqonda piri memkvidred (heres) an romael moqalaqed gamoecxadebina. roca erTi pirisaTvis miniWebuli ufleba meore pirs gadaecemoda, an erTi piris pasuxismgebloba meore pirs ekisreboda, gamoiyeneboda fiqciis gansakuTrebuli forma _ pirTa monacvleoba. aRniSnul fiqcias im SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen, roca iuridiuli aqti vrceldeboda iseTi piris winaaRmdeg, romelsac aRniSnuli qmedeba Cadenili ar hqonda; magaliTad, rodesac garigeba dadebuli iyo xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (persona alieni iuris) an meurvis (tutor) mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi, demonstratio-Si an intentio-Si pretori uTiTebda erT pirs (persona alieni iuris an tutor), xolo condemnatio-Si meores _ ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) an meurveobaSi myofs (pupillus). V. Exceptio (eqscepcia) da praescriptio (preskripcia)
(mudmivi eqscepciebi); exceptiones dilatioriae (droebiTi eqscepciebi); replicatio (Sesagebeli uaryofa); praescrptio pro actore (uaryofiTi piroba, romelic formulaSi intenciis win iwereba da davis sagans mosarCelis sasargeblod zRudavs). Exceptiones peremptoriae
Praescriptio pro reo iyo uaryofiTi piroba, romelic formulis dasawyisSi, intenciis win iwereboda da davis sagans mopasuxis sasargeblod zRudavda. Tu es piroba namdvili aRmoCndeba, uqmdeboda davis safuZveli (litis contestatio), romelic, procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, iyo sarCelze uaris Tqma (denegatio), im SemTxvevaSi, Tu magistrati sarCels usafuZvlod miiCnevda. procesi Cerdeboda, Tumca mis qmedebas arc auqmebda da arc gamoricxavda. Exceptio iyo procesualuri daTqmis gansakuTrebuli wesi, romliTac mopasuxe saerTod uaryofda mosarCelis uflebas (mopasuxis dacva) an awmyo droSi raime qmedebis Sesrulebis Taobaze mopasuxis valdebulebas, anu e.w. Sesagebeli sarCeli.
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garda formulis im ZiriTadi nawilebisa, romelTa gareSec formulas iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnda, arsebobda damatebiTi elementebic, romelTa meSveobiTac erT sasamarTlo procesze mxareTa Sesagebeli moTxovnebis wamoyeneba an sarCelis tipuri formuliT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebis miTiTeba daiSveboda. formulis ZiriTad teqsts win uZRoda sasarCelo moTxovna (praescriptio). Tavdapirvelad, praescriptio mopasuxis (reus) interesebis sasargeblod (praescriptio pro reo) dgeboda da sasamarTlo procesis dawyeba garkveuli faqtebis gamovlenaze iyo damokidebuli. Tu faqtebi ar dadasturdeboda, mosamarTlisagan litis contestatio-s ararsebulad cnobas iTxovdnen; magaliTad, garigebis dadebisas, mopasuxis interesebis sasargeblo moTxovna (sasarCelo uaryofis funqciiT), ganzraxvisagan Tavis aridebis saSualebas iZleoda, anu es iyo e.w. exceptio doli (exceptio-s yvelaze mniSvnelovani saxeoba), romelic interdiqtuli warmoebisas gamoiyeneboda. im axali garemoebebis safuZvelze, exceptio-s savaldebulo Zalas rom erTmeoda, uaris Tqma exceptio-ze mosarCelesac SeeZlo. Ea res agatur, extra quam si ita negotium gestium est, ut stari eo non oporteat ex fide bona... dae, procesi am saqmeze dadgenilad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvalos, Tu garigeba keTili sindisis safuZvelze daido... mogvianebiT, praescriptio pro reo Secvala exceptio-m, romelsac mopasuxis dacvis funqcia daekisra. akvilius galusis droidan moyolebuli, mowinaaRmdegis dolus-ze misaTiTeblad, mosarCele actio doli-s, xolo mopasuxe exceptio dolo-s iyenebda. Praescriptio SenarCunebuli iqna rogorc mosarCeles (actor) interesebis dacvis saSualeba – praescriptio pro actore. Intentio-s win exceptio-s CarTviT condemnatio-s adgendnen. dacvis aRniSnuli saSualeba, praescriptio pro reo-sagan gansxvavebiT, ufro qmediTi iyo, vinaidan, aRniSnuli faqtis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni saboloo iyo: litis contestatio imgvarad auqmebda mosarCelis sarCels, rom sasamarTlo procesis ganmeorebiTi wamowyebis mcdeloba gamoricxuli iyo. gaiusisa da ulpianes Tanaxmad, Sedaveba SeiZleba yofiliyo droebiTic da mudmivi: exceptiones dilatoriae (temporales) et exceptiones peremptoriae (perpetuae) (D.44.1.3; 44.2.4). Peremptoriae sunt quae perpetuo valent, nec evitari possunt, velut quod metus causa, aut dolo malo, aut quod contra legem senatusve consultum factum est, aut quod res iudicata est vel in iudicium delicta est, item pacti conventi quod factum est, ne omnino pecunia peteretur – mudmivia Sedaveba, romelsac yovelTvis gaaCnia mniSvneloba da misgan Tavis daRweva SeuZlebelia; magaliTad, (Sedaveba) imis Taobaze, rom garigeba daido daSinebiT, motyuebiT an kanonisa da senatis dadgenilebis gverdis avliT, an imis Taobaze, rac ukve iyo ganaCenis an sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani, aseve araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom gadaxda saerTod ar iqneba moTxovnili (Gai.,4,121). Exceptio peremptoria aris sarCelis gauqmebis piroba, romlis gamoyeneba yovelTvis da nebismieri mosarCelis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda. Tu mopasuxe am pirobas formulaSi ar Seataninebda, maSin procesis mimdinareobisas, mopasuxes SeeZlo sadavod eqcia mxolod Tavad garigebis xarvezebi, xolo formulaSi gauTvaliwinebeli faqtis gamo, yuradRebis gamaxvileba ar SeeZlo. Tu SecdomiT mopasuxe exceptio peremptoria-s ar gamoiyenebda, am ukanasknels pretori, formulis sworad Sedgenis mizniT, pirvandeli mdgomareobiT aRadgenda (in integrum restitutio), (Gai.,4.125). Tu droebiTi uaryofa (exeptio dilatoria) gamoyenebuli ar iqneboda, msgavsi daxmareba mopasuxes veRar gaeweoda. Tu mosarCeles surda, rom mosamarTles mxedvelobaSi mieRo mopasuxis sasarCelo Sedavebis sawinaaRmdego sxva faqti, pretori mas replicatio exceptio-ze Sedavebis uflebas aniWebda. kerZod, sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenaze uaris saTqmelad, mxareebi sapirispiro rameze Tanxmdebodnen. msgavsi paqtebis araformaluroba miuRebels xdida zogad princips imis Sesaxeb, rom sapirispiro SeTanxmebiT (conventio contraria) winamorbedi SeTanxmeba baTildeboda. amitom mopasuxis mxridan warmodgenili exceptio pacti conventi sagangebo replicatio-Ti unda gaeuqmebinaT (Gai.,4,126): `si non postea convenerit ut mihi eam pecuniam peteri liceret... Tu daTqmuli ar iyo, rom mogvianebiT me gamoTxovis neba meZleva... Sesabamisad, mosarCelis replicatio-ze mopasuxes SeeZlo axali SedavebiT _ duplicatio-Ti, epasuxa (Gai.,4.127), xolo
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mosarCeles ki axali Sedavebis (triplicatio) ufleba hqonda (Gai.,4.128). sarCeli praescriptio pro actore moTxovnis sagnis danawevrebis mizniT gamoiyeneboda. aseTi danawevreba savaldebulo iyo perioduli xasiaTis miniWebaTa SemTxvevaSi, mTlianis magivrad moTxovnis nawilis dros, aseve moTxovnis ramdenime safuZvlis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. Cveulebriv, valis nawilis gadaxdas iTxovdnen nawilobrivi gadaxdis vadis dadgomis Sesabamisad (Gai.,4,131). Intentio incerta-s Semcveli sarCelis wardgeniT kreditors, valis danarCeni nawilis mimarT, procesis ganmeorebis SesaZlebloba ar eZleoda. Praescriptio: “Ea res agatur cuius rei dies fuit“ (dae, saqmis sagnad iTvlebodes valdebulebis is nawili, romlis Sesrulebis vada ukve dadga). Praescriptio-s aRniSnuli saxe erTsa da imave saqmeze sarCelis periodulad wardginis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. V. procesualuri warmomadgenloba Cognitor et procurator ad litem (procesualuri rwmunebulis ori saxe); dominus litis (marwmunebeli piri procesSi); datio cognitori (rwmunebulis sasamarTlo procesSi daniSvnis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli gancxadeba); actio iudicati utilis (analogiis wesze dafuZnebuli sarCeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sasarCelo moTxovniT); cautio de rato (prokuratoris mier mosarCelis mxareze moqmedebaTa mowonebis sajarimo garantia); cautio iudicatum solvi (prokuratoris mier mopasuxis mxareze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sajarimo garantia); procurator in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebulad
myofi). In iure stadiaze mxareebs SeeZloT warmomadgenlebis gamoyvana. Zvel romSi procesualur warmomadgenelTa ori saxeoba iyo: cognitor et procurator ad litem. Cognitor daniSvnis Sesaxeb mowinaaRmdege mxares atyobinebdnen calmxrivi aqtis _ datio cognitori-iT. Cognitor-i saqmes sakuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, amitom gamoiyeneboda formula, romliTac pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo: intentioSi marwmuneblis saxeli (dominus litis) aRiniSneboda, xolo condemnatio mimarTuli iyo cognitor-isken. Tu cognitor mopasuxis mxareze iyo, intentio-Si aRiniSneboda dominus litis saxeli, xolo condemnatio miniWebas eqvemdebareboda cognitor. Datio cognitoris meSveobiT moTxovnis ganaxleba (novatio) xdeboda, amitom, Tu kognitori mosarCelis rwmunebuli iyo, maSin misi moTxovna, litis contestatio (sarCelis gasaCivreba, sasamarTloSi arabraleulobis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT) iqviTeboda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi aRiniSneboda cognitor-is saxeli da actio iudicati an mis sasargeblod, an mis sawinaaRmdegod (Tu is mopasuxes warmoadgenda) gaicemoda. Tumca, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli sarCelis, analogiur sarCels _ actio iudicati ulitis, pretori marwmunebeli mxaris sasargeblod (an sawinaaRmdegod) gascemda. sasamarTlo procesSi prokuratoroba marwmuneblis mouravsac (procurator omnium bonorum _ mTeli qonebis mmarTvels) SeeZlo. daSvebuli iyo, marwmuneblis (dominus litis) nebiT, specialurad daniSnuli piris moadgilis (procurator ad lites) monawileoba, brZanebis (iussum) an davalebis (mandatum) safuZvelze. Procurator ad litem-ad iTvleboda is piric, romelic sasamarTlo procesSi monawileobis survils, davalebis an brZanebis gareSe, keTili nebiT (bona fide) ganacxadebda. vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi litis contestatio-Ti moTxovnis gaqviTva ar xdeboda, prokurators nebayoflobiT unda mieca piroba, rom marwmunebeli piri xelaxla ar daiwyebda process gansakuTrebuli cautio rem ratam dominum habiturumiT (fici, rom marwmunebeli moiwonebs mis moqmedebebs), romelsac cautio de rato-c ewodeboda. pretoruli dacvis aRniSnuli saSualeba, pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebul formas warmoadgenda: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rwmunebulis qmedebas ar moiwonebda dominus litis, romelic xelaxla daiwyebda process (mas amaze sruli ufleba hqonda), arSemdgari prokuratori dajarimdeboda mopasuxis sasargeblod, rac mTlianad gaabaTilebda im danakargs, rasac mas saqmis wageba uqadda. Tu prokuratori mopasuxes warmoadgenda, maSin prokuratori (mopasuxis Rirseul moadgiled miCnevis mizniT) gansakuTrebuli cautio iudicatum solvi-is (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis) aRsrulebis garantias iZleoda. Cognitor-ad daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi, aseT cautio-s Tavad dominus litis (marwmunebeli piri) iZleoda. logikuria, rom igi imavdroulad actio iudicati utilis-s gamoc (mis winaaRmdeg an mis sasamrgeblod, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiuri sarCeliT) pasuxs agebda.
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prokuratori sakuTari saxeliT ebmeboda procesSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi, pretori adgenda formulas, romelSic pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, marwmuneblis sasargeblod an sawinaarmdegod, actiones utilis-s pretori ar gascemda. prokuratorisa da dominus litis urTierTobebi davalebis xelSekrulebiT (mandatum) an im urTierTobiT wesrigdeboda, romelTa safuZvelze procesSi monawile mxare brZanebas (iussum) iZleoda. warmomadgenlobis am saxeobis meSveobiT savalo moTxovnebis cesia (anu sxva pirze sakuTari valis gadakisreba) miiRweoda. aseTi procesis dros prokuratori sakuTari interesebis damcvelad _ procurator in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebuli piri) gamodioda. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi moTxovna sxvis uflebaze (an pasuxismgebloba efuZneboda sxvis valdebulebas, Tu is mopasuxis rwmunebulad gamodioda) iyo dafuZnebuli. VI. Indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma) Bona (qoneba), missio in bona (pretoris mier sxva pirisaTvis qonebis mfarvelobis uflebis miniWeba); indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma); translatio possessionis (mflobelobaSi mxareTa mdgomareobis Secvla-
monacvleoba). sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis savaldebulo monawileoba gulisxmobda misi qmedebis iseT gansakuTrebul kvalifikacias, romelic konfliqtis gadawyvetis sasamarTlo formis CaSlisaken iqneboda mimarTuli. mxareTa damoukidebloba, davis procesualuri wesiT gadawyvetisas, samarTlis ZiriTadi principis umniSvnelovanes gamovlinebad miiCneoda. sasamarTlo procesze monawileobaze uaris Tqma ki, pirovnebis avtonomiurobis dakargvad im moculobiT aRiqmeboda, rogoric iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani. ramdenadac mopasuxe mxare uars acxadebda sistemis im pirobebze, romlebic, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis winaSe, mxareTa formalur Tanasworobas adgenen da icaven, igi sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebis miRma ayenebda im zomiT, ra zomiTac samoqalaqo procesi mas TviTnebobisa da TviTgasworebisagan icavda. am doneze piris monawileobas samoqalaqo brunvaSi ganasaxierebda misi qoneba (bona), romelic, dacvaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, individualurad mizandakargulad aRiqmeba, radgan mis mepatrones aRniSnul qonebaze socialurad aRiarebuli neba aRar gaaCnda. yovelive zemoTqmulis logikur Sedegad mosarCelis im uflebis konstatacia iyo, romelic mas am obieqtis gankargvis SesaZleblobas aniWebda, misive interesebis farglebSi. aseTi qmedeba praqtikulad administraciuli xerxebiT miiRweoda: mosarCele mopasuxis qonebis nawilis _ missio in bona-s mflobeli xdeboda da aRniSnuli qonebis auqcionze gatanisa da gayidvis ufleba eniWeboda. sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis monawileoba savaldebulo iyo; masSi monawileobaze uariT, socialuri normebiT aRiarebuli, misi uflebebi eWvqveS dgeboda. dacvaze uaris Tqmad (indefensio) ara marto sasamarTloSi gamoucxadebloba an litis contestatio (davis sagnis mimarT) uTanxmoeba kvalificirdeba, aramed sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi (iudicatum) daumorCileblobac. procesis SesaZlo CaSlisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, procesis pirvel stadiaze mopasuxes sTavazobdnen sakuTari rolis ganmtkicebas da sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi sanivTo sarCelis wardgenas. am mizniT mopasuxes evaleboda: 1. rigi valdebulebebis sakuTar Tavze aReba, stipulaciiT garantiebis micemis gziT _ sadisdatio (cautio) iudicatum solvi (procesualuri garantiebi). aseve misTvis savaldebulo iyo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis utyuari garantiis micema _ ob rem iudicatum; 2. sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis miznT, mopasuxe pirobas iZleoda, rom sasamarTlo pocesze misi monawileoba konstruqciuli iqneboda _ ob rem bene defensam; 3. Tavis Sekaveba iseTi ganzraxi qmedebebisagan, romlebsac procesis CaSla (ob dolo malo) SeeZloT. Indefensus-ad miCneuli piris mimarT gamoiyeneba mkacri sanqciebi, romelTa gamkacrebis safrTxe, dadgenili marTlwesrigis moTxovnaTa darRvevis simZimis kvalobaze, matulobda. sanivTo sarCelebis dros pretori Segnebulad cvlida mxareTa mdgomareobas mflobelobaSi e.w. translatio possessionis, radgan, msgavsi sarCelis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, dacvaze uaris mTqmeli mopasuxe, samomavlod, mtkicebis tvirTis (onus probandi) mTel simZimes sakuTar Tavze iRebda. Tu sadavo uflebis sagani moZravi nivTi iyo, miznis miRweva mosarCelis mier aRniSnuli nivTis waRebis Sesaxeb, brZanebiT an nivTis gacemis
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Sesaxeb sarCeliT (actio ad exibendum) xdeboda (imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara sadao nivTi warmodgenili sasamarTloSi). Tu mopasuxe sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar emorCileboda da nivTs ar gadascemda, pretori mosarCeles mopasuxis mTeli qonebis mflobelod (missio in bona) acxadeboda, raTa mowyobiliyo mopasuxis qonebis auqcionis wesiT gayidva. VII. Litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena) Datio iudicii (sasamarTlo dacvis miniWeba); litis contestatio (sadao sagnis fiqsacia); iussum iudicandi (brZaneba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb); iudicium legitimum, iudicium imperium continens, ipso iure (TviT samarTlis ZaliT); ope exepticiones (eqscefciis ZaliT); exceptio rei iudicatae vel in iudicium deductae
(eqscefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom saqmeze ukve iyo gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba an ukve dadginda procesi). formulis Sedgenis Semdeg, roca pretori mxareTa molodinis pasuxad, maT procesualur saSualebebs (datio iudicii) mianiWebda, mosarCele da mopasuxe (dictare et accipere iudicium (sasamarTlo ganxilvis SemoTavazeba da miReba) SemoTavazebuli formulaze Tanxmobas acxadebdnen. sami mxaris aseT SeTanxmebas litis contestatio ewodeboda; es iyo sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis is gansakuTrebuli momenti, romlis Semdegac procesualur uflebebsa da movaleobebSi mosarCelisa da mopasuxis interesebi adekvaturad asaxulad iTvleboda. vinaidan formula mosamarTlisadmi (vis saxelzec Seadgines) gagzavnilad iTvleboda, datio iudicii -Si mocemuli iyo brZaneba mosamarTlisadmi _ iussum iudicandi, raTa mas saqmeze gadawyvetileba gamoetana. aseTi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romelsac aRniSnul saqmeze uflebamosileba eZleoda. Litis contestatio-Ti iqviTeboda mosarCelis moTxovnis ufleba da gamoiricxeboda imave sagnis ganmeorebiTi sasamrTlo ganxilvis SesaZlebloba (prekluziuri efeqti). prekluziuri efeqtis gamoyeneba damokidebuli iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis tipze. Lex Iulia sasamarTlo ganxilvis or etaps adgenda: 1. iudiciorum privatorum iudicia legitima-s da 2. iudicia imperia continentia-s. Tu procesi imarTeboda romSi, romael moqalaqeTa Soris da erTi mosamarTlis (iudex unus) winaSe mimdinareobda (Tu mosamarTlec romis moqalaqe iyo), sasamarTlo ganxilva legitimum-ad iTvleboda. sasamarTlo ganxilvis yvela danarCeni saxe, romelic romSi ar imarTeboda, magram rekuperatorebis SuamavlobiT warimarTeboda da erTi monawile romis moqalaqe ar iyo, iudicia imperia continentia-d iTvleboda. aseTi sasamarTlo ganxilva magistratis xelisuflebaze (imperia continentia) iyo dafuZnebuli. cxadia, iudicia legitima nasesxebi iyo per legis actiones procesis uZvelesi formidan. uZveles droSi, litis contestatio prekluziuri qmedeba samarTlis ZaliT (ipso iure) gamoyeneboda ius civiles safuZvelze. Per formulas procesis dros sarCelis ganmeorebiTi Setana an ipso iure ZaliT, an sasarCelo uaryofiT (ope exceptionis) gamoiricxeboda, radgan moTxovna litis contestatio-s sagani ukve iyo. dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, sadavo sagnis ganadgureba mopasuxes pasuxismgeblobisagan ar aTavisuflebda; piradi xasiaTis moTxovnebi: sajarimo sarCelebi _ memkvidreobiTi xasiaTisaa da sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. Litis contestatio-s damayovnebeli Sedegi mxareTa materialuri uflebebis procesualur uflebebad gardaqmnas ukavSirdeboda. Litis contestatio-s ganmaaxlebeli motivi valdebulebiT urTierTobebze vrceldeboda da mxolod piradi sarCelis safuZvelze saqmis ganxilvis dros (actio in personam) gamoiyeneboda. samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) litis contestatio-s verbaluri saxis xelSekrulebebTan aigivebdnen da misi Sedegis Sesaxeb davebs swored am safuZvelze wyvetdnen. (D.45.1.83.1) VIII. sarCelebis konkurencia
pirTa alternatiuli konkurencia, sarCelebis alternatiuli da kumulaciuri konkurencia; actiones in persecutoriae (qonebrivi sarCelebi); actiones poenales (sajarimo sarCelebi); actions mixtae (Sereuli sarCelebi); infitiatio (valis uaryofa); in duplum (ormagi anazRaurebiT); in simplum (martivi anazRaurebiT). ganmeorebiTi procesis Catarebaze subieqturi da obieqturi SezRudvebis dadgena Tavad moTxovnis tolfasi iyo. `erT saqmeze ori procesis Catareba dauSvelia _ bis de eadem re ne sit actio~. es principi pirTa an sarCelTa konkurenciis cnebiT iyo dakonkretebuli. Tu valdebulebis pasiuri mxare soli-
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darulad, ramdenime mopasuxe piris saxiT iyo warmodgenili, aseT saqmeze sarCelis Setana mxolod erT-erTi movalis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda: `rakiRa arCeulia erTi gza, meoris gamoyeneba dauSvebelia _ electa una via, non datur recursus ad altem~. am princips pirTa alternatiuli konkurencia ewodeboda. zog SemTxvevaSi erTi saxis urTierToba ramdenime sarCeliT iyo daculi. yvela sarCelis paralelurad gamoyenebis SesaZleboba (sarCelebis kumulaciuri konkurencia), an arCevanis mixedviT am saSualebebaTa gamoyenebis aucilebloba (sarCelebis alternatiuli konkurencia) sarCelis xasiaTiT ganisazRvreba. Agimus autem interdum, ut rem tantum consequamur interdum ut poenam tantum, alias ut rem et poenam _ zogjer sarCeli mxolod interesis dasakmayofileblad, zogjer ki mxolod dasjis mizniT Seitaneboda, sxva SemTxvevaSi _ saqmisa da dasjis gamoc. Tavdapirvelad, sarCelebi mxolod qonebriv sarCelebad (actiones rei persecutoriae) da sajarimo sarCelebad (actiones poenales) iyofoda. sarCelTa pirveli saxeoba alternatiuli konkurenciis, meore ki kumulaciuri konkurenciis wess eqvemdebareboda. kumulaciuri konkurenciis naTeli magaliTia qurdobis (furtum) hipoTeza, roca dazaralebuls sajarimo sarCelic (actio furti) eniWeboda damnaSavis dasasjelad da arasajarimo sarCelic (condictio ex causa furtiva) _ Tavad moparuli nivTis gamoTxovisaTvis. nebadarTuli iyo ori sxvadasxva tipis sarCelis wardgena TiToeuli damrRvevisaTvis. ase rom, sarCelebis kumulaciur konkurencias pirTa kumulaciuri konkurenciac axlda. Tumca, nivTis gamoTxovisas piris winaaRmdeg mxolod erTi _ arasajarimo sarCeli _ moparuli nivTis dabrunebis Sesaxeb (condictio ex causa furtiva), an nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (rei vindicatio) miiReboda. sajarimo sarCelebi mkacrad personaluri xasiaTisa iyo; memkvidreobiT isini ar gadaicema da arc mopasuxe mraxis procesualuri warmomadegnloba daiSveboda, radgan iTvleboda, rom damnaSavis dasasjelad dazaralebuls gansakuTrebuli interesi amoZravebda. mogvianebiT, Sereuli xasiaTis sarCelebi _ actiones mixtae _ SeimuSaves. maTi mizani erTdroulad piris dasjac iyo da zianis anazRaurebac. Tavis mxriv, sarCelebis es saxeoba or jgufad iyofa: pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneboda is sarCelebi, romelTa safuZvelzec nivTis Rirebulebis ormagi odenoba (in duplum) moiTxoveboda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mevale sakuTar vals uaryofTa (infitiatio), sarCelis Semdegi saxeebi gamoiyeneboda: 1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb (actio iudicati), 2. valis gadaxdis Taobaze davalebis mimcemi pirisaTvis xarjebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb (actio depensi) da sxva. am tipis sarCelebi zianis martivi anazRaurebis (in simplum) moTxovnis, anu arasajarimo sarCelebis msgavsi iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kumulaciur konkurenciaze saubari zedmeti iyo. IX. Iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba) Res iudicata (saqme, romelzec sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamoitanes); obligatio iudicati (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze warmoSobili valdebuleba); actio iudicati (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb Setanili sarCeli); auctoritas rei iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis normatiuli
Zala). garda sasamarTlos winaswari mosmenis, sasamarTlo ganxilva mTavrdeboda an adiudicatio-Ti _ mosarCelisaTvis sadao nivTis garkveuli nawilis mikuTvnebiT (TanasakuTrebis an memkvidreobis gayofis saqmeebSi), an condemnatio-Ti _ yvela danarCen saqmeebSi, mopasuxis mimarT garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdevinebis moTxovniT. mosazreba (sententia) iyo mosamarTlis (kerZo piris) dadgenileba, gadawyvetileba romelic savaldebulo Zalas mxareTa SeTanxmebisa da magistratis brZanebis (iussum iudicandi) safuZvelze iZenda. Sententia-s gamotaniT (mopasuxis gamamtyunebeli an gamamarTlebeli) sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani gadawyvetilad iTvleboda _ res iudicata (D.42.1.1). Res iudicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione iudicis accipit: quod vel condemnatione vel absolutione contingit _ saqmeze sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamotanilad iTvleba, Tu mosamarTlis gamatyunebeli an gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetilebiT dava sruldeba. Iudicium legitimum-Si gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba xdeboda procesis gamarjvebuli mxaris
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axal uflebad, romelic, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, actio iudicati-T unda daecvaT. aRniSnuli uflebiT, romelsac wagebuli mxaris obligatio iudicati Seesabameboda, icvleboda moTxovna, romelic sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani xdeboda. Iudicium imperium continens-iT gamotanili ganaCenis savaldebulo Zala pretorul ediqts efuZneboda (D.42.1.4.3) da in factum concepta formuliani actio iudicati-T iyo daculi. Actiones in personam-iT mogebuli mosarCele axali piradi uflebis subieqti xdeboda, actiones in rem-iT mogeba ki, mas uwindeli sanivTo uflebis subieqtad aqcevda da mopasuxis mimarT gadaxdevinebis axali, gansakuTrebuli moTxovnis litis aestimatio (sadao nivTis Sefaseba) uflebas aniWebda. Tu mopasuxe nivTs daabrunebda, arbitrium de restituendo-iT gamarTlebas eqvemdebareboda. sasamarTlo gamoricxavda procesis ganmeorebas rogorc gamamtyunebel, (vinaidan is exceptio rei iudicate-saTvis safuZvli xdeboda) anu prekluziuri efeqtisas, ise gamamarTlebel SemTxvevaSi (vinaidan miRebuli gadawyvetileba momdevno sasamarTlo ganxivlis aucileblobas gamoricxavda) anu preiudiciuri efeqtisas. magaliTad, servitutis uflebis Sesaxeb sarCelis (vindicatio servitutis) SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis ufleba mikuTvnebul nakveTze mosarCeles aRar unda emtkicebina, xolo Tu servitutis ufleba ukve iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani, mopasuxis uari mxedvelobaSi aRar miiReboda. Tanac, iudicatum-i nebismieri mesame piris mimarT moqmedebda, servitutis Sesaxeb sarCeliT, da zemoxsenebuli magaliTiT moyvanil mopasuxed SeiZleboda gamosuliyo sxva piri da ara is, vinc sakuTrebis Sesaxeb uwindel sasamarTlo procesSi mxared iyo warmodgenili. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT, romliTac raime uflebis arseboba uariyofoda, amave uflebidan gamomdinare an masze damokidebuli nebismieri ufleba Sewyvetilad cxaddeboda. am movlenas romaelebma auctoritas rei iudicatae _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iuridiulad savaldebulo Zala _ uwodes. X. interdiqtuli warmoeba garda kerZo saqmis warmoebis (ordo iudiciorum privatum) Cveulebrivi sasarCelo wesisa, arsebobda gansakuTrebuli interdiqtuli warmoebac, romelic Cveulebrivi sasarCelo warmoebisagan imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom sasamarTlo magistrati, rogorc uzenaesi xelisufali, moqalaqeTa mimarT brZanebebs gamoscemda. interdiqtebs pretorebi saqmis gamoZiebis dros gamoscemdnen, ris gamoc, interdiqtebi iyo upirobo da kategoriuli brZanebebi, romlebic jarimisa da giraos Setanis sanqcias gascemdnen. interdiqtuli warmoeba pretoris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saxe iyo. gaiusis azriT, klasikur epoqaSi pretoris interdiqti gaxda pirobiTi brZaneba, romliTac interdiqtuli warmoeba iwyeboda. is sadao saqmis ganxilvis momdevno _ sasamarTlo warmoebis _ etapis safuZveli xdeboda da mmarTvelobis sferodan marTlmsajulebis sferoSi unda gadasuliyo. a) ganasxvavebdnen interdiqtis Semdeg saxeebs: 1. martivi da rTuli interdiqtebi _ simplicia, duplicia; (imis mixedviT, erT mxares exeboda, Tu orives); 2. aRmkveTi _ prohibitoria; 3. aRdgeniTi _ restitutoria; 4. warmdgeniTi – ex hibitoria. interdiqtis upiratesoba is iyo, rom movale mxare faqts usityvod emorCilebida _ interdiqtSi miTiTebul faqts ar asaCivrebda da arc aRmkveTi interdiqtis darRvevas amtkicebda. Tu piri, vis winaaRmdegac pretori gamoscemda interdiqts, am ukanasknels, pretoris oTaxidan gausvlelad gaasaCivrebda da mosamarTlis (arbiter) daniSvnas moiTxovda, misi moTxovna kmayofildeboda. b) restituciis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. qmedebiT an daudevrobiT miyenebuli qonebrivi da araqonebrivi ziani (laesio); 2. restituciis gamamarTlebeli safuZveli im SemTxvevaSi arsebobda, roca mosamarTles mimarTavda mTxovneli: a) minor aetas (aranakleb 25 wlis asakis piri); b) quod metus causa (safrTxis SemTxvevaSi SiSis gamo); g) error (iSviaT SemTxvevaSi); d) dolus malus (xSir SemTxvevaSi); e) ar yofnisas (iSviaT SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, tyveobisas). 3. drouli Txovna. restituciis amoqmedebiT Zala ekargeboda faqts, romlis safuZvelzec axali iuridiul urTierTobebi warmoiSva, ama Tu im konkretuli viTarebis gamo da aRadgenda am urTierTobebis pirvandel mdgomareobas. restituciis mimRebi mosarCele valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis iuridiuli urTi-
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erTobebis gaqviTvidan miRebuli sargebeli daebrunebina. kerZod, Tu myidveli mis mier gadaxdil safasurs daibrunebda, mas gamyidvelisaTvis nayidi saqonlis dabruneba evaleboda. XI. saaRsrulebo warmoeba Ductio iussu praetoris (kreditoris saxlSi mevalis miyvana); addictus (piri, romlis mimarT gamotanilia
sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba misi aRsrulebis moTxovniT da romelmac sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ar Seasrula); bonorum venditio (valauvali movalis qonebis aRwera misi sakonkurso wesiT gayidvis mizniT); magister bonorum (konkursis porganizatori); venditio ad hasta (auqcioni); bonorum emptor (eqspropriirebuli movalis uflebamonacvle); cessio bonorum (mosarCelesaTvis qonebis nebayoflobiT daTmoba). sasamarTlo procesis Sedegad wagebuli piri sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas Tu ar Seasrulebda, mis mimarT iyenebdnen sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs, romlebic an piradad masze an mis qonebaze vrceldeboda. qr.Sobamde 17 w. lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-iT gauqmda manus iniectio (xelis dadeba) anu simboluri aqti, romelic kreditors movalis piradad dauflebis kanonier saSualebas aZlevda da pretoris brZanebis safuZvelze, piradi dasjis mxolod erTi forma _ ductio iussu praetoris (movalis miyvana kreditoris saxlSi) SenarCunda. sasamarTlo procesis mogebuls, pretoris gadawyvetilebis (addictio) safuZvelze, movalis miyvana SeeZlo sakuTar saxlSi, sadac mas borkilebs adebda an ama Tu im samuSaos Sesrulebas aiZulebda. SedarebiT gviandeli periodis cnobebiT, addictum-i sasamarTlo normebiT ar wesrigdeboda, Tumca, movalis gaTavisufleba, valis gadaxdis (an Sesrulebuli samuSaoTi valis gaqviTviT) Semdeg, SesaZlebli iyo. amrigad, piradi sasjeli gamoiyeneboda pragmatuli mosazrebiT: misi meSveobiT movalis naTesavebsa da megobrebze zemoqmedebiT, maTi axloblis valis dasafarad da iudicatum aRsrulebisaTvis. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis mizniT, damnaSavis qonebis bonorum venditio-s (sakonkurso wesiT gayidva iyo) wesiT gayidva iyo. valauvali movalis qonebis sakonkurso wesiT gayidviT, movale samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi kavSirebis sistemidan amoiricxeboda, rac mis samoqalaqo sikvdils (kerZo piris, rogorc samoqalaqo urTierTobis monawilis Taviseburi likvidacia) da samoqalaqo urTierTobaSi misi sxva uflebamonacvle piriT Canacvlebas iwevevda. dasja iwyeboda pertoris sagangebos dekretis gamocemiT, riTac sasamarTlo procesis momgebi mxare movalis qonebis mflobelad cxaddeboda _ missio in bona (in possessionem). Tumca, am aqtis hipoTezad ediqti mainc iTvaliswinebda: dacvaze uaris Tqmas (indefensio); sasamarTlo devnisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, piris mimalvas (latistatio); aseve, umemkvidreod gardacvlili movalis sikvdils (cui heres non extabit). momdevno 30 dRis (movalis sikvdilis (missio) SemTxvevaSi) Semdeg, kreditori sakonkurso gayidvis wesiT, savaraudo dRes _ proscriptio bonorum _ acxadebda. movalis qonebis mflobelebad gaxdoma sxva kreditorebs maSinac ki SeeZloT, roca sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba maTi moTxovniT ar iyo gamotanili. Semdeg kreditorebi irCevdnen konkursis mmarTvels (magister bonorum), romelic adgenda konkursis wesebs/wesdebas (lex bonorum vendundorum), movalis qonebis aqtivebsa da pasivebs Soris Tanafardobas da Casatarebeli konkursis pirobebs. pirvelyovlisa, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda pirveli rigis kreditorTa interesebi: xazinis (fiscus), adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, meurveobaSi myofi pirebis (Tu movale maTi meurve iyo), dakrZalvis xarjebis kreditorebis, saxlis saremonto samuSaoebis kreditorebis moTxovnebi; aseve im kreditorTa interesebic, romelTa moTxovnis sagani mziTevi (dos) iyo. aqtivebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreboda is wili, romlis farglebSic upiratesi kreditorebis moTxovnebi kmayofildeboda. Tu pretori lex bonorum vendundorum-s moiwonebda, is gayidvis savaraudo dRes (proscriptio) acxadebda. konkursis mmarTveli (magister bonorum), sakonkurso wesiT gayidvis dros, warmoadgenda movalis mTeli qonebis fass, romlis odenoba kreditorTa moTxovnili Tanxis jamiT da ara qonebis saerTo RirebulebiT ganisazRvreboda, vinaidan kreditorTa dakmayofilebis movaleoba gamyidvels
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ekisreboda. wesisamebr, qonebis saaqciono gayidva `CaquCiT~ (venditio ad hasta) _ Ria auqcionis formiT xorcieldeboda. gamarjvebulad cxaddeboda is myidveli, romelic yvelaze met fass SesTavazebda. Tumca, Tu myidveli CaTvlida, rom aqtivebis odenoba arasakmarisi iyo, mas SeeZlo valis mxolod nawilis gadaxda, Tanac privilegirebuli kreditorebisaTvis, romlebic (aseT pirobebSi) kanoniT dadgenili rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT kmayofildebodnen. movalis qonebis gayidvis Taobaze (bonorum venditio) garigeba ideboda saukeTeso winadadebis avtorTan, rac gamyidvelis samoqalaqo sikvdilis tolfasi iyo. gamocxadebuli fasis gadaxda ar xdeboda, vinaidan, faqtobrivad, qonebis gamyidveli ar arsebobda, xolo myidveli mflobelobas, sakonkurso qonebis mmarTvelisagan iZenda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu auqcionis wesiT gayiduli qonebis myidveli (bonorum emptor) nivTze mflobelobis uflebas dakargavda, igi sakuTar uflebas actio Publiciana-Ti icavda. movalis universaluri uflebamonacvle xdeboda bonorum emptor-i, romlis winaaRmdegac kreditorTa sarCelebi iyo mimarTuli. am sarCelebs igi pasuxobda, mis mier SeZenili nivTis Rirebulebis, Sesabamisi wilis moculobiT. qonebis eqspropriacias (CamorTmeva) Tan sdevda pativis, Rirsebis ayra (infamia). unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi sasjelis mizezi ara valauvaloba iyo. Tu kreditorTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba movales ar SeeZlo, igi lex iulia kanonis safuZvelze, dasjisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, mosarCeles sakuTar qonebas nebayoflobiT gadascemda (cessio bonorum). Tu sasamarTlo procesis CaSla an sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Seusrulebloba qmeduunaro piris (infans, furiosus, prodigus) warmomadgenlis aryofnas ukavSirdeboda, iZulebiTi anazRaureba mxolod calkeuli nivTebis mimarT (bonorum distractio) gamoiyeneboda da mas pativis ayra (infamia) ar moyveboda. da pirvelad, pretori, mxareebis mosmenis Semdeg, gascemda sarCelis formulas, romelSic, modave mxareebis TxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana. formula iyo pretoris mier mosamarTlisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, romliTac pretori mas mouwodebda gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda miTiTebuli principebi; Tanac, mosamarTles, romelic gaxldaT kerZo piri da sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT (iuris dictio) aRWurvili ar iyo, aRniSnul saqmeze saWiro uflebamosileba eniWeboda. formulis Sedgenas Tan axlda davis sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio). saqme gadaecemoda mosamarTles, romelic, Tavis mxriv, pretoris moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, faqtebs amowmebda da sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba (iudicatum) gamohqonda. formulis Sinaarsi winaswar iyo dadgenili (fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi _ concepta verba). ediqtis principuli ganaxleba drois moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas iZleoda, raTa axali urTierTobebisaTvis, pretoruli dacvis Sesabamisi saSualebebi, miecaT. pretoris mier gacemuli procesualuri dacvis axali formebi ganviTarebuli marTlSegnebis moTxovnebs asaxavda. formulis SedgenaSi orive mxare monawileobda. pretoruli formebis safuZvelze, mxareebs ufleba hqondaT, mowinaaRmdegis mier moyvanil faqtebze, formulaSi sakuTari SeniSvnebi SeetanaT. Tumca, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisadmi mkacri Sesabamisoba mTavar pirobad rCeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, konfliqtis specifikis moqnilobas xels sulac ar uSlida. XII. Extra ordinem cognitio (eqstraordinaluri procesi) Extra ordinem (dadgenili wesrigis miRma); cognitio (mokvleva); denuntiatio (sasarCelo gancxadeba); evocatio (sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis uwyeba); in ipsam rem (piris iZuleba nivTis naturaluris saxiT gadasacemad); sumptus litis (sasamarTlo xarjebi); sportulae (sasamarTlo baJi); appellatio (apelacia); iudex a quo (mosamarTle, romlis gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba dasaSvebia); iudex ad quem (mosamarTle, romelic sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas saapelacio wesiT gadasinjavs); litterae dimissoriae (saapelacio dokumentebi); pignus in causa iudicati captum (girao, romelic gamoiyeneba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad). klasikuri periodis iuristebi mogviTxroben extra ordinem procesualuri saSualebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac isini per formulas procesis gansakuTrebuli procedurisgan ganasxvavebdnen. qr. Sobamde 17 w. kanoni per formulas process iTvaliswinebda rogorc ordo iudiciorum privatorum-s. klasikur periodSi
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sasamarTlo ganxilvis axali formebi _ cognitiones _ sul ufro met mravalferovnebas iZenda, Tumca maT hqondaT saerTo niSnebi, romelTa garkveuli unificirebac moxda postklasikur periodSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca 342 wlidan per formulas warmoeba gauqmda da mxolod cognitio procesis ordinalur saxeobad iqca. sasamarTlo ganxilva mimdinareobda magistratis winaSe; aRar arsebobda mosamarTle _ kerZo piri da in iure et apud iudicem stadiebi. mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba iZenda saxelmwifo organos brZanebis Zalas da mas ukavSirdeboda (da ara litis contestatio-s) procesis prekluziuri Sedegi. aseTi gadawyvetilebis Zala damokidebuli iyo sasamarTlo instanciis ierarqiulobaze, romlis umaRles safexurzec imperatori iyo. am periodSi qveda instanciis sasamarTlos mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTloSi apelaciis Setana daiSveboda. sasamarTlo procesis daniSvnaSi mopasuxe ar monawileobda da, Tu igi gadawyvetilebas ar daemorCileba, mis mimarT iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi gatardeboda. sasamarTlo procesis dros administraciulma TviTnebobam imZlavra, ramac procesualuri formis simkacre mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. imperiis epoqaSi, imperatoris absoluturi xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba da kerZo saqmezec samarTalwarmoebis sajaro xasiaTi, uSualod piris avtonomiurobis TandaTanobiT degradaciaze mowmobda. mokvlevis (cognitiones) warmoSoba avgustusis mmarTvelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelmac jer kidev qr. Sobamde 30 w. xelT igdo uzenaesi saapelacio sasamarTlo instanciis kompetencia, savaraudod im saqmeeebis mimarT, romlebsac magistratebi ganixilebodnen. am periodSi lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-is miRebamde, extra ordinem-is cneba saerTod ar gvxvdeba. pirveli instanciis mosamarTlis funqcia avgustusma qr. Sobamde 23 w., imperium proconsulare maius et infinitum-Tan erTad miiRo. es iyo uzenaesi prokonsularuli xelisufleba, romelic funqcionalur da teritoriul SezRudvebs ar eqvemdebareboda; princefss sasamarTlo procesebis dadgena SeeZlo. cxadia, lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-i princefsis sasamarTlo saqmianobis sferos zRudavda, princefsi mxolod sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs ganixilavda da sxvadasxva cognitiones-Ti, gamotanili ganaCanebis saapelacio instancia gaxldaT. romSi cognitiones-i im sxvadasxva urTierTobaTa mosawesrigeblad SemoiRes, romlebic per formulas procesis sistemas ar Seesabameboda. TandaTanobiT, samoqalaqo saqmeTa didma nawilma _ maT Soris iseTebmac, romelTa formula ediqtiT iyo Seqmnili _ Tavi moiyara praefectus urbi-s sasamarTloSi, romelmac III s. dasasrulidan ordinaluri sasamarTlo mTlianad gaauqma. klasikuri epoqis cognitiones sasamarTloSi, mosamarTlis zepiri gancxadebis (denuntiatio) safuZvelze mopasuxis gamoZaxebiT iwyeboda. mosarCele ayalibebda saqmis arss da magistratTan gamocxadebis vadas adgenda. zogjer, mosarCelis TxovniT, sasamarTlo funqcias _ evocatio-s (an denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s) _ sajaro xelisuflebis organo asrulebda. Tu mopasuxe cxovrobda sxva qalaqSi, am qalaqis xelisufalT sasamarTlo magistrati, mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis Taobaze (evocatio litteris), werilobiTi TxovniT mimarTavda. Tu aRniSnul moTxovnas mopasuxe yurad ar iRebda, maSin mas sajaro wesiT evocatio edictis-iT iZaxebdnen. aseTi formiT mopasuxes samjer iZaxebdnen; Tu es saSualebac warumatebeli aRmoCndeboda, maSin magistrati edictum peremptorium-s gamoscemda, riTac urC, mopasuxes mis dauswreblad, saqmis ganxilvis safrTxe emuqreboda (D.5.1.70-71). is mopasuxe, romelic sasamarTlo magistratis brZanebis daumorCileblobas gabedavda, mosamarTlis avtoritetis Seuracxmyoflad (contumax) cxaddeboda. sasamarTloSi gamoucxadeblobiT sasamarTlosadmi upativcemuloba (contumatia), Tavdapirvelad, procesis avtomatur wagebas iwvevda, mogvianebiT, ki saqmis dauswrebeli warmoebis dadgenis ZiriTadi safuZveli gaxda. amave dros, mosarCele mxolod maSin agebda sasamarTlo process, Tu misi qmeduunaroba dadgindeboda an gansaxilveli saqmisadmi sasamarTlos arakompetenturoba gamomJRavndeboda. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetas iwvevda. magistratis winaSe wardgenis Semdeg, mxareebi, saqmis arss Tavisufali formiT ayalibebdnen. procesis am stadiaze mopasuxes SesaZlo uaris mizezi unda moeyvana (exceptiones, praescriptiones), mosarCelis moTxovnis mimarT (petitum). amas moyveboda litis contestatio, romelic damabrkolebel Sedegs iwvevda. Semdeg, igive magistrati saqmes an TviTon ganixilavda, an gadascemda daniSnul mosamarTles (iudex datus), romlis arCevazec mxareebi gavlenas ver axdendnen. ukve III saukuneSi condemnatio pecuniaria-s principi, in rem tipis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas, dairRva da nivTis savaldebulo gadacemis in ipsam rem gadawyvetileba miiRes (C.3,34,5). mopasuxis mimarT kidev erTi siaxle daadgines: sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamohqonda sasamarTlo xarjebis (sumptus litis) dafarvis Sesaxeb, romelsac sajarimo xasiaTi hqonda da sasamarTlo baJis (sportulae) saxiT, saxelmwifos sasargeblod gaiReboda; aseTi praqtika gansakuTrebiT postklasikuri periodis sasamarTlo procesSi ganviTarda.
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Cognitio extra ordinem-Ti sasamarTlo procesis dros gamotanili gadawyvetileba eqvemdebareboda apelacias (appellatio), romelic princefsis saxelze Setanili im saCivrebis praqtikidan ganviTarda, romlebic sasamarTlos mier gamotanil arasamarTlian gadawyvetilebebaze iwereboda. apelaciebis ganxilvas imperatori qalaqis pretors (Tu ganaCeni romSi iyo gamotanili), an pretorianelTa prefeqts (Tu saqme q. romis sazRvrebs iqiT ganixileboda) avalebda. apelaciis Setana uSualod mosamarTlesTan ganaCenis gamotanisTanave zepiri formiT, an momdevno dReebSi werilobiTi formiT xdeboda. mosamarTle magistrati, vis ganaCenzec apelacia (iudex a quo) Sedioda, Tavad wyvetda (zogjer mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebiT) apelaciis sakiTxs. apelaciaze uaris Tqma motivirebuli iyo saCivris formaluri xarvezebiT da mopasuxis ganzrax surviliT gaeWianurebina sasamarTlo ganaCenis aRsruleba; Tu dadebiTi gadawyvetileba mainc gaicemoda, mopasuxe mosamarTlisagan iRebda sasamarTlo uwyebas (litterae demissioriae (a postoli)), romelic, garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, saqmis arsis dawvrilebiT Camoyalibebis gareSe, saapelacio mosamarTles (iudex ad quem) egzavneboda. saapelacio instanciis mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT, apelaciiT ganaCenis ZalaSi Sesvlis gadavadeba xdeboda. Tu apelaciaze uari ar iyo naTqvami, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba icvleboda. Tu gadawyvetileba miRebuli iyo umaRles sasamarTlo instanciaSi (TviT princefsis mier), misi aRsruleba dauyovnebliv xdeboda. ZalaSi Sesul gadawyvetilebas prekluziuri Sedegi hqonda. saaRsrulebo sasamarTlo procesis warmoeba ordinaluri procesisagan mxolod wvrilmani detalebiT gansxvavdeboda. Tu mopasuxes in ipsam rem miesajeboda, gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba Zalis gamoyenebiT xdeboda. antoninus piusis mmarTvelobis periodSi mniSvnelovani siaxle SemoiRes: magistrati sakuTari pignore capere uflebis ZaliT, epatroneboda msjavrdebelis calkeul nivTebs (pignus in causa iudicati captum), romlebsaic mogvianebiT sasamarTlo procesis mogebuli mxare sajaro auqcionis wesiT hyidda. Tu myidveli ar gamoCndeboda, septimius severusisa da karakalas ediqtiT nivTebi (D.42.1.15.3), sasamarTlo procesis mogebul mxares gadaecemoda, oRond im pirobiT, Tu nivTebis saerTo Rirebuleba valis odenobas ar aRemateboda. XIII. postklasikuri procesi Litis denuntiatio (sasamarTlo organos avtoritetiT, sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba); principium litis (saqmis ganxilvis pirveli stadia); medium litis (saqmis ganxilvis meore stadia); praesumptio (prezumfcia); praesumptio iuris tantum (SedarebiTi prezumfcia); praesumptio iuris et de iure (absoluturi prezumfcia). IV-V saukuneebSi werilobiTi formiT sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebas, mosarCele sasamarTlo organos meSveobiT axorcielebda (litis denuntiatio klasikuri periodis denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s analogia). reagirebis niSnad, mopasuxe sasamarTloSi gzavnida contradictorii libelii-s, romelic sasamarTlos kancelariaSi inaxeboda. sasamarTloSi gamocxadeba gamoZaxebidan oTxi Tvis vadaSi unda momxdariyo. VI saukunis meore naxevridan gamoZaxebis es forma libelus conventionus-iT Seicvala, romelsac sasamarTlo mopasuxes mosarCelis iniciativiT ugzavnida. mosarCele mimarTavda mosamarTles da mopasuxis gamoZaxebas iTxovda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gamoZaxeba xdeboda mosamarTlis mier, romelsac jer unda mieRo gadawyvetileba, mieca Tu ara saqmisaTvis msvleloba da Semdeg sasamarTloSi mopasuxis gamocxadebis vadas adgenda. mopasuxis mier sasamarTloSi gamocxadebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi, gamoZaxeba samjer meordeboda (rogorc klasikuri cognitio), Semdeg procesi mis gareSe tardeboda. V-VI saukuneebSi, sasamarTlo procesis dauswrebeli warmoebis dros, mosarCelisagan sakuTari uflebebis damtkicebas iTxovdnen. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba procesis Sewyvetas iwvevda. am epoqaSi sasamarTlo ganxilvis pirvel stadiaze, romelsac principium (an primordium) litis ewodeboda, mxareebi sakuTar moTxovnebsa (narratio) da pretenzias (contradictio an responsio) werilobiT ayalibebdnen. yvelaferTan erTad, mopasuxes saqmeze sasamarTlos arakompetenturobaze miTiTebac an teritoriuli qvemdebarebis (mopasuxes sasamarTloSi gamoiZaxebdnen mxolod misi sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT) principis gaTvaliswinebis moTxovnac SeeZlo. Litis contestatio-s Semdeg uari apelaciis saxes iZenda. iustinianes droidan moyolebuli uaris miReba procesis meore stadiazec daiSveboda. amieridan, litis contestatio-s Sedegad, mkacrad piraduli xasiaTis moTxovnebma, imdenad srulyofili saxe miiRo, rom maTi memkvidreobiT gadaicemac SesaZlebeli gaxda. procesis meore stadiaze (medium litis) mxareebi sakuTari moTxovnebis mtkicebulebebs waradgendnen. am epoqaSi mtkicebulebaTa ierarqiis dadgenis tendenciam, romelic ukve klasikur cognitiones-ad Camoyalibda, apelacia SesaZlebeli gaxada da man imdenad srulyofili saxe miiRo, rom swored postklasikur procesSi sabo-
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lood damkvidrda is principebi, Sua saukuneebis iuristebma TavianT maqsimebSi rom Camoyalibes: actore non probante reus absolvitur (Tu mosarCele sakuTar moTxovnebs ver daamtkicebs, mopasuxe gamarTldeba) da in excepiendo reus fit actor (sasamarTlos uaris SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe mosarCele xdeba), anu mtkicebis mTeli tvirTi mas ekisreboda. am periodSi procesualuri wesebis arsenalSi gaCnda prezumfciis (praesumptio) cneba, romelic mtkicebulebis tvirTis (onus probandi) ganawilebas ukavSirdeboda. normatiuli wesis mixedviT, zogierTi faqti mosamarTlis mier ararsebulad iTvleboda manamde, vidre dainteresebuli mxare sapirispiro mosazrebas ar daamtkicebda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi faqti damtkicdeboda, onus probandi mxareTa Soris gadanawildeboda. garda amgvari SefardebiTi prezumfciisa (praesumptio iuris tantum), absoluturic (praesumptio iuris et iure) arsebobda; vinaidan am epoqaSi werilobiT mtkicebulebebs eniWeba upiratesoba mowmis zepir CvenebebasTan SedarebiT. mowmis Cvenebebs garkveuli tendenciurobiT ganixilavdnen, rac maqsimiT `erTi mowme, ara mowme~ (testus unus, testus nulus) gamoixateboda. werilobiTi dokumentis gabaTilebis SemTxvevaSi, savaldebulo iyo mowmeTa raodenobis gazrda. SemoiRes procesis oqmebis werilobiT (per litteras) Sedgena, rac did dros iTxovda da saqmis ganxilvas uazrod aWianurebda. uwindeli cognitio-sagan gansxvavebiT, postklasikuri procesis dros mkvdari procesis (mors litis) forma damkvidrda. iustinianes dros daadgines sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetis vada _ litis contestatio-dan sami wlis Tavze. Tumca, mosarCeles SeeZlo procesis gameoreba. am periodis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa Sinaarsi meti mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeboda. mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda litis contestatio-s prekluziuri Sedegi, sasamarTlo procesis gameorebis SesaZlebloba damokidebuli iyo im gadawyvetilebaze, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi saqmis gadasinjvis SesaZleblobas dasaSvebad miiCnevda. da bolos, erTi sasamarTlo ganxilvis mimdinareobis dros (cognitio-Sic) ramdenime gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis calkeul sakiTxebzec SeiZleboda da mTel saqmazec. saqmis ganxilvis TiToeuli forma apelaciis Setanas eqvemdebareboda, rac sasamarTlo ganxilvis vadebs kidev ufro axangrZlivebda.
Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi samarTlis subieqtebi samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi abstarqtuli pirebis (personae) saxiT gamodian. piris (persona) statuss gansazRvravda, samarTlis normebiT regulirebuli, samarTlebriv TvisebaTa is erToblioba, romelic uSualod asaxavda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi subieqtis monawileobas. rac ufro maRali iyo piris statusi, miT srulyofili iyo misi uflebaunarianoba _ uflebebisa da movaleobebis subieqtad yofnis SesaZlebloba; piris ufleba moicavda klasifikaciis kriteriumebs, agreTve iuridiuli aqtebis realurad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas _ qmedunarianobas. samarTlis sistemis arsebobisa da funqciobis TvalsazrisiT, am sakiTxebs fundamenturi mniSvneloba hqondaT. piris ufleba mxolod ius civile-s moqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseTi SezRudva pirdapir miuTiTebda kviritebis samoqalaqo Temze, romelic piris statusis gansazRvrisas, sawyisi wertili iyo. bunebiTi samarTliT (ius naturale) formalurad yvela adamiani Tanasworia; `samoqalaqo samarTali ar miiCnevs monas samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtad, magram bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani Tanasworia~ (D.50.17.32). istoriulad gansazRvruli erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis (ius gentium) TvalsazrisiT, garkveuli SezRudvebi mainc moqmedebda: ius civile _ calkeuli samoqalaqo Temis samarTali _ monebisa da ucxoelebis mimarT, mainc privilegirebul samarTals warmoadgenda. am TvlasazrisiT, sruluflebian pirebad mxolod civitas wevrebi (cives) miiCneodnen. I. Servi (monebi) Libertas (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); vindicatio in libertate (sarCeli Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb); postliminium (tyveobidan dabrunebuli piris uflebebSi aRdgena); deditio (mtrisaTvis moqalaqis gadacema); favor
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libertatis (TavisuflebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna); noxae deditio (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi, deliqtis Camdeni, piris mowinaaRmdegisaTvis gadacema); actio noxalis (noqsaluri sarCeli); peculium (pekuliumi); manumissio vindicta (gaazateba kverTxis dadebiT); manumissio censu (gaazateba cenzSi SetaniT); manumissio testamento (gaazateba anderZiT); manumissio inter amicos (gaazateba megobrebis wreSi). Tavisufali mdgomareobis (libertas) sapirispiro iyo monoba. monisa da Tavisufali adamianis mdgomareoba maT socialur urTierTdapirispirebas gamoxatavda. romaelTaTvis Tavisufleba aramonuri mdgomareoba, anu negatiuri mdgomareobis sawinaaRmdego pozitivi iyo. iustinianes institituciebSi monobis statusi Tavisufali adamianis mdgomareobasTanaa Sepirispirebuli. kerZod, iustinianes instituciebSi mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad: `ZiriTadi dayofis safuZvelze, romliTac pirTa uflebebi ganisazRvreba, yoveli adamiani an Tavisufalia, an monaa~. (Inst. Iustin.,1). 1. sityvidan `Tavisufleba~ (libertas) warmodgeba saxelwodeba `Tavisufalni~ (liberti) anu piris bunebrivi SesaZlebloba akeTebdes imas, rac surs, cxadia, Tu aseTi ram an ZaliT, an samarTliT ar ikrZaleba. 2. xalxis samarTlis dawesebuleba monoba aris iseTi ram, rodesac bunebis sapirispirod, erTi piri meore piris batonobas morCilebs. 3. Cveulebriv, imperatoris brZanebiT tyveebs yiddnen da ar klavdnen, sicocxles unarCunebdnen (servare), aqedan mieca dasabami sityvas `mona~ (servus). 4. monebad an ibadebian, an (Semdeg) xdebian. monebad ibadebian Cvens mxevalTagan Sobilni. tyved Cavardnilni monebad xdebian xalxis samarTliT, an civiluri samarTliT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu oc wels gadacilebulma Tavisufalma adamianma, gasayidi fasis garkveuli nawilis miRebis mizniT, sakuTari Tavis monad gayidvas daTanxmda. monaTa orive tipis mdgomareoba identuri iyo, maT Soris sxvaoba ar arsebobda. sazogadoebis samoqalaqo organizaciiT ganisazRvreboda rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise monobis institutis SesaZlebloba. monoba (servitus) aris ius gentium-is instituti, romelic wminda romaul movlenad ar iTvleboda. monobas samoqalaqo Temis (civitas) warmoSoba ganapirobebda. mona (servus homo) politikuri sazogadoebis miRma idga, is arc ius civile-s da arc ius gentium-s subieqti iyo. sxva antikuri samarTlebrivi sistemebis msgavsad, romis samarTaliT, mona nivTad (res) iTvleboda. romauli monobis specifika is iyo, rom mebatoneebs monebi ekuTvnodaT kvirituli sakuTrebis uflebis safuZvelze (dominium ex iure Quiritium), romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeebisaTvis iyo xelmisawvdomi. monobis wyaros anu monad qcevis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi cnobebi gaiusis instituciebSia Semonaxuli: `monebi Cvens sakuTrebaSi gadadian an civiluri samarTlis, an xalxis samarTlis safuZvelze: civiluri samarTliT _ Tu, 25 wlis asaks gadacilebuli nebismieri piri safasuris nawilis miRebis mizniT, gayidvas daeqvemdebareba; xalxis samarTliT Tamaxmad, Cveni monebi arian mtrebTan brZolaSi tyved Cavardnilni an Cveni mona-qalebis mier Sobilni. monur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis civilur xerxad miiCneoda is vTareba, roca myidvelis motyuebis mizniT, mimdobi vinmes Seagulianebs, rom man sakuTari Tavi monad gayidos, raTa SemdgomSi garigeba baTilad gamoacxadon~. Tumca, aRniSnuli garigeba Seuqcevadad cxaddeboda: jer erTi, motyuebuli myidvelis mimarT, pretori Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebul sarCels - exceptio vindicatio in libertatem gamoscemda; meore, kanonTan gaTanabrebuli normatiuli aqtebiT, romelTa safuZvelzec piris statusi ganisazRvreboda, motyuebuli piris pirvandel mdgomarebaSi aRdgena gamoiricxeboda. amis gamoc, motyuebiT sakuTari Tavis monad gamyidveli piri monobaSi rCeboda. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, piris statusi sxva piris sakuTrebaSi gadasvlisTanave ganisazRvreboda. ara marto samxedro mowinaaRmdegis (hostis), aramed romTan megobrobis an stumarTmoyvareobis xelSekrulebis armqone nebismieri xalxis warmomadgeneli, romelsac tyved Caigdebdnen, dampyroblis sakuTreba xdeboda (Gai,4,16). samxedro gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, senatTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg, romaeli mxedarTmTavari tyvedCavardnilTa monad gayidvas sajarod marTavda (venditio ad hasta an sub corona). tyvedCavardnili romaeli civitas-is wevrad aRar iricxeboda; igi ucxoeTSi gayidul monad iTvleboda
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(`servus hostium”, Gai.,1,129). am hipoTeziT specifikuri instituti _ postliminium (sazRvris xelmeored gadalaxvis Semdeg damdgari viTareba) ganisazRvreboda. dakargul statuss tyveobidan dabrunebuli romis moqalaqe kvlav ibrunebda. piris yvela uflebamosileba mas srulad ubrundeboda, garda mflobelobisa da qorwinebisa (D.49.15.12.49.15.8), vinaidan maTi aRdgena xelaxali nebis gamovlenas iTxovda. piradi Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis dakargva maSinac xdeboda, roca samxedro mtrebs sakuTar moqalaqes (deditio) Tavad saxelmwifo gadascemda. am proceduras eqvemdebareboda yvela is moqalaqe, romelmac Segnebulad Seuracxyo ucxoeli elCebi. Ius gentium-is mixedviT, kanonieri qorwineba (iustum matrimonium) mona qalTan dauSvebeli iyo. amitom misgan Sobili bavSvi monis statuss iRebda, anu bavSvi monad ibadeboda. Tu bavSvis Casaxvis dros an orsulobis periodSi, deda mcire xniT Tavisufali iyo, bavSvi Tavisufal moqalaqed ibadeboda (D.1.5.5.3). Tavisuflebisadmi aseTi keTilganwyoba (favor libertatis) klasikur periodSi dadginda. romSi monad qcevis sxva civiluri wesebic arsebobda: 1. iudicium publicum-iT sikvdiliT dasjis an katorRuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis sasjeli monad gayidviT (servus poenae) icvleboda, anu sikvdilmisjil an katorRul samuSaoebze gamwesebul pirebs sasjeli monad gayidviT ecvlebodaT. 535 w. iustinianem im pirebis monad qceva, romelTac katorRuli samuSaoebi (in metalum) hqondaT misjili, gaauqma; 2. mona xdeboda is moqalaqec, romelic ver gaivlida perioduli qonebriv cenzs (in census), an romelic samxedro samsaxurs TaRliTurad aaridebda Tavs; 3. klavdiusis dros miRebuli senatuskonsultis (SC) Tanaxmad, monasTan mruSobaSi mxilebuli Tavisufali matrona, monis mebatonis samgzis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, masTan akrZalul kavSirs Tu ar Sewyvetda, monis mebatonis mona-qali xdeboda. monadqceuli yofili matronas Svilebi monebad ibadebodnen. Tumca, dedis monobis miuxedavad, aseTi qalis mier kanonier qorwinebaSi Casaxuli bavSvi, Tavisufal adamianad ibadeboda. sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis (crimen) Camdeni mona, samarTlebriv dacvas ar eqvemdebareboda da mas mxolod, magistratis imperium-is an sakuTari batonis potestas-is gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze (sasamarTlos gareSe), gamotanili mZime sasjeli efardeboda. Delictum-is Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis kanonebis Sesabamisad, monas dazaralebuls gadascemdnen (noxae deditio). Tu monis batoni monis dacvas sakuTar Tavze aiRebda, (riTac arsebiTad am monaze sakuTrebis uflebas icavda), sasamarTlo procesis wagebis SemTxvevaSi, monis batons, TiTqosda aRniSnuli delictum-is uSualod Camdenis msgavsad, pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. akviliusis kanoniT (lex Aquilia) actio noxalis-is wesi, monis mier sxva mesakuTrisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSic (damnum iniuria datum) igulisxmeboda. Tu mona, ganizraxavda qurdobas da mas danaSaulis adgilze daakavebdnen (furtum manifestum), XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mas jer rozgavdnen (verberatio), Semdeg ki tarpeas kldidan (Saxum Tarpeium) agdebdnen (praecipitatio). monisaTvis sxeulebrivi zianis miyeneba iniuria-ad ganixileboda da misi batonis sasargeblod jarimis gadaxdiT isjeboda. XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, sxeulis mZime zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi (os fractum), monisaTvis gansazRvruli jarimis odenoba, Tavisufali adamianisaTvis dadgenil jarimaze, orjer meti iyo. monis mowmeobas, Tundac samoqalaqo davaze, mxolod im SeTxvevaSi hqonda Zala, Tu gamoZiebis dros misi Cveneba wamebiT moipoveboda (quaestio). monas evaleboda sakuTari mebatonis usafrTxoebaze zrunva, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, verc erTi saxli misTvis usafrTxo ver iqneboda (D.29.5.1). qr. Sobamde 10 w. miRebul SC Silanianum-iT dadgenda, rom batonis mkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, yvela mona, romelic moklulTan erT WerqveS cxovrobda, dakiTxvas eqvemdebareba. Tu romelime mona sakuTar udanaSaulobas ver daamtkicebda (magaliTad, Zalze sapatio mizeziT, ver daexmara sakuTar batons), sikvdiliT isjeboda. imave senatuskonsultis safuZvelze, Tu sakuTari batonis mkvlels, mona xelisufalT warudgenda, is Tavisufali adamiani xdeboda (D.29.5.3.139; 35.2.39). klasikuri periodis romis sazogadoebaSi, stoelTa filosofiis ideebis gavleniT, monisadmi damokidebuleba Seicvala da es kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda. imperator klavdiusis mmarTvelobis
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dros gamocemuli lex Petronia-Ti, batons monis TviTneburad dasja (misi mxecebisaTvis migdeba) ekrZaleboda; dasabuTebuli braldebis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sasjeli damnaSaves sasamarTloTi efardeboda. markus avreliusisa da lucius verusis reskriptiT, mebatones ekrZaleboda monebis (msgavsi wesiT dasjis mizniT) gayidva. sxvisi monis mkvleloba ara mxolod zianis miyenebad, aramed sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad ganixileboda. imperator klavdiusis ediqtiT, sakuTari monis dausabuTebeli mkvlelobac dasjadi iyo. batonis mier uyuradRebod mitovebuli avadmyofi mona Tavisufldeboda da mas laTinTa moqalaqeoba eniWeboda (D.40.8.2). cnobilia, rom imperatorma adrianem erT-erTi matrona romidan xuTi wliT gaZevebiT dasaja imitom, rom igi sakuTari mona-qalebis usafuZvlo dasjaSi amxiles (D.1.6.2). gansakuTrebuli SemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda imperator antoninus piusis mier gamocemuli reskripti (D.1.6.2; Gai.,1.53), romelic monaTa usafuZvlo dasjamkvlelobisaTvis sastik sasjels awesebda. qristianul epoqaSi, antoninus piusis reskriptis nawili imperator konstantines ediqtiT dadasturda, amave reskriptis preambula moxseniebulia iustinianes institutebSi (Inst. Iustin.1,8,2). am periodSi humanizmis ideebis progresulobaze metyvelebs monebisaTvis naTesaobisa da ojaxis yolis uflebis micema. marTalia, monas araviTari qoneba ar gaaCnda, magram, uZvelesi droidanve, meurneobis ganviTarebis mizniT, qonebis garkveuli nawili (peculium) maT marTvis uflebiT gadaecemoda. pekuliumis Semavali nivTebis Taobaze, monis mier dadebul garigebaze pasuxismgebloba monis batons ekisreboda. aseTi viTareba mebatonisTvisac xelsayreli iyo, radgan Tu mona gaazatebas moindomebda, monis mier mebatonisaTvis moparuli an gadamaluli Tanxebidan, mebatones didi gamosasyidis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. gamosasyidis Taobaze monasa da mebatones Soris SeTanxmeba mesame pirebisaTvis iyo mniSvnelovani. Peculium-i mebatonis sakuTrebaSi rCeboda da mebatones nemismier dros SeeZlo misi CamoerTva monisaTvis. Tavisuflebis statusis Taobaze fiqtiuri sasamarTlo procesis dros, monis batoni damcvelis gancxadebas (adsertor in libertatem) ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, riTac, faqtiuriad, monis gaTavisuflebis procesSi Tanamonawileobda. aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesi monis gaazatebiT sruldeboda (manumissio vindicta). saritualo kverTxiT (festuca) sagangebod aRWurvil nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo adsertor in libertatem-is funqciis Sesruleba. monis mimarT, SeuzRudavi ganmkargvelis poziciis dakavebiT, damcveli, faqtiurad, monis batonis statuss (rogorc vindikaciis SemTxvevaSi) utoldeboda. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, vindikantis pretenzia sxva piris kerZo uflebis uaryofas ki ar aRniSnavda, aramed sajaro samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseT pirobebSi, gaazatebis proceduris damswre magistratis mier warmoTqmuli Tavisufali statusis dadastureba (addictio secundum libertatem) sabolood adgenda yofili monis pirad statuss da misi gaazatebis sakiTxi gasaCivrebas aRar eqvemdebareboda. sajaro bunebis iyo monis gaazatebis sxva wesebic: 1. batonis brZanebiT monis Seyvana sacenzo siebSi (manumissio censu), romelsac xuT weliwadSi erTxel adgendnen; 2. monis gaazateba anderZis safuZvelze (manumissio testamento), romelic Tavdapirvelad komiciebSi mtkicdeboda an brZolisaTvis mzadmyofi jaris winaSe warmoiTqmeboda (Gai., 1,77). amgvarad, samoqalaqo erToba, mxolod piris statusis Secvlis, dasaSvebi formebis dadgeniT ar ifargleboda. imavdroulad, is sajaro organoebis meSveobiT akontrolebda moqalaqeTa rangSi im pirTa Seyvanas, romlebic manamde nivTebad iTvlebodnen. mebatonis nebis gamovlineba, monis mesakuTreobaze uaris TqmiT ar izRudeboda da, uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, piris statusis Secvlas isaxavda miznad. es Tavisebureba Zalze naTlad gamoixata winaklasikur periodSi SemoRebul gaazatebis wesSi _ gaTavisufleba megobrebis wreSi (manumissio inter amicos). gaazatebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, zepiri an werilobiTi formiT, acxadebdnen, raTa aRniSnuli aqti yru-munjebisaTvisac gasgebi yofiliyo. Semdeg, am gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb atyobinebdnen patronis megobrebs. aRniSnuli aqtis struqturiT naTlad ikveTeba ori etapi: 1. batonis nebis gamovlena da 2. amis Sesaxeb, megobrebisaTvis Setyobineba. Tumca mebatonesTan, keTilSobilebis (fides) safuZvelze, dakavSirebuli megobrebis roli, mxolod faqtis martivi dadastureba-damowmebiT rodi ifargleboda; mebatonis nebis Sesrulebis garantiasa da gaazatebulis piradi statusis gansazRvris uzrunvelyofas isini sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen. aRniSnuli aqtis kerZo xasiaTi monis statusis Secvlas ar iwvevda, Tumca, ndobis faqtoriT, keTilSobilebisa (fides) da micemuli sityvisadmi erTgulebis principebi, faqtobrivad, monis mdgomareobas Tavisufali piris statusTan aTanabrebda (in libertate morari), ris gamoc es procesi Seuqcevadi iyo. keTilsindisierebis (fides) darRvevis saSualebas pretori Tavidan
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icilebda, radgan igi ar uSvebda yofili mebatonisagan romelic, ius civle-Ti, amis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.
gaazatebulis
vindicatio in servitutem-s,
qr. Sobis 18 an 19 w. miRebuli lex Iunia Norbana-Ti, msgavsi wesiT gaazatebuli pirebi, laTinur moqalaqeobas iRebdnen, ris gamoc kerZo xasiaTis manumisia, ius civile-s Tanaxmad, namdvili da, maSasadame, savaldebulo Zalis mqone xdeboda. qr. Sobamde 2 w., avgustusis dros miRebuli lex Fufia Caninia-Ti, anderZis safuZvelze monaTa gaTavisuflebis kvota dadginda; kerZod, aTi monidan mxolod xuTis gaTavisufleba iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo maqsimumi iyo _ 500-dan 100 mona (Gai.,1,42). qr. Sobis 4 w. lex Aelia Sentia-Ti kreditorebis sazianod ganxorcielebuli (in fraudem creditoris) manumisia baTilad cxaddeboda (Gai.,1,13;18,23). imave kanoniT, 20 wlamde piris gaazateba, mxolod vindicta-Ti daiSveboda; Tanac batons, monis gaazatebis safuZvlianoba (iusta causa manumissionis) xuTi senatorisa da xuTi mxedris (romSi) an oci romaeli moqalaqisagan (provinciebSi) Semdgari krebis (consilium) winaSe unda daemtkicebina. aseTi gaazatebis safuZvlad sisxlis naTesaoba, an batonis mier monis sakuTar pedagogad aRiareba, an monis mebatonis meurneobis mmarTvelad daniSvna, an mona qalTan kanonieri qorwinebis dadeba miiCneoda (Gai.,1,19). es SezRudvebi vrceldeboda 30 wlamde asakis gaazatebulebzec, romelTa manumisia, causa probatio-s gareSe, maT latini coloniarii-ebad xdida xolme. elius senciusis kanonis Tanaxmad, danaSaulis Camdeni damRadadebuli monebis gaazateba, iaraRiT dapyrobili ucxoelebis (peregrini dediticii) statusis miniWebiT xdeboda. gaiusi aseT statuss `pessima libertas~ _ yvelaze cud Tavisuflebas _ uwodebda, vinaidan misi mflobeli romis moqalaqeobas verasdros iRebda. klasikur periodSi gaazatebis erT-erT saSualebad fideikomisi (libertas fideicommissaria) iqca _ saanderZo danakisris saSualebiT moanderZis mier memkvidrisaTvis, monis gaazatebis moTxovna. gaazatebulis axali patroni moanderZis memkvidre xdeboda. Tu memkvidre moanderZis nebas ar Seasrulebda, monas sakuTari uflebis dacva, sagangebo pretorTan (praetor fideicommissarius) saCivris SetaniT SeeZlo. qr. Sobis 103 w. gamocemuli SC Rubrianum-iT dadginda: Tu memkvidre sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar daemorCileboda, mona, magistratis pronuntiatio ZaliT, Tavisuflebas iRebda, rac ius honorarium-iT gansazRvruli iyo (D.40.5.26.7). II. Liberti (ucxoelebi) Libertus, libertinus (gaazatebuli); patronus (patroni); obsequium (pativiscema); operae libertorum (patronisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba); ingennus (Tavisuflad Sobili). iustinianes instituciebis pirveli wignis III Tavis 5 punqti da V Tavi gaazatebulTa statuss ganmartaven. III Tavis 5 punqtis Tanaxmad: `TavisufalTa Soris ki mravali gansxvaveba arsebobs, vinaidan isini an dabadebiT Tavisufalni arian, an _ gaazatebiT~. V Tavi mTlianad gaazatebulTa statuss exeba: «gaazatebulni arian is pirebi, romlebic kanonieri monobidan ganTavisufldnen. xolo gaazateba ki Tavisuflebis micemaa, vinaidan vidre vinme monobaSia, igi (sxvis) xelsa da xelisuflebas eqvemdebareba, xolo gaazatebuli (am) xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeba. am viTarebas dasabami eZleva xalxis samarTlidan, vinaidan bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela Tavisufali ibadeba; radgan monoba ar arsebobda, monis ganTavisuflebac (gaazatebac), ucnobi iyo... gaazateba mravalnairad xdeboda: saxeldobr, an wminda konsituciiT wminda saxalxo krebebze, an vindiqtiT, an megobrebis winaSe, an weriliT, an anderZiT, an sxva nebismieri saxiT ukanaskneli nebis gamovleniT...» Tavisuflad Sobili romaeli moqalaqeebisagan, gaazatebulni (liberti, libertini), sajaro uflebebis moculobiT gansxvavdebodnen. kerZo samrTlis mixedviT, maTi mdgomareobis Taviseburebas, yofili batonis (patronus) da misi ojaxis mimarT, garkveuli damokidebuleba ganapirobebda. sakuTari patronis mimarT gaazatebulebs (libertis) pativiscema hmarTebdaT (obsequium), rac sajaro saqmeebSi TanadgomiT da momsaxurebis gaweviT (operae libertorum) igulisxmeboda. cxadia, msgavsi SezRudvebi ar vrceldeboda im monebze, romelTac Tavisufleba anderZis safuZvelze hqondaT mopovebuli. rogorc wesi, obsequium patronis daRmavali xazis naTesavebzec vrceldeboda. liberts ar SeeZlo: 1. sakuTari patronis an misi Svilebis crimen publicum CadenaSi dadanaSauleba (D.48,2,8); 2. xolo patronis an misi memkvidreebis sasamarTloSi (in ius vocatio) gamoZaxeba mxolod pretoris
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TanxmobiT SeiZleboda (D.2,4,4). patronisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba SromiTi saqmianobiT gamoixateboda: garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, sazeimo ficis ZaliT, gaazatebuls, sakuTari ostatobis farglebSi, batonisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis Sesruleba evaleboda. gaazatebulis mimarT, mebatonis mier Tavisi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebma (uzomo valdebulebebis dakisrebam, Tavisuflebis sanacvlod Zvirfasi saCuqrebis moTxovnam) pretor rutiliusis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, ris gamoc man qr. Sobamde 118 w. gamocemul ediqtSi Seitana debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, normalur SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebriv dacvas (iudicatum operarium) mxolod patronis ufleba operae-ze (Tavisufali adamianebisaTvis Rirseuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianoba) eqvemdebareboda. sasamarTlo dacva actio societatis-s safuZvelze, im garemoebebzec vrceldeboda, roca gaazatebulsa da mis mepatrones Soris arsebuli obsequium-is Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba irRveoda da maT Soris libertis mTeli qonebis momcveli amxanagobis (societas) xelSekruleba warmoiSoboda. (D.38,2,1,1). mogvianebiT, pretorma, patronis sasargeblod, anderZis sawinaaRmdegod samkvidros floba (bonorum possessio contra tabulas) daadgina im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu gaazatebuli uSvilod gadagvardeboda an sakuTar Svilebs memkvidreobis uflebas CamoarTmevda. Tu liberti momsaxurebis gawevis Taobaze, patronisaTvis sazeimod micemul fics darRvevda, yvela SemTxvevaSi, gaazatebulis samkvidro qonebidan patroni naxevar wils iRebda. XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze, pretoruli dadgenilebis gareSec, uanderZod gardacvlili gaazatebulis qoneba patrons adgnatio-s uflebiT gadaecemoda. Lex Papia Poppea, mdidari gaazatebulis mimarT Semdeg moTxovnebs adgenda: 1. Tu gaazatebuli (liberti) flobda 100 aTas sisterciis Rirebulebaze met qonebas (anu igi Zalian mdidari iyo), patronis sasargeblod mas samkvidros naxevris gadacema evaleboda (Tu mxolod erTi memkvidre hyavda, xolo ori da meti memkvidris yolis SemTxvevaSi _ qonebis 1/3). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas sami da meti Svili (memkvidre) rCeboda, gaazatebuli am movaleobidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. Agnatio uflebis Tanaxmad, yvela SemTxvevaSi, patroni sakuTari gaazatebuli qalis meurved da mis memkvidred xdeboda; 3. kanoni meurveobidan aTavisuflebda mxolod oTxi Svilis gaazatebul dedas. patronatis urTierTobebi mamidan Svilze gadadioda, patronis Svilebs gaazatebulis memkvidred yofna SeeZloT. patronatis urTierTobebi samisdReSio xasiaTis iyo. gaazatebulis (libertati) Svilebi TavsufladSobilebad (ingenui) iTvlebodnen. principatis periodSi, imperatoris nebiT, TavisufladSobilis statusis miniWeba gaxSirda (nalatium restitutio) (D.40,11,1). III. Peregrini (ucxoelebi) Commercium (samoqalaqo brunva); ius commercii (civiluri garigebis dadebis ufleba); ius migrandi (romSi gadasaxlebis ufleba); ius conubii (qorwinebaSi Sesvlis ufleba); ius honorum (pasiuri saarCevno ufleba - Tanamdebobebze arCevis ufleba); ius suffragii (aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba); Latini prisci (Zveli laTinebi); Latini coloniarii (koloniebis laTinebi); Latini Iuniani (gaazatebuli, romelmac moqalaqeoba iunia norbanas kanoniT moipova); peregrini nullius civitatis (ucxoelebi, romlebic samoqalaqo Temebs ar miekuTvnebian); iura peregrinorum (adgilobrivi araromauli samarTali); peregrini dediticii (iaraRiT dapyrobili Temebi). Ius civile samoqalaqo eqskluziuroba (rogorc mxolod romis moqalaqeebis ufleba) aramoqalaqeTa (hostes, peregrini) gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv statuss ganapirobebda. maTTan dadebuli garigebebis namdviloba _ commercium _ specialuri kanoniT iyo gansazRvruli. XII dafis kanonebiT ukve iyo gaTvaliswinebuli ramdenime saxeobis iuridiuli aqti, romelTa gaformeba dasaSvebi iyo ucxoelTa im kategoriasTan, romelic romael xalxTan megobrobis xelSekrulebas debda. maTve eniWebodaT sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. TandaTanobiT, maTi statusis Sesabamisad, SemuSavebuli iqna ucxoelebis zogadi klasifikacia. 1. romis moqalaqeebTan yvelaze meti siaxloviT uZvelesi laTinebi (latini prisci) _ laciumis teritoriaze mdebare qalaqebis moqalaqeebi gamoirCeodnen. isini romis egidiT Seqmnil laTinuri ligis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 338 w. misi daSlis Semdeg, maT yvela is ufleba SeinarCunes, romlebsac qr. Sobamde 493 w. flobdnen: a) laTinebs (ligis nebismieri qalaqis
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mcxovrebs) romaelebTan ius civile-Ti garigebebis dadeba (ius commercii), b) romis teritoriaze dasaxleba, g) romis moqalaqed gaxdoma (ius migrandi) da d) romaelebTan kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesvla (ius conubii) SeeZloT. qr. Sobamde II saukunidan, romis respublikis periodSi, dapyrobil miwebze romaelebma koloniebi Seqmnes, xolo kolonistebs laTini moqalaqeebis statusi (colonii civium Latinorum) mianiWes. 338 wlis Semdeg, aRniSnuli koloniebis moqalaqeebma gansakuTrebuli statusi _ latini coloniarii _ miiRes. am kategoriis pirebs miniWebuli hqondaT ius migrandi da ius commercii, magram ius conubii-s ufleba maT ar gaaCndaT. amave periodSi is laTinebi, romlebmac sakuTar TemebSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba SesZles, romis moqalaqeobas iRebdnen da romSi politikuri karieris gakeTebis, anu e.w. ius honorum-is uflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT. aRniSnuli viTarebis Sedegad, laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis politikurma elitam ormoqalaqeoba miiRo; Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom realurad es faqti aseTad ar miiCneoda, radgan, Cveulebriv, latini coloniarii romauli warmomavlobisani iyvnen. Tu amasve davumatebT romis saxalxo krebebze (daswrebis SemTxvevaSi) xmis micemis uflebas (ius suffragii), romelic laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis mosaxleobas hqonda miniWebuli, cxadi gaxdeba, rom romaul da laTinur moqalaqeobas Soris sxvaoba araarsebiTi iyo da Tavisuflad SeiZleboda erTi moqalaqeobis meoreTi Secvla. gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo: 1. faqtobrivi sacxovrebeli adgili da, aqedan gamomdinare _ 2. garkveuli samoqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba. laTinur koloniaSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, romaeli laTini moqalaqe xdeboda, Tumca romSi dabruneba Tavisuflad SeeZlo. ori statusis siaxloveze naTlad metyvelebs is wesic, romelic gaazatebulis samoqalaqo statuss gansazRvravda: 1. kanonieri qorwinebis Semdeg, laTinuri statusis mqone gaazatebuli (Latini Aeliani), romis moqalaqeobas Tavisuflad iZenda (elius senciusis kanoniT _ 30 wlamde axalgazrdebi, xolo vespasianes droidan _ uklebliv yvela); 2. Tu laTini romis moqalaqeze iqorwinebda, adrianes dros miRebuli senatuskonsultiT, am qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvi romis moqalaqe xdeboda; 3. klavdiusidan moyolebuli _ traianemde, laTinebis mier romis moqalaqeobis miReba princefsis konstituciebiT wesrigdeboda. axal laTinur TemebSi sabazo samarTls sistemad ius civile iTvleboda (lex Irnitana, 93), maSin, roca politikuri sistemisa da sasamarTlo organizaciis specifika erTnairi municipaluri kanoniT gansazRvreboda. romis moqalaqeebsa da laTinebs Soris warmoqmnili qonebrivi da piradi urTierTobebi romauli samarTlebrivi institutebis Tanaxmad regulirdeboda. Lex Iunia Norbana safuZvelze gaazatebuli pirebis (Latini Iuniani) samarTlebrivi statusi mniSvnelovani TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda. am kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen is pirebi, romlebic arc erT laTinur Tems ar miekuTvnebodnen da, amrigad, samoqalaqo kavSirebis sistemaSi, maTi laTinuri statusi erTgvar defeqtur mdgomareobaze metyvelebda. romis moqalaqeTa mimarT, latini Iiniani arc ius conubii-iT da arc aqtiuri an pasiuri anderZis datovebis, an anderZiT qonebis miRebis (testamenti factio), uflebas flobdnen. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, sruli uflebaunarianoba gaaCndaT (universaluri fideikomisebis mixedviT, romis moqalaqeebidan samkvidros miRebis uflebac ki hqondaT); laTinebis mimarT, romis samarTliT daculi maTi statusi araviTar SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis an laTinuri moqalaqeobis uflebebs provinciebis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba (samokavSireo omamde _ italiac) ar flobda. provinciebis samoqalaqo Temebs romTan xelSekrulebebi hqondaT dadebuli, romlebiTac maTi avtonomiis xarisxi ganisazRvreboda. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen: 1. formalurad damoukidebel Temebs _ civitates peregrinae liberae et foeredatae; 2. damokidebul Temebs _ civitates nostro iure obstictae, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofodnen: a) avtonomiis uflebebis mqoned; b) dapyrobil Temebad _ peregrini dediticii, romlebic uSualod romis provinciuli administraciis gamgeblobaSi Sediodnen. avtonomiuri Temebis moqalaqeebze maTive, adgilobrivi samarTali vrceldeboda. dapyrobili Temebis mosaxleoba, anu samoqalaqo Temis miRma myofi, ucxoelebi (peregrini nullius civitatis) eqvemdebareboda romaeli nacvlis xelisuflebas, romlis imperium-ze formaluri SezRudvebic ki ar vrceldeboda. Tumca, praqtikulad, maT mimarT mainc adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs (iura peregrinum)
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iyenebdnen. nebismier peregrins SeeZlo moeTxova romaeli provinciuli magistratis sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia da misi saqme am provinciaSi moqmedi, ius gentium, an ius honorarium samarTlis normebis mixedviT ganixileboda. 212 wels imperator karakalas ediqtis (Constitutio Antoniniana) miRebis Semdeg, pirTa statusis TvalsazrisiT, mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. aRniSnuli ediqtiT, imperiis mTel mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba mieniWa. yvela saxis civitates peregrinae gauqmda da ius civile xmelTaSuazRvis auzis samarTlis ZiriTad sistemad iqca. Tumca, aRmosavleTis provinciebSi, sadac maRalganviTarebuli adgilobrivi samarTlebrivi kultura hqondaT, jer kidev adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs iyenebdnen. romis moqalaqeoba eniWeboda soflis im mosaxleobas, romelic arc erT TemSi ar Sedoda. am dromde gavrcelebuli T. momzenis azri, TiTqos Constitutio Antoniniana ar vrceldeboda peregrini nullius civitatis (peregrini dediticii)-ze, mTlad safuZvliani ver iqneba, vinaidan, am kategoriidan dediticii Aeliani da latini Iuniani gamoiricxebodnen. IV. Personae alieni iuris (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi) Personae in potestate (daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piri); in manu (xelisuflebaSi yofna); in mancipio (sxva pirisaTvis mancipirebuli, xelqveiTi piri); paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi); persona aliena iurus (sxvisi xelqveiTi piri); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisuflebis piri); filius familias (ojaxis vaJiSvili); filiae familias (ojaxis qaliSvili); filiae loco (cum manu tipis qorwinebisas cols ojaxis ufrosTan mimarTebiT
SviliSvilis statusi hqonda, xolo qmarTan mimarTebiT _ qaliSvilis). Sequitur de iure personarum alia divisio. Nam quaedam personae sui iuris sunt, quaedam alieno iuri subiectae sunt _ pirTa uflebebis sferoSi sxva dayofac arsebobs. vinaidan zogierTi piri TviTxelisuflebis, zogic sxvisi uflebis xelqveiTia. Rursus earum personarum, quae alieno iur, subiectae sunt, aliae in potestate, aliae in manu, aliae in mancipio sunt _ Semdeg, im pirTa Soris, vinc sxvisi xelisuflebis morCilia, erTni ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi, meoreni qmris xelisuflebaSi, sxvebi ki gankargviT xelisuflebaSi imyofebian (Gai,1,48-49). iustinianes institutebis pirveli wignis VIII TavSi ganmartebulia damoukidebeli da sxvebze damokidebuli pirebis mdgomareoba: `pirTa uflebebis sxvagvar dayofas iyenebdnen. vinaidan zogi piri sakuTari uflebis mqone (e.i. Tavisufali) iyo, zogic sxvis uflebas eqvemdebareboda; meore mxriv, maTgan, vinc sxvis uflebas eqvemdebareboda, zogi mSoblis xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda, zogi ki _ batonebisa (monaTmflobelobis)~. monebi sxvis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) imyofebodnen; monaze batonis xelisufleba xalxis samarTals (potestas iuris gentium) miekuTvneba. ojaxis Tavisufali wevrebi (liberi) _ vaJiSvilebi (filii familias) da qaliSvilebi (filiae familias), daRmavali xaziT sxva naTesavebi, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi imyofebodnen; bavSvebze xelisufleba (patria potestas) ius civile-s instituti iyo (ius proprium civium Romanorum (Gai.,1.55). kanonieri meuRle, romelmac conventio in manu ganaxorciela, qmris xelisuflebaSi (in manu) imyofeboda. Tu misi qmari sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) iyo, maSin coli, erTdroulad, sakuTari qmrisa (in manu mariti) da misi ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) Sedioda; amiT mas ojaxSi qmris qaliSvilisa da ojaxis ufrosis SviliSvilis adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli (filiae loco). qmris xelisuflebaSi gadasvliT qali sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeboda da sxva piris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. Tu qali TviTxelisufali piri iyo, qorwinebis Semdeg sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri xdeboda. In mancipio imyofeba sxva ojaxis ufrosisadmi mancipirebuli xelqveiTi piri (Cveulebriv, miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis mizniT _ Gai.,1,140). aseTi piris Svilebi sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis _ papis _ xelisuflebaSi imyofebian, anu xelisuflebaSi myofi (in mancipio) piri, imavdroulad, potenciurad sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis in potestate-Si imyofeba. mancipacia (mancipium) da mamis xelisufleba (patria
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potestats) erTmaneTs brunvadi (samoqalaqo brunvisadmi mikuTvnebuli) da statikuri uflebamosilebis saxiT Seefardeboda. sxvis xelisuflebaSi yofna piris sajaro uflebebze gavlenas ver axdenda (D.1.6.9), Tumca, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mis uflebauunarobis ganmsazRvreli iyo. sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi myof pirebs sakuTreba ar gaaCniaT, maT mier SeZenili raime nivTi, ojaxis ufrosis sasargeblod SeZenilad iTvleboda. aseT pirebs damoukideblad ar SeeZloT iseTi iuridiuli garigebis dadeba, romelic maT mdgomareobas daamZimebda (magaliTad, gasxviseba, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebebis aReba). aseTi aqtebis namdvilobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo ojaxis ufrosis nebis gamovlena (auctoritas). xelisuflebaSi myofi piri qorwinebaSi mxolod ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) Tanxmobis Semdeg Sedioda. ojaxis ufrosi avtomaturad xdeboda mis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisuflis an monis) mier, xandazmulobiT SeZenili qonebis (usucapio) mflobeli. romis samarTalSi uflebaunarianobis aRniSnuli SezRudva mxolod kerZo sawyiss efuZneboda da winasaxelmwifoebrivi epoqis socialuri organizaciis _ patriarqaluri ojaxis (familia) _ xaziT Camoyalibebis principebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. adamians, geneologiurad, sakuTari Tavi garkveuli jgufis nawilad miaCnda da sakuTari moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis siswores winaparTa nebas usadagebda. winaparTa sulebsa da cocxlad myofTa Soris mediatorad, ojaxis yvelaze uxucesi da, Sesabamisad, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos myofi _ ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) iyo. winaparTa kultisa da saojaxo siwmindeTa (sacra familiares) mcveli, Sesabamisad, winapris saqmeebisa da ojaxis wevrTa saqmianobaze pasuxismgebeli piri iyo. Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi am patara lideris avtoriteti ojaxze (familia) mis pirad Zalauflebad _ patria potestas _ aRiqmeboda; ojaxis wevrebs, ojaxis ufrosis mimarT, morCileba da pativiscema hmarTebdaT. igives iTxovda dadgenili marTlwesrigic. klasikuri gagebiT, ojaxis (familia) wevrebi _ sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad (personae in aliena potestate), an iuridiulad sxvis xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebul pirebad (personae alieno iuri subiectae), an xelqveiT pirebad (personae alieni iuris) moixsenebian. Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi ojaxis ufrosi TviTxelisufal pirad _ persona sui iuris-ad warmogvidgeboda. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) sakuTar xelisuflebasa da uflebas morCilebda, imavdroulad, sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni da damoukidebeli pirovneba iyo. xelisuflebaSi myofTa statusi, maTi TviTRirebuleba SefardebiTi iyo da mxolod ojaxis ufrosis samarTalsubieqtobis anarekls warmoadgenda. ulpianes azriT, potestatis verbum communiter accipiendum est tam in filio quam in servo _ sityva `potestas~ (xelisufleba) ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT rogorc xelisuflebaSi myofi vaJiSvilis, ise monasTan mimarTebiT (D.15.1.1.5). Svilebis mimarT gamoyenebuli sityva _ liberi _ asaxavda im pirvandel viTarebas, roca isini, xelisuflebis (potestas) saerTo safuZvelze, monebis msgavsad ganixilebodnen; maT Soris sxvaoba mxolod sajaro samarTliT dasturdeboda, romlis Tanaxmadac, liberi anu Svilebi, sityvasityviT Tavisufals niSnavda. saojaxo erTeulis _ potestas _ cneba saojaxo struqturis yvela doneze vrceldeboda, anu es iyo zogadi cneba, romelic xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa yvela saxis mdgomareobasa da garemoebas moicavda. In potestas-ad yofna ara mxolod morCilebas, aramed, garkveuli damoukideblobis mqone, socialuri erTeulisadmi kuTvnilebasac niSnavda. In potestate an cum potestate pirebs romaelebi upirispirebdnen imaT, vinc potestate-dan gamoricxuli an, saerTod, mis miRma iyo. es viTareba iuridiul konstruqciaSic aisaxa da Semdegs gulisxmeboda: ojaxidan gasvlas Tan sdevda TviTxelisuflebis SeZena da uflebaunarianobis Semcireba (capitis deminutio minima). Sui iuris pirad qcevis Semdeg (Tumca, sakuTari familia-s miRma) piri ara imdenad sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis (patesfamilias) mimarT damoukideblobas iZenda, ramdenadac mfarvelobasa da socialur stabilurobas kargavda, romelic pirdapir da uSualod, garkveuli avtonomiuri erTeulisadmi, kuTvnilebis princips ukavSirdeboda.
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V. Capitis deminutio (uflebaunarianobis damcroba) Status libertatis (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); status civitatis (moqalaqeoba); status familiae (ojaxisadmi kuTvnileba); capitis deminutio maxima, media, minima (uflebaunarianobis sruli, nawilobrivi, minimaluri damcroba); peculium castrense (sabanako pekuliumi); bona materna (dedis qoneba). romis samarTali piris sam statuss ganasxvavebda: status libertatis, status civitatis, status familiae, anu eseni romis is moqalaqeebi iyvnen, romlebic im ojaxs (familia) ekuTvnodnen, romelSic daibadnen da samive statuss flobdnen; sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebidan gasuli da ojaxis miRma myofi pirebi or status, xolo Tavisufali ucxoelebi (peregrini) _ mxolod erT statuss flobdnen. Patria potestas da patriarqaluri ojaxi _ familia _ wminda romauli institutebia. iustinianes instituciebis I wignis IV TavSi mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad, `Tavisuflad (Tavisufal pirad) dabadebulia is, vinc dabadebisTanave Tavisufalia, gind igi ori Tavisuflad dabadebuli [piris] qorwinebisgan daibados, gindac _ orive gaazatebulis da gindac _ erTi Tavisuflad dabadebulis da meore gaazatebulis. xolo Tu vinme Tavisufali dedisa da mona mamisgan ibadeba, igi mainc Tavisufal [pirad] ibadeba, zustad iseve, rogorc is, vinc Tavisufali dedisa da ucnobi mamisgan daibada, radgan igi [kanonieri] qorwinebis gareSe Caisaxa. meore mxriv, sakmarisia, rom deda Tavisufali iyos im dros, rodesac [bavSvi] ibadeba, Tundac [igi man] mxevlad yofnisas Casaxos, da piriqiT, Tu Tavisufalma Casaxa da Semdeg mxvlad gamxdarma dabada, dadgenilia, rom is, vinc ibadeba, Tavisufali daibados, vinaidan dedis ubedurebam ar unda avnos mas, vinc muclad aris... 1. xolo Tavisuflad dabadebuls ar avnebs is [garemoeba], rom igi monobaSi iyo da Semdeg iqna ganTavisuflebuli (gaazatebuli), radgan mravaljer daadgines, rom gaazateba dabadebis mdgomareobas ar vnebs~. piris sami statusis Tanadroulad, arsebobda uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxic: capitis deminutio maxima, media et minima (Gai.,1,158-162). D.4.5.11 digestebSi uflebaunarianobis damcrobis aRniSnuli xarisxebis Sesaxeb weria: `im sami mdgomareobis _ Tavisufleba, moqalaqeoba, ojaxi _ mixedviT, romelTac Cven vflobT, arsebobs uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxi: sruli, nawilobrivi da minimaluri. yvela maTganis, anu Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobisa da ojaxis statusis dakargviT, uflebaunarianobis yvelaze didi damcroba xdeba; moqalaqeobis dakargvisas radgan Tavisufleba SenarCunebulia, uflebaunarianobis saSualo damcroba xdeba; xolo Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis SenarCunebisas, Tu mxolod saojaxo statusi ikargeba, maSin uflebaunarianobis damcroba minimalurad iTvleba~. `Caput~ _ uflebaunarianobas niSnavda da uSualod adamianis erTiani koleqtivis wevrobaze miuTiTebda. Tavdapirvelad, capitis deminutio-s mxolod or safexurs ganasxvavebdnen: maxima da minima, rac uSualod Tavisuflebisa (libertas) da moqalaqeobis (civitas) institucionaluri urTierTkavSiris pirobebs Seesabameboda. termini `capitis deminutio~ iTargmneba, rogorc `erTi TaviT Semcireba~, da sazogadoebrivi kavSiris wevrobis Sewyvetaze miuTiTebda (cvlilebis arsi swored es iyo). piri, romelic gamovidoda jgufidan, statuss icvlida, radgan masze jgufuri privilegiebi veRar gavrceldeboda. sazogadoebrivi kavSirebidan gamodevna ki, pirs jgufSi dadgenili normebis moqmedebis miRma tovebda da mis daucvelobas ganapirobebda. uflebauunarobis ori xarisxis arseboba or socialur kavSirze _ Temsa (civitas) da ojaxze (familia) miuTiTebda. maTdami kuTvnileba piris samarTlebrivi statusis sisrules uzrunvelyofda, statusTa ierarqia ki samoqalaqo Temisadmi ojaxis morCilebaze metyvelebda. imavdroulad, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, statusis Secvla capitis deminutio minima-s gareSec SeiZleboda; ojaxis ufrosis daRmavali xazis naTesavebi (Svilebi, cum manu qorwinebaSi myofi meuRle), TviTxelisufalni (persona sui iuris) xdebodnen da aRniSnul ojaxSi yvela uflebas inarCunebdnen. Tu ojaxis erTi wevri meore ojaxSi qmris xelisuflebaSi (conventio in manum mariti) gadasvliT, an Svilad ayvanis (adoptio) gziT, kvlav xelisuflebaSi myofad (alieni iuris) rCeboda, imis maniSnebeli iyo, rom misi statusi ar Secvlila. Tumca, ojaxis Secvla Zvel ojaxTan uSualod dakavSirebuli uflebebis _ memkvidreobiTi, sameurveo da sxva uflebebis _ dakargvas niSnavda. sxva
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ojaxSi analogiuri uflebebis mopoveba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. ojaxisadmi kuTvnileba ara marto dadebiT uflebamosilebebs uzrunvelyofda, aramed piris statussac adgenda. praqtikulad ki, es Semdegs niSnavda: saojaxo solidarobas, erTi ojaxis yvela wevrTa urTierTpasuxismgeblobasa da samarTalsubieqtobis erTobliobas. VI. Persona (piri) romis samarTalSi `piris~ (`persona~) cnebiT, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtis tipuri, universaluri idea aRiniSneboda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, piri (persona) urTierTobebis monawile piris iuridiul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda. adamianuri arseba fizikur pirad (persona) mas Semdeg miiCneoda, rac: 1. Cvili dedis sxeuls gamoeyofoda, 2. daibadeboda cocxali, 3. adamianis ier-saxiT da 4. fizikurad sakmarisad Camoyalibebuli. dedis saSoSi myofi bavSvi (nasciturus, venter, partus nondum editus) ara fizikur pirad, aramed dedis sxeulis nawilad miiCneoda. axali drois iuristebis formulirebis Tanaxmad, igi iyo dedis saSoSi myofi Cvili, romelsac hqonda yvela is ufleba (socialuri statusi, memkvidred yofna), rac dabadebisTanave eniWeboda (nasciturus pro iam nato habetur, quoties de commodis eius agitur). aRniSnuli uflebebis dasacavad, jer kidev ardabadebul bavSvs qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator ventris) eniSneboda. amis gamo, SesaZloa Svili gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani gamxdariyo. magaliTad, fexmZimobis periodSi dedas mis gamosakvebad sarCo (alimenta) eniSneboda. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, dedis sxeulisagan Svilis gancalkevebas mniSvneloba ar hqonda Semdeg viTarebaTa gamo: 1. iustinianes Tanaxmad, Cvilis sicocxlisunarianobis dasadgenad sakmarisad iTvleboda axalSobilis dayvireba. piris cnebis dasadgenad sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda; 2. normalurad miCneuli adamianis sxeulisagan (sxeulis nawilebis uCveulo raodenoba, siamis tyupebi da sxva) umniSvnelo gadaxra, axalSobilisaTvis piris statusis CamorTmevis safuZvlad ar miiCneoda. Zvel romaelebs sagagebod ar daudgeniaT is naklovanebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamiani maxinjad (monstrum) unda miCneuliyo. zogierTi iuristis azriT, uCveulo Tavis formis mqone Cvili maxinjad (monstrum) iTvleboda; 3. axalSobilis samarTlis subieqtad miCnevis TvalsazrisiT, iyo sadavo viTareba, roca bavSvis saTanado ganviTarebis done eqspertTa daskvnas saWiroebda. ase, magaliTad, muclis mowyvetis Sedegad cocxladSobili bavSvi pirad (persona) ver CaiTvleboda; samagierod, dRenakluli, magram saTanadod ganviTarebuli Cvili, pirad (persona) iTvleboda. romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, dadgenili iyo iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone arsebiTi xasiaTis sxvaobebi piris mimarT; kerZod, es iyo: sqesi, asaki, janmrTelobis mdgomareoba, naTesauri kavSiri, samoqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili. 1) Sexus (sqesi) romis samarTali mxolod or sapirispiro sqess _ mamrobiT da mdedrobiT _ aRiarebda. Sesabamisad, arasrulyofili sqesobrivi monacemebis mqone pirebs (hermaphroditae) im sqess akuTvnebdnen, romlisadmi midrekilebac individSi ufro Warbobda. sajaro samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT (saidanac momdinareobda qalis uunaroba sameurveo saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT), adamianTa sqesobriv sxvaobas kerZo samarTali did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. romis samarTali mxedvelobaSi iRebda qalis, SedarebiT swarf mowifulobas da aqedan gamomdinare, qalis srulwlovanebis asakad 12 wlis asaks adgenda. imavdroulad, romis samarTliT qals SedarebiT naklebi damoukidebloba eniWeboda, radgan, sayovelTaod miRebuli azris Tanaxmad, mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT, qali naklebad icnobda samarTals, rac mas xels uSlida sakuTari uflebebis dacvaSi. amis gamo, zogjer, qals samudamo meurveobasac ki uwesebdnen. 2) Aetas (asaki) romis samarTliT, adamianis qmedunarianoba, ZiriTadad, asakis safuZvelze ganisazRvreboda. Cveulebriv, nebis gamovlenis unari adamianSi TandaTanobiT viTardeboda da yoveli adamiani am viTarebas gansxvavebulad ganicdida. amitom, samarTliT dadginda is ori, tipuri da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli asakobrivi etapi, SeZlebisdagvarad rom asaxavda adamianis gonebrivi da fizikuri ganviTarebis dones anu arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) da srulwlovanebis asaki (puberes).
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Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli maTgani kidev or periodad dayves: 1. arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) iyofoda: a) Svid wlamde asakis (infantes, qui fari non possunt) bavSvebi, romlebic sruliad qmeduunaroni iyvnen; b) vaJebi 14 wlis asakamde da gogonebi 12 wlis asakamde (qui fari possunt, e.w. infantia maiores, prokulianes Tanaxmad, rasac iustinianec daeTanxma). aRniSnuli asakis orive piri raimes SesaZenad _ qmedunarianad, magram valdebulebebis dasadebad, qonebis gasasxviseblad, anderZiT memkvidreobis gansakargavad _ qmeduunarod miiCneoda. 2. srulwlovanebis asaki (puberes) miiCneoda vaJebisaTvis _ 14, xolo gogonebisaTvis 12 wlis asaki. Zveli romauli samarTliT, srulwlovani mamakacebi srulad qmedunarianni, qalebi ki _ nawilobriv qmedunarianni iyvnen da amitom mancipaciis (mantipatio) damoukideblad ganxorcielebisa da anderZis datovebis ufleba ar hqondaT. mogvianebiT, 25 wlamde srulwlovanebs (minores viginti quinque annis) zogi upiratesoba miecaT. magaliTad, restitutio in integrum. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi armyof arasrulovnebs (minores) ki garkveuli saxis meurveoba (cura) an mzrunveloba (tutela) eniSneboda. sqesis ganurCevlad ganasxvavebdnen srulwlovanebis or periods: a) arasrulyofil srulwlovnebs (puberes minores), romlebic mamis xelisuflebaSi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi srulad uflebauunaroTa (infantia maiores) mdgomareobas iZendnen da SeZenis, valdebulebis aRebis, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebaze pasuxisgebis ufleba ar hqondaT. Tumca, pirTa aRniSnuli kategoria (impuberes infantia-sa da maiores-gan gansxvavebiT) anderZiT memkvidreobiT gadacemisa da ficis dadebis upiratesobiT sargeblobda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, 20 wels gadacilebuli vaJebi da 18 wels gadacilebuli qaliSvilebi, imperatoris reskriptiT, srulwlovanebas iZendnen (veniam aetatis impetrare). b) 25 wels gadacilebuli pirebi (puberes maiores legitimae aetatis) sruli moculobiT srulwlovanebad iTvlebodnen. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, kanoniT maT sruli qmedunarianoba eniWebodaT. 3) Sanitas (janmrTeloba) piris qmedunarianobaze uSualo gavlenas axdenda daavadeba (farTo gagebiT, gadaxra adamianis sxeulis normaluri ganviTarebidan). ganasxvavebdnen fizikur da sulier daavadebas: a) fizikur daavadebad miiCneoda sxeulis aranormaluri mdgomareoba an raime fizikuri nakli (vitium: yru-munji, brma, kastrati, an calkeul organoTa daavadeba (morbus), uSviloba (spadones)). qmedunarianobis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnul pirTa mimarT, garkveuli SezRudvebi arsebobda; magaliTad, yru-munji ver dadebda iseT garigebas, romlis drosac aucilebeli iyo sakuTari nebis sityvieri gacxadeba an meore mxaris pirobis mosmena; kastrats ar SeeZlo qorwineba da Svileba. b) fsiqikur daavadebad miiCneoda Wkuasustoba (dementes), Seuracxadoba (furiosi). suliT avadmyofi anu Seuracxadi sruliad qmeduunaro iyo. ramdenadac sulier daavadebas axasiTebda gamonaTebis periodebi (lucida intervalla), maTi qmedunarianoba SeiZleba aRdgebiliyo. romis samarTliT SezRuduli qmedunarianobis kategorias miekuTvnebodnen ugunurebi (stulti) da gulubryviloebi (simplices). aseTi pirebi savsebiT qmedunarianni iyvnen, magram ar SeeZloT sakuTari ugunuri qmedebiT miRebuli zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna. aqedan mieca dasabami gamoTqmas stultis non succurritur _ ugunurebas gamarTleba ara aqvs. 4) Gentilitas (naTesaoba) romis samarTali ganasxvavebda naTesaobis or saxes: bunebriv, sisxlismiersa da wmina iuridiul naTesaobas. 1. bunebrivi naTesaobiT (naturalis cognatio an, ubralod, cognatio) igulisxmeboda sisxliT naTesaoba, romelic warmoiSoboda sqesobrivi kavSiris Sedegad da moyveboda STamomavloba. gansxvavebuli tipis sqesobrivi kavSiris (saqorwino, naturaluri, konkubinati da a.S.) Sedegebic gansxvavebuli iyo. a) romis samarTali ganasxvavebda kanonier qorwinebas (matrimonium iustum an iustae nuptiae), romlis drosac, ius civile-Ti orive mxares kanonieri qorwinebis (ius connubii) ufleba moeTxoveboda. kanonieri qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi (filii legitimi) mamis xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen da iuri-
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diulad sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad (persona alieni iuris) miiCneodnen; b) zemoaRniSnul moTxovnaTa daucvelad dadebul qorwinebas, naturaluri qorwineba (matrimonium non legitimum) ewodeboda; Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis qorwineba, kanonieri qorwinebisagan SedegebiTac gansxvavdeboda. iustinianes kanonmdebloba orive tipis qorwinebas aRiarebda. daqorwinebul meuRleTa naTesavebs (adfinitas) Soris, vidre maTi naTesavi wyvili qorwinebaSi imyofeboda, yovelgvari sqesobrivi urTierToba ikrZaleboda; maTi ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, aseTi akrZalva uqmdeboda. 2. qalsa da mamakacs Soris mudmivi Tanacxovrebis saxiT sqesobrivi kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeboda, rom mamakacs daqorwineba surda (affectio maritalis), xolo qals daqorwineba qmris xelisuflebaSi Seusvlelad (dignitas uxoris), anu konkubinatis pirobad iTvleboda wyvilis iseTi kavSiri, romlis drosac coli da Svilebi (liberi naturales) qmris ojaxSi (familia) ar Sediodnen. romis samarTliT aseTi kavSiri dasaSvebad miiCneoda. 3. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, sqesobrivi kavSiri monasa da Tavisufal qals Soris (contubernium) imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom aRniSnuli kavSiris Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi romis moqalaqeebi xdebodnen, Tu qali ar iqneboda monad dasjili, imis gamo, rom is sajer iyo gafrTxilebuli Seewyvita ukanono kavSiri monasTan. 4. mamakacsa da Tavisufal gasaTxovar qals (stuprum) Soris droebiTi sqesobrivi kavSiris Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi mouwesrigebeli sqesobrivi urTierTobis Sedegad Sobilebad miiCneodnen (spurii, vulgo concepti, vulgo quaesiti), ris gamoc, maTi mamis dadgena SeuZlebeli iyo. Liberi naturalis-gan gansxvavebiT, meZavis ukanono Svilebs mamis memkvidred yofnis ufleba ar hqondaT. 5. mamakacsa da sxvis meuRlesTan sqesobrivi kavSiris, mruSobis (adulterium) Sedegad Sobil bavSvebs, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, arasrulyofilni, arasrulfasovanni (adulterini) ewodebodaT. 6. sqesobrivi kavSiri pirdapiri xazis naTesavebsa da moyvrebs Soris, sisxlaRreviTi sqesobrivi kavSiri aRmavali da daRmavali xazis naTesavebs (incestus iure gentium, incestae ac nefariae nuptiae, damnatus coitus), yvela drosa da yvela qveyanaSi ikrZaleboda. 7. naTesaoba ganisazRvreboda Semdegi pirobebis safuZvelze: a) bavSvebi sakuTari dedisa da misi naTesavebis mimarT, sisxlismier naTesavebad iTvlebodnen, mSoblebs Soris sqesobrivi kavSiris iuridiuli formis (anu qorwinebis Tu qorwinebis gareSe) miuxedavad. gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo bavSvebsa da maT mamas Soris naTesauri kavSiris dadgenisas. kerZod, maT Soris naTesaobis dasadgenad savaldebulo pirobad bavSvebis kanonier qorwinebaSi dabadeba da mamis mier maTi aRiareba miiCneoda. bavSvebi filii legitimi-s statuss, mxolod aRniSnul pirobaTa dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi iZendnen, ase rom, qorwinebis gareSe Sobil bavSvebs, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, mama da mamis mxridan naTesaoba, ar hyavdaT. Tumca, romis samarTliT, konkubinatis Sedegad Sobil bavSvebs (liberi naturales) mamis mimarT alimenta da kanonismieri sagangebo memkvidreobis ufleba eniWebodaT. romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, naTesaobis ramdenime saxes ganasxvavebdnen: 1. pirdapiri (recta) aRmavali (linea superior, ascendens) da daRmavali (linea inferior, descendes) xazis naTesaobas, anu naTesaoba im pirTa Soris, romelTaganac erTni warmoiSobodnen meoreTagan. naTesaobis aRmniSvneli xazisagan ganasxvavebdnen 2. gverdiTi xazis (linea transversa) naTesaobas, anu naTesaur kavSirs saerTo mesame pirisagan CamomavalTa Soris. gverdiTi xazis naTesavebs or jgufad yofdnen: a) srulyofil (RviZli da-Zma _ germani consangvinei) da b) arasrulyofil (naxevari da-Zma, romelTaganac mamiT erTni consangvinei-ebad, xolo dediT erTni uterini-ebad iwodebodnen) naTesavebad. 3. rTuli da martivi naTesaoba. rTul naTesavebad miiCneodnen is pirebi, romlebic ori Zmis or daze qorwinebis Sedegad iyvnen Sobilni. axla ganvixiloT ara bunebrivi, aramed wminda iuridiuli naTesaoba, anu naTesaobis meore didi safuZveli. wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, naTesaobad miiCneoda im pirTa erToba (agnatio), romelnic saerTo mamis _ paterfamilias _ xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen. aseTi naTesaoba erTian civilur ojaxs
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(familia) efuZneboda. Paterfamialia-s mis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebTan erTad (persona alieni iuris) hqmnida ojaxs, viwro gagebiT, (familia proprio iure), xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (posthumi) ojaxis wevrebi, mogvianebiT Sobil pirebTan erTad, warmoadgendnen ojaxs, am sityvis farTo gagebiT (familia communi iure, familia agnatorum). agnaturi naTesaoba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli yofiliyo kognatur naTesaobasTan (kanonier qorwinebaSi Sobili da legitimuri Svili). Tumca, zogjer, aseTi kavSiris arseboba ar SeiniSeneboda (magaliTad, agnatio-d miiCneoda Svilad ayvana mSvilebesa (arrogator) da Svilad ayvanils (arrogatus) Soris; aseve cognatio – paterfamilias da mis emancipirebul vaJiSvils Soris). aRniSnuli magaliTi eWvqveS ayenebs prof. baronis ganmartebas: sunt agnati, qui per virilis sexus personas cognatione iuncti sunt, quasi a parte cognatis. naTesaobis orive saxes Tanabari iuridiuli mniSvneloba mxolod iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT mieniWa, ris Sedegadac dadginda Tanabari samemkvidreo uflebebi da meurved yofnis movaleoba. uZveles ius civile-Ti martiv cognatio-s araviTari iuridiuli Sedegi ar mohyveboda. gviandeli respublikis periodidan cognatio naTesaobas samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dadgomis ufleba mieca, xolo aRniSnuli naTesauri samarTlebrivi aRiareba uSualod aisaxa pretorul ediqtebSi, imperatoris kanonebsa da gansakuTrebiT, iustinianes kanonmdeblobaSi. Cognati naTesavebi igive uflebebs iZendnen, rac, ius civile-Ti agnat naTesavebs hqondaT. aqedan mieca dasabami Semdeg iuridiul debulebas: Tu agnatia, maSin kognaticaa _ qui est agnatus, et cognatus est. 5) saqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili (loco habitare) apeninis naxevarkunZulis teritoria gansazRvruli raodenobis saqalaqo Temebad (civitates respublicae) iyofoda. qalaqi da mis garSemo mdebare sasoflo dasaxlebebi politikur kavSirs qmnida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi imave principiT ganixilavdnen romis imperiaSi Semaval provinciebsac. amrigad, erTi saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali xalxi, Cveulebriv, romelime saqalaqo Temis wevric iyo. 1. saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba efuZnebod: a) saqalaqo Temis moqalaqeobis uflebas (origos, domus samSoblo). aRniSnuli ufleba SeiZineboda: moqalaqesTan kanonier qorwinebaSi myofi piris mier bavSvis gaCeniT an moqalaqis mier bavSvis gaCeniT (origo, nativitas), saqalaqo Temis wevris mier piris SvilebiT (adoptio), piris saqalaqo Temis wevrad miRebiT (allectio) da monis gaazatebiT (manumissio); b) sacxovrebel adgils (domicilium) piri irCevda raime saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad da sxva pirebTan urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. Tumca, SerCeul adgilze mudmivad yofna savaldebulo ar iyo. sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, qalaqisadmi kuTvnilebas incolae ewodeboda, xolo sacxovrebeli adgilis sakuTari nebiT SerCeveas domicilium voluntarium. Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevas samarTlis norma adgenda, mas domicilium necesarium ewodeboda. jariskacebis, moxeleebis, colebis, mamis xelisuflebaSi myofi Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla damokidebuli iyo piris Tavisufal nebaze an samarTlebriv normaze. kanoniT daSvebuli iyo ramdenime sacxovrebeli adgilis qona an, saerTod, misi uqonloba _ aseTi cxovrebis wesi moxetiale adamianebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. 2. gansazRvruli saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba adgenda: a) saqalaqo valdebulebis Sesrulebis movaleobas (munera); b) saqalaqo xelisfulebis moTxovnebisadmi (sasamarTlo qvemdebareobis principis dacva) da g) konkretul qalaqSi moqmedi samarTlisadmi piris morCilebas (lex originis, lex domicilii). VII. moyvroba Adfinitas (moyvroba). Zvel romSi cnobil, naTesaur kavSirs, romelic arsebobda meuRleebis naTesavTa Soris, ewodeboda moyvroba (adfinitas). am kavSiris arseboba mniSvnelovani iyo im TvalsazrisiT, rom qorwinebis damabrkolebel garemoebad miiCneoda, radgan krZalavda incestum-s, agreTve, garkveulwilad, xels uSlida zogierTi sarCelis procesualur dasabuTebas. meuRle iTvleboda meore meuRlis naTesavTa moyvrad imave xarisxSi, ra xarisxis naTesauri kavSiric arsebobda maT Soris. kerZod, siZe iyo simamrisaTvis pirdapiri xazis pirveli xarisxis moyvare, radgan aseTive xarisxis naTesauri kavSiri arsebobda mis colsa da simamrs Soris.
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VIII. Colonus (koloni) Colonus (koloni); servi terra (miwis monebi); coloni adscripticii (sagadasaxado reestrSi Setanili kolonebi); dominus fundi (miwis nakveTis batoni). III saukuneSi, ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis pirobebSi, damokidebuli mosaxleobis gansakuTrebuli kategoria _ miwaze mimagrebuli glexoba (coloni) warmoiSva. Tavdapirvelad, miwaze mimagrebis procesi mxolod imperatoris miwaze monebis, gaazatebulebisa da moijareTa (coloni) Sromis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda; amiT maT sakuTari nebiT sadme wasvla ekrZalebodaT. kolonatis institutis iuridiuli gaformeba IV saukunis bolos dasrulda. aRniSnuli institutis farglebSi moxda, profesiul kavSirebsa (collegia, corpora) da adgilobriv sabWoebSi (curia), memkvidreobiTi wevrobis zogadi principis damkvidreba da aseT gaerTianebaTa kuTvnili qonebis aRwera funqciis mixedviT. amave dros imperatorebis Teodosius I-is, arkadiusisa da honoriusis konstituciam coloni-s statusi miwis monad (servi terrae) gansazRvra: `Licet conditione videantur ingenui, servi tamen terrae ipsius cui nati sunt aestimentur _ miuxedavad imisa, rom isini TavisufladSobilni arian, isini im miwis monebad ganixilebian sadac daibadnen. kolonis qonebas ewodeboda peculium-i, romelis gasxviseba, memamulis Tanxmobis gareSe, dauSvebeli iyo. imperiis aRmosvleT nawilSi kolonebs, sagadasaxado reestrSi (coloni adscripticii), miwasTan erTad aRnusxavdnen. V saukunis II naxevarSi gamwvavebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, kolonebis am kategoriis mdgomareoba, praqtikulad monobisagan ar gansxvavdeboda. kolons ekrZaleboda mamulis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) Tanxmobis gareSe miwis nakveTis mitoveba, mesakuTres ki am miwebidan kolonebis gandevna; mesakuTres mxolod kolonebis erTi mamulidan meoreSi gadayvanis ufleba hqonda. statusis SezRudva administraciuli mizniT iyo ganpirobebuli: samoqalaqo samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, kolonsa da mamulis mesakuTres Soris urTierTobebi qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio operarum) an saijaro xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio rei) wesrigdeboda. Tu maT Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi sagadasaxado reestrSi iyo gatarebuli, am urTierTobebis TviTneburi, an Tundac, urTierTSeTanxmebiTi moSla, mxareebs ar SeeZloT. mesakuTris mxridan xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRveva sasamarTlo wesiT isjeboda, vinaidan sasamarTlo procesze koloni damoukidebel mxared gamodioda. kolonis mdgomareoba memkvidreobiTi iyo. a) kolonatis warmoSobis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli koloni iyo, bavSvi dedis mdgomareobas iRebda; 2. Tu piri 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi koloni iyo, xandazmulobis vadis ZaliT, igi miwaze mimargebas eqvemdebareboda. b) kolonatis Sewyvetis pirobebi iyo: 1. memamules kolonisadmi sakuTar uflebaze uaris Tqma, mxolod miwaze uariT (peculium-is gadacemasTan erTad monis gaazatebis msgavsad) SeeZlo. es iyo kolonatis urTierTobis Sewyvetis mTavari piroba; 2. Tu koloni, 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisufali piris statusiT cxovrobda, misi ganTavisufleba xandazmulobiT xdeboda; 3. Tu koloni 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organos wevri _ dekurioni _ iyo, kolonati wydeboda; 4. Tu miwis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) TanxmobiT, koloni episkoposobas miiRebda an monazoni gaxdeboda, kolonati wydeboda. IX. Universitates (iuridiuli pirebi) Pagus (sasoflo Temi); Sodales (TanamesufreTa kavSiri); collegium (profesiuli gaerTianeba); lex collegii (gaerTianebis wesdeba); actor (kolegiis warmomadgeneli); arca (kolegiis xazina); universitas (adgilobrivi Temi); municipium (municipaliteti); persona certa (ganszRvruli piri); fiscus (saimperatoro xazina); aerarium populi Romani (romaeli xalxis xazina); ius fisci (fiskaluri (sagadasaxado) samarTali); beneficium (beneficiumi, saeklesio (sataZro) qoneba); piae causae (samlocvelo) samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawiled _ subieqtad _ SeiZleba iyos ara marto fizikuri piri, anu calkeuli adamiani, aramed adamianTa gaerTianeba, romelic samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi erTveboda rogorc erTiani mTeli da am ukanasknelis Semadgeneli calkeuli subieqtebisagan, Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeboda. kerZo pirTa uflebebiT aRWurvili, socialuri erTeulis saxiT, romis samarTlis subieqtebad gamodiodnen: profesiuli da religiuri kavSirebi (collegia, sodalicia, societates, corpora), TviTmmarTvelobis mqone adgilobrivi samoqalaqo Temebi (municipia, coloniae), saxelmwifo xazina (fiscus).
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kerZo asociaciebis Tavisufleba XII dafis kanonebiT iyo dadgenili, romelic maT wesdebebs (lex collegii) Sidasavaldebulo Zalas aniWebda, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom isini kanonis moTxovnas ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen. am normis wyarod miiCnevdnen solonis kanons, romlis teqstSic CamoTvlili iyo rogorc Zveli, ise klasikuri epoqis cnobili kolegiebis saxeobebi: sasoflo Temi (pagi), meomarTa da TanamesufreTa gaerTianeba (curiales, sodales), religiuri da damkrZalavi kavSirebi, romelTa umravlesobac Rarib mosaxleobaSi arsebobda, vinaidan glexebs dakrZalvisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi ar hqondaT; maT ricxvs aseve miekuTvneboda sawarmoo da savaWro korporaciebi. mogvianebiT, kanonmdeblobiT kerZo gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba araerTgzis SeizRuda, vidre avgustusis kanoniT (lex Iulia de collegiis) kolegiaTa dasaSvebi saxeebis CamonaTvali ar dadginda. amgvari gaerTianebebis Seqmnis SezRudva saimperatoro konstituciebiTa da senatuskonsultebiTac gagrZelda. korporaciebs ufleba hqondaT sasamarTloSi gamosuliyvnen. am mizniT iniSneboda korporaciaTa warmomadgeneli (actor), romlis kompetencias kolegiis gadawyvetileba gansazRvravda. kolegiis pasuxismgebloba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqtis saerTo qonebisa da xazinis (arca) moculobiT ganisazRvreboda. TiTqmis msgavsi sistema gamoiyeneboda adgilobrivi Temebis mimarTac, romlebic, aseve korporaciis (universitas) saerTo qonebis subieqtad gamodiodnen, magram maTi qoneba korporaciaSi Semavali calkeuli piris kerZo qonebisagan gansxvavdeba. TanasakuTrebis uflebis Sesabamisad, Temis kuTvnili mona Temis moqalaqeTa mona ar iyo; igi ganixileboda mTeli Temis saerTo sakuTrebad; kerZod, misTvis SeeZloT moeTxovaT Cvenebis micema Temis calkeuli moqalaqis winaaRmdeg. Temis mier gaazatebuls, magistratis Tanxmobis gareSe, calkeuli moqalaqis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba SeeZlo, vinaidan misi patroni mTlianad Temi iyo da ara Temis calkeuli moqalaqe. Tavdapirvelad, adgilobriv samoqalaqo Tems pativs miagebdnen rogorc koleqtivs, rac terminologiaSic aisaxa: municipium nacvlad, mas, rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqts, xSirad municipes (municipali) ewodeboda, rac piris certa persona-ad dadgenis proceduras arTulebda da Temis memkvidred (heres) daniSvnas SeuZlebels xdida. iuridiuli piris gansakuTrebul saxeobas saimperatoro xazina (fiscus) warmoadgenda, xolo mogvianebiT _ mTeli saxelmwifo qoneba. romaeli xalxis qonebas princefsis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxelmwifo qonebisagan ganasxvavebdnen; romaeli xalxis qoneba (populus Romanus) iuridiuli piri ar iyo da samoqalaqo brunvaSi ar monawileobda. samagierod, sxva subieqtebis msgavsad, princefss SeeZlo kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi Cabma, garigebis dadeba, mosarCeled an mopasuxed gamosvla ara mxolod rogorc piradi sakuTrebis mqone kerZo pirs (patrimonium principis), aramed rogorc romis saxelmwifos warmomadgenel sajaro pirsac. arsobrivad, xazina (fiscus) gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi formis saxelmwifo sakuTreba iyo da kerZo sakuTrebis specialuri reJimiT regulirgeboda, riTac mTeli romaeli xalxis sakuTrebas emijneboda. dominatis damyarebisTanave aRniSnuli gansxvaveba gauqmda, radgan saerTo-saxalxo xazina (aerarium populi Romani) saimperatoro xazinas (fiscus) Seerwya. princefsis gardacvalebis Semdeg, res fiscales romis saxelmwifos saTaveSi myof princefsis memkvidres (monacvles) gadaecemoda, xolo princefsis piradi qoneba _ mis pirad memkvidreebs (ojaxis wevrebs) ekuTvnoda. saxazino qonebis mmarTvelad specialuri piri _ procuratores _ iniSneboda. mogvianebiT, xazina (fiscus) ganixileboda samarTlis damoukidebel subieqtad, iuridiuli pirad, romlis Tavisebureba administraciuli xasiaTis upiratesobad ganixileboda. xazinis (fiscus) samarTlebrivi reJimi samarTlis gansakuTrebul dargad _ ius fisci (D.49,14) Camoyalibda; im sasamarTlo ganxilvas, romelSic xazina (fiscus) erT-erT mxared gamodioda (causae fiscales), specialuri sasamarTlo magistrati, eqstraordinaluri sasamarTlo procesis wesiT warmarTavda. 313 w. miRebuli, milanis (mediolanis) ediqtis Semdeg, gansakuTrebul iuridiul pirad iqca qristianuli eklesia, romelsac mis morwmuneTagan damoukidebel subieqtad ganixilavdnen. TandaTanobiT, saeklesio qoneba damoukidebeli iuridiuli piris niSnebs iZenda, romelic, sabolood, Sua sauku-
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neebSi regulirebis sagangebo subieqtad (beneficium) Camoyalibda. garda amisa, arsebobda saeklesio qonebis gansakuTrebuli saxeoba _ samwysos mier saqvelmoqmedo mizniT Sewiruli qoneba _ piae causae, romlis marTva saeklesio qonebis marTvisagan gansxvavdeboda da samoqalaqo brunvaSi uflebaunarian da qmedunarian pirad gamodioda. aRniSnuli qoneba arafriT gansxvavdeboda, Tanamedrove kerZo samarTliT gansazRvruli, fondebis samarTlebrivi reJimisagan. X. warmomadgenloba Dominus negotii (marwmunebeli); procurator (rwmunebuli); actiones adiecticial qualitatis (damatebiTi Tvisebis sarCelebi); actio de peculio (pretoruli sarCeli pekuliumis Sesaxeb); actio de in rem verso (ojaxis ufrosis mimarT Setanili sarCeli, Tu xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier SeZenili qoneba paterfamilias qonebad CaiTvala); excercitor (xomaldis mepatrone); institor (mmarTveli); actio excercitoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Se-
tanili sarCeli, romelic xomaldis meTaurad myofi misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); actio institoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic, meurneobis mouravad myofi, misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); actio quod iussu (kreditoris mier mebatonis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic sakuTari batonis saxeliT, monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); par condicium creditorum (kreditorebis Tanabari mdgomareoba); ratihabitio (rwmunebulis qmedebis mowoneba). garigebis dadeba samarTlis subieqts uSualod yovelTvis ar SeeZlo. zogjer mas sxva piris sakuTar warmomadgenlad gamoyeneba esaWiroeboda. aseTi viTareba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi warmoiSoboda: 1. roca samarTlis subieqti daTqmul adgilze ar imyofeboda (Tumca, saqme saswrafod unda gadawyvetiliyo) an 2. roca viTareba statusis xarvezs _ qmeduunarobas _ ukavSireboda da uflebamosil subieqts nebelobiTi qmedebiT misi ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi exeboda nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ aucilebel an kanoner warmomadgenlobas. kerZod, Wkuasusti (furiosus) mzrunvelobas iZulebiTi wesiT, xolo mcirewlovani bavSvi da qali _ meurveobas (tutela) eqvemdebarebodnen. warmomadgenlobis cnebiT igulisxmeboda: marwmuneblis saxeliTa da mis sasargeblod (dominus negotii), rwmunebulis mier dadebuli garigebis Sedegi uSualod marwmunebels exeboda. am garigebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi marwmunebls, da ara rwmunebuls, ekuTvnoda. aRniSnuli instituti romis samarTlisaTvis ucxo iyo. pirdapiri warmomadgenlobisagan gansxvavebiT, brunvis (obieqturad arsebuli) moTxovnis dakmayofileba moadgileobis meSveobiT SeiZleboda. moadgile saqmes sakuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, garigebis dadebiT uflebebs da movaleobebs iZenda, Tumca, imavdroulad, maTi sxva pirisaTvis gadacema evaleboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saqme irib warmomadgenlobas (an moadgileobas) exeboda, romelic warmomadgenloba arc iyo, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. romis samarTalSi moadgilisa da marwmuneblis urTierTobas davalebis xelSekruleba (mandatum) an davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba (negotiorum gestio) SeiZleba ewodos. romis samarTliT aseTi urTierTobebi, roca erTi piris mier dadebuli garigeba Sedegs meore piris sasargeblod iZleoda, warmomadgenlobis instituts saeTod ar ukavSirdeboda. warmomadgenlobad aseve ver iqneba miCneuli ojaxis ufrosisa (paterfamilias) da daqvemdebarebuli pirebis (in potestate) urTerTobebi, vinaidan am ukanasknelTa mier SeZenili uflebebi da movaleobebi uSualod maTi ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) exeboda, maSinac ki, roca xelisuflebaSi myofni sakuTari saxeliT an ojaxis ufrosis nebarTvis gareSe moqmedebdnen. pekuliumi (peculium) iyo mebatonis mier monisaTvis, an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) mier mis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirisaTvis gamoyofili qoneba, romlis farglebSic, xelisuflebaSi myof (in potestate) pirs sakuTari saxeliT garigebebis dadebis ufleba hqonda. pekuliumis Sesaxeb mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mizani qonebis am saxeobis raobis formaluri gansazRvra iyo. ojaxis biujeti ojaxis ufross unda gaeyo da amis Sesaxeb mesame pirebisaTvis ecnobebina. pekuliumis dadgena Wkuasustsa da mcirewlovans ar SeeZloT, vinaidan pekuliumis gamoyofa ganixileboda iseT iuridiul aqtad, romelsac realuri Sedegi mohyveboda. pekuliumis dadgenisas savaldebulo iyo nivTebis materialurad gadacema (traditio) an, Tundac, gadacemis ceremoniis imitireba. pekuliumis odenobis gaangariSebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda, ojaxis ufrosis mimarT xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa valebi. ulpianes Tanaxmad, `Peculium autem Tubero quidem sic definit, ut Celsus libro sexto digestorum refert, quod servus domini
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permissu separatim a rationibus dominicis habet, deducto inde si quid domino debetur _ pekuliums tuberoni iseve ganmartavs, rogorc celsusi digestebis VI wignSi: pekuliumi aris is, rasac mona, batonis nebarTviT flobs, mebatonis Semosavlebis garda da im valis gamoklebiT, rac monas mebatonisagan marTebs~. respublikis periodis bolos pekuliumis aRniSnuli cneba ganxilvis sagnad iqca. cnobilia, rom serviusi pekuliumis am cnebas Semdegs umatebda: monis vali, monis batonis xelisuflebaSi myofTa mimarT, TviT monis batonis mimarT vals utoldeba, da aseve pekuliumis moculobis gansazRvrisas gamoklebuli unda iqnes. principatis epoqaSi, garigebis dadebisas, ojaxis vaJiSvili (filius familias in potestate) piradad xdeboda pasuxismgebeli. Tumca, valis gadaxdaze uaris (indebensio) SemTxvevaSi, kreditorebs ufleba ar hqondaT valis asanazRaureblad moeTxovaT is qoneba, romelsac ius civile-Ti alieni iuris piri ar flobda. mevalis mier valis individualurad gadaxdis SesaZlebloba ojaxis ufrosis ukmayofilebas iwvevda, radgan igi uflebamosili iyo Tavad gadaexada mis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali da igi kvlav Tavis xelisuflebaSi daetovebina. aRniSnulis miRweva jer kidev winaklasikur epoqaSi, pekuliumis Sesaxeb pretoruli sarCeliT (actio de peculio) iyo SesaZlebeli. am sarCelis formulis safuZvelze (in factum concepta formula), xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisufalis an monis) mier dadebul garigebebze, pekuliumis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, pasuxs ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) agebda; pasuxismgeblobas Tan axlda ojaxis ufrosis winaaRmdeg sarCeli _ actio iudicati de peculio, im sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Taobaze, romelic gamotanili iyo misi xelisuflebaSi myofi piris winaaRmdeg; es iyo pasiuri uflebamosileba. Tu sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri, batonis Tanxmobis gareSe, raime qonebas SeiZenda, aRniSnuli SenaZeni im SemTxvevaSi CaiTvleboda pekuliumad, Tu amas ojaxis ufrosi moiwonebda. Tu SeZenili qoneba am ukanasknelis sakuTreba xdeboda, sarCeliT actio de in rem verso, SenaZenze pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. analogiur SemTxvevad ganixileboda, Tu sxvis xelisuflebaSi (in poteste) myofi piri xomaldis meTauri an misi mepatrone (exercitor) xdeboda; aseve, Tu mas sawarmos mouravoba-mmarTveloba (institor) evaleba. garigebebis safuZvelze miRebuli sargebeli ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) angariSze iricxeba. amgvari garigebis Tanaxmad, kreditorebs, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis mimarT, ufleba hqondaT ojaxis ufrosis winaaRmdeg mTeli valis farglebSi sarCeli _ actio exercitoria da actio institoria _ SeetanaT. aseTive pasuxismgebloba ekisreba paterfamilias-s Tu in potestas piri misi brZanebiT (iussum) moqmedebda; aseT SemTxvevaSi, igi pasuxs actio quod iussu-Tu agebda. Tumca, am urTierTobis arsi principulad gansxvavdeba pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis cnebisagan: roca sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi (in potesta) piri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) saxeliT ar moqmedebda, maSin SeZena maT Soris arsebul daqvemdebarebiT urTierTobebs Seesabameboda; ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) pasuxismgebloba ki pretoris Carevis Semdeg dgeboda. pekuliumis SemTxvevaSi, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri garigebas ojaxis ufrosis xarjze ar debda, rac warmomadgenlobis ideas gamoricxavda. dabolos, pekuliumiT (peculium) ojaxis ufrosis pasuxismgeblobis moculoba ganisazRvreba im valis gamoklebiT, romelic, mis xelisuflebaSi myofs, paterfamilias-gan emarTa; aqedan gamomdinare, ojaxis ufrosi, in potestas piris pekuliumis mimarT, privilegirebul kreditorad xdeboda. danarCeni kreditorebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba pretenziis wayenebis rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT anu prior tempore, prior iure (vinc ufro adre; visac meti ufleba aqvs) xdeboda. gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva, roca savaWro saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad, ojaxis ufrosi pekuliums uSualod iTvaliswinebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kreditorebi iZendnen actio tributoria-s uflebas, romlis meSveobiT, paterfamilias-s valis gadaxdas, sakuTari moTxovnebis proporciulad, Tanabar pirobebSi _ par condicium creditorum _ aiZuleben.
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Tavi VI. Zveli romis saojaxo samarTali I. Familia et gentilitas (ojaxi da naTesaoba) Familia (ojaxi); paterfamilias (ojaxi mama, ojaxis ufrosi,); adgnatio (ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi myofi naTesavi); adgnatus proximus (uaxloesi agnati naTesavi); patria potestas (mamis xelisufleba); cognatio
(sisxliT naTesaoba); cnobili frangi filosofosis J.J. rusos TqmiT, ojaxi aris .`sazogadoebaTa Soris uZvelesi da erTaderTi bunebrivi sazogadoeba~. Tanamedrove gagebiT, ojaxi (familia) iseTi socialuri institutia, romliTac qalsa da mamakacs Soris saqorwino kavSiri, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris sisxliT naTesaoba, maT urTierTsanacvlo uflebebi da movaleobebi igulisxmeba. amrigad, ojaxi aris naTesauri kavSiriT an qorwinebiT dakavSirebul pirTa erToblioba. romis samarTalSi qorwinebis ori oficialuri definicia iyo. kerZod, 1. `Nuptiae sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communicatio _ qorwineba aris mamakacisa da qalis kavSiri, mTeli cxovrebis erTianoba, RvTiuri da adamianuri samarTlis erToba~ (D.23.2.1) da 2. `Nuptiae autem sive matrimonium est viri et mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens _ ...qorwineba (nuptiae) anu colqmroba (matrimonium) aris mamakacis da qalis kavSiri, romlis arsi erTobliv cxovrebaSi mdgomareobs~. (Iust. Inst.1.9.1) m. bartoSeki naSromSi `romis samarTali~ ojaxis sakmaod vrcel ganmartebasa da daxasiaTebas iZleva. misi TqmiT, ojaxi aris mTeli saojaxo qonebisa da aseve ojaxis wevrebis gaerTianeba. ojaxi es aris romauli ojaxis meurneobis ZiriTadi qoneba, romelic, Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis yvela Tavisufal wevrs Tanabrad ekuTvnoda, mogvianebiT ki _ mxolod ojaxis ufross, mamasaxliss (paterfamilias). romauli ojaxi iyo yvela is piri da mTeli is qoneba, rac romis saojaxo meurneobas qmnida. ojaxi aseve iyo monebis erToblioba, romelic ojaxis ufross ekuTvnoda da saojaxo-sameurneo saqmianobas asrulebda. romis samarTlis erT-erTi mkvlevaris r. zomis Tanaxmad, `romis civiluri samarTlis gagebiT, ojaxi aris agnaturi kavSiri, anu erToblioba pirebisa, romlebic urTierTdakavSirebulni arian patria potestas-iT. Ius civile-Ti agnaturi ojaxi iyo saojaxo Temi, romlis ganmsazRvreli da erTianobis ganmapirobebeli iyo naTesaoba mamis mxridan, xolo formaluri safuZveli _ xelovnurad Seqmnili iuridiuli urTierToba (patria potestas), romlis gauqmebac aseve xelovnurad SeiZleboda. Ius gentium-iT ojaxi gansxvavebulad ganimarteboda. kerZod, ojaxi iyo kognaturi kavSiri, anu naTesaoba, romelic sisxlismier kavSirs efuZneba. ojaxis safuZveli bunebrivi da ara iuridiuli urTierToba iyo. Zveli romauli civiluri samarTali mxolod agnatur naTesaobas iTvaliswinebda; mogvianebiT, kognaturi naTesaoba, imperatoris kanonmdeblobis wyalobiT, pretormac aRiara da, sabolood, urTierTobis kognaturma principma gaimarjva. romis saojaxo samarTali aRiarebda Semdegi saxis naTesaur kavSirebs: 1. agnatur naTesaobas (adgnatio) anu rodesac ojaxis yvela wevri (coli, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi, rZlebi da a.S.) ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi iyo; 2. kognaturi anu sisxliT naTesaoba (cognatio), romelSic, garda zemoCamoTvlili pirebisa, ojaxis winaprebTan naTesauri kavSiriT yvelaze axlos mdgomi mamrobiTi sqesis agnati naTesavic _ adgnatus proximus _ moiazreboda. naTesaobis ori _ kanonieri da bunebrivi _ saxis urTierTSeTanxmeba `genus - species~ sagangebo sqemas efuZneboda. digestebis Tanaxmad, `Svilad ayvanili naTesaobiT aris dakavSirebuli im ojaxis wevrebTan, romelSic is Sevida da ara imaTTan, romlebic am ojaxis wevrebi arian. vinaidan Svilad
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ayvana iZleva ara sisxlis naTesaobas, aramed agnatobis uflebas~. amrigad, romauli ojaxi patriarqaluri iyo, anu mis saTaveSi idga, TiTqmis SeuzRudavi uflebiT AaRWurvili, paterfamilias-i, xolo ramauli qorwineba _ patrilokaluri, anu coli Sedioda sakuTari qmris an misi paterfamilias-is xelisuflebaSi. II. Sponsalia et nuptiae (niSnoba da qorwineba)
(qorwinebis ufleba); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisufali); persona alieni iuris (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri); cum manu mariti (qorwineba qmris xelisuflebiT); sine manu mariti (qorwineba qmris xelisuflebis gareSe); confarreatio (qorwinebis sazeimo rituali); sponsalia (niSnoba); nuptiae (qorwineba); deductio domum (qalis `saxlSi Seyvana~); matrona (romaeli gaTxovili qalbatoni); uxor (meuRle, coli); struptum (sqesobrivi kavSiri Tavisufal mamakacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris); contubernium (mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis Tanacxovreba). Ius conubii
ojaxis instituts romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen. saojaxo urTierTobebs romaeli iuristebi kanonmdeblobiT awesrigbdnen, riTac romaeli moqalaqeebis waxalisebas cdilobdnen da maT, erTgvarad, ojaxis Sesaqmnelad ganawyobdnen. r. zomi sami saxis saojaxo xelisuflebas ganasxvavebs, romelTac sami saxis qonebrivi urTierToba Seesabameba. esenia: 1. meuRleTa urTierToba (saojaxo-qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali), 2. mamisa da Svilebis urTierToba (mamis qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali) da 3. meurvisa da sameurveo piris urTierToba (sameurveo urTierTobebis samarTali). Sesabamisad, saojaxo samarTali sam nawilad iyofa: 1. saqorwino samarTali, 2. mamis xelisuflebis samarTali da 3. sameurveo samarTali. romaelebma qorwinebasa da bavSvebis raodenobas igive prerogativebi mianiWes, rac moxucebulobas ekuTvnoda. daqorwinebulebs, romlebsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavdaT, pativTa miRebisas da am pativTa gamoyenebisasac upiratesoba eZleodaT; konsuli, romelsac meti Svili hyavda, pirveli Rebulobda sapatio niSnebs, SeeZlo provinciis arCeva; senatori, romelsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavda, pirveli iwereboda senatorTa siaSi, pirveli gamoTqvamda Tavis azrs senatSi. “dekurions, romelsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavs, privilegiis Tanaxmad, pativi eZleva sakuTari azri gamoTqvas pirvelma”. qali, romelic oTx an met Svils gaaCenda, daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi meurveobisagan Tavisufldeboda. Tumca, arsebobda iZulebiTi RonisZiebebic; ase magaliTad, qr.Sobamde 18 wels miRebuli kanonis lex Iulia et Poppea-s Tanaxmad, `romaelebi valdebulni arian 25-dan 60 wlamde qorwinebaSi cxovrobdnen [qalebi 20-dan 50 wlamde] da iyolion aranakleb 3 Svili [gaazatebulebma 4 Svili]; qvrivebi da ganqorwilebulebi xelmeored unda daqorwindnen: qvrivebi 2 wlis, xolo ganqorwinebulebi _ 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi~. dauojaxeblobis SemTxvevaSi, 65 wels miRweul mamakacs da 50 wels miRweul qals, kanoni, sasjelis saxiT, jarimas akisrebda. ojaxis Sesaqmnelad dadgenili iyo garkveuli winapiroba. kerZod: 1. qorwinebis ufleba. dasaqorwinebel pirebs, romauli samarTliT aRiarebuli, qorwinebis ufleba anu ius conubii unda hqonodaT; am uflebiT mxolod romaeli moqalaqeebi sargeblobdnen, xolo ucxoelebi (peregrini) amgvari uflebiT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi sargeblobdnen, Tu maT mas sagangebod mianiWebdnen; 2. naTesauri (rogorc agnaturi, ise kognaturi) kavSiris arqona. qorwineba ekrZalebodaT: a. erTi ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi Semaval pirebs da b. meurvesa da meurveobaSi myof pirebs; 3. meqorwineTa asaki. romSi qorwinebebi Zalian adreul asakSi xdeboda. Cveulebriv, qaliSvilebisaTvis saqorwino asakad 12 weli, xolo vaJebisaTvis 14 weli iyo dadgenili. romaelebi qorwinebis or saxes _ sruluflebian da arasruluflebian _ qorwinebas ganasxavavebdnen. sruluflebiani qorwineba mxolod romael moqalaqeTaTvis iyo nebadarTuli; aRniSnuli tipis qorwineba ori saxisa iyo: 1. Tu coli qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda, mas `ojaxis deda~, qalbatoni (matrona) ewodeboda; 2. Tu igi mamis xelisuflebaSi rCeboda, mas `coli~, `meuRle~ (uxor) ewodeboda. Zveli romauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ramdenime saxis ritualis dacviT tardeboda. uZvelesi periodis romSi arsebobda sazeimo religiuri rituali _ confarreatio, romelsac aTi qurumi aRasrulebda da mxolod patriciebisaTvis iyo nebadarTuli. ritualis dros sapatarZlo da saqmro wminda purs texdnen da qurumebis miTiTebebs asrulebdnen. respublikis periodisaTvis niSandoblivi
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iyo sapatarZlos simboluri yidva (coemptio), rasac win uswrebda an mosdevda qorwinebaze Tanxmoba. sxva SemTxvevebSi saqorwino ritualebis dacva, garda qalis `saxlSi Seyvanisa~ (deductio domum), savaldebulo ar iyo. tradiciulad, qorwinebamde imarTeboda niSnoba (sponsalia). florentinusis Tanaxmad, `Sponsalia sunt mentio et repromissio nuptiarum futurarum _ niSnoba aris momavali qorwinebis daTqma (xseneba) da ormxrivi dapireba.~ (D.23.1.1) Tavdapirvelad, niSnoba TiToeuli dasaqorwinebeli piris ojaxis ufrosebis (paterfamilii) SeTanxmebiT xdeboda; mogvinebiT ki, Tavad meqorwineTa TanxmobiT _ `Nuptiae consistere non possunt nisi consentiant omnes, id est qui coeunt quorumque in potestate sunt _ ar SeiZleba [da]qoriwneba, Tu ar aris Tanxmoba yvela im [mxarisa], e.i. im pirebisa, romlebic qorwindebidan da aseve im pirebisa, romelTa xelisuflebis qveS isini imyofebian~ (D.23.2.2). kanonmdebloba uSvebda erT gamonakliss, roca qaliSvils SeeZlo ar damorCileboda mamis gadawyvetilebas. kerZod, _ `Tunc autem solum dissentiendi a patre licentia filiae conceditur, si indignum moribus vel turpem sponsum ei pater eligat _ ...mamis SewinaaRmdegeba qaliSvils mxolod maSin eZleva, rodesac mama mas uRirsi znis an saxelgatexil saqmros aurCevs~ (D.23.1.12$1) niSnobis dros, saqmros mxare, sapatarZlos mxares niSnobis beWeds (patriciebi _ oqros, sxva socialuri fenis wevrebi, SedarebiT dabali, xarisxis liTonis, xolo monebs rkinis beWeds) da sxvadasxva saxis moZrav nivTs gadascemda. romaelebi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen qorwinebis TariRs, radgan zogi dRe Tu Tve (magaliTad, maisi, ivnisis pirveli naxevari) ubedurebis momtanad miaCndaT. qorwinebis dRes tardeboda auspicia (auspicia _ frinvelebsa da bunebaze dakvireveba, rogorc RmerTisagan gamogzavnil miniSnebze). qorwilis dRes patarZali qaliSvilobis droindel togas ixdida da mas bednierebis qalRmerTs swiravda; Semdeg patarZals grZel TeTr tunikas acmevdnen, welze sartyels akravdnen da Tavze mkveTri wiTeli feris Tavsaburavs afarebdnen. saqmros mosvlis Semdeg, stumrebis TandaswrebiT, saqorwino rituali tardeboda: saojaxo keriaze msxverpls swiravdnen, ris Semdegac lxini iwyeboda. imave dRes patarZali qmris saxlSi Sedioda. romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis ori tipi _ 1. qmris xeliT (cum manu mariti) da gareSe (sine manu mariti) _ arsebobda.
2. qmris xelis
Tavdapirvelad, iyo cum manu mariti tipis qorwineba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qali, gaTxovebis Semdeg, mSoblebis ojaxTan iuridiul kavSirs kargavda da qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. Tuki qmari aravis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri (persona sui iuris) iyo, maSin coli, Svilebis msgavsad, qmris daqvemdebarebaSi eqceoda. am tipis qorwinebisas, qmris xelisufleba colze, faqtiurad, ganusazRvreli iyo. qmars colis monad gayidva, misi mokvlac SeeZlo. qonebrivi urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, monebisa da Svilebis msgavsad, cols araviTari uflebaunarianoba ar gaaCnda. yvelaferi, rac qorwinebamde cols (Tu igi persona sui iuris iyo) ekuTvnoda, qmris sakuTreba xdeboda. qorwinebis periodSi colis saCuqari (magaliTad, mamisagan miRebuli saCuqari) qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. Tu qmari sxvas daqvemdebarebuli piri (persona alieni iuris) iyo, maSin coli, qmarTan erTad, qmris ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) eqvemdebareboda. iuridiulad, colis aseT uuflebo mdgomareobas is awonasworebda, rom coli qmris memkvidre _ heres sua iyo, Tuki mas kanonieri STamomavlebi ar hyavda; Svilebis yolis SemTxvevaSi, isic, maT msgavsad, memkvidre iyo. Cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros qmris upiratesoba imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevi qmris qonebas erwymoda da mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. cols sakuTrebis ufleba ar gaaCnda da mziTevze aranairi samarTlebrivi ufleba ar hqonda. digestebis Tanaxmad: `Constante matrimonio dotem in bonis mariti esse _ qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi mziTevi qmris qonebaSi aris~. colis qoneba qmris an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) sakuTreba iyo. amitom qmars (an ojaxis ufross)
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xelSekrulebis dadeba da sasamarTlo procesze gamosvla colisagan damoukideblad SeeZloT. colis cxovreba saojaxo meurneobis gaZRoliT ifargleboda. colis pirovnebaze qmris xelisufleba ara samarTliT, aramed sazogadoebrivi azriT izRudeboda. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom realurad romaeli moqalaqeebis colebi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen. colqmruli erTgulebis dacva mkacrad moeTxoveboda qals. colis Ralati qmars ganqorwinebis moTxovnis safuZvels da mis sasargeblod mziTevis datovebis uflebas aZlevda. am SemTxvevaSi, Ralati (qonebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT) colisaTvis ufro mZime iyo, vidre qmrisaTvis. colis mizeziT ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevis qalisaTvis datoveba jarimis tolfasi iyo. respubilikis bolos, cum manu mariti qorwineba sine manu miriti tipis qorwinebiT Seicvala, ramac, Sesabamisad, gavlena moaxdina meuRleTa qonebriv uflebebze da romauli ojaxis wevrTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Secvala. ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebisagan TavdaRweuli coli, iuridiulad, ara qmris, aramed mSoblebis ojaxis (familias) wevrad iTvleboda. am periodSi qmris Zalauflebac sagrZnoblad SeizRuda. qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros, qmars colis pirovnebasa da mis qonebaze ufleba aRar hqonda, vinaidan coli qmris xelisuflebaSi ar imyofeboda. Tu gaTxovili qali damoukidebeli piri (persona sui iuris) iyo, e.i. mamis xelisuflebas ar eqvemdebareboda da qorwinebamde sakuTari qoneba hqonda, gaTxovebis Semdeg Tavis qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebas inarCunebda. amgvari saxis qorwinebis periodSi meuRleTa qoneba gancalkevebulad rCeboda. qorwinebis dros mziTevi, rogorc qmrisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba, gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi reJimiT regulardeboda. colis qonebis marTvis ufleba qmars mxolod im SemTxvevaSi hqonda, Tu amas Tavad coli gadascemda. „Quamvis in bonis mariti dos sit, mulieris tamen est _ Tumca mziTevi qmris qonebaSi Sedis, is mainc cols ekuTvnis~. (D.23.3.75) respublikis periodSi, rodesac saojaxo instituti mniSvnelovnad Seirya, mziTeviT manipulirebis erTgvari kanonieri safuZveli Seiqmna. kerZod, mamakacs SeeZlo daqorwinebuliyo mxolod mziTevis miRebis mizniT, raTa igi sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ganekarga da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi TavisTvis daetovebina. am arasasurveli faqtis Tavidan asacileblad, coli da mziTevis damdgenlebi qmars pirobas arTmevdnen, rom ganqorwinebis an qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevi cols daubrundeboda. mogvianebiT, qmris uflebebis SezRudvis mizniT, romis imperatorma avgustusma gamosca kanoni `iuliusis kanoni samziTvo miwis nakveTebis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia de fundo dotali). am kanoniT, romelmac mniSvnelovnad SezRuda qmris uflebebi, imperatori or mizans isaxavda: jer erTi, gasxvisebisagan daecva, italiis teritoriis Semadgeneli, miwis nakveTebi da meorec, igi imedovnebda, rom amiT qalis uflebebis dacvas SeZlebda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli kanoni uSualod italiis teritoriaze arsebul samziTvo miwis nakveTebze vrceldeboda. digestebSi ulpiane samziTvo miwis nakveTs Semdegnairad ganmartavs: „Dotale praedium accipere debemus tam urbanum quam rusticum: ad omne enim aedificium lex Iulia pertinebit _ [termin] `samziTvo miwis nakveTSi“ unda vigulisxmoT, rogorc qalaqis miwis nakveTebi [e. i. saxlebi], aseve – soflis, radgan iuliusis kanoni yvela nagebobas exeba. (D.23.5.13) kanonSi araferi iyo naTqvami mziTvad gacemul moZrav qonebaze da italiis sazRvrebs miRma mdebare miwis nakveTebze. amrigad, aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad, colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars ekrZaleboda mziTevis rogorc mTliani, ise nawilobrivi gasxviseba. am akrZalvam mziTevis, rogorc qonebis _ manamde arsebuli gankargvis formaSi, arsebiTi gardatexa Seitana, da mziTevis samarTlebrivi institutis raobis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. mogvianebiT, igive akrZalva imperatorma iustinianem provinciaSi mdebare samziTvo miwis nakveTebzec ganavrco. rogorc aRvniSneT, colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars mziTevis gasxvisebis ufleba ar hqonda; Tu samziTvo qoneba qmris samkvidro qonebas erwymoda da qmari sakuTari Tavis gaSvilebaze Tanxmobas ganacxadebda, maSin mziTevi gasxvisebas eqvemdebareboda; aseve, Tu mziTevi Seadgenda meuRleTa
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saerTo qonebas, romelsac qmarTan erTad kidev ramdenime Tanamflobeli hyavda da Tu es ukanasknelni qonebis gasxvisebas moiTxovdnen, maSin qmars uaris Tqmis ufleba ar hqonda. amrigad, romaeli iuristebis mier zustad iyo gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxe; qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi aseve sagangebo samarTlebrivi reJimiT regulirdeboda colqmris damokidebuleba mziTevisadmi. unda aRiniSnos, rom romSi, `xelis gareSe~ (sine manu) qorwinebis gavrcelebis paralelurad, ganqorwinebebic gaxSirda. bunebrivia, sazogadoebaSi gaCnda qalis interesebis dacvis moTxovnilebac. am viTarebis Sedegi iyo is, rom VI saukunidan moyolebuli, sacole an misi ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) saqmrosTan an misi ojaxis ufrosTan (paterfamilias) aformebda stipulacias (xelSekrulebas), romlis ZaliTac, qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, qmars mziTevis dabruneba evaleboda. aRniSnul xelSekrulebas cautio rei uxoriae ewodeboda. aqedan mieca dasabami mziTevis dabrunebis Sesaxeb sarCelsac, romelsac actio ex stipulatu ewodeboda. mogvianebiT, mziTevis gamosaTxovad kidev erTi saxis sarCeli gaCnda. romauli samarTali qalsa da mamakacs Soris erTaderT kanonier kavSirad qorwinebas aRiarebda. Tumca, Zvel romSi qalisa da mamakacis kanonieri qorwinebisagan gansxvavebuli sxva saxis urTierTobebic iyo cnobili. III. Concubinatus (konkubinati) Concubinatus (qalisa da mamakacis ukanono Tanacxovreba); contubernium (mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis Tanacxovreba); liberi naturales (`bunebis Svilebi~, bastardebi). romSi arsebobda qorwinebis gansakuTrebuli saxe konkubinati (concubinatus), anu bunebiTi qorwineba, romlis Sedegadac Sobil pirebs bastardebi anu “bunebis Svilebi” ewodebodaT. es iyo ara SemTxveviTi kavSiri, aramed qalisa da mamakacis xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba, romelic ar pasuxobda qorwinebis kanonier moTxovnebs, anu rodesac maT, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli, damabrkolebeli garemoebis gamo daqorwineba ar SeeZloT. magaliTad, qorwinebis uflebis (ius conubii) arqona, socialuri uTanasworoba (magaliTad, qorwineba senatorsa da gaazatebuls Soris, lex Iulia et Poppaea-s kanonis Tanaxmad, Tavisufal romael moqalaqes `uRirsi saqcielis~ qalze daqorwineba ekrZaleboda) da sxva. konkubinatis dros mamakacis socialuri mdgomareoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda; konkubinatis Sedegad dabadebuli bavSvebi _ liberi naturales _ mamis kanonier Svilebad ar iTvlebodnen da mamis xelisuflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen; konkubinatSi qali kanonieri colis uflebebiT ar sargeblobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom romauli ojaxi monogamiuri iyo, adreuli respublikis periodSi qmars, kanonieri ojaxis paralelurad, sxva qalTan konkubinatSi Tanacxovrebis uflebac hqonda, xolo qals, qmris garda sxva mamakacTan Tanacxovrebis ufleba ar gaaCnda. postklasikuri periodis romSi konkubinatSi dabadebuli bavSvebis dakanoneba gaxda dasaSvebi; maT alimentis miRebisa da SezRuduli memkvidreobiTi uflebac hqondaT. kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis, akrZaluli iyo struptum, adulterium da incestum. Struptum iyo sqesobrivi kavSiri Tavisufal kacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris; Aadulterium-is SemTxvevaSi erT-erTi mxare qorwinebaSi imyofeboda; incestum-i iyo kavSiri im naTesavebs Soris, romelTac erTmaneTze daqorwineba kanoniT ekrZalebodaT. SemTxveviTi da droebiTi kavSirebi monebTan, meZavebTan da msubuqi yofaqcevis qalebTan, rogorc wesi, sasjels ar iTvaliswinebda. Contubernium iyo mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis kavSiri, romelic faqtobriv, Tumca iuridiulad akrZalul Tanacxovrebad ganixileboda. postklasikur periodSi amgvari kavSiri, garkveulwilad, mowesrigebuli iqna samarTlebrivad, roca separatio dura anu contubernium-Si myofi monebisa da maTi Svilebis sxvadasxva adgilsa da sxvadasxva patronisaTvis miyidva aikrZala. IV. Dos (mziTevi) Dos (mziTevi); dos profecticia (ojaxis ufrosisagan miRebuli mziTevi); dos adventicia (mesame pirisagan
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miRebuli mziTevi); dos aestimata (Sefasebuli mziTevi); actio rei uxoriae (colisaTvis micemuli sarCeli); dos necessaria (savaldebulo mziTevi); pactum dotalis (samziTvo SeTanxmeba); dotis promissio (mziTevis dapireba); dotis dictio (mziTevis daTqma); dotis datio (mziTevis micema); donatio (Cuqeba); donatio ante nuptias (qorwinebamdeli saCuqari); donatio propter nuptias (saqorwino saCuqari, qorwinebis Semdgomi saCuqari); traditio (gadacema); stipulatio (dapireba); parapherna (mziTevs garda). Zvel romaelTa yofaSi mziTevs imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, rom igi saxelmwifo interesis sagans Seadgenda da, mziTevTan mimarTebiT, saojaxo urTierTobebis garkveul reglamentacias adgenda. iustinianes digestebis Tanaxmad: `Rei publicae interest mulieres dotes salvas habere, propter quas nubere possunt _ saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mziTviT, romlis meSveobiT maT gaTxoveba SeuZliaT~. (D.23.3.2) qr. Sobamde III saukunidan mziTevis gacema moralur valdebulebaSi gadaizarda da savaldebulo xasiaTi SeiZina. erTi mxriv, ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, am periodSi conventio in manu-s gareSe qorwinebebma imata, meore mxriv, mkveTrad gaizarda ganqorwinebaTa ricxvic. aseT viTarebaSi mziTevis gacemis aucileblobas sazogadoeba sul ufro da ufro uWerda mxars, radgan mziTevi ojaxis materialuri safuZvlis garanti iyo. kanonmdebelmac ar daayovna da mziTevi, rogorc sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxeoba, kanoniT gansazRvra. mziTevi _ qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis gadacemuli rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba _ Cuqeba ar iyo da amitom masze Cuqebis (donatio) wesebi ar vrceldeboda. iuridiul literaturaSi mziTevis cneba TiTqmis yvela mecnieris mier identuradaa definicirebuli. ase magaliTad, n. bogolepovis Tanaxmad, mziTevi, rogorc sayofacxovrebo instituti, odiTganve arsebobda romSi; Cveulebriv, mama Rirsebis saqmed miiCnevda qaliSvili mziTevis gareSe ar gaeTxovebina. magram Cven ar mogvepoveba cnoba imis Sesaxeb, samarTliT iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc qonebis raoba. i. baronis ganmartebiT, mziTevi aris yovelive is, rac qmars (an mis mamas, Tu igi kvlav mamis xelisuflebaSia) colisagan an mis nacvlad sxva pirisagan, saojaxo cxovrebis xarjebis Sesamsubuqeblad gadaecema. d. grimis azriT, mziTevi ewodeba qonebas, romelic qmars colisagan an mesame pirisagan saerTo meurneobis xarjebis nawilis dasafaravad gadaecema. istoriulad, mziTevis instituti alimentaciur valdebulebaTa ganviTarebis safuZvelze dawesda. mSoblebi an maTi uflebis monacvleebi, ojaxidan gareT gaTxovil qals, romelic, Tavis mxriv, axal ojaxs qmnida, mziTevis saxiT, garkveul qonebas aZlevdnen. i. novickis Tanaxmad, am terminiT aRiniSneba nivTebi an sxva raime qonebis nawili, romelic gadaeca qmars colisagan, misi ojaxis ufrosis an mesame pirisagan, saojaxo cxovrebis materialuri sirTuleebis Sesamsubuqeblad. v. xvostovis azriT, mziTevi gulisxmobs qmrisaTvis qonebis gadacemas, raTa mas saojaxo cxovrebis simZime Seumsubuqdes. m. bartoSekis naSromSi `romis samarTali~ terminebi `mziTevi~ (dos) da `colis qoneba~ (res uxoriae) sinonimuri rigis cnebebadaa warmodgenili. zemoaRniSnul ganmartebebs Tu SevajerebiT, mziTevis, met-naklebad, amomwurav definicias miviRebT. amrigad, mziTevi es aris qoneba, romelic, saojaxo xarjebis Semsubuqebis mizniT, qmars colis an mesame pirisagan gadaecemoda. sakuTriv romaul wyaroebSi, mziTevi ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: `Dos est donatio mariti delata ad onera, matrimonii ustinenda _ mziTevi aris meuRlis saCuqari qorwinebis periodSi xarjebis asanazRaureblad~.
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mziTevis institutis istorias sam ZiriTad etapad yofen; aseTi dayofa, romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, uSualod qorwinebaSi myofi qalis socialuri da samarTlebrivi statusiTaa ganpirobebuli. v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, ,,mziTevis instituti jer kidev uZveles romis samarTalSi cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros arsebobda. Tu conventio manu-s axdenda sui iuris coli, maSin manu mariti-s safuZvelze, colis mTeli qoneba qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da mziTevs cvlida.~ im epoqaSi, rodesac ojaxi agnaturi naTesaobis princips emyareboda da jer kidev arsebobda qonebrivi damokidebuleba ojaxis ufrossa da sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi myof (alieni iuris) pirebs Soris, mas Semdeg, rac ojaxi momxmarebelTa kavSirad iqca, gansazRvruli odenobis qonebis Setanis movaleoba (meuRleTa Tanacxovrebis materialuri mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad) mxolod cols ekisreboda. Zvel romSi mziTevi qmris srul sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, xolo ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mis dasabruneblad araviTari iuridiuli norma ar arsebobda. qmris xelisuflebiT (cum manu mariti) qorwinebis dros saqmros da sacolis ojaxis ufrosebs (paterfamilias) Soris, winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, coli qmris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. marTalia, mziTevi colis qoneba iyo, magram samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, es viTareba qorwinebaSi myof qals aranair uflebas ar aniWebda mziTevze, vinaidan samarTlebrivad igi uuflebo iyo. Tu patarZali sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi (alieni iuris) iyo, maSin, Cveulebis Tanaxmad, mas mziTevs ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) aZlevda. marTalia, es tradicia materialurad axalisebda qalis Sesvlas qmris ojaxSi, magram, imavdroulad, igi kargavda memkvidreobis kanonier uflebas mamis ojaxSi; meore mxriv, es ganamtkicebda qalis pozicias qmris ojaxSi. Tavdapirvelad, coli iuridiulad xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli piri (in manu) iyo da, amdenad, mas qonebis gankargvis ufleba ar hqonda; amitom colis mziTevi qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da mis qonebas erwymoda. qmris ufleba mziTevze imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevis dabruneba qmars, Tundac ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi (rac im dros Zalze iSviaTi iyo), ar evaleboda. Tu qorwineba wydeboda qmris gardacvalebiT, in manu coli Svilebis msgavsad, iRebda memkvidreobas, riTac mas mziTevi unazRaurdeboda. romSi samziTvo sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri ram, rasac qonebirvi Rirebuleba gaaCnda, anu es iyo rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe; kerZod, mancipirebuli Tu aramancipirebuli, sxeulebrivi Tu usxeulo, moZravi Tu uZravi nivTi. magaliTad, miwa, fuli, pirutyvi, mona da sxva. d. grimis Tanaxmad, mziTevis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo, Rirebulebis mqone, nebismieri sikeTe. mziTevis gamcem pirs mziTvad SeeZlo daedgina sakuTrebis ufleba, dotis causa-s mimarT savaldebulo moTxovnebi ganesazRvra, vali epatiebina da sxva. i. baronis TqmiT, mziTevis dadgena SeiZleboda sxvadasxva saxis garigebiT: gadacemiT, dapirebiT an saanderZo danakisriT (legatum). 1. mziTvis gadacema gulisxmobda, winaswari dapirebis gareSe, samziTvo qonebis qmrisaTvis dauyovnebliv gadacemas: a) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo sxeulebrivi nivTebi, romlebzec sakuTrebis ufleba qmars unda moepovebina, maSin gadacema (traditio) unda gamoeyenebinaT; b) qmrisaTvis mziTevad, aseve, SeiZleboda servitutis, emfiTevzisisa da superficiumis gadacema; g) qmrisaTvis mziTevad SeiZleboda gadaecaT moTxovna mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg, cesiis an delegaciis saxiT; Tu mevale Tavad qmari iyo, maSin vali unda epatiebinaT; d) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo raime erTi, mTliani qoneba, maSin misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mimarT, gansxvavebuli garigebebi gamoiyeneboda; e) Tu mziTevis dadgeniT memkvidreobisagan gandgoma an memkvidreobaze uari unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin, amgvari nebis ubralo gamovlinebac kmaroda. 2. mogvianebiT, klasikur periodSi samziTvo dapireba (stipulatio), mziTevis dapirebis (dotis promissio) an mziTevis daTqmis (dotis dictio) saxiT, gaicemoda; iustinianes samarTaliT, mziTevis daTqma (dotis dictio) gauqmda, samagierod, dadginda araformaluri xelSekruleba.
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3. saanderZo danakisri _ legati colisaTvis imis gansazRvriT, rom gasces uarnaTqvami qoneba mziTevad, ar iqneba mziTevis dadgena, aramed mxolod sababi mis dasadgenad. digestebis Tanaxmad, mziTevis dadgenis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobda: dos aut datur aut dicitur aut promittitur Ulp. Reg., 6,1], anu dotis promissio, dotis dictio da dotis datio. Dotis promissio (igive stipulatio dotis), stipulaciuri formiT, qmrisaTvis mziTevis dapireba. Dotis dictio _ es iyo calmxrivi sityvieri valdebulebis gansakuTrebuli forma, romliTac ganmcxadebeli, saqmros winaSe, kisrulobda valdebulebas Semdegi formulis warmoTqmiT _ mziTevad gadmogecema (dotis tibi erunt) _ da samziTvo obieqtebs asaxelebda. es forma nebadarTuli iyo patarZlisaTvis, misi mamasaxlisisa da mevalisaTvis, vinc uSualod saqmrosaTvis valis gadaxdis _ delegatio solvendi _ pirobas debda. amgvari SeTanxmeba qorwinebis dadebis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi. Dotis datio realuri SeTanxmeba iyo. Tu qorwineba ar moxdeboda, maSin qmars condictio ob rem dati causa non secuta-iT pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. Tu gadacema (datio) mancipaciiT an uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio) xdeboda, mziTevad dasaxelebuli nivTebi qmars dauyovnebliv gadaecemoda. gadacemis (traditio), rogorc kazualuri garigebis realur Sedegs, qorwineba ganapirobebda: Tu qorwineba ar Sedgeboda, maSin mziTevi rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT, ukan gamoiTxoveboda. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mziTevad gaRebuli Secvladi nivTebi Tanabari odenobiTa da saTanado xarisxiT dabrunebas eqvemdebareboda. digestebSi gaiusi sagangebod aRniSnavs: `Res in dotem datae, quae pondere numero mensura constant, mariti periculo sunt, quia in hoc dantur, ut eas maritus ad arbitrium suum distrahat et quandoquo soluto matrimonio eiusdem generis et qualitatis alias restituat vel ipse vel heres eius _ mziTevad micemuli is nivTebi, romlebic woniT, raodenobiTa da zomiT ganisazRvreba, qmris risks warmoadgens, radgan maT im mizniT aZleven, rom qmarma isini Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargos da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi Tavad an misma memkvidreebma imave saxisa da Tvisebebis (xarisxis) sxva nivTebi daabrunos.~ (D.23.3.42) xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli qmris daintereseba imiT, rom mziTevad gacemuli nivTebi _ gansakuTrebiT ki pirutyvi an tansacmeli _ ar Sefasebuliyo, aRniSnuli nivTebis mziTevad gacemisas, qmris gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile imiT aixsneboda, rom, ganqorwinebis albaTobis SemTxvevaSi, mas zedmeti xarji da maTze pasuxismgebloba ar dakisreboda. amis Taobaze ulpianec sagangebod miuTiTebs digestebSi: `umravles SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom [mziTevad micemuli] nivTebi ar iqnes Sefasebuli, raTa am nivTebis [dakargvis, dazianebis] riski masze ar gavrceldes, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi mziTevad pirutyvs an im tansacmels iRebs, romelsac coli xmarobs. vinaidan, Tu nivTebi (e.i. tansacmeli) Sefasebulia, da Tu colma is gacviTa, ise xdeba, rom qmarma [mziTevis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi] [tansacmlis] fasi mainc unda warmoadginos. da ramdenadac mziTevad Seufasebel nivTebs iZlevian, amdenad maTi gaumjobesebac da gauaresebac colis [angariSSi] iTvleba~. Zvel romSi Sefasebuli nivTebi mziTevis gansakuTrebul saxes warmoadgenda da maT Sefasebul samziTvo nivTebs (dos aestimata) uwodebdnen. mziTevis Sefaseba ori mosazrebiT xdeboda: 1. daedginaT is maqsimaluri Rirebuleba (taxationis causa), romlis farglebSic qmars, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevi unda daebrunebina da 2. ganesazRvraT gasayidi fasi (venditionis causa), anu fuliT SeefasebinaT im SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu qmari colis mevale iyo. romauli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mziTevad gaRebuli nivTidan yovelgvari namati – pirutyvis, monis, produqtis Tu sxva sargeblis saxiT – qmris qonebas erwymoda. sizustis moyvarul romaelebs yoveli aseTi SemTxveva kanoniT hqondaT regulirebuli. Aase, magaliTad, digestebSi araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli Semdegi: `magram [mziTevad micemuli] pirutyvis namati qmars ekuTvnis...~ aseve: `Tu qorwinebamde mziTevad micemuli mona, aseve qorwinebamde naCuqrobiT an legatiT raimes SeiZens, mziTevi gaizrdeba, iseve rogorc izrdeba nayofiT is miwis nakveTi, romelic [qmars] qorwinebamde gadaeca.~ `Tu [mziTevad micemul] monebs bavSvebi gauCndaT, es [bavSvebi] qmris mogeba ar aris.~ mogvianebiT, roca qaliSvilis gamziTveba dedasac daevala, mas garkveuli moZravi qonebis gadacema SeeZlo. amis Taobaze digestebSi vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `Tu dedam [Tavis] qaliSvils sargeblobis
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uflebiT oqrouloba gadasca, mamam ki es oqrouloba momaval qmars mziTvad misca...~ romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen im SemTxvevebs, rodesac `cols mziTevSi miwis nakveTi hqonda...~. digestebis Tanaxmad: `Tu mama keTilsindisierad nayid miwis nakveTs mziTevad gascems, maSin es [mziTevi] Tavad misgan warmoqmnil mziTevad ganixileba.~ faqtiurad, mziTevad gaRebuli miwis nakveTi saxelmwifo zrunvis gansakuTrebul sagans Seadgenda. swored amitom, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi samziTvo miwis nakveTebis gasxvisebis wess saxelmwifo aregulirebda. Tavdapirvelad, qmars samziTvo miwis nakveTis gasxvisebis sruli ufleba hqonda. mogvianebiT ki, samziTvo miwis nakveTTan dakavSirebiT, qmris aRniSnuli ufleba mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda, xolo lex Iulia de fundo dotali-s Tanaxmad, samziTvo miwis nakveTebis gasxviseba saerTod aikrZala. amis Taobaze digestebSi pavlusi sagangebod aRniSnavs: `xolo miwis nakveTis gasxviseba arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, rodesac qals (cols) samziTvo sarCeli ekuTvnis an aucilebelad unda miekuTvnos.~ mziTevad gaRebuli fulis Taobaze sagangebodaa aRniSnuli iustinianes digestebSi. ase, magaliTad, `...romelmac qmars mziTvad fuli gadasca~ an kidev `Tu vinmem mamas gansazRvruli Tanxa aCuqa, raTa mamas es qaliSvilisaTvis (mziTvad) mieca, maSin, rogorc amas „digestebis“ meCvidmete wignSi iuliane wers, ar iqneba „profecticia“.…es mziTevi aris „adventicia“. xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac samziTvo nivTi fuliT icvleboda an piruku. `Cven vambobT, rom qorwinebis arsebobis dros mziTvis Secvla [im SemTxvevaSi] SeiZleba, Tu es qalisaTvis sasargebloa, Tu [magaliTad], fuli icvleba nivTiT, an nivTi – fuliT. da es [wesi] miRebulia.~ garda amisa, mziTevad aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTec gaicemoda. romSi aseTad miCneuli iyo, magaliTad, legati anu `rodesac mama [Tavisi] qaliSvilisaTvis [qmars] mziTevs hpirdeba da [Semdeg] am mziTevs legatis saxiT tovebs...~, an aseTi saxis dapireba: `rodesac [movale, valis sanacvlod] mziTevis dapirebas iZleva, misi saxeliT valdebuleba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT daniSnul fideiusors ekisreba.~ romSi arsebobda mziTevis gansakuTrebuli saxe e.w. parapherna. termini parapherna berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs „garda mziTevisa“ anu igulisxmeba gaTxovili qalis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba. mziTvis es saxeoba mogvianebiT qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros Seiqmna da mas, rogorc qonebis kerZo saxes, gaTxovili qali Tavisuflad gankargavda. romis samarTalSi parapherna-s sinonimebad m. bartoSeki bona recepticia-sa da res extra dotem-s miiCnevs da wers: `ceterum si res dentur in ea, quae Graeci paraferua dicunt quaeque Galli peculium appellant… _ amrigad, Tu [mziTevad] aZleven im nivTebs, romlebsac berZnebi `paraferna~-s (paraferua) uwodeben, xolo galebi – `pekulium~-s...~ (D.23.3.9.3) Pecullium-is, rogorc qonebis saxiT, wvrilfexa saqonlis jogi moiazreboda; mogvianebiT pecullium-ad miiCneoda nebismieri saxis qoneba, romelsac meurneobis gaZRolis mizniT, ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) gadascemda pirs, romelic alieni iuris iyo da romelsac amis Semdeg meurneobis damoukideblad marTva SeeZlo. qalis mziTevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT, romaelma iuristebma SeimuSaves samarTlis normaTa mTeli sistema, romlis mixedviTac, Zalze kargad iqna damuSavebuli mziTevis institutis arsi rogorc qorwinebis periodSi, ise qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. mogvianebiT, samarTlis normaTa aRniSnul sistemas romis samziTvo samarTali ewoda. swored mis ZiriTad debulebebs efuZneba Tanamedrove evropis mravali qveynis (safrangeTi, belgia, italia da a.S.) samziTvo samarTali. Tavis mxriv, i. baroni aRniSnavs, rom amgvari saxeldeba Seuferebelia; marTebuli iqneba, Tu vityviT _ `qonebis gayofis sistema~. amrigad, moxmobili iuridiuli da istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, naTlad dasturdeba is faqti, Tu iuristebis mier, raoden zustad iyo gansazRvruli da regulirebuli mziTevis, rogorc kerZo
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sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxeobis, raoba da sagani romis samarTalSi. V. Adoptio (Svileba) Adrogatio (Svileba); adoptio (Svileba); filius familia (ojaxis Svili); legitimatio (dakanoneba). rogorc iustinianes digestebidan irkveva, romSi Svilad ayvanis ori saxe arsebobda: 1. adoptio (araTavisufali piris Svilad ayvana) da 2. adrogatio (Tavisufali piris Svilad ayvana). Adoptio niSnavda ojaxis Svilis (filius familia) Svilad ayvanas, xolo adrogatio Tavisufali piris Svilebas. gaiusis Tanaxmad, adrogatio-Ti, princefsisa da magistratis nebarTviT, mSoblis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis Svileba xdeboda. Svilad ayvanis dros aucilebeli iyo ramdenime pirobis dacva. magaliTad, ar SeiZleboda erTze meti piris, sxvis mier gaazatebulis Svileba, aseve samoc wlamde asakis pirs an meurves Svilebis ufleba ar hqondaT, akrZaluli iyo, rom asakiT umcross asakiT ufrosi eSvila, sxvagan myofis an im piris Svileba, vinc Svilebaze Tanaxma ar iyo. Svilebis dros agnati naTesavebis Tanxmoba aucilebeli ar iyo; obolis Svilebis dros misi kognati naTesavebis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro, agreTve, daiSveboda Tavisufali qalis da brma piris Svileba. Svilebis Zveli forma iyo adrogatio, romlis drosac ojaxis mama sxva ojaxis mamis xelisuflebaSi gadadioda da misi uflebamosilebac srulad xvdeboda mSvileblis xelSi. Svilad ayvana kuriis komiciebSi tardeboda da mTeli Semadgenlobis mier mtkicdeboda. Adoptio magistratebis nebarTviT daiSveboda da, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris, erTi ojaxidan meoreSi gadasvlas gulisxmobda. aRniSnuli procedura pontifikosebis mier dadgenili wesebis mixedviT tardeboda da mesame pirisaTvis sammagi mancipaciis principidan momdinareobda. i.pereterski aRniSnavs, klasikur periodSi Svilad ayvana imperatoris reskriptis safuZvelze xdeboda. amisaTvis saWiro iyo, rom `mSvilebeli 60 wlis yofiliyo da sakuTari Svilebi ar hyoloda.~ ukve klasikuri periodis romSi, Svilad ayvanis paralelurad, moqmedebda dakanoneba (legitimatio), anu qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis kanonieri Svilis uflebebis miniWeba. VI. Divortium (qorwinebis Sewyveta) Divortium (ganqorwineba ormxrivi nebiT); repudium (ganqorwineba calmxrivi nebiT); divortium sine causa (usafuZvlo ganqorwineba); antipherna (mziTevis sapirispiro). istoriulad romis saxelmwifos evoluciis yvela etapze, qorwineba erTi da imave safuZvliTYwydeboda. digestebis 24-e wignSi sagangebodaa miTiTebiuli qorwinebis Sewyvetis sami kanonieri safuZveli: ganqorwineba, erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba da erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargva. Tumca, zogierTi teqstis Tanaxmad, romelTa auTenturoba saeWvoa, dasaSvebad miiCneva qorwinebis SenarCunebas gaZevevis (interdictio aquae et ignis) an gadasaxlebis (deportacio in insulam) SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piri moqalaqeobas kargavda. mTavari iyo, rom meuRleebs affectio maritalis SeenarCunebiTaT. rogorc v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, Tavdapirvelad, romis samarTaliT ganqorwinebis moTxovnis uflebas mxolod qmars, da isic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, eZleoda. kerZod, Tu coli Caidenda iseT mZime danaSauls, rogoric iyo Svilebis mowamvla, Rvinis sacavis gasaRebis aslis damzadeba an mruSoba. plutarqes cnobiT, `romulusma ramdenime kanoni miiRo, romelTagan erTi gansakuTrebuli simkacriT gamoirCeva, cols ukrZalavda qmris mitovebas, magram qmars ufleba aZlevda mowamvlaSi, bavSvebis Secvlasa da mruSobaSi mxilebuli coli gaegdo. Tu vinme [qmari] sxva mizeziT ganqorwindeboda, maSin kanoni mas avalebda qonebis erTi nawili colisaTvis mieca, xolo meore nawili [qalRmerT] cererasTvis mieZRvna saCuqrad. xolo colis gamyidveli [qmari] qvesknelis RmerTebisaTvis unda SeewiraT~...
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romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyveta daiSveboda meuRleTa urTierTSeTanxmebiT da mas divortium ewodeboda. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod calmxrivad daiSveboda. ganqorwinebis gacxadeba xdeboda an macnis meSveobiT, an werilis gagzavniT, an qr.Sobamde 18 w. miRebuli avgustusis kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis. aRniSnuli kanoni ganqorwinebas mxolod colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi iTvaliswinebda; Tu moRalate colTan qmari Tanacxovrebas ganagrZobda, qmars sasjeli emuqreboda. zogjer ganqorwineba xdeboda obieqturi mizeziTac xdeboda. ase, magaliTad, qmris qurumad gaxdomis, samxedro samsaxuris an mZime daavadebis SemTxvevaSi, normalur viTarebaSi colqmruli Tanacxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo. ganqorwinebis bunebriv safuZvlad miiCneoda qalis uSvilobac. romSi zneobis dacemis kvalobaze, gaxSirda ganqorwinebebi araseriozuli mizezebiT. praqtikaSi damkvidrda cautiones rei uxoriae, romlis Tanaxmadac, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, qmari mziTevis ukan dabrunebis valdebulebas kisrulobda. mogvianebiT, pretorma Tavisi ediqtiT sarCeli actio rei uxoriae cols misca. Tavdapirvelad, ganqorwinebis, Semdeg qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic. pretoris mier daniSnuli mosamarTle (arbiter) sakuTar Tavze iRebda im funqcias, romelsac adre qmris saojaxo sabWo asrulebda. saqme isaa, rom sasarCelo formula qmars avaldebulebda colisaTvis mziTevidan mieca is, rac cols samarTlianad ekuTvnoda. mosamarTle (arbiter) am saqmes cenzoris msgavsad, Tavisi nebis Tavisufali gadawyvetilebiT (arbitrium) ganixilavda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sarCelis ufleba mxolod colis kerZo piradi ufleba iyo. qorwinebis periodSi colis mziTevad dadgenili rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba, qorwinebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, qmris sakuTrebaSi rCeboda, magram Tu qmari ganqorwinebas sapatio mizezTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovda, i. baronis TqmiT, kanoni mas avaldebulebda Tavisi qonebis erTi naxevari ganqorwinebuli colisaTvis mieca, xolo meore naxevari miwaTmoqmedebis qalRmerT cererasaTvis Seewira. mogvianebiT, respublikis periodSi ganqorwineba SesaZlebeli gaxda ormxrivi da calmxrivi moTxovniT rogorc colis, ise qmris mier. ganqorwinebas ormxrivi nebiT divortium-i ewodeboda, xolo calmxrivi nebiT _ repudium-i (repidium niSnobis calmxrivad CaSlasac niSnavda). digestebis ormocdameaTe wignSi es ori termini asea ganmartebuli: `ganqorwinebasa~ da `repudiacias~ Soris is sxvaobaa, rom `repudiacia~ SesaZlebelia rogorc qorwinebamde, ise mis Semdeg, magram sityviT `ganqorwineba~ igulisxmeba gaTxovili qali, radgan `ganqorwineba~ niSnavs qonebrivi kavSiris Sewyvetas meuRleebs Soris, ris Semdegac TiToeul meuRles sruli ufleba aqvs wavides iq, sadac surs.~ (D.50.16.191) calmxrivi nebiT ganqorwinebisas, moqmedebda mziTevis gankargvis Semdegi wesi: Tu coli iyo TviTxelisufali piri (persona sui iuris) (imis miuxedavad, mziTevi mamis, mSoblebisagan miRebuli iyo (profecticia) Tu gareSe, mesame pirisagan miRebuli (adventicia) da repudiacias iTxovda qmari, es ukanaskneli qorwinebis calmxrivi nebiT Sewyvetis mizezi iyo, mziTevi rCeboda mxolod cols; Tu coli kvlav mamis xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda anu persona alieni iuris iyo, maSin mziTevi, misi warmomavlobis miuxedavad (anu profecticia iyo, Tu adventicia), repudirebul colsa da mamamiss rCeboda; Tu ganqorwineba colis iniciativiT an misi saqcieliT xdeboda, maSin mziTevi qmars rCeboda. iustinianemdeli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, mziTevis bedi qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad mziTevis dabruneba-ardabrunebis pirobis daTqmaze iyo damokidebuli. aseTi daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevs dos recepticia ewodeboda da qorwinebis SewyvetisTanave qmars mziTevis dabruneba (aucilebeli xarjebis gamoklebiT) evaleboda. i. baronis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki mziTevs dos non recepticia ewodeboda, ris gamoc qmars mziTevis dabruneba ar evaleboda; magram Tu qorwinebis Sewyveta gamowveuli iyo colis gardacvalebiT, maSin mziTevi _ dos adventicia _ qmars rCeboda, xolo mziTevi _ dos profecticia _ (Tu misi damdgeni cocxali aRar iyo) qmars rCeboda, xolo Tu mziTevis damdgeni cocxali iyo, maSin TiToeul Svilze qmars mziTevis 1/5 wilis gamoqviTva SeeZlo. imperiis periodSi Zalze gaxSirda qorwinebis Sewyveta rogorc divortium-i, ise repudium-i. ganqorwineba did zneobriv zians ayenebda saxelmwifos, magram Tu qorwinebis Sewyveta mainc garduvali
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iyo, saimperatoro kanoni ganqorwinebisaTvis seriozul safuZvels iTxovda. Tu ganqorwineba am pirobas ar akmayofilebda, mas usafuZvlo ganqorwineba anu divortium sine causa ewodeboda da ganqorwinebis iniciators mkacri qonebrivi sasjeli ekisreboda. i. baronis Tanaxmad, amiTve iyo ganpirobebuli iustinianes mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebic. kerZod, imperatoris gankargulebiT ganqorwineba ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT (divortium communi consensu) aikrZala; gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva, rodesac, xorcieli siyvarulisagan TavSekavebis mizniT, meuRleebi sakuTari surviliT Sordebodnen erTmaneTs; magram Tu am pirobas meuRleTagan romelime daarRvevda, mas mTeli qoneba Svilebis sasargeblod CamoerTmeoda; Svilebis ar yolis SemTxvevaSi ki qoneba xazinis gankargulebaSi gadadioda. erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebiT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, mamis mier dadgenili mziTevi (dos profecticia), kanoniT qmars rCeboda; Tu qorwineba qmris gardacvalebiT wydeboda, maSin mziTevi mxolod cols, an colsa da mamamiss orives erTad ubrundeboda. pavlusis Tanaxmad, `Tu mamam misca da SeTanxmeba dado, rom qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi qaliSvilis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi mziTevi qmars rCeba, maSin, Cemi azriT, SeTanxmeba daculi unda iqnes, Tundac bavSvebi ar arsebobdnen~. aseTi gaxldaT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi romaeli xalxis sxvadasxvagvari dadgenileba mziTevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT. mziTevze qmris uflebebi Tavad samziTvo sagnis raobaze da mxareTa nebaze iyo damokidebuli. yvelaze xSirad qmars sakuTrebaSi sxeulebrivi nivTebi eZleoda da imavdroulad, samziTvo saganTan dakavSirebiT, misi uflebebi ganisazRvreboda. imperiis meore naxevarSi, mziTevis (dos) paralelurad, axali instituti saqorwino saCuqari (donatio propter nuptiaes) damkvidrda. ase ewoda manamde arsebul, qorwinebis Semdgom, saCuqars (donatio ante nuptiaes). qmari an mis magier sxva (kanoniT aseTi ram mamas ar evaleboda) piri, mziTevis sanacvlod, colisaTvis gansazRvruli raodenobis qonebas (antipherna) adgenda. saqorwino saCuqari (donatio propter nuptias) mziTevis (dos) tolfasi unda yofiliyo. aseTi samziTvo qonebidan qmris wils coli winaswar gansazRvravda da qmars im SemTxvevaSi eZleoda, Tu coli qmarze adre gardaicvleboda; Tavis mxriv, qmaric gansazRvravda samziTvi qonebis wils, romelic cols im SemTxvevaSi gadaecemoda, Tu qmari masze adre gardaicvleboda. colis mizeziT ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, igi samziTvo qonebas kargavda. aseve kargavda, ganqorwinebis iniciatori qmari, saqorwino saCuqars (donatio propter nuptiaes). Tu qorwinebidan meuRleebs Svilebi ar hyavdaT, maSin qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT, cols saqorwino saCuqarze (donatio propter nuptiaes) aranairi ufleba ar hqonda; Tu qorwinebidan maT hyavdaT Svilebi, maSin qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, coli aRniSnul qonebaze uzufruqts iRebda, xolo qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebas _ SvilebTan erTad inawilebda. rac Seexeba erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargvis mizeziT qorwinebis Sewyvetas, (magaliTad, Tu meuRle Cavardeboda tyved da misi bedi _ gardacvlili iyo Tu cocxali _ ucnobi iyo), xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg, qorwineba Sewyvetilad iTvleboda da cols kvlav daqoriwnebis ufleba eZleoda. am SemTxvevaSi, qonebrivi zaralis anazRaureba meuRleTagan arc erTs ar ekisreboda; Tu gaazatebuli qali Tavis patronze gaTxovdeboda, maSin mas ganqorwinebis moTxovna ekrZaleboda da, amdenad, arc mziTevis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda. qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad, aseTi gaxldaT is sxvadasxvagvari dadgenileba, riTac romaeli xalxi xelmZRvanelobda. VII. Paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi) Ius vitae et necis (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba); potestas (mamasaxlisis xelisufleba); emancipatio (mamis xelisuflebidan gaTavisufleba); patria potestas (mamis xelisufleba). romis samarTali erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda pirTa or kategorias: araxelqveiT (sui iuris) da xelqveiT (alieni iuris) pirebs. Zvel romSi mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wyoba pirTa aRniSnul dayofas
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efuZneboda. romauli ojaxis saTaveSi idga ojaxis ufrosi, mamasaxlisi, romelsac romaelebi paterfamilias-s uwodebdnen. mis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda yvela alieni iuris piri: coli (romelsac qaliSvilis mdgomareoba hqonda _ loco filiae), vaJiSvilebi da maTi colebi, romlebic qmris xelisuflebaSi iyvnen (isini SviliSvilis statusiT sargeblodbnen loco nuptis), qaliSvilebi da monebi. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba SeuzRudavi iyo da colze, Svilebze, monebze Tu nivTebze erTnair xelisuflebas (manus) axorcielebda; droTa ganmavlobaSi mamasaxlisis xelisufleba (potestas) daixvewa da ramdenime ZiriTadi saxe gamoikveTa. 1. xelisufleba colze (manu); 2. xelisufleba Svilebze (patria potestas); 3. xelisufleba monebze (dominica potestas). Sesabamisad, TandaTanobiT, aRniSnulma xelisuflebam, diferenciaciis Sedegad, gansxvavebuli saxeldebebi miiRo: manu mariti (xelisufleba colze), patria potestas (xelisufleba Svilze), dominica potestas (xelisufleba monebze) da a.S. mogvianebiT, imperator iustinianes samarTliT mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) xelisufleba SeizRuda. roca misi, rogorc ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba mxolod monebsa da mis xelqveiT myof Svilebze vrceldeboda. romaul ojaxSi qveynis umaRles xelisufals ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) cvlida. misi Zalaufleba sakmaod farTo iyo: igi gankargavda ojaxis mTel qonebas, ganagebda ojaxis wevrTa beds da a.S. 1. gayidvis ufleba (ius vendendi). ojaxis vaJiSvilis sxva qveynis teritoriaze monad gayidva. aRniSnuls XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mesame gayidvis Semdeg Svili mamis xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. zaralis asanazRaureblad gadacema (ius noxae dandi). mamas ufleba hqonda xelqveiTi vaJiSvili miyenebuli zaralis asanazRaureblad gadaeca dazaralebulisaTvis da Tavad zaralis anazraurebis pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo. aRniSnuli ufleba iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT aikrZala; 3. Cvilis gadagdebis ufleba. klavdiusis epoqaSi daiSveboda, rom mamas axalSobilze uari eTqva da gadaegdo. es qristianTa mxridan kritikis safuZveli gaxda da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiSveboda, Tu Cvili maxinji daibadeboda. aRniSnuli Zalaufleba imdenad didi iyo, rom mas ojaxis wevris sikvdiliT dasjis uflebas ki hqonda (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae et necis). yvelaferi, rasac Svilebi iZendnen, mamas ekuTvnoda. h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis mama erTaderTi da SeuzRudavi mesakuTre iyo im qonebisa, romelsac is da misi xelqveiTni SromiT, memkvidreobiT an raime sxva xelsayreli SemTxvevis wyalobiT iZendnen. aRniSnuli wesis paralelurad sazogadoebaSi arsebobda xalxis erTgvari Sexeduleba, romelic sagangebod aRniSna romaelma iuristma pavlusma. am TvalsazrisiT, mTeli qoneba mamisa da misi Svilebis saerTo qonebad iTvleboda. TavisTavad, iuridiuli gankargvis wesze aRniSnul Sexedulebas araviTari gavlena ar hqonda (am SemTxvevaSi, mamis `fiducialuri~ uflebis Sesaxeb saubari iseve umarTebulo iyo, rogorc qmris fiducialuri sakuTrebis aRiareba colis mziTevze, romelic, xalxis azriT, colis kuTvnileba iyo. mziTevis (dos) gankargvis wesis Tanadroulad, arsebobda e.w. naturalisturi mosazrebac, romelic, Tavis mxriv, pozitiuri samarTlis ganmartebis safuZveli SeiZleba gamxdariyo). iustinianes samarTlis mixedviT, mama da Svilebi iZendnen yovelive imas, rac maT xelSi a parte an ex re partis ar gadadioda. srulwlovanebis Semdeg, mamis xelqveiT Svilebs SeeZloT sakuTar Tavze valdebulebebis damoukideblad miReba. klasikur periodSi xelqveiTi Svilebis winaaRmdeg saCivris aRZvra da valauvalobis gamo maTi dasja SeiZleboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva, SeiZleboda ki realurad am daTqmis ganxorcieleba, radgam xelqveiTi Svilebs qoneba ar gaaCndaT. SC Macedonianum-is Tanaxmad, xelqveiT Svils sesxis rom aeRo, mas mamis Tanxmoba esaWiroeboda. m. bartoSeki termins patria potestas Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ojaxis ufrosis samisdReSio da absoluturi xelisufleba rogorc sisxlismier, ise ayvanil Svilebze, maTi asakis miuxedavad. romaeli iuristebi mamis xelisuflebas romis moqalaqeTa wminda erovnul instituts _ ius proprium
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civium Romanorum-s uwodebdnen. germaneli mecnieri e. Staermani ambobs, rom `is rkiniseburi disciplina da saxlis uflis Zalaufleba, rac arsebobda familias-Si, saerTod iSviaTobas warmoadgenda msoflio istoriaSi. romaeli didkacis ojaxi, garda jalabobisa, Sedgeboda monebisa da mosamsaxureebisagan... aseve laTinuri familia niSnavda ojaxs, jalabsa, da nawilobriv, gvarsac. iustinianes instituciebSi naTqvamia: ` Ius autem potestas, quod in liberos habemus, proprium est ciuium Romanuorum: nulli enim alii sunt homines, qui talem in liberos habeant potestatem, qualem nos habemus _ mamis xelisufleba, romelic bavSvebze gvaqvs, mxolod romaeli moqalaqeebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli; rameTu ar arsebobs sxva xalxi, romelsac iseTive xelisufleba hqondes Svilebze, rogoric Cven, romaelebs gvaqvs~. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) SeiZleba yofiliyo ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis aRmavali xazis asakiT uxucesi wevri, romelic romauli ojaxis erTaderTi TviTxelisufali (persona sui iuris) iyo, romlis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi vaJebi, (manamde paterfamilias-is daqvemdebarebaSi myofni) paterfamilias-ebi Tavad xdebodnen. Tavdapirvelad, paterfamilias-is TiTqmis absoluturi Zalaufleba ojaxis yvela wevrsa da mTel saojaxo qonebaze upirobod vrceldeboda. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi igi mxolod Cveulebisa (regimen morum) da zneobis (leges regiae) normebiT izRudeboda. mogvianebiT kanoniTac da cxovrebis wesiTac mamis Zalaufleba Sesustda. ojaxis yvela Tavisufali wevri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda, xolo colis daqvemdebareba ormagi xasiaTisa iyo; erTi mxriv, igi qmris xelisuflebas (manu mariti), meore mxriv ki, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda. amgvari xelisuflebis arsi Tavad misi bunebiT aixsneboda da ojaxis ufrosis pasuxismgeblobas ukavSirdeboda, raTa mas modgmis gagrZeleba uzrunveleyo. mamis xelisuflebis warmoiSoboda: 1. kanonier qorwinebaSi myof meuRleTa vaJiSvilis an qaliSvilis dabadebiT; 2. dakanonebiT; 3. SvilebiT. mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) absoluturi xelisuflebis (patria potestas) ramdenime saxe arsebobda: 1. piris sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae ac necis) mamasaxlisis umTavresi ufleba iyo, romelic man klasikur periodamde SeinarCuna. aRniSnuli ufleba Zalze ulmobeli ufleba iyo; es ufleba dionise halikarnaselis Tanaxmad, `sxva Zveli xalxebis mier tiranulad iyo miCneuli~. romaelebis am uflebis realurad gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelad miiCnevdne saojaxo sabWos (iudicium domesticum) mowvevas. cenzors ufleba hqonda Careuli mamis gadawyvetilebaSi. ojaxis ufrosisadmi daqvemdebarebul pirTa sasikvdilod gameteba uSualod misi funqcia iyo da sajaro xelisuflebas exeba, roca ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) daqvemdebarebul pirs sjida, am dros mas disciplinaruli mosazrebebi amoZravebda. konstantines dros mamasaxlisis zemoxsenebuli ufleba (vitae necisque potestas) SeizRuda; 395 wlidan ki mas TviTneburad umizezod daqvemdebarebuli pirebis sikvdiliT dasja aekrZala. mkacri RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba mas aekrZala. Vitae necisque potestas akrZalva iustinianes kodeqsiT dasturdeba. 2. ojaxis mamas (paterfamilias) ufleba hqonda axalSobili Svilad ar eRiarebina. saerTod, ojaxis wevrad da mamis ZalauflebaSi myof pirad mxolod mamasaxlisis mier aRiarebuli Svilis xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, aSkara simaxinjisas) bavSvs Tavidan icilebdnen _ expositio filii. rogorc XII dafis kanonebisa da ciceronis Tanaxmad, ...“cito necatus tamquam ex XII tabulis insignis ad deformitatem puer _ rogorc XII dafis kanonebidan Cans, Cvils, romelic gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli simaxijniT, aseve iolad gamoasalmebdnen sicocxles.~ Tavdapirvelad, mamasaxlisis aRniSnul uflebas mezoblebi da naTesavebi akontrolebdnen. 3. daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi ojaxis ufross SeeZlo zaralis anazRaurebis an ubralod, muSa xelis gaqiravebis mizniT, mesame pirebisaTvis mancipaciiT gadaeca (mancipio dare). es praqtika romSi odiTganve iyo cnobili. dionise halikarnaselis gadmogvcemiT, romulusma miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, `romaelma kanonmdebelma... neba darTo mamas vaJiSvili ise gaeyida, rom yuradRebas ar
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aqcevda imas, Tu romelime mama arajansaR da miT ufro damamZimebeli an bunebiT miuRebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi eWvmitanili iqneboda... igi mamas nebas rTavda vaJiSvilis samgzis gayidviT gamdidrebuliyo; amiT mamas gacilebiT ufro didi Zalaufleba eniWeboda, vidre batons monasTan mimarTebaSi... magram samgzis gayidvis Semdeg vaJiSvili Tavisufldeboda mamis Zalauflebisagan/~ aRniSnuli norma mocemulia XII dafis kanonebSi ` Si pater filium ter venum du[it], filius a petre liber esto _ Tu mama samjer gayidis Svils, Svili mamisagan Tavisufali iyos” 4. dionise halikarnaselis cnobiT, romelic romis meore reqs numa pompiliuss periods ekuTvnis, ambobs: `Tu mama vaJiSvils nebas darTavs moiyvanos coli, romelic wminda saqmeebisa da qonebis monawile gaxda, kanonis Tanaxmad, mamas ar eqneba ufleba gayidos vaJiSvili~. XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze pontifikosebma dadgines, rom kanonSi, romelSic mocemulia sityva `filius” mamrobiTi sqesis xelqveiTi pirebi igulisxmebian, da ara daRmavali xazis calkeuli pirebi da qalebi, romlebic paterfamilias xelisuflebisgan erTjeradi mancipaciiT Tavisufldebodnen. rogorc wyaroebidan irkveeva, romSi daiSveboda vaJiSvilis mancipireba; rac Seexeba qaliSvils, erTgvarad, rCevis saxiT, kanonmdebeli acxadebda, rom jobda qaliSvilis mancipaciisagan ojaxis ufross Tavis Seekavebina, raTa momavalSi misi gaTxoveba ar gaZneleboda. amrigad, praqtikulad ojaxis ufrosis mier mancipaciis gamoyeneba postklasikuri periodis wyaroebSi noxae deditio aRar ixsenieboda, xolo iustinianes instituciebiT igi gauqmebulad cxaddeboda. kanoniT pontifikosebma daaregulires mamis xelisuflebidan samjeradi mancipaciis gziT, Tavdaxsnili Svilebis saboloo ganTavisufleba emancipatio-Ti. emancipacia iyo winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, Svilebis an SviliSvilebis gaTavisufleba mamis xelisuflebidan. vaJiSvilis SemxvevaSi, emancipacia samjer gamoiyeneboda, qaliSvilis mimarT mxolod erTxel. vaJiSvilis mesame emancipaciis Semdeg, ndobis aRWurvili piris mier mamisaTvis Svilis dabrunebis Sedegad, mama parens manumissor-i (Svils an SviliSvils Tavis xelisuflebidan ganmaTavisuflebeli mSobeli) xdeboda. emancipaciis Sedegad, emancipirebuli piri sui iuris xdeboda, magram mis Svilebze emancipatio ar vrceldeboda. kanonis Tanaxmad, emancipacias qonebis danawevreba ar unda gamoewvia, Sesabamisad, igi mxolod erT vaJiSvilze vrceldeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, mama cdilobda, rom emancipaciis meSveobiT sxva SvilebisaTvis damoukideblad arsebobis pirobebis Seeqmna (ZiriTadad, maTTvis pekuliumis micemiT). konstantines periodidan moyolebuli, Svilebis umadurobis SemTxvevaSi, mamas SeeZlo uari eTqva Svilebis emancripacioze. qr.Sobis VI saukunidan, imperatoris reskriptiT (e. Anastasiana) armyofi Svilebis mimarT emancipaciis gamartivebuli forma an saTanado organoebSi registrirebuli mamis ubralo gancxadeba (e. Iustiniana) gamoiyeneboda. CveulebiTi samarTliT, vaJiSvilis mier sakuTari meurneobis Seqmna am qaliSvilis gaTxoveba (e. Saxonica, e. iuris germanici) mamis xelisuflebis Sewyvetis erT-erTi forma iyo. Emancipatio iyo winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze nacnobisaTvis daqvemdebarebuli piris gadacema, romelic kanoniT, mas aTavisuflebda (manumissio vindicta). pirveli da meore mancipaciis Semdeg, manicpirebuli piri kvlav mamasaxlisis xelisuflebaSi brundeboda. mesame mancipaciis Semdeg vaJiSvilsa da mamas Soris urTierToba in causa mancipi-s efuZneboda. manumisiis Sedegad vaJiSvli Tavisufldeboda mamis xelisuflebisagan, xdeboda persona sui iuris da mSobel mamasTan kvazipatronatis urTierTobaSi imyofeboda. postklasikur periodSi emancipaciis aRniSnuli forma mniSvnelovnad gamartivda: dasavleT romis imperiaSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, kuriis winaSe, Svidi mowmis TandaswrebiT, mamam acxadebda vaJis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, xolo aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi imperatoris reskripti gamoicemoda, vidre 531 wels es arafris mTqmeli da miuRebeli rTuli wesi imperatorma iustinianem sabolood ar gaauqma da Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirebTan gancxadebis gakeTeba sakmarisad scno. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis gafarToebuli uflebaunarianoba da
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cognatio-si agnatio-ze damkvidrebuli primati mamis xelisuflebidan gaTavisuflebis mniSvnelobas amcirebda, rac, praqtikulad, aRniSnuli aqtis arss cvlida. postklasikur periodSi damkvidrebuli principis Tanaxmad, mancipirebulis piris Tanxmobis gareSe misi gaTavisufleba ar daiSveboda. amrigad, Zvel romSi mamis xelisuflebis Sewyvetas Semdegi safuZvlebi ganapirobebda: 1. ojaxis ufrosis gardacvaleba. Tu mis xelisuflebaSi Svili da SviliSvili iyo, maSin mamis xelisufleba SvilTan da ara SviliSvilTan mimarTebaSi wydeboda; 2. daqvemdebarebuli Svilis gardacvaleba; 3. mamis mier garkveuli saxis danaSaulis Cadena: bavSvis migdeba, uzneo cxovrebisaken qaliSvilis biZgeba, sisxlisaRreviTi qorwinebis dadeba; 4. xelqveiTi piris mier garkveuli sasuliero Tu saero wodebis miReba; 5. emancipacia.
VIII. Tutela et cura (mzrunveloba da meurveoba)
(mzrunveloba); cura (meurveoba); tutela mulierum (mzrunveloba qalebze); tutela impuberum (mzrunveloba bavSvebze); auctoritas (gankargvis Zalaufleba, qmedunarianoba); fraus (mzakvroba, veragoba); actio tutelae (sarCeli mzrunvelobaze); munus publicum (sazogadoebrivi valdebuleba); tutela legitima (kanonismieri mzurveloba); tutela testamentaria (anderZismieri mzruneloba); tutela dativa (mzrunveloba magistratis gadawyvetilebiT); cura furiosi (meurveoba Wkuasustze); cura prodigi (mzrunveloba mflangvelze); bonorum interdictio (qonebis marTvis akrZlava). Tutela
Zveli romauli samarTliT, saojaxo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda mzrunvelobisa da meurveobis institutebi. meurveoba iyo mzrunveloba da warmomadgenloba, romelic samarTliT uwesdeboda im pirs, romelsac saerTod an jerovnad ar SeeZlo zrunva sakuTar pirovnebasa Tu qonebaze. Tutor da curator _ orive am institutiT gulisxmoboda yuradRdeba, mzrunveloba rogorc pirovnebis, ise qonebis mimarT. Tutela arasrulwlovnebsa da qalebze (imperiis Sua periodamde) wesdeboda, xolo cura suliT avadmyofebze, mflangvelebze, mcirewlovnebze, avadmyofebze, zogjer arasrulwlovnebzec(imperiis periodamde). aRniSnuli institutebi ganpirobebuli iyo qmedunarianobiT. uflebaunariani pirebi, romelTa sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobisaTvis samarTali iTvaliswinebda nebis formirebis zogad defeqts, (dakavSirebuls pirovnebis fiziologiur da fsiqologur TaviseburebebTan) da Sesabamisi gankargvis SeuZleblobas (auctoritas _ SesaZlebloba, auctor _ iuridiuli qmedebis subieqti); aseTi piri qmedunariani piris mzurnvelobaSi an meurveobaSi gadadioda, riTac mis samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas xels uwyoda da aRniSnuli xarvezi aRmoifxvreboda. fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba misi dabadebis momentidan warmoiSoboda da empiriulad dgindeboda. cnobili romaeli iuristis labeonis mimdevrebi fizikuri piris uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis aucilebel, savaldebulo momentad bavSvis yvirils (emittere vocem) miiCnevdnen; maSin, rodesac meore skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, saamisod sicocxlis nebismieri niSnis gamovlinebac kmaroda. iuridiulad maxinjis (monstrum, portentum, ostentum, prodigium, debilis) dabadeba mniSvnelovan movlenad ar miiCneoda. pavlusi wers: `dabadebiT Tavisufal bavSvad ar iTvleba is, vinc adamianTa modgmis Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebuli garegnobiT ibadeba, magaliTad, rodesac qali raRac gonjsa da maxinjs Sobs, magram nayofi, romelsac sxeulis nawilebi gamravlebuli aqvs, ramdenadme srulyofilad iTvleba da amitom mas dabadebiT TavisufalTa kategorias miakuTvneben.~ (D.1.5.14) Tumca, Tu normidan gadaxra (contra formam humani generis) asatani iyo, maSin maxinji persona-ad ganixileba. ulpiane wers: `SesaZloa daibados kiTxva: Tu qali amqveynad moavlens maxinjs an dambladacemuls, romelic uCveulo saxis an xmis gamo cxovels ufro Camohgavs, vidre adamians, CaiTvleba Tu ara igi mSobel dedad? ufro gonivrulia sakiTxi gadawydes dadebiTad, radgan amis gamo verc mamas daadanaSauleben da verc dedas, romlebic, TavianTi mxriv, SeZlebisdagvarad, akmayofilebdnen sakuTar movaleobebs; xolo is, rac moxda, ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo, amisaTvis pasuxi dedas ar
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moeTxoveba~. (D.50.16.135.) marTalia, bavSvis Casaxvis moments misi statusis gasnsazRvris mizniT eqceoda yuradReba, magram Tavad Canasaxi (conceptus, venter, uter) samarTlis subieqtad ar miicneoda. Tu nayofis arseboba zogjer adamianis bunebriv arsebobas uTanabrdeboda (trifoniusis Tanaxmad, `Qui in utero sunt, in toto paene iure civili intellegunrur in rerum natura esse _ is, vinc muclad aris, TiTqmis mTeli samoqalaqo samarTliT [ukve] dabadebulad ganixileba~) (D.1.5.26) an kidev, `fraza: `bavSvi, romelic unda daibados uaxloes droSi, iTvleba ukve am qveynad arsebulad~ _ sworia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakiTxi exeba am bavSvis uflebebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi maSin CaiTvleba dabadebulad, roca realurad moevlineba am qveyanas~ (D.50.16.231). Tumca, zogjer, magaliTad, kanonismiT memkvdireobisas, nayofi socialur subieqtad miiCneoda. fexmZime qalis moTxovniT, samemkvidreo uflebebis dacvis mizniT, pretori muclad myof bavSvs uniSnavda mzurnvels (curator ventris), romlis funqcia iyo im qonebis marTva (administractio), romelsac, dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvi miiRebda. muclad myofis saxeliT, misive interesebidan gamomdinare, samemkvidreo qonebis mflobelobaSi SeiZleboda dedis Seeyvanac, Tuki axaldabadebulis memkvidreobaze anderZis sawinaaRmdegod (bonorum possessio contra tabulas) deda pretenzias acxadebda, rogorc mxedvelobidan gamorCenili pirveli rigis memkvidre. h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, markus avreliusis droidan arasrulwlovnebs aiZulebdnen, rom qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator) moeTxovaT. mTel qonebas mzrunveli zedamxedvelobda da mas faqtobrivad zaralisagan icavda. Tavdapirvelad, mzrunvelis daniSvna arasrulwlovanebs qonebis gasxvisebisa da xelSekrulebiT movaleobebis miRebis SesaZleblobas ar arTmevda; magram Tu isini zarals ganicdidnen, maSin uwindeburad maT restitucia eZleodaT. dabolos, mzrunvelobas daqvemdebarebuli arasrulwlovnebi diokletianem sakuTari qonebis gasxvisebis uflebauunarod gamoacxada. aqedan gamomdinare, qonebaze xelSekrulebis dadeba maT mxolos im pirobiT SeeZloT, Tu amiT maTi qonebrivi mdgomareoba ar uaresdeboda. mcirewlovani persona sui iuris srulwlovanebamde qmeduunaro iyo. amis gamo, garigebebSi monawileobisaTvis mas meurved zrdasruli mamakaci (tutela impuberum) eniSneboda, xolo sui iuris qals (asakis miuxedavad) tutela mulierum eniSneboda. respublikis periodis iuristebis Tanaxmad, aseTi dadgenileba Tavad qalebis qarafSutobam (levitas animi) ganapiroba. imisTvis, rom meurveobaSi myof pirs iuridiuli mniSvnelobis raime qmedeba ganexorcielebina, saWiro iyo meurvis Tanxmoba da mis mier damowmebuli aqti _ auctoritatis interpositio. Auctor (moqmedi piri) anu iuridiuli aqtis damdebi iyo meurve. srulwovan qals meurve esaWiroeboda (tutela mulierum) anderZis Sesadgenad, res mancipis gasasxviseblad, uzufruqtis dasadgenad, aseve stipulatio-sa da acceptilatio-s gansaxorcieleblad, xolo mcirewlovanis SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri aqtis dadeba valdebulebis dadgenas ukavSirdeboda. mcirewlovanis mier auctoritas (meurvis) gareSe dadeuli garigeba, rogorc obliogatio naturalis, gvian periods ganekuTvnebas da marTalia, aseTi garigebis namdvilobas ar uaryofda, magram arc baTlad miiCnevda. daaxloebiT Tormetwlamde asakis sui iuris qali imyofeboda tutela impuberum-Si, xolo aseTi meurveobidan gamosvlisa da srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg qali eqceoda tutela mulierum-Si. winaklasikur periodSi, Tu qalis meurve ara agnati naTesavi iyo, maSin, mas simboluri funqcia hqonda, rameTu igi, Tavisive nebis sapirispirod, SeiZleba pretors eiZulebina auctoritas (auctor fieri) mieca. gaiusi akritikebda mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, qalebi, maTTvis niSandobilivi qarafSutulobis gamo, aucileblad saWiroebdnen meurves, raTa, mcirewlovanTa msgavsad, isinic ar moetyuebinaT. realurad ki, qalebi, romelTac meurvis gareSe xeli ar miuwvdebodaT civilur garigebebze, umal pragmatulad moqmedebdnen. ase magaliTad, liviusis Tanaxmad, qr.Sobamde II saukuneSi, patronis gardacvalebis Semdeg, gaazatebuli qali anderZis Sesadgenad magistratebs meurvis dasaniSnad TxovniT mimarTavda.
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maSasadame, faqtiurad, meurvis instituti qmedunarianobis xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad gamoiyeneboda da ganisazRvreboda formalurad, xolo sameurveo piris fsiqologiuri aspeqti meorexarisxovani iyo. meurveobas mcirewlovans, Cvilis, infans da qalis qonebis (bonorum administratio) mimarT meurve savaldebulo wesiT axorcielebda. am SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis uflebis gaganawileba xdebdoa: qonebis statikuri da abstraqtuli mesakuTre sameurveo piri iyo, xolo ganmkargveli da mmarTveli _ meurve. srulwlovanebis miRwevis Semdeg, sameurveo piri meurveobisagan Tavisufldeba da yovelgvari formaluri aqtis gareSe, sakuTari qonebis sruli mesakuTre xdeba. pirovnebis iuridiuli statusis xarvezis Sesavsebad dadgenili meurveoba winaklasikur periodSi moRvawe servius sulpicius rufusma Semdegnairad gansazRra: `vis ac potestas in capite libero _ Zala da xelisufleba Tavisufal adamianTan mimarTebaSi~ (D.26,1,1). am formulis iuridiuli arsis Tanaxmad, meurve sameurveo piris (sui iuris) Tanasworuflebiani iyo. meureobis instituti persona sui iuris-zec vrceldeboda. Tavdapirvelad, meurveobis safuZveli iyo ndoba (fides) da piradi kavSirebi, rac samoqalaqo brunvaSi erT mTlian pirad (persona) aRiqmeboda. meurve mflobelobasa da sakuTrebas iZenda, xolo nivTebs uSualod sameurveo piris interesebidan gamomdinare asxvisebda; Tu sameurveo piris qonebidan meurve raimes Tavis sasargeblod SeiZenda, maSin igi analogiaze (actiones, utiles) dafuZnebuli pretoris sarCeliT sakuTrebis an fulis dabrunebis Sesaxeb pasuxs agebs. meurvisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi uZveles epoqas ganekuTvneba. meurvis mier ndobis (fides) darRveva saTaves iRebs XII dafis kanonebidan da ius civile-s sferos ganekuTvneba. `Atque iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, ut tutela XII tabulis… _ es boroti ganzraxva eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlo ganxilvas da kanonis safuZvelze, rogorc meurveoba XII dafis kanonebis mixedviT~. meurvis mier ndobis (fides) darRveva mzakvrobad (fraus) ganixileba da XII dafis kanonebiT isjeboda: `Si ... tutores rem pupilli furati sunt, videamus an ea actione, quae proponitur ex lege XII tabularum adversus tutorem in duplum, singuli in solidum teneantur _ meurveebis mier sameurveod gadacemul pirTa qonebis gaflanvis SemTxvevaSi, unda dadgindes, dasaSvebia Tu ara TiToeuli meurvis mimarT cal-calke im sarCelis ormagi odenobiT Setana, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia XII dafis kanonebSi meurveTa winaaRmdeg~. romaeli iuristi ulpiane meurvis pasuxismgeblobis (accusatio suspecti tutoris) safuZvlad asaxelebs borot ganzraxvas (dolus), rac vlindeboda arakeTilsindisierebiT, wuwuraqobiT, motyuebiT an misi nivTebis miTvisebiT, rac sameurveo pirs gamanadgurebel zians ayenebda. (D. 26.10.1.2) terminebis dolus _ boroti ganzraxva da fraus _ angareba, mzakvroba, paralelurad gamoiyeneboda termini corrupta fides ndobadakarguli piri. meurvisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba (accusatio suspecti tutoris) xdeba cognitio-s formiT. Accusatio suspecti tutoris meurvis winaaRmdeg nebismieri piris gancxadebis safuZvelze sajaro, sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmis aRZvra. meurve, romelic ganzrax da TaRliTurad miayenebda zians sameurveo pirs da cognitio-s warmoebaSi misi brali dadasturdeboda, magistrati meurves arasando pirad (tutor suspectus) acxadebda da meurveobis uflebas arTemvda (remotio suspecti tutoris), yofili meurve pativayril pirad (infamia) cxaddeeboda. postklasikur periodSi zemoaRniSnuli wesi mzrunvelis mimarTac gamoiyeneboda. savaraudod, arqaul periodSi sasamarTlo procesi legis actio sacramento in personam-is formiT warimarTeboda. Accusatio suspecti tutoris-i anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis (tutor testamentarius) mimarT gamoiyeneboda. meurveobis dasrulebis Semdeg, kanonier meurves (tutor legitimus) boroti qmedebebisaTvis _ piradi gamdidirebis mizniT, sameurveo piris qonebidan garkveuli wilis miTvisebis SemTxvevaSi _ sarCeliT actio rationibus distrahendis-iT pasuxi moeTxoveboda. aRniSnuli sarCeli XII dafis kanonebs efuZneboda. yofili meurve ormagad _ in duplum _ isjeboda. (D.27,3,2,2), meurvis qmedeba ndobis, erTgulebis (fides) Ralatad miiCneoda da danaSaulis (crimen) kvalifikacia eZleoda. aqedan gamodinare, arakeTilsindisieri meurve, aRniSnuli sarCeliT, dasjas eqvemdebareboda.
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winaklasikur periodSi dadginda bonae fidei-is erT-erT uZveles sarCelTagani _ actio tutelae, romliTac meurveobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela SesaZlo zaralis anazRaureba xdeboda; maT Soris, yofili sameurveo piris mier meurvisaTvis miyenebuli zaralisac. am SemTxvevaSi, yofili meurve iRebda sarTels actio tutelae contraria yofili sameurveo piris winaaRmdeg. uZveles princips _ uRalatobasa da pirad erTgulebas (fides) gamdidrebis survili enacvleboda da sameurveo urTierTobas ekonomikur xasiaTs sZenda. aseTma damokidebulebam civiluri xasiaTi miiRo da ise rogorc yvela actiones bonae fidei, actio tutelae-sac in ius concepta formula hqonda. meurveobis institutisadmi individualuri midgomis damkvidreba, `meurve~ _ `sameurveo~ pirebis urTierTobis tandemad garegnulad meurves warmoaCenda da misi funqcia sazogadoebriv valdebulebad _ manus publicum _ aRiqmeboda. qr.Sobamde 210 w. atiliusis kanoniT (lex Atila), umeurveod darCenil pirebs, meurves magistrati uniSnavda. iustinianes dros, magistratis gadawyvetilebiT daniSnuli meurve _ tutor Atilianus, klasikuri periodis anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis msgavsad, tutor dativus-ad iwodeboda. aRniSnuli sameurveo urTierTobebi regulirdeboda sarCeliT actio tutelae. winaklasikuri periodis iuristebi meurvis daniSvnis ramdenime safuZvels asaxelebdnen. kvintus muciusi meurveobis xuT saxes ganasxvavebda, servius sulpiciusi _ sams (1. tutela testamentaria, 2. tutela legitima da 3. tutela dativa), labeoni mxolod ors (1. tutela impuberum da 2. tutela mulierum). gaiusis Tanaxmad, meurveobis imdenive gvari iyo (genera), ramdenic saxe (species). meurveobis uZvelesi forma iyo tutela legitima, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg arasrulwlovnebi da qalebi sui iuris pirebi xdebodnen da maT meurved uaxloesi agnati an kognati naTesavi eniSnebodaT. Tavdapirvelad, qals ar SeeZlo persona sui iuris statusis miReba da amdenad, igi ara meurveobaSi, aramed axali ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (paterfamilias potestas) gadadioda. meurveobis Sewyvetis safuZvelebi iyo: 1. saerTo safuZveli iyo: sameurveo piri gardacvleba, srulwlovnobis miRweva, perpsona sui iuris statuss mopoveba, avadmyofi sameurveo piri gamojanmrTeleba, mflangvelis SemTxvevaSi ki _ misi gamosworeba; 2. meurvis gardacvaleba, meurvis uflebis dakargva (aseT SemTxvevaSi axali meurve iniSneboda); 3. sameurveo piris gardacvaleba, meurvis uRirsi saqcieli (infamia). romis samarTalSi, sameurveo insititutis msgavsad, arsebobda erTi institutic, romelsac axali drois iuristebi protutor-is instituts uwodebdnen. Pro tutore, pro curatore sameurveo piris qonebas gankargavd, misi aqtebis ganxilvis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReboda protutor-is damokidebuleba sameurveo pirsa da mesame pirebTan. 1. sameurveo pirTan mimarTebiT, protutor-i sakuTar Tavs avaldebulebda da uflebebs iZenda negotiorum gestor-is saxiT; sameurveo pirsa da protutor-s Soris sarCels actio protutelae directa da contraria ewodeba; 2. mesame pirebTan mimarTebiT, protutor-s sameurveo pirad gamosvlis uflebamosili ar hqonda; amitom protutor-is mier dadebuli garigebiT, mesame pirebis mimarT, sameurveo piri valdbuleba ar ekisreboda. sasamarTlo procesis dros, SecdomaSi Seyvanis Sedegad, mesame pirs SeeZlo moeTxova in integrum restitutio. Tu protutori saziano (dolo) garigebas dadebda, maSin mesame pirisaTvis zaralia anazRaureba ekisreboda.; protutoris winaaRmdeg wardgenil sarCels sagangebo saxeli ar hqonda; es iyo sarCeli actio in factum, romelsac erTi wliT (anuus utilis) da memkvidreebs pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebodaT. serviusis ganmarteba aRniSnuli institutis pirvandel struqturasa da daniSnulebas asaxavda. arqauli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, Tavisufali pirebi (personae sui iuris), romlebic flobdnen qonebas, magram misi damoukideblad marTva ar SeeZloT, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, dacvas saWiroebdnen. aseT pirebad miCneulni iyvnen: asakis gamo _ arasrulwlovanebi, sqesis gamo _ qalebi, qmeduunarobis gamo _ Wkuasustebi da mflangvelebi. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, arasrulwlovani da qali meurveobas, xolo Wkuasusti da mflangveli, maTi qmeduunarobis aRiarebisTanave, mzrunvelis meTvalyureobas eqvemdebarebodnen. Tavdapirvelad, meurveobas mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) uzanaesi ZalauflebaSi mTeli saojaxo qonebis TavmoyriT ganapirobebda. misi aryofnis dros auci-
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lebeli iyo sxva piris daniSvna, im pirTa dasacavad da mfarvelobis gasawevad, visac saojaxo qonebis marTvis ufleba ar hqonda. qalebis mimarT meurveobis institutis gauqmeba dakavSirebulia, avgustusis epoqaSi miRebul, lex Iulia et Papia-sTan, romlis Tanaxmad qali gamodioda meurveobidan, Tu TavisufladSobil, qvriv matrona-s aRsazrdelad da sarCenad rCeboda sami mcirewlovani Svili, xolo libertini-s (gaazatebuls) _ oTxi mcirewlovani Svili (ius liberorum). imperator klavdiusis zeobaSi saerTod gauqmda tutela mulierum legitima, garda patronis mxridan meurveobisa. da bolos, imperator diokletianes droidan moyolebuli, aRniSnuli instituti ukvalod gaqra. amrigad, meurve iyo anderZiT daniSnuli piri, an axlo naTesavi (agnatus proximus), romelic memkvidreobis marTvas Tavis Tavze iRebda. rogorc irkveva, Tavdapirvelad, sameurveo piris qoneba ojaxSi iyo da meurvis mier, sakuTari qonebis msgavsad, imarTeboda. XII dafis kanonebiT, sameurveo piris qonebis mimTvisebeli meurvis winaaRmdeg sarCeli gaicemoba. rodesac agnaturi ojaxis uwindeli raoba daikarga, meurveobam da mzrunvelobam sameurveo piris dacviTi xasiaTi SeiZina da sazogadoebrivi movaleobad ganixileboda; qalebze meurveobis gauqmebis Semdeg, ori instituti _ meurveoba da mzrunveloba _ sabolood Seerwya erTmaneTs.
Tavi VII. Zveli romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali Mortis causa (gardacvalebis momenti); de cuius (mamkvidrebeli); successio (monacvleoba); successio legitima (universaluri monacveloba kanonis ZaliT); successio per universitatem, successio in universum ius (universaluri monacvleoba); successio in singulas res (singularuli monacvleoba). samarTlis subieqtis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi qoneba memkvidreobiTi samarTliT regulirdeboda. samarTlis am dargis ZiriTadi cnebiT igulisxmeboda piris sikvdilis Semdeg (mortis causa), misi samarTlebrivi viTarebis sxva piriT (de cuius) monacvleoba (successio). ganasxvaveben 1. universalur memkvidreobas (successio per universitatem, in universum ius), roca winamorbedi piris samarTlebrivi viTareba mTlianad sxva pirze gadadioda da 2. singularul memkvidreobas (successio singularis, in singulas res), roca memkvidreobis subieqti iZenda mxolod im uflebebis nawils, romelic manamde mis winamorbeds ekuTvnoda. I. Ab intestato, successio legitima (kanoniT memkvidreoba) Heres (memkvidre); hereditas (memkvidreoba, samkvidro); hereditatis (mesame pirisaTvis mTeli samkvidros gadacemis Sesaxeb); bonorum possessio (pretoruli ediqtiT gansazRvruli samkvidro); legatum (legati) ; fideicommissum (fideikomisi); restitutio universum ius defuncti (gardacvlili piris erToblivi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba); sacra familares (saojaxo religiuri ritualebi); familiam habere (ojaxis ufrosis wodebis miReba); pecunia et bona (qoneba); ius patroni (patronatuli samarTali). universalur memkvidreebad (monacvleebad) iTvlebodnen: in manu colis qmari (an misi ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias)), mSvilebeli sui iuris (adrogatio-s Sedegad) Svilad ayvanilis mimarT. piris gardacvalebis Semdeg (mortis causa), universaluri memkvidreoba ius honorarium-is safuZvelze, ius civile-sa da bonorum possessio-is mixedviT xorcieldeboda, rasac memkvidreoba (hereditas) ewodeboda. Mortis causa-s singularuli memkvidreobis hipoteziT igulisxmeboda saanderZo danakisri (legatum) da fideikomisebis (fideicommissum) memkvidrisaTvis mamkvidreblis sando danakisri. periodi, roca fideikomisi universaluri memkvidreobis saSualebad gamoiyeneboda, (roca mamkvidrebeli memkvidres akisrebda samkvidros gadacemas mesame pirisaTvis (restitutio hereditatis) xanmokle droiT grZeldeboda. Mortis causa-s universaluri memkvidreobis obieqti iyo mamkvidreblis (de cuius) samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba sruli moculobiT; memkvidreobiT, mxolod mamkvidreblis valdebulebidan warmoSobili wminda, piradi xasiaTis moTxovnebi da sajarimo sarCelebiT daculi samarTaldarRvevebi (actiones poenales) ar gadaicemoda.
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kerZo samarTliT regulirebul erTobliv obieqts samkvidro masa (universitas, universum ius) ewodeboda. Tumca romis samarTalSi memkvidreobis cneba ufro vrceli iyo, vidre gardacvlilis uflebebisa da movaleobebis memkvidreobiT gadasvla; am cnebiT, aseve, igulisxmeboda iseTi urTierTobebic, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis obieqti (res in commercii) ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo; (magaliTad, saojaxo wminda adgilebi da sakulto nagebobebi (sacra familiares). universaluri urTierToba (civiluri da pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze) xorcieldeboda: 1. anderZiT (ex testamento), 2. anderZis gareSe (ab intestato), 3. aseve (pretoruli samarTliT) anderZis gareSe (bonorum possessio contra tabulas). anderZis gareSe memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba memkvidreebisaTvis iyo samarTlebrivi molodini, romelsac mamkvidreblis (de cuius) sicocxleSive mniSvneloba hqonda mesame pirebisaTvis, upirvelesyovlisa, TviT mamkvidreblisaTvis, romlis nebasac (gardacvalebis (mortis causa) Semdeg) sakuTari qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT, aseTi memkvidreebis uflebebi zRudavda. kerZod, anderZSi mas ar SeeZlo, misdami uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, memkvidreebis (sui heredes) ugulebelyofa. samkvidros gaxsnisa da samemkvidreos misaRebad memkvidreebis mowvevis momentidan, memkvidreobaze ufleba SeZenil samarTlebriv moTxovnad (ius successionis) ganixileboda. samkvidros gaxsna (deletio hereditatis) iyo iuridiuli faqti, romliTac memkvidres samkvidros miReba SeeZlo. iqmneba Taviseburi iuridiuli viTareba, rodesac mamkvidreblis (de cuius) uflebebs realuri subieqti ar hyavda, Tumca, arsebobda potenciuri memkvidre (heres), romlis sasargeblod samkvidro ixsneboda. amrigad, memkvidred mowveva samkvidros gaxsnis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba iyo. Tu anderZiT memkvidreebi, samkvidros misaRebad, garkveuli pirobiT moiwveodnen, aseT SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro, aRniSnuli pirobebis realizaciis momentidan, gaxsnilad iTvleboda. Ius civile-s Tanaxmad, pirebs, romlebic memkvidreobis miRebis upiratesi uflebiT sargeblobdnen, anu daqvemdebarebul memkvidreebs (sui heredes), erTdroulad memkvidreobis miRebis uflebac hqondaT da memkvidred yofnis movaleobac: memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba maT ar SeeZloT. amrigad, isini aucilelebl, savaldebulo memkvidrebad (heredes sui et necessarii) miiCneodnen. es is SemTxveva iyo, rodesac anderZiT memkvidres memkvidreoba savaldebulo wesiT gadaecemoda. memkvidreoba garkveuli pirebis sasargeblod ixsneboda. maTi moqmedeba, samkvidros miRebis mizniT (aditio hereditatis) Semdegs ganapirobebda: mamkvidreblis uflebebi axal subieqts iZenda, riTac, faqtobrivad, memkvidreobis viTareba amowurulad iTvleboda. Tanamemkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidros umemkvidrod darCenili wili sxva memkvidreebze nawildeboda. postklasikur periodSi, gamonaklisis saxiT, samkvidros transmisia dauSves: anu im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT wlamde asakis (Cvilobis asaki) memkvidre, samkivdros miRebamde gardaicvleboda, maSin misi samkvidro wilis miRebis ufleba mamamis gadaecemoda, rasac samkvidros transmisia ewodeboda. sxva pirisaTvis memkvidreobis uflebis daTmoba magistratis winaSe daTmobis sagangebo formiTac (in iure cessio hereditatis) SeiZleboda. am SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro (hereditas), samemkvidreo uflebis (ius successionis), saxiT gasxvisdeboda da misi SemZeni memkvidre xdeboda. samkvidros miRebamde, aucilebel memkvidreebsa da anderZiT memkvidreebs, samkvidros (hereditas) daTmobis ufleba ar hqondaT. civiluri samarTliT, memkvidreobis misaRebad memkvidris uflebebi daculi iyo civiluri sarCeliT (vindicatio hereditatis), romelsac hereditatis petitio ewodeboda. moTxovna unda Camoyalibebuliyo agere in rem per sponsionem formiT da amis Taobaze gadawyvetilebas centumvirebis sasamarTlo iRebda, romlis drosac procesi legis actio sacramento in personam formiT mimdinareobda. memkvidris uflebebis dacvis problematikam pretoruli memkvidreobis institutis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba. qr. Sobamde I saukunis Suaxanebidan, sisxlis naTesaobis (cognatio) mniSvnelobis zrdis kvalobaze, pretorma samkvidro qonebis mflobelobaSi Seiyvana is pirebic, visac ius civile-s mixedviT, samkvidro uflebebi ar gaaCnda. pretoris dasmuli SekiTxvis pasuxad, mosarCeleni pretorul memkvidreobas
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uanderZod (quorum bonorum) iRebdnen interdiqtiT, romliTac sxva, mesame pirebisagan memkvidreobis gamoTxova SeeZloT. mflobelobis moZiebis (interdicta ad ipiscendae possessionis) aseTi interdiqti samkvidro qonebis mflobels eZleoda. samemkvidreo monacvleobis uZvelesi forma, memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe (ab intestato) iyo, romelic XII dafis kanonebiT regulirdeboda, ris gamoc kanonieri monacvleoba (successio legitima) ewodeboda. TavisufladSobil romael moqalaqeebs (ingenui) Soris, Tu ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) anderZiT, memkvidreoba ar rCebodaT, an Tu anderZi baTili iyo, samkvidro ixsneboda agnatebis, xolo maTi ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mogvareebis (gentiles) sasargeblod. agnatebs Soris upiratesobiT sargeblobda ojaxis winaparTa sulebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi piri (adgnatus proximus). Tavdapirvelad, aseTad moiazreboda imave Taobis piri, rogoric mamkvidrebeli (de cuius) iyo (anu misi Zma), magram mamis statusis ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, naTesauri kavSiris sawyisad realuri mamasaxlisi (paterfamilias) (da ara saerTo winapari) miiCneoda, aseTebad ki mamkvidreblis uaxloesi agnati _ misive vaJiSvili iyo. Tu ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) mis daqvemdebarebaSi aravin hyavda da ise gardaicvleboda, rom anderZs ar datovebda, memkvidreebad sxva agnatebs (familia communi iure) iwvevdnen. Cuus-isa da adgnatus proximus-is cnebaTa Tanxvedris gamo, pontifikosebma XII dafis kanonebi, masSi cvlilebis gareSe, ganavrces; Tu mamkvidrebeli anderZSi memkvidred Tavis daqvemdebarebuls ar ixseniebda, gardacvalebis Semdeg, ojaxis ufrosi misi vaJiSvili xdeboda. XII dafis kanonebiT, daRmavali xazis uSualo naTesavebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidris adgils ikavebda mamkvidreblis (de cuius) gverdiTi xazis naTesavi. naTesaobis siaxlove konkretuli mamkvidreblisgan (de cuius) aiTvleboda. Tu mas RviZli Zma (meore rigis naTesaoba) hyavda, maSin imave Taobis biZaSvili, rogorc ufro Soreuli naTesavi (mesame rigis naTesavi) memkvidred ar moiwveoda. meore rigis naTesavebi (mamkvidreblis gverdiTi agnati naTesavebi), kanonis Tanaxmad, aucilebeli memkvidreeebi ar iyvnen; amitom memkvidreobis miReba sagangebo aqts saWiroebda. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom maTTvis memkvidreobis transmisia mainc ar daiSveboda. Tu mamkvidreblis uaxloesi gverdiTi xazis naTesavi samkvidroze uars amobobda an ise gardaicvleboda, rom mis sasargeblod gaxsnil samkvidros miRebas ver moaswrebda, maSin momdevno rigis agnatebi samkvidros misaRebad ar daiSvebodnen. armyof memkvidreTa wili danarCenebis wils emateboda, xolo aseT pirTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro sxva mogvareebs (gentiles) gadaecemoda. Tumca, civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswineuli mesame rigis memkvidreebis (gentiles) monacvleobis wesi adreve gauqmda da naklebad cnobilia. amrigad, ius civile mixedviT, anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba agnatur kavSirs efuZneboda da is pirebi, romelTa mimarTac minimaluri statusuri damcroba (capitis deminutio minima) ganxorcielda, memkvidreebad ar daiSvebodnen. civiluri samarTlis (ius strictum) aseTma simkacrem, romelic sisxliTi naTesaobis (cognatio) Sesaxeb sazogadoebriv azrs ar Seesabameboda, mravali problema warmoSva. amitom, agnaturi kavSirebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, pretorma uaxloesi naTesavebis memkvidreebad mowveva dauSva da anderZis gareSe memkvidreTa Svidi rigi daadgina. memkvidreebis pirvel rigs gardacvlilis rogorc sui Svilebi (liberi), aseve emancipirebuli RviZli Svilebi ganekuTvnebodnen, aseve isini, vinc, dabadebis Semdeg, romis moqalaqeoba imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT moipova. gamonakliss warmoadgenda sxva ojaxSi (familia) Sesuli pirebi (Sviladayvanili da qalebi in manu). pirveli rigis pretoruli memkvidreebi konkurencias uSualod sui heredes uwevdnen, romelTa upirates uflebas memkvidreobaze ius civile iTvaliswinebda. memkvidreTa meore rigs legitimi ewodeboda; ius civile-s mixedviT, maTi ufleba agnatebis memkvidreobis tolfasi iyo. mesame rigis memkvidreebs ganekuTvnebodnen RviZli naTesavebi (cognati) meSvide Taobis naTesaobamde. Unde cognati-s memkvidreobaze pretenziis gacxadeba sxva ojaxSi gaSvilebul Svilebsac SeeZloT. Cognatio-s aRiareba qorwinebis kanonierebaze damokidebuli ar iyo. Svilebs dedis qonebis memkvid-
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reobac SeeZloT da piruku. Tumca, agnatebTan SedarebiT, maTi memkvidreoba ufro dabali xarisxis iyo. pretoruli samarTliT memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs ganekuTvnebodnen gaazatebulis patronis meuRle da misi Svilebi (maT Soris emancipirebulebic). Tavad patrons gaazatebulis (liberti) memkvidred mowvevis ufleba, agnatobis safuZvelze hqonda da amiT is mxolod gaazatebulis daqvemdebarebul memkvidreebs (sui heredes) Tu CamorCeboda. mexuTe rigis memkvidreobas miekuTvneboda gaazatebulebis (liberti) memkvidreoba bonorum possessio, romelsac patronis patroni (Tu ki aseTi piri arsebobda) iRebda. memkvidreebis meeqvse rigs cocxlad darCenili meuRle ganekuTvneboda. pretoruli memkvidreebis meSvide rigs Seadgendnen patronis naTesavebi, romlebsac ufleba hqondaT gaazatebulis beiTalman qonebaze. postklasikur periodSi, ius civile yvela SezRudvis TandaTanobiTi SemsubuqebiT, kanoniT memkvidreobis miRebis procesi gamartivda. cvlilebebi Seexo im SezRudvebsac, romlebic pretorul samarTalSi aisaxa da iustinianes samarTliT sabolood gauqmda adgnatio-s upiratesoba cognatio-s winaSe, xolo mdedrobiTi xazis naTesavebis memkvidreobiTi uflebebi sabolood gauTanabres mamrobiTi xazis memkvidreebs. 543 wels 118 noveliT, kanonT memkvidreTa (ab intestato) oTxi rigi dadginda: memkvidreTa pirvel rigs Svilebi da maTi daRmavali xazis naTesavebi (naTesaobis rigiTobis miuxedavad) ganekuTvnebodnen, memkvidred wardgenis ufleba SeuzRudavi iyo; meore rigSi aRmavali xazis naTesavebi (mSoblebi), RviZli da-Zma (maTi Svilebi) moiazrebodnen. Tavis mxriv, aRmavali xaziT memkvidreoba mamisa da dedis mxridan naTesaobis mixedviT iyofoda; erT-erTi mSoblis arseboba sxva pirTa memkvidreobas gamoricxavda. Tu gverdiTi xazis memkvidreebi mSoblebis konkurentebad gamodiodnen, maSin samkvidro suladobis mixedviT iyofoda; memkvidreTa mesame rigiT moiazreboda naxevari da-Zma da maTi Svilebi, romelTac, maTi mSoblebis cocxlad aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreebad iwvevdnen; kanoniT memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs sxva sisxlismieri naTesavebi ganekuTvnebodnen. II. Successio testamentaria (anderZiT memkvidreoba) Ex testamento (anderZiT memkvidreoba); ab intestato (kanoniT memkvidreoba); ius successionis (samemkvidreo monacvleobis ufleba); delatio hereditatis (samkvidros gaxsna); heres (memkvidre); sui heredes (xelisuflebaSi myof pirTagan dasaxelebuli memkvidreebi); hereditatis (samkvidros miReba); transmissio (samkvidros transmisia); in iure cessio hereditatis (samkvidros cesia); hereditas iacens (`dadebuli~ samkvidro); cretio (samkvidros sazeimo miReba); pro herede gestio (memkvidris Sesabamisi qmedeba); bonorom possessio sine tabulis (pretoruli memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe); bonorum possessio contra tabulas (anderZis sapirispiro pretoruli memkvidreoba); bonorum possessio edictalis (pretoruli memkvidreoba ediqtis safuZvelze); bonorum possessio decretalis (pretoruli memkvidreoba dekretiT); successio testmentaria (anderZiT memkvidreoba); testamentum (anderZi); ex heredatio (samkvidros CamorTmeva); legata (saanderZo danakisri); codex (kodeqsi); codicillii (mcire kodeqsi); petitio (persecutio) fideicommissi (sarCeli fideikomisis Sesaxeb). anderZi iyo piris nebis samarTlebrivad dadgenili da sazeimo formiT Sedgenili gadawyvetileba, romelsac savaldebulo Zala moanderZis gardacvalebis Semdeg eniWeboda. anderZis arsi mamkvidreblis (de cuius) monacvlis garkveva iyo. mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi qoneba ara ubralod sxvisdeboda, aramed is Tavis magivrad asaxelebda sxva pirs, romelic, misi amqveynad aryofnisas, mas Secvlida. amiT universaluri da singularuli monacvleoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. samoqalaqo brunvaSi sakuTari poziciis gankargviT, mamkvidrebeli ara mxolod misi, individualuri nebiT dadgenili, materialuri sagnebis aRiarebuli mepatrone xdeboda, aramed sruli moculobiT, formalurad gansazRvruli nebis warmmarTvelic _ anu sakuTari samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis subieqturi mxaris mepatronec iyo. individualuri Tavisuflebis aseTi xarisxi, samarTlis ganviTarebis maRal doneze metyvelebda da subieqtur da formalurad aRiarebul funqciaTa Soris sxvaobaze mowmobda. romis sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze, samarTlis subieqtis evolucia samemkvidreo monacvleobis arsisa da memkvidris funqciaTa evoluciazec aisaxa, razec romauli anderZis istoriuli formebic metyvelebda. arqaul
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periodSi, individualuri interesebis wina planze wamoweva da sakuTari pirovnebis mniSvnelobis damkvidreba, uSualod ukavSirdeboda Zveli mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) swrafvas _ ojaxis ufrosoba sakuTari vaJiSvilisaTvis daetovebina, da amiT, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi, sxva agnati naTesavi Camoecilebina. aseTi survili saxalxod gacxadebas (testamentus) saWiroebda, rac kuriis wminda krebaze (comitia calata) formalur dadasturebasa da damowmebas iTxovda. wminda krebaze, romelic weliwadSi orjer moiwveoda, ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias), daRmavali xazis naTesavebis sasargeblod, gakeTebuli misi arCevanis obieqturi mizezebi unda daesaxelebina (zustad ise, rogorc Svilad ayvanis (adrogatio) dros xdeboda). romaeli xalxis sayovelTao azriT, individualuri nebis aseTi formiT ganzogadeba, saomrad gamzadebuli jaris winaSe gacxadebuli anderZis (testamentum in procinctu) analogi iyo. anderZis mesame saxis _ anderZi libraluri ritualis (testamentum per aes et libram) _ dasadebad saWiro iyo xuTi mowme da mesaswore. aRniSnuli ritualis gansaxorcieleblad moanderZis is xelqveiTebi (potestas) an misi megobrebi, romlebic ojaxs (familia) iRebdnen, mowmeebad ar daiSvebodnen, radgan es aqti uSualod monawile pirTa interesebs exeboda. anderZi iuridiul Zalas iZenda, magram, teqstis gacxadeba ar daiSveboda. anderZis teqstiani firfitebi erTad ikvreboda da maT mowmeTa beWdebs artyamdnen. sul iyo Svidi beWedi: xuTi mowmeebis, erTi ojaxis mimRebis da erTic magistratis. beWedTa am raodenobas iTxovda pretori, raTa pretoruli samarTliT dacul sabuTs, anderZis forma mieRo. mogvianebiT, sabuTze xelis mowerac savaldebulo gaxda. msgavsi formiT anderZi klasikur epoqaSi dgeboda. anderZis mTavar arsobriv elements warmoadgenda memkvidris dasaxeleba (heredis institutio), romelsac gaiusi, mTeli anderZis, dasawyisad da dasasrulad miiCnevda. Tu memkvidris daniSvnas ar hqonda iuridiuli Zala, anderZi mTlianad baTilad iTvleboda. memkvidris dasaxelebas (heredis institutio) globaluri mniSvneloba hqonda da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamkvidrebeli samkvidros Tundac mcire nawils anderZiT memkvidres utovebda, ab intestato memkvidreebis mowveva aRar daiSveboda; garda amisa, romis samarTalSi damkvidrda cneba `erTxel memkvidre, samudamod memkvidre _ semel heres, semper heres~, ras Semdeg niSnavda: memkvidre arc rezoluciuri pirobiT da arc raime vadiT ar iniSneneboda. romis samarTalma daadgina, rom mamis gardacvalebidan mTvaris aTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi dabadebuli bavSvi (postumus), mamis (de ciuis) memkvidre xdeboda. anderZiT moanderZes samkvidrodan calkeuli nivTebis mesame pirebisaTvis gadacemac SeeZlo. aseT gankargulebas saanderZo danakisri (legatam) ewodeboda. saanderZo danakisris (legata) mizani legetariusisaTvis mogebis motana da ar memkvidris mdgomareobis gaeuareseba iyo. Tu saanderZo danakisri (legatum) memkvidris dasja _ (legatum poenae nomine (causa) isaxavda, maSin is baTildeboda. amitom, savsebiT marTalia modestinusi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `legati aris anderZiT Cuqeba _ legatum est donatio testamento relicta” (D.31.36). florentinusis azriT, `legati aris memkvidreobis Semcireba, riTac moanderZes surs mesame pirs gadasces im qonebis nawili, rasac memkvidre mTlianad miiRebs _ legatum est delibatio hereditatis, qua testator es eo, quod universum heredis foret, alicui quid collatum velit~ (D.30,116 pr). legatis gadacema mxolod memkvidreze SeiZleboda, xolo legatariusisaTvis dakisrebuli valdebuleba baTilad iTvleboda. legatis ZalaSi Sesvla ganisazRvreboda heres testamentarius-is sasargeblod, universaluri monacvelobis ganxorcielebiT. memkvidreobis miRabaze memkvidris nebayoflobiTi uari, legetariuss molodins ucruebda. qr. Sobis II saukunemde moanderZes, legatebis saxiT, mTeli samkvidros gankargva da memkvidrisaTvis mxolod pasivebis datoveba SeeZlo. aseTi viTareba kreditorTa uflebebs mZime tvirTad awva da mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi (mortis causa), moTxovnaTa mTel brunvas safrTxeSi agdebda. swored am dros gamoica lex Furia testamentaria, romliTac, Tu legatebis Rirebuleba 1 000 ass aRemateboda, legatebis datoveba im pirTa sasargeblod, romlebic moanderZis meeqvse rigi kognati naTesavebi mainc ar iyvnen, ikrZaleboda. kanonis gverdis avliT Sedgenili legati Zalas inarCunebda, magram legatariusi, memvkidris sasargeblod, oTxmagi jarimis gadaxdas eqvemdebareboda. aRniSnuma kanonma ver gaamarTla. mamkvidrebels SeeZlo gaeca uamravi legati, romelic mTlianobaSi 1 000 ass ar aRemateboda, magram memkvidres usaxsrod tovebda.
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qr. Sobis 40 w. gamoica lex Falcidia, romliTac dadginda: nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro masidan aqtivebis 1/4 mainc _ e.w. falcidiuri meoTxedis wili, memkvidres unda darCenoda. am kanoniT, legatariusis moTxovnaTa obieqti mxolod legatis garkveuli nawili iyo. klasikuri romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, legatebis oTxi saxe arsebobda: 1. Legatum per vindicationem (vindikaciis meSveobiT); 2. Legatum per damnationem (ganaCenis meSveobiT); 3. Legatum sinendi modo (nebarTvis gziT); 4. Legatum per praeceptionem (gamoyofis meSveobiT). legatebis uZvelesi saxis legatum per vindicationem meSveobiT, mamkvidreblis gankargulebiT, legetariusis sakuTrebaSi samkvidros nawili gadadioda; legatum per damnationem-iT, legatariusis sasargeblod, mamkvidrebeli memkvidres, uSualod, anderZiT avalebda garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gadacemas (dare) an raime qmedebis Sesrulebas (facere, non facere). pirvel SemTxvevaSi legatis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod is nivTi, romelic, kvirituli samarTliT, gardacvalebamde mamkvidrebels ekuTvnoda. uSualod am nivTze legatariusi sakuTrebas srulad im momentSi iZenda, roca memkvidre samkvidros miiRebda da memkvidris winaaRmdeg savindikacio sarCelis Setanac (Tu legatis moculobiT falcidiuri meoTxedis wesi irRveoda, legatis nawili vindikacias eqvemdebareboda) SesaZlebeli iyo. Legatum sinendi modo-sac valdebulebiTi Sedegi hqonda; moanderZis brZanebiT, memkvidres, legatariusisaTvis mikuTvnebuli garkveuli nivTis waRebis neba eZleoda. legatariusis uflebebi daculi iyo actio incerti ex testamento-Ti. Tu legatis obieqti mamkvidreblis nivTze servituti an uzufruqti iyo, maSin memkvidres in non faciendo (mesame pirisaTvis valis patieba an legetariusisaTvis mamkvidreblis mier ijariT aRebuli nivTiT usasyidlod sargeblobis ufleba) eniWeboda. Legatem per praeceptionem-s realuri Sedegi hqonda da samkvidrodan raime nivTis winaswar gamoyofas gulisxmobda, magram memkvidreTa wilis gansazRvrisas legatis es nairsaxeoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. postklasikur periodSi legatebis sxvadasxva saxis TandaTanobiTi urTierTSerwymiT singularuli monacvleoba (mortis causa) dadginda, rac ganpirobebuli iyo formalur moTxovnaTa simkacris SesustebiT. 529 w. iustinianem sabolood daadgina: formis miuxedavad, legats, mamkvidreblis nebis Sesabamisad, hqonda Zala, rac legatebisa da fideikomisebis TiTqmis gaigivebas niSnavda. amis Taobaze sagangebod aRiniSna iustinianes digestebSi `legatebisa da fideikomisebis Sesaxeb~ (D.30). faqtobrivad, legati da fideikomisi yovelmxriv gaTanabrda. imperiis periodSi, gansakuTrebuli sityvieri an werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvelze, ganviTarda saanderZo danakisris sxva forma _ fideikomisebi (fideicommissa) sicocxlis bolo wuTebSi mamkvidrebeli memkvidres mimarTavda TxovniT, romlis Tanaxmadac, memkvidres, romelime piris sasargeblod, raime qmedeba unda Seesrulebina an misTvis raime nivTi unda gadaeca. Tavdapirvelad, aseTi Txovna mxolod fides (memkvidris Rirsebaze) iyo damokidebuli da mas iuridiuli Zala ar hqonda. Tumca, avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, eqstraordinaluri wesis safuZvelze, fideikomisariusi uflebamosili Seiqna waredgina fideicommissi persecutio, romelic, eqstraodinaluri sasamarTlo procesis damkvidrebiT, TiTqmis actio testamenti-s Seerwya. anderZs erTvoda ramdenime firfita an pergamentis furceli, romelic Seicavda memkvidris mimarT moanderZis Txovnas, raTa mas mesame piris sasargeblod raime gaekeTebina. aseTi mcire kodeqsi, romelsac mogvianebiT codicilli ewoda, samarTlebrivad avgustusis dros aRiares. mogvianebiT dadginda, rom Tu kodicilebSi gamovlenili neba anderZis sityvebiTac (codicilii testamento confirmati) dasturdeboda, maSin es Tavad anderZiT datovebuli nebis gamovlinebad iTvleboda. gamonaklisi iyo memkvidris da meurvis daniSvna, romlis sisworec mxolod anderZis safuZvelze miiCneoda. dadasturebuli kodicilebis iuridiuli Zala anderZis namdvilobaze iyo damokidebuli. Tu kodicilebi anderZiT ar iyo dadasturebuli, maSin maT fideikomisebis mniSvneloba hqondaT. Tu anderZi baTili iyo, kodicilebi ZalaSi rCeboda da masSi Camoyalibebuli Txovnebi da brZanebebi, kanonis ZaliT, mamkvidrebels ekisreboda. fideikomisebTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs, Tavdapivelad, konsulebi extra ordinem wesiT ganixiladvnen, xolo Semdeg specialuri pretorebis _ praetor fideicommissarius-is iurisdiqcias dauqvemdebares. sarCeli fideikomisebis Sesaxeb (persecutio fideicommissi) pirs piradi sarCelis saxiT waredgineboda. fideikimisis obieqti iyo samkvidros nemismieri nivTi,
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aseve mesame pirTa nivTebi. fideikomisi ar gansxvavdeboda legatum per damnationem-sgan. moanderZes memkvidrisaTvis SeeZlo moeTxova, fideikomisariumisaTvis samkvidros nawilis an mTeli samkvidros gadacema. am orive SemTxvevaSi universaluri fideikomisi igulisxmeboda. fideikomisis sagani SeiZleboda monisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWebac (lebertas fideicommissaria) yofiliyo. Tu mona mamkvidrebels ar ekuTvnoda, maSin fideikomisiT datvirTul memkvidres monis gamosyidva da gaazateba evaleboda. magram Tu monis batoni monis gayidvaze uars amobobda, an ararealurad did fass iTxovda, maSin monis fideikomisi iqviTeboda.
Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali adamianebs Soris nivTebis Taobaze warmoqmnili urTierTobebi sanivTo samarTliT wesrigdeboda, romliTac calkeul pirTa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis nivTebis kuTvnilebis forma da maTi sruli gankargvis dadgena xdeboda. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis (dominium) safuZvelze, nivTis mimarT nivTis mesakuTres absoluturi samarTlebrivi pozicia hqonda. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis Taobaze gamarTul sasamarTlo procesze (in rem), mesakuTres, nebismier mesame pirze _ maT Soris, imave nivTze raime sxva uflebis mqoneze, _ gacilebiT myari samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba hqonda. amitom, sakuTrebis uflebiT, yovelgvari samarTlebrivi SezRudvis gareSe, nivTze piris abstraqtuli kuTvnileba (proprietas) sruli moculobiT igulisxmeboda. maSasadame, mxolod mesakuTres SeeZlo eTqva, rom nivTi mxolod mas ekuTvnoda (meum esse aio). Tumca, nivTze uflebas da nivTis uSualo flobas, romaeli samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) yvela SemTxvevaSi rodi ganasxvavebdnen erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom nivTis kuTvnilebis formebi mxolod sakuTrebis uflebiT ar amoiwureboda. nebismieri nivTi mTeli rigi iseTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdeboda, romelTa gamoyeneba sxva pirebs, _ aramesakuTreebsac SeeZloT. aRniSnuli uflebebi uSualo obieqts ukavSirdeboda da sruliad realuri, nebismieri sxva pirisaTvis savaldebulo da mniSvnelovani iyo. sanivTo samarTliT nivTze subieqtis piradi neba da misi gankargvis SesaZlebloba dgindeboda. yvelaze srulyofilad nebis avtonomiuroba, pirTa romelime jgufisadmi individis kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, nivTis gamo realur samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi, piris individualur subieqtad CabmiT vlindeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, sanivTo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba xels uwyobda, socialuri urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, individis poziciis ganmtkicebas da misi nebis avtonomiurobis aRiarebas. I. qoneba romaelebi, TandaTanobiT, mividnen im azramde, rom arsebobda sameurneo daniSnulebis erTiani qonebrivi kompleqsi. moqalaqeTa qonebis yvelaze Zveli gansazRvreba (monebisa da saqonlis erToblioba _ familia pecuniaque) XII dafis kanonebSia mocemuli; mogvinebiT, familia-d, mTeli qoneba aRiniSneboda. civiluri samarTliT damkvidrda qonebis cneba, romelic mopovebuli iyo ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) SromiT da mas ewodeboda patrimonium _ mamuli, romelic, Sesabamisi sakulto movaleobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, memkvidreebs gadaecemoda. pretorul samarTalSi zogjer gvxvdeba termini `mamis~ da `papis~ qoneba. Tumca, qonebiT igulisxmeboda yovelive is, rac aRniSnuli piris kuTvnileba iyo, miuxedavad imisa, qoneba misi SeZenili iyo, Tu memkvidreobiT miRebuli. mesakuTris sicocxleSi misi sikeTe (bona) kreditorisaTvis valis gadaxdis garanti iyo. II.
Res (nivTebi)
digestebis Tanaxmad, garda qonebisa, arsebobda iseTi nivTic, romelic aseve moicavda iuridiul urTierTobebsa da uflebebs. Gai., 2,2: Summa itaque rerum diviso in duos articulos diducitur: nam aliae sint divini iuris, aliae humani _ amrigad, nivTebi, ZiriTadad, or kategoriad iyofoda: RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebad (res divini iuris) da adamianTa samarTlis nivTebad (res humani iuris). RvTaebriv, bunebriv Zalad mTeli sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli Sexedulebebi moiazreboda; amdenad, TiToeuli individis neba RvTaebis nebas eqvemdebareboda. ama Tu
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im nivTis RvTis kuTvnilebad aRiarebiT, aRniSnuli nivTi Tavisufali nebis qmedebis sferos aRar ganekuTvneboda da samoqalaqo brunvidan amoiReboda. brunvaSi arsebuli nivTebis saxiT, aRniSnuli nivTebi aravis ekuTvnoda: Gai., 2,9: Quod autem divini iuris est, id nullius in bonis est _ is, rac RvTaebriv samarTals miekuTvneba, ar SeiZleba vinmes qonebaSi imyofebodes (Gai, 2,3; D.1,8.1.pr). RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis kategorias romaelebi miakuTvnebdnen wminda nivTebs (res sacrae) da saTayvanebel nivTebs (res religiosae). sajaro gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, nivTebis pirveli kategoria RvTaebis kuTvnilad miiCneoda (D.1,8,6,3; 1,8,9,pr.1), xolo meore kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi nivTebi, romlebic, adamianis saqmianobiT, saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus locus) miiCneoda, anu es iyo winaparTa saflavebi (Gai. 2,6; D.1,8,6,4). nivTis wminda (sacra) nivTad aRiarebisaTvis mxolod kerZo iniciativa ar kmaroda, xolo nivTis saTayvaneblad (religiosae) aRiareba ki mxolod kviritul mesakuTres (dominus) SeeZlo (Gai., 2,7; D.1,8,6,4). RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebi (res divini iuris) mxolod sakraluri samarTliT (ius sacrum) regulirebas eqvemdebareboda, samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi maTze ar vrceldeboda. amitom, provinciebSi, sadac miwa dominium ex iure Quiritium-is obieqti ar iyo, sasaflaoebi saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus loco) ar miiCneoda, Tumca, fiqtiurad, mainc aseTebad iTvleboda (Gai, 2,7). Hae autem quae humani iuris sunt, aut publicae sunt aut privatae _ xolo is nivTebi, romlebic adamianTa samarTals ganekuTvneba, sajaro an kerZo nivTebad iyofa (Gai, 2,10). nivTebis am kategoriaTa paralelurad arsebobda res privata, anu is nivTebi, romelTac sazogadoebis wevrebi kerZo pirTa saxiT flobdnen. Privatae sunt quae singulorum hominum sunt _ kerZoa is nivTebi, romlebic calkeul adamianebs ekuTvnis. (Gai., 2,11.) termini `singulus~ (termini `privatus~ uZvelesi ekvivalenti) am cnebis arss yvelaze zustad asaxavda: es iyo individi, danarCen subieqtTagan gancalkevebuli piri. aRniSnuli cnebiT, yuradReba calkeuli subieqtis damoukidebel rolsa da mis avtonomiurobazea gamaxvilebuli, rac samarTalze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis, sociumis, mTavar subieqtad Tavisufal individs amkivdrebda. aRniSnuli mosazreba samoqalaqo brunvis, rogorc kavSirebis sistemis, axsna-ganmartebaSi aisaxa. brunvaSi arsebuli qoneba (bona) is ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani obieqti iyo, romlis individualurad gankargva xelisuflebis prerogativad iqca. Quae publicae sunt, nullius videnturin bonis esse, ipsius enim universitatis esse creduntur _ is nivTebi, romlebic sajaroa, ver iqneba vinmes brunvadi qoneba, maT rogorc TviT Temis sakuTrebas ise ganixilaven (Gai.,2,11). cnebas `nullius in bonis” (Gai.,2,9; D.1,8,1,pr.) gaiusi iyenebs ara mxolod saRvTo samarTlis nivTebisa (res divini iuris) da sajaro nivTebis (res publicae), aramed im kerZo nivTebis (res privata) aRsaniSnavad, romelTac aqtualuri mesakuTre ar hyavdaT (res nullius _ aravis nivTebi), anu samkvidro mis miRebamde. Gai.,2,1 werda: …modo videamus de rebus: quae vel in nostro patrimonio sunt vel extra nobstrum patrimonium habentur _ ...axla ganvixiloT nivTebi: isini an Cveni mflobelobis sferoSi arian, an Cveni mflobelobis sferos miRma. Tumca, cneba Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) igulisxmeboda, res humanis iuris kategoriis is nivTebic, romlebic gansakuTrebuli wesiT gankargvas eqvemdebareboda, anu brunvidan amoRebuli qoneba (in bonis esse). nivTTa gamijvna Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) da Cveni qonebis miRma (extra nostrum patrimonium) mxolod gaiusTan gvxvdeba, sxva samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) ganasxvavebdnen brunvaSi arsebul (res in commercio) da brunvidan amoRebul (res extra commercium) nivTebs. romaeli iuristi celsusi (yidvagayidvis konteqstSi) brunvidan amoRebul nivTebs (res extra commercium) saTayvanebeli nivTebis (res religiosae) sapirispirod miiCnevda. (D.18,1,6 pr): …ut sacra et religiosae loca aut quorum commercium no sit, ut publicae, quae non in pecunia populi, sed in publico usu habeantur, ut est campus Martius _ rogorc wminda da saTavyvanebeli miwebi an iseTi, romlebic brunvidan arian amoRebuli; rogorc sajaro nivTebi, romlebic xalxis qonebas ar ganekuTvneba, marsis moednis msgavsad, sajaro sargeblobas eqvemdebarebian.
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sajaro sargeblobis nivTebi (res in usu publico) brunvidan amoRebul nivTebad (res extra commercium) iTvleboda (maT rigs ganekuTvneboda, saxelmwifosa da kerZo pirebs Soris garigebebis dadebisas gamoyenebuli, brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi _ res extra commercium-s). Res publicae kategoriis nivTTa Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, gaiusis azris sapirispiroa, radgan yvela sajaro nivTs, RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis msgavsad (res divini iuris), aravis nivTebad (nullius in bonis) kategoriad miiCnevdnen. sinamdvileSi, maT Soris sxvaoba ar arsebobda. gaiusis mgavsad, romaeli iuristis marcianes Tanaxmad, RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebi (res divini iuris) aravis brunvadi qoneba ar SeiZleba iyos (in nullius bonis sunt) da kuTvnilebis subieqtebis mixedviT, (ierarqiuli sistemiT) nivTebs Semdeg jgufebad yofda: Quaedem naturali iure communia sunt omnium, quaedem universitatis, quaedam nullius, pleraque singulorum, quae variis ex causis cuique adquiruntur _ bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, zogierTi nivTi aris yvelasTvis saerTo, zogierTi, rogorc mTliani, ganekuTvneba erTs, zogierTi _ aravis, xolo nivTebis didi nawili ekuTvnis kerZo pirebs da am nivTebis SeZena sxvadasxva safuZvlis mixedviT xdeba. (Marc., 3 Inst., D.1,8,2,pr). bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, nivTebis pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba haeri, zRva, zRvis napiri, gamdinare wyali, xolo TviT mdinares marciane sajaro nivTad (res publicae) miiCnevda (D.1,8,2,1). am kategoriis nivTebis sayovelTao kuTvnilebas, is calkeul pirTa sakuTrebis uflebas upirispirebda (Solum dominus - D.1,8,6,pr.). $1. Res extra commercium (brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi) 1. haeri, gamdinare wyali, zRva da mTeli simdidre; 2. sajaro nivTebi; am nivTebis erT-erTi da ZiriTadi mepatrone iyo romaeli xalxi; 3. saerTo sazogadoebrivi gamoyenebis nivTebi (gzebi, mdinareebi); 4. sakulto nivTebi (sacrum). calkeuli samoqalaqo Temis nivTTa (res quae universitatis sunt) rigs ganekuTvneboda Teatrebi da stadionebi _ samoqalaqo Temebis saerTo nivTebi (communia civitatum _ D.1,8,6,1), anu res in publico usu. nivTis individualur kuTvnilebas sazogadoebrivi erTeulebis kuTvnilebisagan, gaiusis msgavsad, marcianec ganasxvavebda. gaiusis mier SeTavazebuli nivTTa klasifikaciis kriteriumis universaluroba (in bonis esse), Seesabameba imas, rom sistematizaciis safuZvelSi devs nivTis kuTvnilebis idea (am ideis yvelaze adekvatur formaSi), anu individualuri sakuTreba. romaeli iuristi celsusi, in pecunia populi-ze saubrisas, komerciuli saqmianobisaTvis gankuTvnil sajaro nivTebs saxelmwifos individualizebuli sakuTrebis obieqtebad ganixilavda. $2. Familia et pecunia uZvelesi romauli samarTliT, qoneba gamijnuli iyo or saxed _ familia da pecunia. Familia-Ti ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli qonebrivi da araqonebrivi sikeTe moiazreboda. Pecunia-sagan gansxvavebiT, familia statikurobiT xasiaTdeboda. kerZod, ojaxis Tavisufali wevrebi (liberi), anu ara-monebi (nullius sunt) brunvis obieqtebi ar iyvnen, vinaidan isini nivTebad (res) ar miiCneodnen. Familia sasaflaoebsa da saojaxo wminda adgilebs (res extra commercium) moicavda. Pecunia (pecus _ pirutyvi)-s ganekuTvneboda nivTTa is kategoria, romelic samarTlebrvi aqtebis obieqti iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `pecunia~ iyo familias-s Semadgeneli is qoneba, romelic, sxva adamianebTan (sxva saojaxo jgufis wevrebTan), nebayoflobiTi urTierTobis safuZvelze, sasaqonlo brunvaSi iyo CarTuli. kerZod, mona im SemTxvevaSi iyo pecunia, Tu sakuTari batonis mamasaxlisTan (paterfamilias) dadebuli garigebis obieqti xdeboda, xolo meurneobaSi dakavebuli monebi, familia-d iwodebodnen. amrigad, familia-pecunia-s aRniSnuli variacia, sxvadasxva urTierTobis gaTvaliswinebiT (rogorc in patria potestas da rogorc res), obieqtisaTvis niSandobliv mraval funqciebze metyvelebda. Familia-s saxiT arsebuli saojaxo kompleqsi gamoxatavda ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) mdgomareobas (status) saojaxo sturqturaSi, xolo pecunia miuTiTebda im gankargviT uflebamosilebaze, romelic ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) gaaCnda saojaxo cxovrebis ekonomikuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros. $3. Res manicipi et res nec manicipi (mancipirebadi da aramancipirebadi nivTebi) Res mancipi (mancipirebadi nivTebi); res nec mancipi (aramancipirebadi nivTebi); mancipium (mancipacia).
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romis samarTliT, nivTebis dayofas mancipirebul da aramancipirebul nivTebad arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rac imas mowmobda, rom samarTlebrivi forma individualuri nebis gamovlinebas iTvaliswinebda; maSinac ki, roca nebis gamovlena, realurad, jgufis interess gamoxatavda. terminiT res mancipi aRiniSneboda is nivTebi, romlebic mancipaciis aqts (mancipium) eqvemdebareboda. es iyo uZvelesi rituali, romlis dros iyenebdnen spilenZis natexsa da saswors (per aes et libram). klasikur epoqaSi am rituals mancipacia (mancipatio) ewoda. misi mizani iyo mancipirebadi nivTebis (res mancipi) gankargvisaTvis (sakuTrebaSi gadasasvlelad), aucilebeli sagangebo sazeimo ritualis Catareba, radgan aseTi nivTebis SemZeni mxolod romis moqalaqe (cives) SeiZleba yofiliyo da aRniSnuli gziT, warmoSobili sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod romauli sakurTebis uflebas (dominium ex iure Quiritium) gulisxmobda, kerZod : mancipacias (mancipatio) an nivTis daTmobas magistratis winaSe (in iure cessio). rac Seexeba aramancipirebadi nivTebs (res nec mancipi), maTi gasxviseba, maTze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis mizniT, martivi mflobelobis gadacemiT (traditio) xdeboda (Gai.,2,19;22). nivTebis aRniSnuli klasifikacia maTi gasxvisebis wess ganapirobebda (Gai.,1,120). aseT nivTebs gaiusi mancipaciasTan kavSirSi ganixilavda. ulpianesaTvis mikuTvnebul postklasikuri periodis erT-erT teqstSi mancipirebad da aramancipirebad nivTTa TiTqmis sruli CamonaTvalia mocemuli: Omnes res aut mancipi sun taut nec mancipi/ Mancipi res sunt praedia in Italico solo, tam rustica, quails est fundus, quam urbana, qualis domus: item iura praediorum rusticorum, velut via iter actus aquaedictus: item servi et quadrepedes, quae dorso collore domnatur, velut boves muli equi asini. Ceterae res nec mancipii sunt. Elefanti et cameli, quamvis collo dordove domentur, nec mancipi sunt, quoniam bestiarum numero sunt _ yvela nivTi mancipirebadi an aramancipirebadia. mancipirebadi nivTebia: italiis miwaze arsebuli mamulebi, rogorc sasoflo mindvrebis saxiT, ise saqalaqo, saxlis saxiT; aseve sasoflo mamulebze fexiT an satransporto saSualebiT gavlis, pirutyvis gadarekis, wylis milebis gayvanis uflebebi; monebi da is oTxfexa cxoveli, romelic moTvinierebulia da miCveuli unagiris dadgmas an uRelSi Sebmas, kerZod, kameCi, viri, cxeni, jorcxeni. yvela danarCeni nivTi aramancipirebadia. marTalia, aqlemi da spilo moTvinierebasa da uRelSi Sebmas eqvemdebareba, magram mainc aramancipirebadi nivTebia, vinaidan gareul cxovelebs ganekuTvnebian. $4. Genus et species (gvarobiTi da individualuri nivTebi) Genus (gvarobiTi nivTebi), species (individualurad gansazrvruli nivTebi); res quae (primo) usu consumuntur (moxmarebadi nivTebi); aramoxmarebadi nivTebi; individeus, indiviseus (ganuyofeli nivTebi); martivi, rTuli da Sedgenili nivTebi; pars rei (nivTis nawili); mTavari nivTi; aramTavari nivTi; accessio (sakuTvnebeli); fructus (nayofi). aRniSnuli dayofis msgavs logikas eqvemdebareboda nivTebis Semdegi dayofac: 1. species _ TavisTavad Rirebuli nivTebi (res mancipi da saavtoro nakeTobebi) da 2. genera _ is nivTebi, romelTa Rirebuleba, maTi gvarisa da odenobis mixedviT ganisazRvreboda (fuli, masobrivi warmoebis nivTebi, nedleuli). romis samarTalSi nivTTa dayofis aRniSnuli sistema mkacrad gansazRvruli ar iyo; xSir SemTxvevaSi nivTebi Secvladi da Seucvladi saxiT iyo warmodgenili. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi aRniSnuli terminologia jer kidev fon savinis droidan gvxvdeba, Tumca nivTebis aRniSnuli dayofa konceptualurad gansxvavebul safuZvels emyareboda. individualurad gansazRvruli nivTebi (species) maTi mepatronis pirovnul Tvisebebze (niSnebze) miuTiTebda. samoqalaqo brunvaSi am nivTebis mTlianobis SenarCunebis aucileblobas, pirovnuli interesi ganapirobebda, rac nivTebis mepatrones, Tavad nivTis dabrunebis moTxovnis uflebas aniWebda; mepatronis nebis gareSe nivTebis dayofa an maTi Secvla ar daiSveboda. romaeli iuristis iulianusis Tanaxmad: In stipulationibus alias species, alias genera debecuntur. um species stipularum, necesse est inter dominos et inter heredes ita dividi stipulationem, ut partes corporum cuique debentur. Quotienes autem genera stipularum, numero fit inter eos divisio… _ zogjer stipulaciis sagani SeiZleba iyos individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi, zogjer ki _ gvarobiTi nivTi. roca individualurad gansazRvrul nivTebs gvpirdebian, stipulaciis sagani ramdenime pirsa da ramdenime memkvidres Soris ise unda gaiyos, rom TiToeuls stipulaciis sagnis nawili Sexvdes, xolo roca gvarovnul nivTebs gvpirdebian, maTi gayofa raodenobis mixedviT moxdeba (D.45,1,54pr.). nivTebis gamo warmoSobili urTierTobis formalizaciis Sedegad, ori kriteriumis gaigivebam, nebelobiTi kriteriumi TandaTanobiT obieqturma Secvala. aqedan gamomdinare, nivTebze saubrisas,
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romaeli klasikosebi sul ufro xSirad amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas iseT nivTebze, romelTa Rirebulebac woniT, ricxviTa da zomiT ganisazRvreba _ `res quae pondere, numero, munsura consistent (an continentur, an valent)~ (Gai.,3,90; D.12,1,2,1; 23,3,42; 30,30pr.; 35,2,1,7; 44,7,1,2). (D.12,1,2,1,) romaeli iuristi pavlusi werda: Mutui datio consistit in his rebus, quae pondere numero mensura consistent, quoniam eorum datione possumus in creditum ire, quia in genere suo functionem recipient per solutionem quam specie: man in ceteris rebus ideo in creditum ire non possumus, quia aliud pro alio invito creditori solvi non potest _ sesxad gaicema mxolod is nivTebi, romlebic woniT, zomiT an ricxviT ganisazRvreba; am nivTebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemiT, SesaZlebelia sakredito SeTanxmebis dadeba, vinaidan gadaxdis dros, am nivTebis sanacvlod imave gvaris da ara saxeobis nivTebi gadaicema; sesxis garigebis amave wesiT dadeba sxva nivTebis mimarT ar SeiZleba, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, kreditorisaTvis, misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, erTi nivTis nacvlad sxva nivTis gadaxda, SeuZlebeli iqneboda. aRniSnuli teqstiT SesaZlebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT : 1. Secvladi nivTi (anu iseTi nivTi, romlis Secvlac imave nivTiT SesaZlebeli iqneba valdebulebis Sesrulebisas) da 2. Seucvleli nivTi (romlis Secvlac, Cveulebriv, SeuZlebelia da kvlav sakuTari gvarisa da saxeobis farglebSi rCeba). nivTebis am bolo kategorias species ewodeboda. imave gvaris nivTebis dabrunebis SesaZlebloba aseTi nivTebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas (fungi) mowmobda. aRniSnuli specifikuroba, nivTebis axali klasifikaciis TvalsazrisiT, genera-species dapirispirebis Secvlis safuZvels gansazRvravda. am klasifikaciiT, nivTebi iyofoda mosaxmar da mouxmar nivTebad. Tumca, romaelebis azriT, gvarobiTi (fungibiles) nivTebis Sesanaxad (depositum) gadacema, imave nivTis dabrunebis moTxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo (D.16.3.24). gvarovnuli niSniT gansazRvruli nivTebi (genera), sameurneo mizniT gamoyenebisas, individualuri niSniT gansazRvrul nivTebad (species) iqceoda, magram maTi _ rogorc gvarobiTi nivTebis gamoyenebis moTxovna kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda. aseTive obieqtur kriteriums efuZneboda nivTebis kidev erTi klasifikaciac: gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi. bunebaSi yvela nivTi usasrulobamde gayofadia, samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ki, gayofadia mxolod is nivTi, romlis nawilebi, nivTis gayofis Semdeg, nivTis Tvisebas da funqcias inarCuneben. individualurad gansazRvruli nivTebi yovelTvis gauyofadia. nivTebis aRniSnuli dayofa yovelTvis gansxvavdeboda nivTebis genera-species dayofisagan, vinaidan is nivTis individualur gansazRvrulobas ugulebelyofda da mxolod obieqtur kriteriums ganekuTvneboda. gayofad nivTebs romaelebi aRniSnavdnen aRwerilobiT: res quae divisionem recipit (D.45,1,4,1), xolo ganuyofloba aRiniSneboda ori terminiT: individuus et indivisus. bolo cneba nivTis aqtualur mdgomareobaze miuTiTebda, xolo pirveli _ TviT nivTis dayofis SeuZleblobaze. romaeli iuristis pomponiusis TxzulebaSi nivTebis klasifikaciis kidev erTi kriteriumia mocemuli: Tria autem genera sunt corporum, unum, quod continetur uno spiritu et Graecae…vocatur, ut homo tignum lapis et siila: alterum, quod ex contingentibus, hoc est pluribus inter se cohaerentibus constat, ut aedificium navis armarium: tertium, quod ex distantibus constat, ut corpora plura solute, sed uni nomini subiecta, veluti populus legio, grec _ arsebobs sxeulTa sami saxeoba: pirveli gansazRvrulia mxolod suladobiT; berZnulad mas erToblioba ewodeba, aseTTa ricxvs miekuTvneba mona, mori, qva da a.S; meore momijnave, anu erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime nivTisagan Sedgeba da iwodeba naerTad, aseTia Senoba, gemi, karada; mesame calkeuli nivTisagan Semdgari ramdenime gancalkevebuli sxeuli, Tumca, erTi saxeldebis mqone, magaliTad, xalxi, legioni, jogi. aRniSnul klasifikaciaSi, romaelebma nivTebis kidev sami _ martivi, rTuli da Sedgenili nivTebi _ saxe gamoyves. romaelma samarTalmcodneebma (prudentes) sagangebod ganacalkeves pars rei, anu nivTis is nawili, romelic samarTlebrivad, erTi mTelis iseTi elementi iyo, romlis gareSe nivTis mTlianobis raoba ikargeboda; Tanac, aRniSnuli nawili materialurad mTelTan dakavSirebuli SeiZleba ar yofiliyo da maT Soris mxolod funqciuri kavSiri arsebobda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nawili mTelis kuTvnileba iyo da mTliani nivTis mimarT dadebuli garigeba, aucileblad, nivTis nawilzec vrceldeboda. samarTlebrivad Sedgenli an krebiTi nivTis nawili, SeiZleba mTeli nivTisagan gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti gamxdariyo. magaliTad, saketis gasaRebis gasxviseba saketze uflebis gadatanas iwvevda, magram ara piruku. zog SemTxvevaSi wilis an kvotisagan (pars, portio) unda ganvasxvavoT mTelis ganuyofeli nawili (pars pro indiviso), romelic,
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samarTlebrivi aspeqtiT, wminda abstraqtuli cnebaa. saketi da misi gasaRebi yovelTvis Senobis nawilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini konkretul momentSi Senobisagan gancalkevebiT inaxeba. xolo, miwaSi Cafluli qvevrebi ara saxlis nawili, aramed marnis nawilebia (D.18,1,76pr; 19,1,17pr). Tumca, niadagidan amoRebuli miwa, qviSa, Tixa an moWrili nargavi nakveTis nawilebad ar iTvleba (D. 19,1,17,6; 18,1; 10,4,5,2; 50,16,241). uZravi nivTebis kategoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania miwis nakveTis nawilisa (pars fundi) da miwis dasamuSavebeli inventaris (instrumentum fundi) urTierTSepirispireba, romelic, myarad nagebi Senobisagan gansxvavebiT, stacionaluri samrewvelo uZravi qoneba ar iyo. miwis dasamuSavebeli inventari (instrumentum fundi) damatebiTi nivTebis kategorias ganekuTvneboda, romlis marTvis wesi ZiriTadi nivTis gankargvis wess arasodes emTxvevoda. aRniSnul kategorias miekuTvneboda soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mona, mxvneli xarebi, guTani, mosavlis asaRebi, mosavlis Sesanaxi da gadasamuSavebeli iaraRebi (D.39,7,9; 10,11,12pr; 16,1; 25pr; 26,1). klasikur periodis romis samarTalSi nivTebis cneba farTo gagebiT gamoiyeneboda da ara marto gare samyaros materialur sagnebs moicavda, aramed maTze iuridiul uflebebsac. $5. Res mobiles et res immobiles (moZravi da uZravi nivTebi) romis samarTliT, nivTTa moZrav da uZrav nivTebad dayofas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ar hqonda _ orive saxis nivTebi erTi da igive iuridiuli normebiT iyo daculi. uZrav nivTebs ganekuTvneboda ara marto miwis nakveTi (praedia, fundi) da miwis wiaRi, aramed miwis zedapirze sxvisi an mesakuTris SromiT Seqmnili sikeTe, romelic miwis zedapiris xelovnur an bunebriv nawilad iTvleboda. am nivTebze vrceldeboda wesi miwis zedapirze Seqmnilis superficies soli Taobaze, romelic miwis zedapirisagan iseve ganuyofeli iyo, rogorc miwis zedapiris sahaero sivrce moiazreboda mis nawilad. moZravi nivTebi (res mobiles an per re moventis) aveji, sayofacxovrebo sagnebi, monebi, cxovelebi iyo. principatis periodSi nivTebis aseTma dayofam ufro farTo, aSkara saxe da mkveTri xasiaTi miiRo. am droisaTvis uZrav nivTebzec sabolood Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, kerZod: superficiumi, emfiTevzisi. uflebebis SeZena mflobelobis xandazmulobis vadis gansazRvriT (2 weli uZrav nivTebze, 1 weli moZrav nivTebze) xdeboda. Tanac yvela uZrav nivTze erTnairi samarTlebrivi reglamentacia rodi iyo dadgenili. kerZod, miwis nakveTebi adgilmdebareobisa da sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulad regulirdeboda. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen qalaqis ganaSenianobasa (praedia urbana) da soflad mdebare sameurneo miwis nakveTebs (praedia rustica): mindori, saZovari, tye, sasoflo qoxebi, aseve italiisa da provinciis miwis nakveTebi $6. Res corporales et res incorporales Gaius (2.13.14) gamohyofda nivTebis kidev erT kategoris – sxeulebrivsa (res corporales) da usxeulo (res incorporales) nivTebs. sxeulebrivia is nivTebi, romelTa SegrZnebac SesaZlebelia (quae tangi possunt) grZnobis organoebiT, usxeulo nivTebi ki SeigrZnoba (quae tangi non possunt). Res incorporales-is nivTebis magaliTad Gaius-s mohyavda memkvidreoba, uzufruqti da valdebulebebi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom res incorporales kategoriaSi Gaius-i ar asaxelebda sakuTrebis uflebas: romaeli iuristebi ver asxvavebdnen sakuTrebis uflebas nivTze da sakuTriv nivTebs, ris gamoc sakuTrebis uflebas isini miakuTvnebdnen corpora (sxeulebrivi nivTebis) kategorias. $7. gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi ganasxvavebdnen gayofad da gauyofad nivTebs. gayofadi iyo iseTi nivTebi, romelTa gayofis Sedegad maTi gvari (gens) da faseuloba ar icvleboda. aseTi nivTis TiToeuli nawili erT mTlians warmoadgenda, Tumca, uwindel nivTTan SedarebiT, naklebi zomis iyo: pro parte divisa. materialuri dayofis garda, romis samarTali aseve icnobda nivTze uflebis gayofas, e.w. idealur wils. aseT SemTxvevaSi, materialurad gauyofad nivTze ufleba ramdenime pirs, nivTis safasuris wilis Sesabamisad, erTdroulad ekuTvnoda. kerZod, 1/2, 1/3 da a.S. TanasakuTrebis (anu erT nivTze ramdenime piris Tanadrouli sakuTrebis ufleba) uflebis Sewyvetisas didi mniSvneloba hqonda nivTis iuridiul gayofadoba-gauyofadobas: mxolod samarTlebrivi gayofis SesaZleblobisas daiSveboda nivTis naturaluri gayofa yofil TanamesakuTreTa Soris. meore SemTxvevaSi nivTi erT-erT maTganis sakuT-
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rebaSi rCeboda, xolo danarCeni pirebi fulad kompensacias iRebdnen. $8. gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebadi nivTebi gamoyenebadi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic, misi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, pirvelive materialuri gamoyenebis Semdeg nadgurdeboda. magaliTad, fuli; angariSis gasworebis Semdeg fuli mesakuTrisaTvis dakargulad miiCneoda. gamouyenebadi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic gamoyenebis Sedegad ar nadgurdeba (magaliTad, Zvirfasi qva). amave kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi nivTebi, romlebic TandaTanobiTi ganadgurdebiT, fass kargavda da daniSnulebiT aRar gamoiyeneboda. $9. martivi da rTuli nivTebi martivi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic materialurad erT mTlianobas qmnida. magaliTad, mona, qva, mori. rTuli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic Sedgeba erTmaneTTan materialurad dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva elementisagan, romelTac erTi mTliani nivTis saxeli hqondaT. magaliTad, nageboba, xomaldi, aveji. rTuli nivTebis nawilebi erT mTlian nivTSi ar ikargeboda, radgan erT mTlianobad Seqmnamde, calkeuli nivTebis saxiT, sxvadasxva piris kuTvnilebac ki SeiZleba yofiliyo. calke ganixileboda materialurad erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli sxvadasxva calkeuli nivTis erToblioba, romelTac, saerTo daniSnulebis safuZvelze, erTi saxelwodeba hqondaT; magaliTad, jogi, legioni. es iyo nivTebis droebiTi sameurneo an korporaciuli gaerTianeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis sagani mxolod erTi mTelis Semadgeneli calkeuli nivTebi iyo; magram brunvis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, am nivTebze sruli uflebis damkvidrebac daiSveboda. magaliTad, jogis mesakuTres SeeZlo moeTxova ufleba mTel jogze, Tu igi jogis udides nawilze sakuTrebis uflebas daamtkicebda. $10. ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi damatebiT nivTad (res accessorium) iTvleboda iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTze garkveuli wesiT damoukidebuli da misgan iuridiulad damokidebuli iyo. damatebiTi nivTis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe iyo nayofi, nivTis nawili da sakuTvnebeli. iuridiulad, nivTis nawili damoukideblad ar miiCneoda. Tu iuridiuli garigebis sagani mTliani nivTi iyo, maSin garigebis Sedegebi mis yvela nawilze vrceldeboda. nivTis nawili damoukidebeli garigebis sagani mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, Tu misi mTliani nivTisagan gancalkeveba SeiZleboda. $11. sakuTvnebeli Accessio (sakuTvnebeli). sakuTvnebeli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTs ara materialurad, aramed ekonomikurad ukavSirdeboda; ZiriTadi nivTi srulad ar miiCneoda, Tu misgan sakuTvnebeli gancalkevebuli iyo. sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arsebobda, oRond sameurneo (ekonomikuri) Sedegi orives erTad gamoyenebiT miiReboda (klite da gasaRebi); vinaidan sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arseboboda, damoukidebuli uflebis saganic SeiZleba gamxdariyo. Tumca, Tu dainteresebul pirTa Soris ar arsebobda specialuri daTqma, ZiriTad nivTze gavrcelebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi sakuTvnebelzec moqmedebda, rasac Semdegi aforizmis gavrceleba mohyva _ sakuTvnebli ZiriTadi nivTis beds iziarebs. $12. Fructus (nayofi) Fructus (nayofi); instrumnetum fundi (inventari). cnebiT nayofi (fructus) nayofis momcemi nivTi igulisxmeboda, romlis eqspluataciis Sedegadac materialuri sikeTe warmoiqmneboda (namati, mosavali). nayofze ufleba nayofis momcemi nivTis uflebaze damokidebuli, magram misi identuri ar iyo. nayofis momcemi nivTis keTilsindisieri mflobeli nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda. yovelTvis, nayofis momcemi nivTis gasxvisebisas nayofze sakuTrebis uflebis SenarCuneba daiTqmeboda. drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, nayofis cnebiT yovelTvis igulisxmeboda nayofis Semdegi formebi: 1. Camokiduli nayofi (fructus pendentes); 2. gancalkevebuli nayofi (fructus separati); 3. Segrovebuli
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da aTvisebuli nayofi (fructus percepti); 4. gamoyenebuli nayofi (fructus consumpti). yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganuyofeli nayofi `deda-nivTis~ nawili iyo. gancalkeveba (separatio) miTvisebisagan (perceptio) SemdegiT gansxvavdeboda: nayofis momcemi nivTi SeiZleba yofiliyo im aramesakuTris xelSi, romelsac nayofis mokrefis uflebamosileba hqonda (moijare); im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame piri (qurdi) nayofs ganacalkevebda (separatio), nivTis mesakuTre nayofis mesakuTre ar xdeboda (D.7,1,12,5), xolo nayofis miTvisebiT (perceptio) nivTiT mosargeble nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda. aseT eqstraordinalur RonisZiebebs magistratebi mimarTavdnen rogorc mxedarTa TxovniT, ise sakuTari SexedulebiT. III. sakuTreba $1. sakuTrebis ufleba uZveles romaul samarTalSi sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli specialuri termini ar arsebobda. vinmes xelisuflebaSi arsebuli raime nivTis aRsaniSnavad, yvela SemTxvevaSi, batonobis aRmniSvneli Zalze Zveli termini dominium (zmna moTvinierebidan) gamoiyeneboda. civiluri, kvirituli sakuTrebis uZveles saxes dominium ex iure Quiritium ewodeboda. sakuTrebis uflebis matarebels SeuzRudavi ufleba hqonda da nivTis (gasxviseba, datvirTva) gamoyenebisa da gankargvis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. nivTze kerZo mesakuTris ufleba ucxo pirebis Carevas gamoricxavda. klasikurma iurisprudenciam nivTze sakuTreba miiCnia piris SeuzRudav da gansakuTrebul uflebad, romelic, arsobrivad, SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda da absolutur uflebad moiazreboda. iustinianes samarTliT, nivTze sakuTrebas srul Zalauflebad (plena in re potestas) miiCnevdnen. klasikosebis mier aRiarebuli da kanoniT ganmtkicebuli, nivTze mesakuTris batonobis sruli ufleba, klasikosi iuristebis azriT, sakuTrebis uflebis arss, mis Semadgenel nawilebad, Slida. kerZod, pavlusis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis uflebis arsebiTi nawili (pars dominii) sargeblobisa (usus) da nayofis miRebis ufleba (ususfructus) iyo. miwis kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba uZvelesi droidan izRudeboda. imperiis epoqaSi iuristebma sakuTrebis cneba daazustes, radgan am uflebis gageba yovelTvis gansakuTrebul safuZvels iTxovda da mniSvnelovan Sedegebs iwvevda. sakuTrebis uflebis mtkiceba mesakuTres ar evaleboda da piruku, savaldebulo iyo sakuTrebis SezRudvis safuZvlebis mkacrad gansazRvra, kerZod: 1. yovel meore dRes, miwis mesakuTre valdebuli iyo sakuTar miwis nakveTze SeeSva mezobeli, mezoblis ezoSi darguli xidan Camovardnili nayofis asakrefad; 2. mesakuTres ar evaleboda eTmina mezoblis Senobis nawili, Tu misi nakveTis sazRvars mezoblis Senobis nawili gadmoyurebda, an Tu mezoblis kedeli naxevar futze metad iyo gaweuli mis nakveTze; 3. garkveuli anazRaurebis sanacvlod, mesakuTres Tavis nakveTze unda gaetarebina yvela is piri, vinc misi nakveTis mezoblad mdebare sasaflaoze midioda. $2. sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi sagulisxmoa, rom provinciaSi arsebul miwis nakveTebze, sakuTrebis uflebis daxasiaTebisas, SesaZlebelia dadgindes is samarTlebrivi formula, romelic asaxavs `sakuTrebis~ cnebis Sinaarss: uti, frui, habere, possidere. amrigad, sargebloba, nayofis miReba da gankargva warmoadgens nivTis gamoyenebis sam saSualebas. Uti _ iyo nivTidan raime sargeblis miRebis ufleba, misi gacvlis an nivTis moxmarebis ganzraxvis gareSe, rac mxolod im qonebis mimarTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic mouxmar qonebas warmoadgenda. Frui _ sargeblobis im aqtebs ganekuTvneboda, romlebic, deda nivTis mier periodulad Seqmnili nayofis moxmarebas gulisxmobda, ZiriTadi nivTis arsis Seucvlelad. Habere (zmna `viqonio~-dan warmoiSoba) da gagebuli unda iqnas, rogorc realuri Sedegis mqone floba (Ulp., D. 50,16. 164.2). `iTvleboda, rom flobs (habere) raimes is, visac aRniSnulis mimarT sarCelis wardgena SeuZlia; vinaidan habetur (floben) mxolod imas, risi gamoTxovac rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli~ (Ulp., D. 50.16. 143). Possidere miekuTvneba possessio-s, anu nivTis faqtobrivi flobis viTarebas, romelsac pretori
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icavda, sakuTari interdiqtebis (brZaneba) meSveobiT. $3. Communio (condominium _ TanasakuTreba) sakuTrebis uflebis gansakuTrebuloba, romael iuristebs aiZulebda erTsa da imave nivTze ramdenime piris sakuTrebis ufleba daeSvaT. maT aRiares TanamesakuTreTa Tanamflobelobis ufleba anu nivTis erToblivi mflobeloba da nivTiT sargebloba. nayofic maT mier idealuri wilebiT SeiZineboda. Tu nivTiT sargebloba dadgenili wesebis zRvars scildeboda, maSin yvela mflobelisa da mosargeblis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro. TanasakuTrebas (communio) condominium-i ewodeboda. TanasakuTrebis (communio) viTareba nebayoflobiT an SemTxveviT warmoiSoboda. TanasakuTreba nebayoflobiT warmoiSoba amxanagobis xelSekrulebis meSveobiT an ramdenime piris nebayoflobiTi moqmedebiT, kerZod, es ukanasknelni, TanasakuTrebaSi proporciuli wilebis SetaniT, aerTianebdnen sakuTar qonebas. qonebis SemTxveviTi gaerTianeba (communio incidens), ramdenime piris mier, erTi da igive nivTis SeZenis Sedegad xdeboda (memkvidreoba an legati, an im ramdenime nivTis fizikuri Serwymis Sedegad, romelTa gancalkevebac SeuZlebeli iyo. confusio _ Txevadi, xolo commixtio _ mkvrivi masalis dros). TanasakuTrebis uZvele saxe iyo e.w. consortium ercto non cito, romelic gardacvlili paterfamilias ramdenime memkvidres (adgnatus et cognatus) rCeboda. TanasakuTrebidan TiToeul mesakuTres sakuTari wilis gasxviseba da datvirTva SeeZlo. amave moculobiT TanamesakuTreebs, mesame piris winaSe, sakuTari uflebebis dacvis uflebac hqondaT. TanasakuTrebis gayofisas, TanamesakuTreTa wilebi mosamarTles sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr SeeZlo gamoeyo, magram gayofadi nivTi samarTlian fasad (iusto preto aestimare) unda Seefasebina. $4. sakuTrebis SeZenis saSualebebi romis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli, nivTze civiluri sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis formebis anu saSualebebis klasificireba, ramdenime kriteriumis mixedviT iyo SesaZlebeli. Gai., `instituciebsa~ da Res cottidianal-Si, sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebis klasifikacias bunebiTi samarTlis (ius naturale), civiluri samarTlis (ius civile) da xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) safuZvelze axdenda. pirveli saSualeba, anu _ ius naturale-Ti iyo is, romelsac xalxi iyenebda da romelic kacobriobasTan erTad Seiqmna. aseT saSualebebs okupacia (occupatio), namati (nayofi) da nivTis gadamuSaveba (specificatio) warmoadgenda sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis is saSualebebi, romlebic ius civile-Ti iyo mowesrigebuli, mxolod romis moqalaqeTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli: mancipatio, in iure cessio da usucapio (xandazmulobis vadiT). SeZenis am gansakuTrebuli saSualebebidan (moqmedebebidan) Gai. gamohyofs erTobliv SeZenas, anu mTliani moculobiT an samkvidro qonebidan ganxorcielebul SeZenas (adquirere per universitet); SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebebs ganekuTvneba: 1) ius civile-sa da ius preatorium-is safuZvelze samemkvidreo uflebebSi Sesvla; 2) sxvisi mamulis Sesyidva (emptio bonorum); 3) Svilad ayvana. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis gansxvavebul saSualebebs gamoyofs Ulpianus; mancipatio, traditio, in iure cessio, adiudicatio, lege. romanistikis doqtrina yvelaze xSirad iyenebs sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis klasifikacias, Tavdapirvel da nawarmoeb saSualebebad dayofis, principidan gamomdinare. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis Tavdapirveli saSualebebi gulisxmobda, nivTis dauflebis mizniT, iseTi moqmedebebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic ar iqneboda sxva mesakuTris nebaze damokidebuli. xolo sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi saSualebebiT, mxedvelobaSi is faqti miiReboda, rom nivTs manamde sxva mesakuTresTan hqonda kavSiri. nivTis Tavdapirveli mesakuTre nivTze yvela uflebas kargavda mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnul nivTs sxva, axali mepatrone SeiZenda, anu sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi saSualebebiT nivTze, erTi mesakuTris uflebebi, meore mesakuTres gadaecemoda, gamsxviseblisa da SemZenis urTierTsanacvlo, nebelobiTi xasiaTis moqmedebis Sedegad (transferre dominio)
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rodesac sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebze vsaubrobT, mizanSewonilia gaviTvaliswinoT romauli Instituciones debulebebi da jer sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis is saSualebebi SeviswavloT, romlebsac ius gentium icnobda, Semdeg ki ius civile-Ti dadgenili SeZenis saSualebebi. a) Occupatio (okupacia) Occupatio iyo nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis yvelaze Zveli da universaluri saSualeba, romelsac romaeli iuristebi ius gentium-is institutad miiCnevdnen. Occupatio Seicavda, nadirobisa da TevzWeris Sedegad, SeZenil nivTebs da isini Cveulebriv flobad (possessio naturales) iTvleboda (Nerva, D.41.2.1.1.). garda amisa, occupatio mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, Tu nivTi aravisi kuTvnileba ar iyo (res nullius). Occupatio Semdegi saSualebebiT xorcieldeboda: a) gareul mxecebze (venatio), frinvelebze (auspicium) nadiroba da Tevzaoba (piscatio). pirutyvi SeiZleba mitacebuli, Tumca veluri da, maSasadame, bunebrivad Tavisufali yofiliyo. miTvisebis saSualebebidan gamomdinare, pirutyvi sam kategoriad iyofoda: 1) gareuli mxecebi (feral bestiae), romlebic bunebrivad Tavisufalni iyvnen da romelTa dapatroneba nebismier pirs SeeZlo; 2) moSinaurebuli, an moTvinierebuli cxovelebi (mansuefactae), romlebsac bunebrivad Tavisufleba ki hqondaT, Tumca adamianis kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen da, Tanac, adamianTan dabrunebis Cvevac gauCndaT (animus revertendi); 3) Sinauri pirutyvi, romelzec mudmivad xorcieldeba adamianis Zalaufleba. cxovelebze nadirobis ufleba adamianis Tavdapirvel da bunebiT uflebad (ius hominis) iTvleba, vinaidan, vidre adamiani miwaTmoqmedi an mesaqonle gaxdeboda, is nadirobiT irCenda Tavs. b) mowinaaRmdegisaTvis warTmeuli samxedro nadavli; g) zRvaSi amoziduli kunZuli da zRvis mier napirze gamoriyuli nivTebi; d) uwindeli mesakuTris mier gadagdebuli nivTebi (res derefuctae) _ beiTalman qoneba. b) ganZi Paul., (D. 41.1.31.1) azriT, `ganZi _ dafluli nivTebis garkveuli raodenobaa, romelTa mimarT SeuZlebelia mesakuTris dadgena; ganZi imis sakuTreba xdeba, vinc mas aRmoaCens, vinaidan is sxvas aravis ekuTvnis; da piruku, Tu vinme, angarebiT an SiSiT Sepyrobili, an nivTis ukeT Senaxvis mizniT, daflavs nivTs miwaSi, aRniSnuli nivTi ganZad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da, amrigad, SeiZleba qurdobis saganic ki gaxdes~. Tavdapirvelad, ganZi im miwis nakveTis namatad iTvleboda, romelSic is iqna aRmoCenili da misi aRmomCeni ganZis mesakuTre xdeboda; Tumca, imperator adrianes reskriptiT (iustinianemac daadastura) dadginda, ganZze arsebuli, sakuTrebis uflebis Tanabar wilad gayofa mis aRmomCen pirsa da im miwis nakveTis mesakuTres Soris, sadac ganZi iqna aRmoCenili. Tu ganZi dafluli iyo wminda an religiur adgilze, is mis aRmomCen pirs ekuTvnoda mTlianad. ganZis aRmoCena SemTxveviTi, winaswar daugegmavi movlena iyo (data opera). g) Specificatio (gadamuSaveba) Tu romelime piri qmnis axal formas an axal (adre ararsebul) nivTs (specium aliquam), sxva pirisaTvis mikuTvnebuli masalisagan, glosatorTa azriT, adgili hqonda nivTis gadamuSavebas (specificatio). Specificatio-s Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaoba jer kidev sabinianelTa da prokurianelTa skolebis warmomadgenlebis mier gamoiTqva. kerZod, sabinianelebs miaCndaT, rom axali nivTi im masalis mesakuTres ekuTvnis, romlisganac es nivTi iyo damzadebuli, xolo prokulianelebs miaCndaT, rom nivTis mesakuTre misi Semqmneli iyo da swored mas aniWebdnen sarCelis wardgenis uflebas, nivTis qurdobis SemTxvevaSi. `oqros Sualedad~ miCneuli iqna is mosazreba, rom Tu SeuZlebeli iyo nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis micema (mag. larnaki), is im masalis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda, romlisganac nivTi iyo damzadebuli da, piruku, nivTi mis damamzadebel xelosans ekuTvnis, Tu SesaZlebelia nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis dabruneba (Gai, Inst. 2.79.).
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d) Tu raime nivTi mTlianad STanTqmulia sxva nivTis mier, pirveli nivTis mesakuTre iZens im nivTsac, romelic mas SeuerTes. saWiroa erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT saboloo da droebiTi namati. droebiT namats maSin aqvs adgili, roca, mogvianebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba ori SeerTebuli nivTis gayofa. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, damatebiTi nivTis mepatrone uflebamosilia waradginos sarCeli _ actio ad exhibendum (wardgenis Sesaxeb; piradi sarCeli, romliTac mosarCele iTxovda, rom mopasuxes sasamarTloSi warmoedgina sadao nivTi. Tu mopasuxe uars ambobda nivTis warmodgenaze, is daisjeboda, TiTqosda namdvil davaSi, wagebuli mxaris msgavsad), im pirobiT, rom damatebiTi nivTis gamocalkevebiT ar daazianebda ZiriTad nivTs. miwebis an sxva uZravi qonebis nazrdis viTarebaSi saWiroa gamovacalkevoT sxva miwaze Tesvis, mcenareTa dargvis an mSeneblobis warmoebis SemTxvevebi. kerZod, am viTarebaSi moqmedebda principi `superficies misdevs miwis nakveTs (mis statuss)~ _ superficies solo adit, anu yvelaferi, rac sxvis miwazea darguli, daTesili an aSenebuli, miwis nakveTis mepatronis sakuTrebaSi Sedis. moZravi qonebis namatis SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyos: 1) liTonisgan damzadebuli nivTebi, romlebic isea erTmaneTTan SeduRebuli, rom SeuZlebelia maTi gamocalkeveba (ferruminatio); 2) sxvis qsovilSi Catanebuli Zafi (textura); 3) nabdis tilos SesaRebad gamoyenebuli saRebavi (tinctura); 4) sxvis dafaze daxatuli naxatisaTvis gamoyenebuli saRebavi (pinctura) (am bolo SemTxvevis Taobaze Paul. ambobda, rom suraTi eqvemdebareba im dafas, romelzec is aris dawerili (D. 6.1.23.3). namatis (nazrdis) yvela SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis uflebis dakargvis gamo, iTxovdnen dazaralebuli mesakuTrisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdas, kerZod:
romaeli
iuristebi
1) Tu is, vinc aerTianebs nivTebs an gadaamuSavebs maT, aris damatebiTi nivTis mesakuTre, maSin mas, nivTis dauflebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia exceptio doli (maSin eZleva mxares, roca jer kidev ar momxdara motyuebiT damZimebuli garigebis aRsruleba) warudginos ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTres, mis mier wardgenili rei vindicatio-s sapasuxod, raTa moiTxovos kompensacia im nazrdis gamo, rac ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTrem miiRo damatebiTi nivTis mesakuTris Sromis Sedegad. 2) Tu is piri, vinc axorcielebda nivTebis gadamuSavebas an gazrdas, aris boroti ganzraxviT moqmedi, ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTrem, an mesame pirma, mis winaaRmdeg unda gamoiyenon Semdegi saxis sarCelebi: a) actio furtis, im motiviT, rom TiTqosda mitacebuli iyo masala an damatebiTi nivTi; b) actio cognitio, im piris sasargeblod, visac CamoarTves nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba; g) Tu nivTebis gadamuSaveba an gazrda SemTxveviT moxda an mesame piris mier iqna keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebuli (bonae fidei), anazRaurebis moTxovna dauSvebelia. $5. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT sakuTrebis gadacema daiSveboda mxolod im pirebs Soris, romlebsac, xelSekrulebebisa da garigebebis gziT, qonebis SeZenisa da gasxvisebis ufleba hqondaT, aseve anderZis an kanonismieri memkvidreobis safuZvelze. klasikuri periodis samarTliT, sakuTrebis saxelSekrulebo SeZena sami wesiT iyo dasaSvebi: mancipatio, in iure cessio, traditio. iustinianes samarTalSi mxolod traditio iqna SenarCunebuli. saxelSekrulebo wesiT, sakuTrebis uflebis gadasacemad, aucilebeli iyo mxareTa SeTanxmeba sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenasa da gasxvisebaze. a) Mancipatio (mancipacia) kvirituli sakuTrebis SeZenis uZvelesi wesi iyo mancipacia, romlis Tanaxmadac, xuTi mowmisa da mesasworis TandaswrebiT, pirs, garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod, nivTi realurad gadaecemoda. es iyo yidva-gayidvis erTdrouli aqti, nivTis arasasamarTlo gziT gamoTxovis msgavsad. nivTis fasis sanacvlod, gamsxvisebels gadaecemoda liTonis zodi, romlis asawonadac mesaswores uxmobdnen. aRniSnuli wesi moqmedebda nebismieri nivTis SesaZenad, romlebic res mancipi-is kategorias miekuTvneboda. Tavdapirvelad, gamyidvlis mier gadacemuli liToni realurad iwoneboda, mogvianebiT, am ritualma simboluri xasiaTi miiRo; gaiusis dros mancipacia fiqciur gayidvad – venditio imaginaria iqca.
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mancipaciiT realurad SesaZlebeli iyo nivTebis gayidva ganvadebiT, aseve maTi gaCuqeba da mziTevad gataneba, radgan garigebis momentSi gamyidvelisaTvis mxolod Rirebulebis mcire nawilis gadaxda xdeboda. mancipaciiT igulisxmeboda, rom mxareebs samoqalaqo brunvaSi Cabmis ufleba (ius commrecii) hqondaT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mancipirebadi nivTis gamsxvisebeli mesakuTre ar iyo, SemZenis sarCelis safuZvelze, kanonieri mesakuTre SemZens nivTs sTxovda; gamsxvisebels nivTis ormagi fasis, anu mancipaciis dros moTxovnil Tanxaze orjer metis gadaxda evaleboda (qurdobis (furtum) analogiurad). b) in iure cessio sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanis am wesiT moCvenebiTi sasamarTlo procesi igulisxmeboda. sasamarTlo procesi, sakuTrebis uflebis Tanaxmad (gaiusi), SeZenis mizans Seesabameboda. moCvenebiTi sasamarTlo procesis msgavsad, am wesiT procesze mxolod is pirebi daiSvebodnen, visac romis sasamarTlo procesze daSvebis ufleba hqonda. SemZeni iTxovda SesaZen nivTs, xolo gamsxvisebeli nivTze sakuTrebas uaryofda an aRiarebda. pretori, romlis TandaswrebiTac in iure warmoebis dros, aseTi procesi tardeboda, mosarCelis uflebas adasturebda da mxareTa nebas saTanado aqtiT adgenda. g) Traditio (gadacema) Traditio _ sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis forma, romis samarTlis nawilma _ xalxis samarTalmac (ius gentium) aRiara. Traditio-Ti igulisxmeboda SemZenisaTvis, gamsxviseblisagan, nivTis faqtobriv mflobelobaSi gadacema. nivTis gadacemis aseTi forma mxareTa Soris winaswar dadebuli SeTanxmebis aRsruleba iyo. klasikur periodSi, res mancipi-s mimarT, tradicio ara kvirituli, aramed pretoruli, bonitaruli sakuTrebis SesaZenad gamoiyeneboda. Traditio-Ti nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis SesaZenad savaldebulo iyo piroba _ iusta causa possessionis, romlis safuZvelzec nivTi gadaicemoda, anu nivTis gasxviseba-SeZena orive mxaris neba iyo. aRniSnuli neba gamoixateboda nivTis gadacemamde, ris Semdegac xdeboda nivTis gadacema. $6. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi a) Dominium ex iure Quiritium (kvirituli sakuTreba) kvirituli samarTlis mixedviT, sakuTrebis ufleba (dominium ex iure Quiritium) hqondaT sruluflebian romael moqalaqeebsa da res commercii-is mqone pirebs. romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, garda samarTalsubieqtobisa, saWiro iyo, rom samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis piroba hqonoda nivTsac. pirvel rigSi, aseTi nivTebi iyo: res mancipi da, kvirituli sakuTrebis SesaZenad, xelSekrulebiT dadgenili qonebis SeZenis iseTi specialuri saSualebebi, rogoric iyo mancipacia (mancipatio). am uflebaTa obieqts ganekuTvneboda aseve res nec mancipi, romelTa SeZena gansakuTrebul formalobebs ar iTxovda. b) peregrinebis sakuTreba araromaeli moqalaqeebi (laTinebi da peregrinebi) roms sakuTari samSoblos uflebiT (origo) eqvemdebarebodnen. romauli samarTliT, ius gentium-is safuZvelze, maT sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod moZravi nivTebis brunvis sferoSi hqondaT. ucxoelebisaTvis sakuTrebis SeZenis ufleba mxolod peregrinebis pretoris ediqtiT daiSveboda, `fiqtiuri” sarCeliT, romelic uflebis xSiri darRvevis aRsakveTad, jarimas adgenda. savaraudod, ucxoelebi mxolod mflobelobiT interdiqtebs sjerdebodnen. Dominium-is mflobeloba maT ar SeeZloT. Tumca, ucxoelTa qoneba pretoris gansakuTrebuli sarCelebiT iyo daculi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame piri pretenzias acxadebda im nivTebze, romlebsac ucxoelebi flobdnen romSi, anda miwis im nakveTebze, romlebic italiis teritoriaze iyo, pretoris sarCeli fiqcias (fictio) Seicavda da peregrinebis uflebebs icavda. g) provinciuli sakuTreba provinciuli miwaze romaeli xalxis sakuTreba dapyrobis uflebas efuZneboda. es iyo sajarosamarTlebrivi tipis sakuTreba _ res publicae. provinciuli sakuTreba, romelzec sakuTrebis ufleba mtrisaTvis warTmeuli teritoriis (ager publicus) mflobelobas (possessio) exeboda, mxolod populus Romanus gaaCnda. aseT miwas romaeli ijariT gadascemda kerZo pirebs, romlebsac e.w. tributum an
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stipendium gadasaxadis gadaxda evalebodaT. gaiusis Tanaxmad, provinciaSi mdebare miwis nakveTi romaeli xalxis an keisris sakuTreba (dominium) iyo. kerZo pirebis faqtobrivi sakuTrebis ufleba provinciebis mmarTvelTa dacvas eqvemdebareboda. postklasikur periodSi provinciuli sakuTrebis uflebis wesi mflobelobis (possessio) instituts TiTqmis Seerwya, rac ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba: 1. civiluri da pretoruli sarCelebis dualizmi aRar arsebobda; mas Semdeg, rac italiaSi arsebuli yvela nakveTi tributiT (tributum) daibegra, romaeli moqalaqeebisa da provincielebis sakuTrebis uflebaTa arsebuli sxvaobac mTlianad gauqmda; garda amisa, karakalam, 212 wlis ediqtiT, imperiis mTel Tavisufal mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba uboZa, riTac romis moqalaqeebi da peregrinebi uflebrivad gaTanabrdnen; 2. am periodSi moxda sakuTrebisa da mflobelobis Serwymac. d) Res sua in bonis (bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba) sakuTrebis aRniSnuli kategoria warmoiSoboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca pretori, civiluri mesakuTris sarCelisagan, sakuTari sarCeliT icavda im pirs, romelmac mancipirebadi nivTi SeiZina. Tumca, aRniSnuli nivTis gadacema mancipatio an in iure cessio-s formebis daucvelad moxda. aseT SemTxvevaSi da im SemTxvevaSic, roca pretoruli sarCeliT dacvas eqvemdebareboda iseTi piri, romelic ar iyo nivTis mesakuTre, magram pretors Tavisi sarCeliT igi aseTad gamohyavda, pretori TiTqosda mesakuTres, actio Publiciana ZaliT, mesame piris sasarCelo moTxovnisagan icavda. aseTi sarCeli rei vindicatio sarCelis analogiuri iyo. e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTliT miwis nakveTebis kviritul da provinciul sakuTrebad dayofis gauqmebis Semdeg, yovelgvari garigebis mimarT, miwis erTiani sajaro registracia SemoiRes, romelsac transcriptis ewoda. aqedan gamomdinare, iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, mxolod dominum ex iure Quiritium aRadgines. kuTvnilebis istoriuli niSnis mixedviT, romaelebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen, sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebs civiluri samarTliT (ius civile) da xalxis samarTliT (ius gentium). $7. Usucapio (SeZena xandazmulobiT) piri nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas maSinac iZenda, Tu igi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi da garkveuli pirobebis dacviT flobda aRniSnul nivTs. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebas xandazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ewodeboda. Zveli civiluri samarTliT, xandazmulobiT SeZenis erT-erTi saxe iyo usucapio, romlis SemTxvevaSi mflobelobis kanonieri safuZveli da keTilsindisieri mflobeloba savaldebulo ar iyo. Tumca, ZvelTaganve es wesi naqurdal nivTebze ar gavrcelda. maTi SeZena xandazmulobiT jer kidev XII dafis kanonebma, Semdeg atiliusis (qr.Sobamde III s.), mogvianebiT _ plavtiusis (qr.Sobamde 70w.) kanonebma akrZales. nivTis xandazmulobiT SeZena SeeZloT mxolod romael moqalaqeebs; es wesi mxolod italiur miwebze vrceldeboda. xandazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ar daiSveboda res incorporales, res extra commercium da im nivTebze, romelTa xandazmulobT SeZenas kanoni krZalavda. aseTebi iyo: naqurdali nivTebi (res furtivae), naalafari (res vi possessae), nakveTebs Soris arsebuli sagnebi da servituti. XII dafis kanonebiT ikrZaleboda qalis mier, meurvis nebarTvis (auctoritas) gareSe, gasxvisebuli res mancipi nivTebis xandazmulobiT SeZena. Usucapio-s erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli iyo nivTis uwyvetad floba (possessio). xandazmulobis vada, mflobelobisa da misi samarTlebrivi safuZvlis darRvevisas, Sewyvetilad miiCneoda. Usucapio-s meore niSani iyo dro (tempus), riTac xandazmulobiT SeZenis, kanoniT gansazRvruli, vada igulisxmeboda, kerZod: 2 weli uZrav da 1 weli moZrav nivTebze (Gai.,2,42;54). iustinianes samarTliT aRniSnuli vadebi Seicvala, kerZod: moZrav nivTze 3, xolo uZrav nivTze 30 weli dadginda. principulad gansxvavdeboda e.w. sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis praescriptio), romliTac, kanoniT dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg, nivTis vindicirebaze pretenziis mqone mesakuTres uars eubnebodnen mflobelis mxridan Sesagebeli sarCelis wardgeniT. sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada 10 wliT ganisazRvra, Tu modave mxareebi erT Tems (civitas) ekuTvnodnen da 20 wliT _ Tu sxvadasxva Temis wevrebi iyvnen; garda amisa, mflobeloba unda yofiliyo iusta causa-ze damyarebuli da keTilsindisierad miCneuli.
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$8. sakuTrebis uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudva mesakuTres SeeZlo nebayoflobiT SeezRuda Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba, Tu servitutiT datvirTavda sakuTar qonebas. sakuTrebis uflebis sxvagvari SezRudvebi ki samarTliT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare. Tunca, sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva ar iyo gaerTianebuli raime zogadi xasiaTis debulebiT an gvarobiTi kategoriiT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove samarTali iTvaliswinebs e.w. iZulebiTi eqspropriaciis saxiT. am periodis zenonis (CI.8.10.12) da iustinianes (CI.8.10.13) konstituciebSi, agreTve maTze darTul interpolaciebSi naxsenebi (erT miwis nakveTze meoris sasargeblod dadgenili) SezRudvebic servitutes saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva xdeboda: 1. religiuri mosazrebiT. XII dafis kanonebiT ikrZaleboda gvamebis dakrZalva da kremacia qalaqis teritoriaze da mis irgvliv, Tu samarxsa da uaxloes Senobas Soris manZili 60 futze naklebi iyo, aseve pontifikosebis Tanxmobis gareSe gvamebis eqsgumacia (D.11.7.8); 2. samSeneblo normebis dacvis aucileblobiT. klasikuri samarTali Seicavda normebs, romlebic gansazRvravdnen Senoba-nagebobaTa maqsimalur simaRles, Senobebs Soris manZilsa da maT garegnul ier-saxes; 3. sazogadoebrivi gzebis gayvanis aucileblobiT. XII dafis kanonebi iTvaliswinebda im miwis nakveTebis mesakuTreTa movaleobebs, romlebic sazogadoebrivi gzebis gaswvriv iyo ganlagebuli. maT evalebodaT gzebis saremonto samuSaoebSi monawileobis miReba. Tu sazogadoebrivi gza imdenad dazianda, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda maszed Seuferxebeli gavla, mimdebare nakveTebis daudevar mesakuTreebs evalebodaT, sakuTar miwaze, saWapane transportis gatareba; 4. zRvis napirze mdebare miwis nakveTebis mimarT dadgenili SezRudva gulisxmobda misi mesakuTreebis movaleobas, Seuferxeblad gaetarebinaT sakuTar teritoriaze mezRvaurebi da meTevzeebi, naosnobisa da meTevzeobis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyobis mizniT; 5. miwis wiaRis sargeblobis motiviT. klasikuri samarTali dasaSvebad miiCnevda materialuri resursebis mopovebas mxolod sazogadoebriv teritoriebze da kategoriulad krZalavda sarewao saqmianobas kerZo pirebis kuTvnil nivTebze; 6. sazogadoebrivi aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli eqspropriacia. klasikuri samarTali ar iTvaliswinebda raime zogad princips, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda moqalaqisaTvis qonebis usasyidlo CamorTmeva. Tumca, magistrati sakuTari imperium-is ZaliT da senatis TanxmobiT, rig konkretul SemTxvevaSi, mimarTavda moqalaqisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas, konfiskaciis saxiT an monis mier danaSaulis Cadenis gamo. $9. sakuTrebis uflebis dacva 1. interdiqtebi mflobelobis dacva sasamarTlos gziT ar xdeboda. mflobelobis dacvas pretori sakuTari interdiqtiT (brZanebiT) axorcielebda. interdiqtebis meSveobiT, pretori mfarvelobda garkveul faqtobriv viTarebas (possessio ad interdicta). interdiqtebis klasificireba ramdenime kriteriumiT xdeboda. kerZod, maTi miniWebis miznebidan gamomdinare, interdiqtebi iyofoda: 1. gaqviTviTi interdiqti (retinendae possessionis) im aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romlebic zians ayeneben an xels uSlian mflobelobis ganxorcielebas; 2. aRdgeniTi interdiqti (recuperandae possessionis) im piris sasargeblod, visi mflobelobac iqna xelyofili; 3. aRmWurveli interdiqti (adipiscendae possessionis), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda specailuri interdiqti memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, quod legatum (legatis flobis gamoTxovis ufleba pirisagan, romelic mas daeufla memkvidris nebis sawinaaRmdegod) interdiqti da quorum bonorum (interdiqti eniWeba pretorul memkvidres, romelic moiTxovda samkvidro nivTebis mflobelobaSi dabrunebas im nebismieri pirisagan, romelic qonebas memkvidris saxiT flobda, Tumca samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe) interdiqti. sakuTrebis uflebis dacva sasarCelo gziT iyo uzrunvelyofili. kerZod, sakuTrebis uflebis dacva xdeboda savindikacio (rei vindicatio), negatoruli (actio negatoria), miniWebis Sesaxeb (actio exhibitoria) sarCelebiT da actio Publiciana-s meSveobiT. a) Rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT xdeboda im civiluri mesakuTris mflobelobis uflebis dacva, romelsac misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, CamoarTves nivTis flobis ufleba. civilur mesakuTres SeeZlo savindikacio sarCelis wardgena im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeboda mis sakurebaSi arsebuli, nivTis flobis xelyofa. mosarCele sasarCelo moTxovnas im mopasuxes uyenebda, romelic uSualod flobda sadao nivTs da, Tanac, pretoruli interdiqtiT iyo daculi. savindikacio procesSi mopasuxes ukeTesi
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mdgomareoba hqonda, vinaidan swored mosarCeles awva mtkicebis tvirTi imis Taobaze, rom sadao nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod mas ekuTvnoda. rogorc wesi, amis damtkiceba Zalze rTuli, xSirad – SeuZlebelic iyo. amitom, mtkicebis proceduris gamartivebis mizniT, sargeblobdnen usucapio-Ti (SeZeniTi xandazmulobiT). Tu mopasuxe moigebda process da mis mimarT mosamarTles gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamohqonda, nivTi mis mflobelobaSi rCeboda, radgan sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba mxolod uaryofda mosarCelis sakuTrebis uflebas nivTis mimarT. amitom xSirad savindikacio process win uswrebda imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad marTlzomierad gaica pretoruli mflobelobiTi interdiqti. Tu savindikacio procesis gamarjvebuli mosarCele xdeboda, sasamarTlo mas ubrunebda sadao nivTs; aRniSnuli aqti mosamarTlis SuamavlobiT tardeboda. nivTze mflobelobis aRdgena sami aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT unda momxdariyo: 1. nivTis nayofisa da damatebiTi nawilebis daangariSeba; 2. im xarjebis dacva, romlebic nivTis mflobelma nivTis mimarT gaswia; 3. nivTisaTvis miyenebuli zianis an zaralis Sedegebi. samive aspeqtis Sinaarsze gavlenas axdenda mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara nivTis faqtobrivi mflobeli _ mopasuxe keTilsindisieri an arakeTilsindisieri (possessio iusta, possesssio inuista (vitiosa)) SemZeni: a) nivTi mesakuTres ubrundeboda, nayofisa da namatis CaTvliT; b) mflobelis mier, nivTis mimarT, gaweuli xarjebi sami kategoriiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: 1) aucilebeli xarjebi, romelTa gaweva gardauvali iyo, nivTis Senaxvis mizniT; 2) sasargeblo xarjebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves nivTis gadidebas an gaumjobesebas; 3) TviTneburi an fuWi xarjebi, romelTa mizani ar iyo sameurneo efeqtis miReba da, Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleboda maTi xarjebis safasurSi CaTvla. klasikur samarTalSi, keTilsindisieri mflobelis mier gaweuli saWiro da sasargeblo xarjebis anazRaureba nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda, Tu aseTi xarjebis gaweva litis contestatio-s dadgenamde moxdeboda. g) keTilsindisieri mflobeli mxolod im zianis gamo agebda pasuxs, romelic nivTs misi braleuli qmedebis Sedegad miadga, Tumca mxolod litis contestatio-s dadgenamde da araviTar SemTxvevaSi mis Semdgom. arakeTilsindisieri mflobeli ki pasuxismgebeli iyo nebismier viTarebaSi. b) Actio negatoria (negatoruli sarCeli). civiluri mesakuTre uflebamosili iyo waredgina sanivTo sarCelebis mTeli seria, raTa uareyo im momijnave uflebebis arseboba, romelTa mizani iyo nivTis mimarT misi sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva. aRniSnuli kategoriis sarCelebi erTiani saxeldebiT _ negatoruli sarCeli (actio negatoria) gaerTiandnen. mesakuTres awva mtkicebis movaleoba im faqtis mimarT, rom nivTi swored misi sakuTreba iyo da adgili hqonda am sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvas an misi ganxorcielebisaTvis xelisSeSlas. mopasuxe, Tavis mxriv, dasabuTebulad uaryofda mosarCelis pretenzias da sapirispiros amtkicebda. mosamarTlis gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis Sedegebi gulisxmobda: 1. sadavo nivTis gaTavisuflebas raime saxis momijnave uflebebisagan; 2. nivTi uwindel mdgomareobaSi unda aRdgeniliyo (anu aRdgeniliyo is viTareba, romelic mesakuTris uflebebis darRvevamde moqmedebda); 3. gamarjvebuli iRebda iseT uzrunvelyofas, romelic, samomavlod, daicavda mas nivTis mimarT raime uflebis darRvevisagan. c) Actio exhibitoria (sarCeli miniWebis Sesaxeb). pretoruli sarCeliT, mopasuxes SeeZlo uari eTqva sakuTari mflobelobis dacvaze, iseve rogorc im mflobels, romelmac ganzrax daTmo mflobeloba nivTis mimarT. aRniSnul viTarebaSi mesakuTres, pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis ori saSualeba gaaCnda: 1. uZravi qonebis mflobelobis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, gacemuli pretoruli interdictum quem fundum (aRdgeniTi interdiqti, romelic mosarCeles miecemoda rei vindicatio-s dros, im faqtobrivi mflobelis winaaRmdeg, vinc ganzrax uars ambobs (miwis nakveTis gamo) sasamarTlo davaSi monawileobaze an romelmac ganzrax moiSora arasasurveli mflobeloba); 2. Actio ad exhibendum _ miniWebis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romlis ZaliT sasamarTloSi mopasuxe mxares unda warmoedgina sadao moZravi nivTi. pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis saSualebiT, mosarCele-mesakuTres SeeZlo gamoeTxova sadao nivTi, rasac is sasamarTloSi ficis warmoTqmiT adasturebda (iusiurandum in litem) da, damatebiT _ mopa-
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suxis qonebis dayadaReba (mission in bona), Tu mopasuxe uars ambobda sasamarTlo dacvaze. d) actio Publiciana. sarCelis aRniSnuli nairsaxeoba rei vindicato-s msgavsi iyo da mis paralelurad waredgineboda, radgan mas pretori bonitarul mesakuTres aniWebda, dakarguli mflobelobis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. pretori formulaSi mosamarTlisgan moiTxovda fiqtiuri viTarebis Seqmnas, SeZeniTi xandazmulobis vadis amowurvis Sesaxeb. Actio Publiciana icavda im pirs, vinc nivTi traditio-s meSveobiT SeiZina. Actio Publiciana bonitarul mesakuTres nebismieri piris winaaRmdeg eniWeboda da sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi Sedegi hqonda, imis mixedviT, Tu vin gamodioda mopasuxis saxiT. IV. Possessio (mflobeloba) Possessio (mflobeloba); detentio (pyroba). nivTze faqtobrivi batonoba mflobelobad (possessio) iwodeboda. es iyo winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis instituti, vinaidan samarTlebriv da faqtobriv aspeqtebs erTad moiazrebda. mflobelobis obieqtad miiCneoda mxolod sxeulebrivi nivTebi (res corporales), xolo sxva faqtobrivi SemTxvevebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli interdiqtebiT _ servitutebiT da sxva sanivTo uflebebiT (res incorporales-Ti) iyo daculi, romaeli iuristebis ganmartebiT, es iyo TiTqos mflobeloba (quasi possessio). uflebis msgavsad, mflobelobac pozitiuri samarTliT iyo aRiarebuli da daculi. viwro gagebiT, ganasxvavebdnen iuridiul mflobelobasac, romlis safuZvelzec mflobelobasa (possessio) da pyrobas (detentio) erTmaneTisagan mijnavdnen; sxeulebrivi nivTis kuTvnilebis faqtobrivi viTareba individisaTvis oficialuri aRiarebisa da dacvisagan damoukideblad miiReboda. mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis sagnisa da, nivTis faqtobriv materialur kuTvnilebaze dafuZnebuli, nivTisa da urTierTobis uSualo kavSir-mflobelobas, rogorc iuridiuli viTarebis faqtobriv xasiaTs, romis iuridiuli mecniereba gansazRvravda samarTlebrivi urTierTobis nebelobiTi aspeqtis ganmartebiT anu corpus-iT. nivTTan piris materialuri, sxeulebrivi kavSiris garda, ganasxvavebdnen nivTis flobis gadawyvetilebas, survils (animus possidendi). Animus – mflobelobis, rogorc faqtobrivi urTierTobis subieqturi mxaris konceptualuri gancalkeveba, ar uaryofda mflobelobis, rogorc institutis samarTlebriv xasiaTs. Animus-ze gadatanili aqcenti am institutis nebelobiT da samarTlebriv bunebas asaxavda. ugunurs, mZinares, Cvils nivTTan kavSiris gacnobierebis unari ar SeswevdaT da amitom mflobelobis uflebis SeZena ar SeeZloT. nebelobiTi momentis arseboba mflobels nivTTan materialuri kavSiris SenarCunebis aucileblobisa da valdebulebisgan aTavisuflebda. mflobels SeeZlo, mesame piris meSveobiT, sxeuliT (corpore) mflobeloba ganexorcielebina, aseve SeenarCunebina mflobeloba `SiSveli nebiT~ (solo animo) misi, anu mesame piris ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen mflobelobis or saxeobas: marTlzomiers (possessio iusta) da aramarTlzomiers (possessio in iusta (vitiosa)). aramarTlzomieri mflobeloba SeiZineboda Zalis (vi) meSveobiT, farulad (clam) da faqtobrivad (precario). marTlzomieri mflobeloba gansxvavdeboda keTilsindisieri mflobelobisagan (possessio bonae fidei), rodesac mflobeli Tavs nivTis mesakuTred miiCnevda, Tumca, realurad, ar uaryofda, rom nivTis mesakuTre ar iyo; misTvis safuZveli iyo is, rom nivTis mflobelobiT igi zians aravis ayenebda. keTilsindisierad mflobelobis gansazRvrebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda usucapio-sa da nayofis SesaZenad, separatio-s meSveobiT. romaelebi ganasxvaveben possessio civitae, satitulo (romelsac win uZRoda iusta causa) da utitulo mflobelobas, romelsac ewodeboda bunebrivi mflobeloba (possessio naturalis), anu pyroba (detentio). nivTis faqtobriv flobad mflobeloba (pyroba) mxolod maSin miiCneoda, Tu warmoiSoboda im iuridiuli faqtis safuZvelze, romelic sakmarisad miiCneoda mflobelobis SesaZenad. es faqti, rogorc wina mflobelTan dadebuli garigeba, SeiZleba ecnoT marTlzomierad (upatronod darCenili nivTis an mtris nivTis xelSi Cagdeba), an nivTis aramarTlzomierad misakuTrebad, Tu mas, uwindeli mflobelis nebis sapirispirod, igdebdnen xelSi. es iyo aramarTlzomieri mflobelobis dasabami.
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pyroba ar miiCneoda mflobelobad, roca nivTis flobis nebas ganapirobebda nivTis mflobelTan dadebuli SeTanxmeba, an flobis neba damokidebuli iyo im pirze, romlis kavSiri nivTTan, mflobelobis Sesaxeb, dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvlad miiCneoda. amis gamo, romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen sakuTari saxeliT flobas (possessio suo nomine) da sxvisi saxeliT flobas (essere in possessione nomine alieno). `In possessione (nomine alieno) esse~ formula Tan axlavs daqvemdebarebuli pirebis pyrobas, ijarasa da uzufruqts (anu im urTierTobebs, romelTa sagani ar aris TviT nivTi, sakuTari funqcionaluri datvirTviT). sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofebis meSveobiT ganxorcielebuli mflobeloba potestas-s efuZneba, ris gamoc, persona alieni iuris-is mier dawyebul mflobelobas, maT paterfamilias-is mier SeZenilad Tvlidnen, miuxedavad imisa, konkretul viTarebaSi, Tu vin flobda paterfamilias-is persona alieni iuris-s. mflobelobis warmoSobisTvis (in iusta causa possessionis) samarTlebrivi safuZvlis arseboba gansazRvravda sakuTrebaSi nivTis SeZenis marTlzomierebas an xandazmulobas (usucapio), roca mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena erTmaneTs Seesabameboda (possessio pro suo _ vflob, rogorc sakuTars). mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis specifika, mflobelobis kuTrebuli xasiaTiT vlindeboda, romlis dacva ara sasamarTlo ganxilvis medDEpretoris brZanebiT _ interdiqtuli warmoebiT _ xorcieldeboda. mflobelobis, To uflebis dacvis aucileblobas, administraciuli da sapolicio saSualebis mowmobda.
dacvis gansaformiT, ararogorc saniverTobliobac
V. Servitutem (servituti) mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis zemoCamoTvlili uflebebis garda, romis samarTliT, nivTebis arsis garkveuli SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTeli rigi uflebebi Camoyalibda da dadginda. aRniSnul uflebaTa obieqti, cxadia, iyo sxvisi nivTebi, ris gamoc maT iure in re aliena ewodeboda. am uflebebs Zalze adre mieca dasabami. maTi TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis safuZvelze sxvadasxva Sinaarsis uflebamosilebaTa garkveuli jgufi Seiqmna. klasikuri epoqis dasasruls, am jgufs daemata servitutis, superficiumisa da emfiTevzisis institutebi da giravnoba. $1. servitutis cneba servituti ewodeboda sxvisi nivTiT sruli an nawilobrivi sargeblobis uflebas, romelic uSualod konkretul miwis nakveTs an konkretul pirs ukavSirdeboda, sargeblis miRebis mizniT. sityviT servitus - `nivTis mona~, `nivTiT sargebloba~ anu iseTi urTierToba aRiniSneboda, romlis drosac nivTiT, miwis nakveTiT sargebels (praedium serviens) iRebda ara mxolod batoni, aramed mezobeli nakveTis mesakuTrec. mesakuTris uflebas momsaxure nivTze aseve servituti ewodeboda. SemdgomSi termini servitus mTel rig msgavs urTierTobebze gavrcelda. momsaxure nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda Tavi Seekavebina nivTebze im garkveuli zemoqmedebisagan, romelsac is SeuzRudavad ganaxorcielebda sakuTar nivTze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva piris sanivTo uflebebisagan Tavisufali iqneboda. kerZod, servitutiT igulisxmeboda Tavis Sekaveba garkveuli qmedebisagan: 1. miwis nakveTis mesakuTres ekrZaleboda dadgenil simaRleze maRali Senobis ageba; 2. mas evaleboda sxva piris iseTi qmedebis Tmena, romelic mesakuTres SeeZlo aRekveTa, Tu nivTi servitutiT ar iqneboda datvirTuli, rac, faqtiurad, imaze miuTiTebda, rom mesakuTrem mezobels neba darTo, raTa mas misi nivTiT esargeblda, magaliTad, wyalsatevamde saqonlis gadasarekad. pozitiuri qmedebebis Sesrulebis davaldebuleba servitutiT ar SeiZleboda, magram, romis samarTliT, arsebobda kidev erTi saxeoba, romliTac, servitutiT datvirTuli miwis nakveTis mesakuTres, sayrdenebis ganaxleba-SekeTeba evaleboda. servitutiT datvirTuli nakveTis mesakuTres mudmivad evaleboda karg mdgomareobaSi hqonoda ara mxolod miwis nakveTi, aramed masze arsebuli nagebobac, romelzedac servituti sxva pirs ekuTvnoda. nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba yvelafers, maT Soris servitutis uflebasac moicavda. aRniSnulis safuZvelze SeimuSaves Semdegi debuleba _ sakuTari nivTi aravis emsaxureba (nemini res
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sua servit) anu sakuTar nivTze servitutis ufleba dauSvebelia. $2. servitutebis warmoSoba I. servitutis SeZena xdeboda realuri Sedegis mqone aqtebiT: 1. mancipatio-Ti, Tu servitutiT datvirTuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis mamuli da 2. in iure cessio-Ti, Tu servitutiT saqalaqo da sasoflo miwebi iyo datvirTuli. Traditio aRniSnuli miznebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo, radgan servituti usxeulo nivTebis (res incorporales) kategorias ganekuTvneboda. II. servitutis dadgenis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba gamoiyeneboda maSin, roca miwis nakveTis gansazRvruli nawilis mesakuTris Secvla xdeboda: gamsxvisebeli, romelsac sakuTrebis ufleba miwis nakveTis meore nawilze rCeboda (riTac is, faqtiurad, zaraldeboda), Tavis sasargeblod servitutis dadgenas iTxovda (exceptio (deductio) servitutis). am SemTxvevaSi, servitutis dadgena sagangebo daTqmiT _ mancipaciiT (mancipatio) an uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio) _ xdeboda. III. qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi servituti xandazmulobiT (usucapio) dgindeboda. Tumca, aRniSnuli wesi lex Scribonia-Ti gauqmda. klasikur epoqaSi sargeblobis xandazmulobas mxolod servitutis arsebobis mtkicebis mniSvnelba hqonda. iustinianem servitutebze ganavrco xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis praescriptio), romelic servitutis dadgenidan 10 an 20 wlis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi. IV. servitutis miniWeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, TanasakuTrebis gamoyofisas. $3. servitutis saxeebi uZvelesi romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, mxolod sasoflo servituti arsebobda; servitutis am saxiT, miwis erTi nakveTis mesakuTre miwis meore nakveTis daqvemdebarebiT, gabatonebuli nakveTis sameurneo-ekonomikur mogebas Rebulobda. wvrili miwaTmflobelebi meurneobas damoukideblad ver uZRvebodnen. mxolod sakuTari resursebiT aucilebeli sameurneo saWiroebis dakmayofileba maT ar SeeZloT, axlomdebare nakveTebTan mudmivi kavSirisa da SemoerTebis gareSe. Tavdapirvelad, miwis nakveTebi mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda da samarTlebrivad regulirdeboda. am mizniT, SemoiRes sasoflo nakveTebis servituti – servitutes praediorum rusticorum. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda miwis nakveTebi nagebobis gareSe an mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis sawarmoeblad, damxmare nagebobebi. mogvianebiT, roca q. romi uzarmazari imperiis centrad iqca, ganaSenianebul miwis nakveTebTan dakavSirebiT, warmoiSva saqalaqo servituti _ servitutes praediorum urbanorum. amis Semdeg, qalaqSic servitutis yvela saxe sakmaod gavrcelda. gansxvavebul mosazrebas efuZneba piradi servitutebis (servitutes personales irregulares) dadgena. Tu vinme, sxva pirisaTvis, Tavisi nivTis samisdReSio gadacemas moisurvebda, es mas piradi servitutiT SeeZlo; am SemTxvevaSi, nivTi aramesakuTris interesebs emsaxureboda. Tumca, piradi servituti aucileblad gulisxmobda erTs _ nivTis mesakuTre yovelTvis rCeboda piradi servitutis damdgen pirad an mis memkvidred. $4. sasoflo (saadgilmamulo) servituti yvela sasoflo servituti uSualod mTavar nivTs (praedium dominans) ukavSirdeboda. sasoflo servitutiT miwis ori gancalkevebuli nakveTi igulisxmeboda – erTi nakveTi emsaxureba meores (fundus servit funda). sasoflo servitutis arsi is iyo, rom unda daekmayofilebina Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi: 1. servituts unda daecva mTavari nakveTi, raTa mas sargebeli moetana, Tumca ar iyo savaldebulo, rom servitutis meSveobiT uSualod gaedidebina mTavari nakveTis Semosavali da gaezarda misi Rirebuleba; 2. mas unda daetvirTa mTavar nakveTTan dakavSirebuli nakveTi, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo misi momsaxureba; 3. Tumca, maT Soris uSualo Semxebloba unda yofiliyo. am wesis arsis Tanaxmad, nakveTebi gverdigverd unda yofiliyo. servitutis bunebriv resursebs mTavari nakveTis mesakuTris moTxovnilebebi unda uzrunveleyo mudmivad, raTa TviTneburi da SemTxveviTi perpetua causa, utilitas perpetua ar warmoqmniliyo; sanam aseTi mizani iyo, servituti arsebobda. sasoflo urTierTobaTa subieqtebSi ra cvlilebebic ar unda momxdariyo (nakveTis gasxvisebis an misi memkvidreobiT gadacemis miuxedavad), servituti ganuyofadi rCeboda da mxolod saservituto uflebebi nawildeboda. Tu mTavari nakveTi ramdenime memkvidreze
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gadavidoda, maSin TiToeul maTgans momsaxure nakveTis Sesabamisi wiliT sargeblobis ufleba hqonda – servitus per partes retinetur, anu – TiToeuli, misi navkeTis farTobis, Sesabamiss wils iRebda. $5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebis Sesabamisad dadgenil servitutebs iura praediorum rusticorum ewodeboda. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda sagzao da wylis servitutebic, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca TiToeuli maTgani saqalaqo miwis nakveTebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. sasoflo servitutis oTxi uZvelesi saxe arsebobda: 1. iter _ qveiTad, cxeniT gavlis ufleba; 2. actus – saqonlis gadarekis ufleba; 3. via – datvirTuli urmiT an oTxTvalaTi gavlis ufleba; 4. aquaeductus – wylis gayvanis ufleba. mogvianebiT, sasoflo servitutis ricxvs miakuTvnes wylis amoRebis ufleba, wyalsacavamde saqonlis gadarekis ufleba, saqonlis saZovrad gadarekis ufleba. $6. saqalaqo (saadgilmamulo) servitutebi ganaSenianebuli nakveTebisaTvis Seqmnil servitutebs _ saqalaqo servitutebi (iura praediorum urbanorum) ewoda. maTi ZiriTadi saxeebi iyo: 1. servitus protegendi _ sxvis nakveTze saxlis saxuravis gadawevis ufleba anu sxvis sahaero sivrceSi SeWris ufleba; 2. servitum tigni immittendi _ sxvis kedelze sayrdenebis damagrebis ufleba; 3. servitus oneris ferendi _ sxvis kedelze nagebobis miSenebis an sxvis saZirkvelze daSenebis ufleba. mogvinebiT saqalaqo servitutebs miakuTvnes: 1. wvimis wylis Cadineba-gadinebis ufleba; 2. wylis CaSvebis ufleba; 3. sakanalizacio arxebis mSenebloba-gayvanis ufleba; 4. moTxovna, rom fanjrebi ar daefaraT da ar daerRviaT xedi, dadgenil simaRleze maRali Senobis agebiT. $7. piradi servitutebi 1. Usufructus (uzufruqti) sxvisi nivTiT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas piradi servituti ewodeboda. piradi servitutebis ZiriTadi saxe iyo: usufructus, usus, habitatio, operae servorum vel animalium. uzufruqti (usufructus) sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ufleba iyo. pirs, romelsac aseTi uflebamosileba hqonda uzufruqtuari ewodeboda; mas SeeZlo nivTiT sargeblobac (uti) da misi nayofiTac (frui), oRond nivTi ar unda daezianebina da arc misi nayofiT sargeblobis ufleba unda daerRvia (misi sameurneo daniSnuleba ar unda Selaxuliyo). aseTi uflebis mqones ise unda esargebla nivTiT, rogorc es karg, yairaTian meurnes ekadreba, anu nivTiT sargebloba yvela wesis dacviT unda momxdariyo. bunebrivi nayofis mokrefis momentidan misi mesakuTre-mosargeble (perceptio) xdeboda; vidre uzufruqti moqmedebda, mesakuTres, nivTidan miRebul Semosavalze, ufleba ar hqonda, radgan misi sakuTreba mxolod SiSveli sakuTrebis ufleba (nuda proprietas) iyo, anu mesakuTres SeeZlo Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba sxva pirisaTvis gadaeca, daetvirTa is sxva servitutiT, magram amiT uzufruqti ar unda dazianebuliyo. uzufruqtis sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo nivTi, romliT sargeblobac SeiZleboda, maTi dazianebis an ganadgurebis gareSe. uzufruqtuars SeeZlo ekisra garkveuli movaleobebi, romlebic, formalurad, zepiri formis xelSekrulebiT (stipulatio) iyo dadgenili. mas yovelTvis unda ezruna, rom nivTs mudmivad sargebeli da Semosavali moetana, faqizi da yairaTiani mopyrobiT daecva dazianebisagan. nivTze yvela xarjs uzufruqtuari ixdida, maT Soris gadasaxadebsa da gamosaRebs. dabrunebisas, Semdgomi gamoyenebisa da sargeblis mosatanad, nivTi vargisi unda yofiliyo. am movaleobaTa Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad, anda uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, uzufruqtis dasabruneblad, stipulaciis meSveobiT (cautio usufructuaria), pretoruli uzrunvelyofa daadgines. uzufruqti, idealuri wilis saxiT, ramdenime piris kuTvnileba SeiZleba yofiliyo. sakuTrebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (partes pro indiviso, usufructus) sxva danarCen nawilebze, erTi romelime wiliT, sargeblobac dasaSvebi iyo. es iyo erTaderTi servituti, romlis drosac aseTi dayofa SeiZleboda. rogorc piradi servituti, memkvidreobiT gadacemasa da gasxvisebas, uzufruqti ar eqvemdebareboda. Tumca, piradi sargeblobis (magram ara uflebis) gasxviseba dasaSvebi iyo. uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, uzufruqti wydeboda da sargeblobis sagani mis memkvidres mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina. sxvisi nivTiT SezRuduli moculobiT sargeblobis uflebis formas usus ewodeboda. aseT mosar-
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gebles nayofidan imdeni eZleoda, ramdenic mas esaWiroeboda sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. mosargebles arc Tavisi uflebis sxvisTvis gadacema SeeZlo da arc am uflebis sxvisTvis gayofa. mosargebles ufleba hqonda sargeblobis ufleba Tavisi axloblebisaTvis mieca. Tumca, usus SeiZleba ramdenime piris kuTvnilebac yofiliyo, magram mosargeblis movaleobebi ar iyofoda. sxvis saxlSi an saxlis nawilSi samisdReSio cxovrebis uflebas habitatio ewodeboda. uflebamosil pirs SeeZlo Tavad ecxovra saxlSi an gaeqiravebina. sxvisaTvis am uflebis usasyidlod daTmoba dauSvebeli iyo. sxvisi miwiT an cxoveliT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas operae servorum vel animalum ewodeboda. aRniSnulis gaqiraveba dasaSvebi iyo. $8. servitutis Sewyveta 1. procesualuri formiT uflebamosili piris mier mesakuTrisaTvis sakuTari uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio); 2. gaqviTviTi xandazmulobiT: piradi servituti _ misi Seusruleblobis (non usus) SemTxvevaSi; uZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 2 wlis Semdeg iqviTeboda, xolo moZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 1 wlis Semdeg; iustinianes samarTliT, Sesabamisad, 10 da 20 wlis Semdeg; 3. Tu momsaxure nakveTis mesakuTre SeiZenda sakuTrebis uflebas mTavar nakveTze, ori uflebis SerwymiT (confusio) servituti wydeboda (nemini (nulli) res sua servit). sasoflo servitutis msgavsad, piradi servitutis SemTxvevaSi, erTi uflebamosili piris sakuTrebisa da samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebis Serwymas aseTive Sedegi hqonda; 4. piradi servitutis obieqtze raime arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, rac piradi gamoyenebis arsebiT Secvlas iwvevda, servituti wydeboda (magaliTad, Senobis dawva); 5. uflebamosili piris gardacvaleba an misi uflebaunarianobis damcroba (capitis deminutio), pirad servitutze igive gavlenas axdenda; 6. sanivTo servituti (rogorc nebismieri sanivTo ufleba) TviTmomsaxure nivTis ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi wydeboda, xolo piradi servituti _ misi arsebiTi SecvliT. $9. servitutis dacva mesakuTris msgavsad, servitutze uflebamosil pirs, rogorc arsebuli, ise samomavlo uflebebis darRvevisgan, Tavis dacva da warTmeuli servitutis _ usufructus – dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo; aseve misi uflebebis damrRvevi viTarebis aRmofxvrac. Tavdapirvelad, mis sarCels vindicatio servitutis ewodeboda, mogvianebiT ki _ actio confessoria. iustinianes samarTliT, aseTi sarCeli gaicemoda yvela im piris winaaRmdeg, vinc uflebamosil pirs misi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi xels uSlida, imis miuxedavad, momsaxure nivTi damrRvevs ekuTvnoda, Tu ara. Actio confessoria-s mizani iyo mesakuTrisaTvis actio negatoria-s tolfasi uflebebi mieniWebina. sasarCelo moTxovnis mizani sasoflo an piradi sargeblobis Sesabamisi mdgomareobis aRdgena iyo, raTa, samomavlod, uzrunveleyo yovelgvari darRvevisa da zianis anazRaurebisagan piris dacva. $10. dacvis sxva saSualebebi pretoruli ediqtiT sasoflo servitutis dacvis sxva, mflobelobiTi interdiqtis analogiuri, saSualebebi _ interdicta utilita de aqua, de rivis, de fonte aquaenaustu (wylis, sagzao da wylis dasalevad, wyalsatevze gasasvleli interdiqti) dadginda. klasikur samarTalSi naxsenebia keTilsindisieri mflobelis sarCeli (actio Publiciana), romelic actio confessoria-sagan gansxvavebiT, servitutebis gamartivebuli dacvisas gamoiyeneboda. iustinianes samarTliT, konfesoruli sarCeli gaicemoda im servitutebis dasacavad, romlebic nivTis gadacemiT (traditio), sargeblobis pasiuri daSvebiT (pati-patientia) da mflobelobiTi xandazmulobiT (longe possessio) iyo dadgenili. VI. Surepficies et emphyteusis (superficiumi da emfiTevzisi) $1. superficiumi superficiumi da emfiTevzisi, anu sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis samemkvidreo da gankargviTi uflebebi, adgenda, SenobasTan erTad, sxvisi miwiT sargeblobis (superficiumi) da damuSavebis (emfiTevzisi) uflebas. orive institutis elementebi romisa da provinciuli samarTliT erTdroulad yalibdeboda, xolo sxvis nivTze uflebis Zala da mniSvneloba am institutebma gacilebiT gvian,
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pretoruli samarTlis gavleniT SeiZina. Usufrustus da habitatio, servitutisagan (sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis ufleba), Zalze vrceli uflebebiT gamoirCeoda. es iyo TiTqmis sakuTrebis msgavsi ufleba da, rac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, memkvidreobiT gadaicemoda da gasxvisebac SeiZleboda. qiravnobisa da ijarisagan, superficiumi da emfiTevzisi yvela saxis darRvevisagan, am uflebebis daculobiT gansxvavdeboda, radgan ijara da qiravnoba valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi iyo da maTi dacva mxolod piradi xasiaTisa iyo. farTo gagebiT, superficiumiT (surepficies) aRiniSneboda yovelive is, rac adamianis mier iyo Seqmnili, mdebareobda miwis zemoT an miwis qveS da uSualo kavSirSi iyo miwis zedapirTan. es iyo gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romliTac igulisxmeboda sxvis miwaze aSenebuli nagebobis xangrZlivad sargeblobis ufleba; am uflebis memkvidreobiT gadacema da gankargva kanoniT daiSveboda. miwis nakveTis damqiravebeli (superficiari) Senobas Tavisi xarjiT agebda. nagebobaze sakuTrebis ufleba miwis mesakuTres eniWeboda; wesis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi, rac miwis zedapirze iyo da miwas ukavSirdeboda, miwis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda. Tumca, superficialuri xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadaSi, SenobiT sargeblobis ufleba mxolod superficiars eniWeboda. klasikosi iuristebi superficiums sxvis nivTze uflebad (ius in re aliena) ganixilavdnen, misi gadacema erTi piridan meoreze daiSveboda, imis miuxedavad, miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba uwindel mesakuTres hqonda SenarCunebuli, Tu sxva pirze iyo gasxvisebuli. istoriulad, superficiumis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba warmoiSva saxelmwifos an qalaqis kuTvnili miwebis mimarT (loca publica), romelTa gayidvac ar daiSveboda. es iyo sajaro-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis SeTanxmeba. nagebobis asaSeneblad gacemuli miwis nakveTis safasurad, dadgenil vadaSi, damqiravebeli, saxelmwifos sasargeblod, qiras – miwis gadasaxads (solarium) ixdida. amrigad, es iyo valdebulebiTi xasiaTis urTierToba, romelic SemdgomSi pretorma ganaviTara da nivTze uflebis mniSvneloba (ius in re) SesZina. amis Semdeg superficiumi ganixileboda, miwis zedapirisagan, iuridiulad gamocalkevebul nivTad, romelic aseve gancalkevebul samarTlebriv wess eqvemdebareboda. superficiumze interdiqti superficiars pretorma mianiWa (interdictum de siperficie), uti possidentis interdiqtis msgavsad, mesame pirebisagan sargeblobis uflebis dacvis mizniT. pretoris dapirebis Tanaxmad, superficiars (sakuTrebis dasacavad gacemuli sarCelis msgavsad) nivTze sarCeli eZleoda. es sarCeli nagebobis mflobelobis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi gaicemoda. superficiari valdebuli iyo, dadgenili vadis ganmavlobaSi, miwis mesakuTrisaTvis, miwis renta (solarium) gadaexada. aRniSnuli gadasaxadi moicavda ara marto mimdinare, aramed yvela Zvel da wlebis manZilze dagrovil, gadauxdel gadasaxadebs. garda amisa, superficiari saxelmwifo gadasaxadebsa da gamosaRebs ixdida. superficiarisaTvis uflebamosilebis TviTneburad warTmeva mesakuTres ar SeeZlo; Tu igi droulad ar gadaixdida gadasaxadebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesakuTre, sakuTrebis uflebis dasacavad, sarCels aRZravda. $2. emfiTevzisi iustinianes kompilaciebSi termini ager emphyteuticarius sxva cnebis ager vectigalis-is sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, klasikuri periodis iuristebma am cnebebs sxvadasxva mniSvneloba mianiWes. emfiTevzisi aris sxvisi miwis nakveTiT (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi nagebobiT) sargeblobisa da am nakveTidan nayofis miRebis sruli sanivTo, samemkvidreo da gasxvisebadi ufleba. emfiTevzisi, garkveuli saijaro gadasaxadis gadaxdis garda, raime saxis SezRudvas ar awesebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moijare miwis nakveTis pirvandel mdgomareobas ar gaauaresebda. a) Ager vectigalis. xSir SemTxvevaSi, italiis qalaqebs saxelmwifo da qurumTa kolegiebi sakuTar nakveTebs ijariT gadascemdnen; maT kargad esmodaT, rom sasoflo-sameurneo, vaWrobis an samrewvelo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad iuridiul pirebs naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT. aseTi ijara sakmaod xangrZlivi vadiT gaicemoda, zogjer, samudamodac, radgan moijares sakuTari valdebulebebis gadacema memkvidreobiTac SeeZlo. ijaris mTavari piroba saijaro gadasaxadis (vectigal) droulad da upirobod gadaxda iyo. mesame pirebisagan sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad moijares, Suamavlobis gasawevad, nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda miemarTa, vinaidan moijare sanivTo uflebebs ar flobda. iuridiuli piris mdgomareoba gacilebiT mZime da araqmediTi iyo fizikur pirTan SedarebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, sanivTo uflebebis dasacvad, ufro mizanSewonilad miiCnies, Tu
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dacvis uflebebs moijare damoukideblad moipovebda da mepatronis Suamavlobaze damokidebuli ar iqneboda. am mizniT, (savaraudod, responsa prudentum-iT da ara pretoruli ediqtis safuZvelze), moijares mieniWa actio in rem (vectigalis actio), riTac misi saijaro uflebebi sanivTo uflebad (ius in re aliena) iqca; garda amisa, mas warmoSobili mflobelobis ganxorcielebac moeTxoveboda. aRniSnulis safuZvelze, moijare saijaro nakveTidan miRebul nayofsac iZenda, Tanac nayofis separatio-s momentidan. misi es ufleba gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo gaxda. ramdenime uflebamosil pirs nakveTis realur nawilebad dayofa aRar SeeZlo. mousavlian wlebSi moijares saijaro gadasaxadis Semcirebis moTxovnac SeeZlo. b) Ager emphyteuticarius. romis saxelmwifo moxeleTa mier dadgenili emfiTevzisis instituti miznad isaxavda saSualo donis saglexo miwaTmflobelobis Seqmnas. am mizniT, qr. Sobis II saukunidan moyolebuli, provinciaSi mdebare auTvisebeli miwis is uzarmazari farTobi, romelsac mTlianad monarqia, an imperatori _ kerZo sakuTrebiT, flobda, samemkvidreo-saijaro uflebiT moijareebs gadaeca dasamuSaveblad. mogvianebiT, ijaris es forma saeklesio nakveTebis, provinciuli qalaqebisa da didgvarovanTa samflobeloebis mimarT, gamoiyenes. emfiTevtisa da italiis ager vectigalis moijaris uflebebi identuri iyo. emfitevtas sxvis nivTze sanivTo uflebebi (ius praedii) eniWeboda, Tumca, sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis am or kategorias Soris gansxvaveba mainc iyo: mousavlian wlebSi emfiTevtas saijaro gadasaxadis Semcirebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. emfiTevtasaTvis miniWebuli gayidvis ufleba upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebiT iyo SezRuduli. drois kvalobaze, sabolood aRniSnuli sxvaobebi, praqtikulad, aRmoifxvra. iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT ager vectigalis, uSualod, ager emphyteuticarius-Tan gaigivda. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvenamde ar mouRwevia im kanons, romlis safuZvelzec maTi gaigiveba moxda. emfiTevtas miwis nakveTiT sargeblobisa da miwis nakveTidan miRebuli nayofis SeuzRudavi ufleba (magram ara ganZis miTviseba) hqonda. nakveTidan nayofis an namatis gamoyofis (separatio) Tanave, mas maTi miRebis ufleba gaaCnda. moijares SeeZlo nivTis substanciis Secvla, magram ara misi gauareseba. raki es iyo gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo ufleba, nivTis gankargva emfiTevtas sicocxleSic SeeZlo da gardacvalebis Semdeg; garda amisa, sakuTari uflebebiT sargeblobis periodSi, nivTze servitutebis dadgena da datvirTvac (garda calmxrivi mitovebisa (derelictio) iyo daSvebuli, anu nivTze uaris Tqma misi mitovebis mizniT). nebismieri saxis darRvevisagan emfiTevtas uflebas icavs mosargeblisaTvis (utiliter) miniWebuli mesakuTris yvela sarCeli: re vindicatio, negatoria, confessoria, Publiciana in rem actio. garda amisa, emfiTevtasa da nivTis mepatrones Soris, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis safuZvlidan _ garigebidan gamomdinare _ urTierTsanacvlo piradi sarCeli warmoiSoboda. $3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi 1. emfitevtas movaleobis Tanaxmad, mas ar unda daeSva miwis nakveTis gauareseba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iustinianes kanoniT, mepatrone mas emfiTevziss arTmevda; 2. mas unda gadaexada miwis nakveTze dadgenili gadasaxadi. Tu sami wlis ganmavlobaSi aRniSnul gadasaxads ar gadaixdida, nakveTis mepatrones ufleba hqonda misTvis emfiTevzisi CamoerTva; 3. emfiTevtas miwis nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda gadaexada yovelwliuri gadasaxadi, romlis odenobac emfiTevzisis dadgenisas ganisazRvreba. am movaleobisagan emfiTevtas, imperator zenonis kanoniT, mxolod nakveTis mTliani da ara nawilobrivi ganadgureba aTavisuflebda, radgan gadasaxadiT ara sargeblobis uflebis anazRaureba, aramed mepatronis sakuTrebis uflebis aRiareba igulisxmeboda. amitom, mousavlianobis da sxva stiqiuri ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo; 4. nebismieri saxis gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi, emfiTevtas mepatronis Tanxmobis miReba evaleboda. uaris Tqma mepatrones mxolod sapatio mizezis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo. emfiTevtaze dakisrebuli movaleobebis Secvla mxareTa gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda. $4. emfiTevzisis warmoSoba 1.mesakuTresTan xelSekurlebis dadebiT, Tumca am dros nakveTis gadacema, savaldebulo ar iyo. aseTi xelSekrulebis arsi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sadao iyo: iuristTa nawili mas saijaro xelSekrulebad, nawili ki nasyidobis xelSekrulebad miiCnevda. imperatorma zenonma emfiTevzisi ar miiCnia gansakuTrebul xelSekrulebad _ contractus emphyteuticarius, romelic arc nasyidobis wesebs
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eqvemdebareboda da arc qiravnobisas; amitom emfiTevta, rogorc myidveli, pasuxs ar agebda, Tumca, rogorc damqiravebeli nivTis gauaresebis riskisagan ar Tavisufldeboda; 2. saanderZo danakisriT (legatiT), romelsac mesakuTre mortis causa-s SemTxvevaSi, udgenda sakuTar memkvidres; 3. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze; 4. sadao iyo emfiTevzisis warmoSoba xandazmulobiT (usucapio). $5. emfiTevzisis gadatana ukve arsebuli emfiTevzisi SeiZleba gadatanili yofiliyo: 1. emfiTevtas mxridan nakveTis gadacemis (traditio) meSveobiT im ganzraxviT, rom nakveTis SemZeni emfiTevzisis uflebasac iZenda; 2. emfiTevtas gardacvalebis Semdeg, memkvidreobiT an legatiT; 3. sasamarTlos gankargulebiT: nakveTis gayofis procesisas, vinaidan, emfiTevziss daqvemdebarebuli nakveTis realur nawilebad gayofa, mepatronis Tanxmobis gareSe, ar daiSveboda. mTeli emfiTevzisi mosamarTles erT-erT monawilisaTvis unda mieniWebina, raTa mas sxva monawileTaTvis Sesabamisi anazRaureba gadaexada; 4. arsebuli emfiTevzisis SeZena arauflebamosil pirs SeeZlo xandazmulobis vadiT, rac emfiTevzisis SeZenis pirvandeli saSualeba da ara misi gadatana iyo. $6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta garemoebani, romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba Sewyvetiliyo yvela sanivTo ufleba da ufleba sxvis nivTze, emfiTevzisis statuszec vrceldeboda; aseT garemoebad miCneuli iyo: 1. mesame piris mier miwis nakveTze SeuzRudavi sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xandazmulobiT; 2. sakuTari movaleobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, emfiTevtasaTvis uflebis CamorTmeva anu e.w. privatio, Tu emfiTevta sakuTar movaleobebs daarRvevda.
Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali
Obligatio (valdebuleba); creditor (kreditori); debitor (movale); debitum (vali); vades (rwmunebuli, garanti); praedes (garantis qoneba); nexum (valdebulebis dadgena kreditorsa da movales Soris formaluri xelSekrulebis gziT, romlis ZaliT xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebis garantad gamoiyeneboda movalis piradi Tavisufleba); vindex (garanti, romelic icavda movalis interesebs); solutio per aes et libram (movalis ganTavisufleba valdebulebs Sesrulebisagan im formaluri aqtis meSveobiT, romelic valdebulebebis safuZvelis sapirispirod iqna ganxorcielebuli); sponsio (per aes et libram _ spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT an ficiT ganmtkicebuli ritualis ganxorcieleba); talio (talioni); sponsio (verbaluri formiT valdebulebis dadgena, stipulaciis uZvelesi nairsaxeoba); Obligationes civiles (civiluri valdebuleba); Obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); Obligationes naturalis (bunebiTi valdebuleba); oportere (movalis movaleoba); ex contractu (saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba); ex delicto (zianis miyenebidan warmoSobili – deliqturi _ valdebuleba); contractus (xelSekruleba); quasi ex contractus (TiTqos xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba); quasi ex delicto (TiTqos zianis miyenebidan (deliqtidan) warmoSobili valdebuleba); stipulatio poenae (fuladi jarimis Sesaxeb miRweuli gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmeba); dare (sakuTrebis gadatana); facere (garkveuli moqmedebis Sesruleba); praestare (uzrunvelyofa, garantiis micema); damnum emergens (aSkara ziani); lucrum cessans (xelidan gaSvebuli mogeba (sargebeli); arbitrium boni viri (keTilsindisieri mesame piris mosazreba, romelic ar iwvevs eWvs); arbitrium merum (subieqturi da, maSasadame, arc Tu sarwmuno mosazreba); dare certam rem (garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gadacema); obligatio certi (Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis dadgoma); alternatio (alternatiuli valdebuleba); ius variandi (movalis arCevanis mixedviT); obligatio incerti (ganusazRvreli valdebuleba); cum facultate solutionis (Sesrulebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba); genus nusquam perit (gvarobiTi nivTebi arasodes iRupeba); genus limitatum (gvarobiTi nivTis ukiduresi individualizacia); vis maior, casus fortuitus, casus maior (dauZleveli Zalis, nebis gareSe, obieqturi faqtorebis moqmedeba); periculum (sakontraqto riskis gadanawileba); dolus (ganzraxva); culpa (brali); custodia (pasuxismgebloba nivTis Senaxvaze); factum debitoris (mopasuxe sakuTar moqmedebaze pasuxs agebs ganzraxvis gareSec); diligentia (windauxedaoba); imprudentia (jerovani yairaTianoba); negligentia (daudevroba); imperitia (gamoucdeloba); diligentiam praestare (windaxedulobis uzrunvelyofa); culpa in abstracto (brali abstraqtuli
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kriteriumebiT); culpa in concreto (brali konkretuli kriteriumebiT); diligentia diligentis (yairaTiani meurnis yairaTianoba); culpa lata (uxeSi braleuloba); culpa levis (msubuqi braleuloba); perpetuatio obligationes (valdebulebis mudmivoba); id quod interest (dadebiTi interesi); mora (vadis gadacileba); mora solvendi (mora debendi) (Sesrulebis vadis gadacileba); interpellatio (aRsrulebis moTxovna); purgatio morae (movalis gadacilebis ganwmenda); mora accipiendi (kreditoris mier gadacileba); depositio in aldibus sacris (Sesanaxad taZarSi mibareba); in fraudem creditorum (kreditorisaTvis saziano moqmedeba); in integrum restitutio ob fraudem (valauvali movalis mier dadebuli garigebis ukuqceviTi efeqtis miRweva uwindel mdgomareobaSi aRdgenis formiT); interdictum fraudatorium (specialuri aRmdgeniTi interdiqti); actio Pauliana (iustinianes iuristebis mier moxda in integrum restitutio ob fraudem-isa da interdictum fraudatorium-is gansakuTrebul sarCelSi gaerTianeba, romelsac pauliusis sarCeli ewoda, iulius paulusis sapativcemulod); ad promissio (mesame piris damatebiTi stipulacia, romelic daideba ZiriTadi valdebulebis dadgenisTanave – piradi garantia); sponsio (piradi garantiis pirveli istoriuli forma, romelic aris mesame piris damatebiTi stipulacia urTierTobis pasiur mxareze); fideipromissio (paraleluri ad promissio, romelic sponsio-sgan gansxvavebiT, keTili nebisaTvisac xelmisawvdomi iyo); beneficium divisionis (ramdenime garantis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli pasuxs agebda sakuTari wilis mixedviT); actio depensi (per formulas procesis farglebSi regresuli moTxovnis ganxorcielebis saSualeba); praeiudicium ex lege Cicereia (gansakuTrebuli winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilva, romlis meSveobiT daicveboda garantis uflebebi); fideiussio (piradi garantiis mesame saxe, romliTac pasuxismgebloba memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda); beneficium cedendarum actionem (sasarCelo moTxovnaTa daTmobis privilegia); ius sequelae et ius praelationis (movalis nivTis xarjze dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba, imis miuxedavad, darCa Tu ara nivTi movalis mxridan kontrolis sferoSi); fiducia cum creditore (kreditorTan dadebuli fiducialuri garigeba, romlis dros movalis nivTi gadadioda kreditorTan in iure cessio an per aes et libram ritualis meSveobiT, im mizniT, rom kreditori (fiduciari) nivTs TavisTan daitovebda valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi an gadascemda movales (fiduciants) mosalodneli Sesrulebis miRebis Semdeg – valdebulebis realuri garantiis forma); nexum (nexi datio _ movalesa da mis kreditors Soris dadebuli formaluri xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliT, movale valis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, pasuxs agebda sakuTari TavisuflebiT); nexi liberatio (nexus _ gaTavisufleba am valdebulebisagan SeiZleba momxdariyo sapirispiro aqtiT, romelic iTvaliswinebda imave formalobebs, rac iyo nexum dros); pignus datum (datio pignoris _ realuri garantiis kidev erTi forma, romlis dros dadgindeba giravnobis realuri xelSekruleba anu kreditoris mflobelobaSi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis ZaliT, gadadis movalis nivTi); actio pigneraticia (in personam _ giravnobis urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli sarCeli); pignus conventum (conventio pignoris); hypotheca (giravnobis dadgenis forma kreditoris xelSi mflobelobis gadasvlis gareSe; Tavdapirvelad pignus et hypotheca Soris gansxvaveba mxolod terminologiuri xasiaTis iyo da hypotheca rogorc realuri garantiis konvencionaluri forma damkvidrda mxolod klasikur periodSi); interdictum Salvianum (kreditoris mflobelobaSi miwis nakveTis im moijaris nivTebis gadacemis interdiqti, romelmac gadaacila saijaro rentis gadaxda); solutio (aRsruleba); solutio per aes et libram (movalis mier lreditoris mxridan piradi Tavisuflebis mopoveba); contrarius consensus (mxareTa SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb); beneficium competentiae (movale pasuxs agebs mxolod sakuTari qonebrivi aqtivebis farglebSi anu sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobiT); locus solutionis (aRsruleba mosarCelis arCeviT dadgenil adgilas unda moxdes); datio in solutum (aRsrulebis Secvla); pactum de non petendo (SeTanxmeba moTxovnaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb); transactio (momrigebluri garigeba); nudum pactum (SiSveli paqti), romelic ar sargeblobs sasarCelo dacviT); exceptio pacti conventi (eqscepcia Semdgari SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb); pactum transactionis (momrigebluri SeTanxmeba Sewyvetda valdebulebas ope exceptionis – TavdacviTi mosazrebis meSveobiT); conpensatio (CaTvla); officio iudicii (mosamarTlis Tanamdebobrivi movaleobani); argentarius (bankiri); cum compensatione (CaTvliT); cum deductione (gamoklebiT); ex edem causa (mosarCelisa da mopasuxis urTierTmoTxovna erTgvarovani garigebis mimarT); concursus causarum (safuZvelTa konkurencia); confusio (Serwyma); novatio (novacia); idem debitum (valdebulebis sagnis identuroba); aliquid novi (Zvel valdebulebaSi erT-erTi elementis Secvla); delegatio (delegacia); delegens (erTi piri _ deleganti); delegatus (meore piri _ delegati); delegatarius (mesame mxare _ delegatariusi); debitum (vali); nomen (moTxovna); delegatio promittendi (valdebulebaTa delegacia); delegatio dandi (SesrulebaTa delegacia); delegatio nominis (moTxovnaTa delegacia); delegatio debiti (valis delegacia); causa solvendi (fuladi Tanxis gadaxda); cessio (cesia – sxva pirze identuri moTxovnis gadatana); cessionarius (cedenti _ kreditori);
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cedens (cesionariusi – mesame piri, romelic cedentis davalebiT procesSi mosarCeled gamodis); procurator (cognitor) in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebulad gamomsvleli – is saqmes awarmoebda sakuTari saxeliT da sakuTari interesis gamo); denuntiatio (movalisaTvis Semdgari cesiis Sesaxeb gamocxadeba); exceptio transacti negotii (efuZneba mxareebs Soris im momrigeblur garigebas, romelic gamoricxavs sarCels). I. valdebulebis cneba valdebuleba aris samarTlebrivi borkili, romlis ZaliT, Cven iZulebulni varT raime SevasruloT Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis Sesabamisad. Obligatio est iuris vinaelum, quo necessitate adstringimur alicuius solvendae rei secundum nostrae civitatis iura” (Ins. lust. 3,13 Pap). es cneba istoriografiaSi gaxda arsebiTi diskusiis sagani, radgan masSi mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli “samarTlebrivi borkilebis” mniSvneloba, romelic obligatio-s uZveles xasiaTTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. erTi piri, nexum-is iuridiuli aqtis safuZvelze, moeqceoda xolme meore piris samarTlebriv borkilebSi an Sedioda am piris xelisuflebaSi. es uZvelesi da naklebad cnobili aqti dakavSirebuli iyo mancipatio-sTan, da warmoadgenda TviTmancipaciis proceduras anu erTi piris Sesvlas meoris xelisuflebaSi im mizniT, rom moxdes sakuTari an sxvisi valis gadaxdis garantireba. pasuxismgeblobis TiTqmis aseTive zoma, anu sakuTari sxeulis sxva piris xelisuflebaSi gadacema “xelis dadebis” (manus iniectio) procedurisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. qr.S-mde 326 w. lex Poetelia Papiria-iT (peteliusis kanoni) auqmebs nexum-s da movalis pirad morCilebas qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT cvlis, maSasadame, piradi borkilebi icvleba qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT. amrigad, valdebuleba da sarCeli – ori cneba, ori realoba iyo, romlebsac romaelebi ganuyofel movlenad miiCnevdnen. radgan arsebobs romelime piris mimarT valdebuleba, kreditors, savaldebulo moTxovnis Sesrulebis mizniT, sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenis ufleba eniWeba. arqauli valdebulebis mixedviT, valis (debitum) arseboba, am faqtis sasamarTloSi damtkicebis Semdeg, manus iniectio proceduris Sesrulebas iwvevda. valdebulebis arqaul cnebaSi gabatonebuli iyo materialisturi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom nivTebi erTmaneTTan valdebulebis ZaliT iyvnen dakavSirebuli. nivTis materialisturi warmodgena valdebulebas ganixilavda ufro rogorc kreditoris SesaZleblobas, vidre rogorc movalis vals. valdebulebis SeZena (adquirere obligationem) niSnavs kreditorad da ara movaled yofnas. borkilebi anu or pirs _ movalesa da kreditors Soris kavSiri warmoiSveba uZvelesi garigebis sponsio-s dadebis Sedegad da ZaliT. urTierTgancxadebis Sedegad, mxareebi erTmaneTs an warmomadgenlebs boWaven miniWebis Sesrulebis valdebulebiT. valdebuleba ewodeba subieqtur iuridiul viTarebas, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis konkretul monawileTa (mxareebi) pirad kavSirebs efuZneba. piris sasargeblod, garkveuli qmedebis (miniWeba) SesrulebiT valdebulebis ZaliT, urTierTobis erT-erTi mxare (kreditori) aRWurvilia formaluri SesaZleblobiT meore mxares (movales), sakuTari sargeblisaTvis, mosTxovos garkveuli qmedebis (an miniWebis) Sesruleba. kreditoris pretenziebs (moTxovnebs) Seesabameboda movalis movaleoba, romelic ara kreditorisadmi (rogorc calkeuli pirisadmi), aramed mTlianobaSi samarTlisadmi (rogorc qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebis sistemis) morCilebaSi mdgomareobs. movalis neba dakavSirebulia kreditoris mimarT morCilebasTan da Tavisufalia im TvalsazrisiT, rom aRiarebiT unda sargeblobdes mxolod kreditoris normatiuli moTxovna. movalisagan ki SeuZlebelia imaze metis moTxovna, rac qcevis im zogad standartebs aRemateba, romlebic msgavsi tipis SemTxvevebisaTvis aris dadgenili. kreditoris konkretuli moTxovna aris mxolod samarTlis im sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moTxovnis Sesruleba, romelic moqmedebs konkretul sazogadoebaSi da TiToeul pirs kreditorad an movaled yofnis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. movalis Tanamonawileoba kreditoris moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis saqmeSi ganpirobebulia misi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrobiT anu misi samarTalsubieqtobiT. kreditoris moTxovna, romelic mimarTulia samarTlebrivi urTierTobis normaluri monawilisadmi, aris is samarTlebrivi molodini, romlis sagans warmoadgens, sxva piris mxridan, miniWebis uzrunvelyofa. valdebulebis meSveobiT, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganawilebadi urTierTobebi abstraqtul formas iZenen da amiT daZleulia brunvis naturaluri, uSualod sagnobrivi xasiaTi. Sepirebuli miniWeba ara naklebi sikeTea, vidre aRsrulebis garantia. valdebulebis samarTlebrivi buneba movalis formalur Tavisuflebas warmoadgens, Tumca im pasuxismgeblobasac gulisxmobs, romelic kreditoris mier SeZenili uflebis eqvivalenturi
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iqneba. kreditoris dakmayofileba movalis Tavisufali Tanamonawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. movalis uari, Seasrulos savaldebulo qmedeba, aqcevs mas zogadi wesebis damrRvevad da kreditorisadmi formalur morCilebas gamoiwvevs. arqaul epoqaSi pasiuri mxaris araTavisufal mdgomareobas sayovelTao xasiaTi eniWeboda magiisa da religiis meSveobiT. Per aes et libram (spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT) an ficiT ganmtkicebuli ritualis Sesruleba, romelsac Tan sdevda msxverplis Sewirva (sponsio), kreditorisagan potenciuri damokidebulebis Seqmnas uwyobda xels da movalesa da garants erTmaneTSi aigivebda. Tu valdebuleba dadgenili iqneboda per aes et libram (libraluri aqtis) meSveobiT, nexum-iT _ movale Sedioda kreditoris pirad morCilebaSi, rac movalis mimarT, xelis dadebis (manus iniectio) formasa da misi kreditoris saxlSi (secum ductio) wayvanaSi gamoixateboda. Tavdapirvelad, arqaul periodSi kreditori TviTneburad uswordeboda movales, xolo XII dafis kanonebis miRebis Semdeg, piradi gasworeba ganpirobebuli iyo sasamarTlo magistratis addictio-Ti (magistratis gadawyvetilebis erTerTi saxeoba – mxareTa SeTanxmebis mowoneba), romelic afiqsirebda, rom movalisaTvis damcvelis daniSvna (vindex) ar momxdara. garda amisa, kreditori 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi valdebuli iyo movale, sabazro dReebSi, gamoeyvana savaWro moedanze, raTa mas, SeZlebisdagvarad, vinme gamosarCleboda. Tu movales ar gamouCndeboda damcveli, kreditori maszed iZenda srul Zalauflebas da amis Semdeg SesaZlebeli iyo movalis, tibrosis napirebs gaRma, monad gayidva (trans Tiberium). Tu movales gamouCndeboda damcveli, is ixdida movale piris vals (iudicatum) da amis Semdeg damcvelis mdgomareoba utoldeboda kreditoris statuss. gamosyiduli movale (depensus) Sedioda damcvelis xelisuflebaSi da misi morCilebidan gaTavisufleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod libraluri formis – solutio per aes et libram _ meSveobiT. Sponsio _ es aris stipulaciis, valdebulebis verbalur formaSi dadgenis uZvelesi forma. am dros vali da movaleoba erT pirs ekisreba. Tu es piri ar Seasrulebs moTxovnas, miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba mimarTuli iqneba sponsorisaken (garigebis mxare) da amisaTvis gamoiyeneba legis actio per iudicis postulationem (Semoklebul iqna mxolod actiones in personam mimarT, kerZod, XII dafis kanonebis ZaliT, verbaluri kontraqtebidan aRmocenebuli sarCelebis mimarT (sponsio, stipulatio). Tu mopasuxe uars ambobda mosarCelis moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze, maSin mosarCele (yovelgvari formalobebis gareSe) pretors SesTavazebs mosamarTlis daniSvnas (iudex, arbiter). II. valdebulebaTa klasifikacia romis samarTalSi valdebulebaTa klasifikacia imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu rogori xasiTi eqneboda valdebulebis aRiarebas samarTlis sistemis mier. amis Sesabamisad, valdebuleba iyofoda Semdeg jgufebad: 1) obligationes civiles (civiluri valdebuleba); 2) obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); 3) obligationes naturales (naturaluri valdebuleba) (D. 20,1,5). sawyis stadiaze arsebobda mxolod is valdebulebebi, romlebic civiluri sarCelebiT iyo uzrunvelyofili. Gaius Tvlida, rom “sarCeli aris piradi, Tu Cven warvudgenT mas im pirs, romelic Cvens winaSe movalea raime kontraqtis an deliqtis ZaliT; anu, roca Cven moviTxovT imas, rac unda mogvcen, gagvikeTon an mogvaniWon (dare, facere, praestare oportare). termini oportere, civiluri samarTlis mixedviT, yovelTvis valis mimarT gamoiyeneba. im urTierTobebSi, romlebsac icavs pretori, saubaria im pasuxismgeblobaze, romelic dadgeba actiones teneri-is safuZvelze. klasikuri samarTlis periodSi, iurisprudenciis gamoyenebis farglebis gafarToebam, valdebulebad miiCnia pirebs Soris warmoSobili is urTierTobebic, romlebsac pretoruli sarCelebi icavdnen. qr. S-mde I s-dan moyolebuli, pretorebma SeimuSaves in factum sarCelebis mTeli sistema im pirTa dasjis mizniT, romlebic boroti ganzraxviT moqmedebdnen. ZiriTadad, aRniSnuli sarCelebi sajarimo xasiaTis iyo; maTi erTi nawili unda ganvixiloT, rogorc validan warmoSobili sarCeli, meore nawili – rogorc keTili sindisis sarCeli, an sarCeli davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb, an rogorc depozitis gamo aRmocenebuli sarCeli. Tumca, ar arsebobs valdebuleba, romelsac raime piradi sarCeli ar Seesabamebodes. aseT valdebulebas pretoruli valdebuleba (obligationes honorariae) ewodeboda. naturaluri valdebuleba daideboda monebis mier, mogvianebiT ki, im pirebis mier, romlebic paterfamilias xelisuflebaSi Sediodnen. am valdebulebebs ar gaaCndaT sasarCelo dacva, ris gamoc warmoiSoboda iuridiuli Sedegebi: Tu
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xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali ukve gadaxdili iyo, maSin dauSvebeli iyo valis Tanxis ukan dabruneba, arasavaldebulo qmedebis Sesrulebis motiviT (solutio retentio: gadaxdilis dakaveba). SesaZloa, “obligatio naturales” cneba iulianusis dros damkvidrda, da momdevno periodis iuristebi axseneben mas rogorc iseT valdebulebas, romelmac sakuTari saxelwodeba SeiZina sayofacxovrebo enaSi misi, garkveulwilad, boroti gamoyenebis Sedegad. iseTi mniSvnelovani efeqtis garda, rogoric miRebuli anazRaurebis TavisTan datovebaa, naturalur valdebulebas sxva Sedegic gaaCnda: 1) naturaluri valdebulebis Sedegad warmoSobili vali, civiluri valdebulebis mimarT, SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo; 2) es vali SeiZleboda novaciis obieqti gamxdariyo, da maSin maTi civilur valdebulebaSi konvertireba moxdeboda; 3) es vali delegatio et constitutem obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo; 4) am valis garantireba SeiZleba momxdariyo marwmuneblis mier, an giraosa da ipoTekis meSveobiT; 5) naturaluri valdebulebis gaTvaliswineba savaldebulo iyo pekuliumis moculobis gazrdis an Semcirebis dros; 6) monis an xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier Sesrulebuli SenaZeni kanonier safuZvlad CaiTvleba, sakuTrebis uflebis xandazmulobis vadiT (usucapio), SeZenis dros. iustinianes dros, naTesaur kavSirebsa da moralur principebze damyarebuli valdebulebebi, romlebsac sasarCelo dacva gaaCndaT, araCveulebriv naturalur valdebulebad iTvleboda. mas is efeqtic gaaCnda, rom gadaxdilis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna dauSvebeli iyo. maT ricxvSi Sedioda, iseTi Sesasruleblad arasavaldebulo moTxovnebi, rogoric iyo: zogierTi naTesavisaTvis saarsebo sarCos micema; partniorisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva, Tu gaazatebulma amis Sesaxeb specialuri fici ar dado; colisaTvis mziTvis dadgena, agreTve kanonieri memkvidrisaTvis samkvidrodan kanonieri wilis (legitima) gamoyofis valdebuleba; naTesavTa dakrZalvis xarjebis gaweva. III. valdebulebis Sinaarsi valdebuleba gadacemis (dare), Sesrulebis (facere) da miniWebis (praestare) movaleobaSi (oportere) mdgomareobs. 1) gadacema (dare) niSnavs: raime nivTis mesakuTred qcevas an sanivTo uflebis dadgenas, agreTve raime momsaxurebis gawevas; 2) Sesruleba (facere) niSnavs: yvela moqmedebas, romelic garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas gamoxatavs an moqmedebaze uaris Tqmas (facere an non facere), an nivTis misi mesakuTrisaTvis gadacemas (reddare); 3) miniWeba (praestare) niSnavs: raimes garantirebas an uzrunvelyofas da amisaTvis sakuTar Tavze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas (marwmunebels (praedes) Seexeba). roca saubaria valdebulebis saganze, miniWeba xasiaTdeba Semdegi rekvizitebiT: miniWeba unda iyos Sesrulebadi, kanonieri, zustad gansazRvruli da qonebrivi xasiaTis matarebeli. valdebuleba SeiZleba iyos gayofadi da ganuyofeli: 1) gayofadia iseTi valdebuleba, romelic nawil-nawil an proporciulad SeiZleba Sesruldes da am dros ar icvleba misi ekonomikuri daniSnuleba. gayofadi valdebuleba SeiZleba ramdenime kreditorsa da movales Soris gadanawildes; 2) Tu valdebulebis gayofa SeuZlebelia, mas ganuyofeli valdebuleba ewodeba. Cveulebriv, gayofadia iseTi valdebuleba, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia raimes gadacema (dare), vinaidan sakuTreba da sanivTo uflebaTa didi nawili swored gayofadi xasiaTisaa. raimes Sesrulebis valdebuleba (facere) yovelTvis ganuyofelia. ganuyofeli nivTis miniWebis valdebulebas solidaruli xasiaTi aqvs (in solidum), vinaidan valdebulebis subieqtTa simravlis SemTxvevaSi (ramdenime kreditori da movale), valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba TiToeul kreditors gaaCnia, iseve rogorc nebismier movales evaleba misi Sesruleba. IV. valdebulebis wyaro Obligatio, rogorc civiluri sarCeliT daculi, subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, aisaxa valdebulebaTa klasifikaciaSi, maTi warmoSobis (wyaros) mixedviT (causa obligationem) _ piradi (valdebulebiTi) efeqtis mqone iuridiuli faqtebi. amis Sesabamisad, valdebulebaTa wyaro iyofa: sakontraqto valdebulebad (ex contractu) da deliqtur valdebulebad (ex delicto). gaiusis azriT, aseTi klasifikacia aris summa divisio (valdebulebaTa mTavari dayofa). Tumca, es klasifikacia piradi xasiaTis subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis tipizaciis garkveul etaps asaxavs da amitom ver iqneba amomwuravi.
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Contractus et delictum, rogorc valdebulebis modeluri wyaroebis gamoyofa, dakavSirebulia interesTa im formalizaciasTan, romelsac adgili qr.S-mde I saukuneSi hqonda. valdebulebaTa or nairsaxeobad (species) dayofas Seesabameba actiones in personam sarCelebis qonebriv (rei persecutoriae) da sajarimo (poenales) sarCelebad dayofa. valdebulebaTa orwevriani klasifikaciis konservaciam ganapiroba misi SesaZlo srulyofa. aRmosavluri iuridiuli skolis profesorebma ganavrces valdebulebis wyaroTa CamonaTvali da miuTiTes, rom kontraqtebisa da deliqtebis garda, arsebobdnen kvazi kontraqtebi (quasi ex contractu) da kvazi deliqtebi (quasi ex delicto). amrigad, gaiusisa da iustinianes SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romis samarTalSi valdebulebaTa oTxwevriani dayofa damkvidrda, maTi warmoSobis safuZvlis mixedviT; kerZod, Semdegi principis gaTvaliswinebiT: aut obligationes ex contractu suntaux quasi ex contractu aut ex maleficio aut quasi ex maleficio. maSasadame, ganasxvaveben: 1. kontraqtebs; 2. kvazi kontraqtebs; 3. deliqtebs; 4. kvazi deliqtebs. 1) kontraqti aris valdebulebiTi xelSekruleba, romelic ukve uZveles ius civile-Si arsebobda. kontraqtebi oTxi saxis iyo. kontraqtebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani – e. w. causa civilis _ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom an unda warmoTqmuliyo garkveuli sityvebi (verba), an unda gamoyenebuliyo werilobiTi forma (literae), an kreditoris mier garkveuli qmedeba unda Sesrulebuliyo (res), an kontrhagentebs Soris araformaluri SeTanxmeba (consensus) unda momxdariyo. amitom, ganasxvaveben oTxi saxis xelSekrulebas: 1) verbaluri – zepiri formis; 2) literaluri – dawerili formis; 3) realuri – garkveuli moqmedebis (res) Sesrulebis aucileblobiT; 4) konsesualuri – SeTanxmebiTi kontraqtebi. kontraqtebis pirveli ori saxeoba formalur xelSekrulebebs, bolo ori – araformalur anu materialur xelSekrulebebs ganekuTvneba. $1. verbaluri kontraqti verbaluri kontraqti ideboda im pirobiT, rom kontrhagentebs SeeZloT saubari da mosmena anu ar iqnebodnen yru-munjebi da isini erT adgilas – xelSekrulebis dadebis dros – iqnebodnen. klasikur samarTalSi cnobilia verbaluri kontraqtis sami nairsaxeoba: 1) stipulatio, 2) dotis dictio da 3) operarum iurata promissio. 1) Stipulatio zepiri formiT ideboda. stipulatori, reus stipulatori (erTi kontrhagenti), uSualod, zepirad dausvamda SekiTxvas meore pirs _ promissor, reus promittendi (kontrhagents), romelic aseve zepirad scemda pasuxs. Tavdapirvelad, sityvaTa warmoTqma samarTliT iyo gansazRvruli, Tumca, mogvianebiT mxareebs, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, SeeZloT sityvebis SerCeva. stipulaciis Sinaarsi iseTive mravalferovani iyo, rogorc saerTod valdebulebis Sinaarsi. stipulacias SeeZlo nebismieri saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis asaxva, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom es calmxrivi qonebrivi faseulobis mqone xelSekruleba iqneboda: fulis gadaxda, sxva nivTebis gadacema, samuSaos Sesruleba da sxva amgvari ram. 2) Dotis dictio iyo dos zepiri dadgena sityvebiT dot nurami tibi doti sunt; 3) Sponsio, stipulatio; Sponsio – Tavisi arsiT aris sazeimo viTarebaSi dadebuli garigeba, romelic Seicavs dapirebasa da gulisxmobs formalur SekiTxvas (erTi mxriv) da pasuxs (meore mxriv). mecnierebaSi kvlav mimdinareobs dava sponsio-s warmoSobisa da misi stipulatio-sTan kavSiris Sesaxeb. Stipulatio, rogorc abstraqtuli aqti gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva saxis komerciuli garigebis dasadebad da, amave dros, es instituti SeiZleba CaiTvalos romauli iuridiuli azris udides aRmoCenad. gaiusis mier SemoTavazebuli, valdebulebis didaqtikuri klasifikacia cdilobda gaeTanabrebina kontraqtebis yvela konkretuli tipi da Seerwya isini zogad formebTan – stipulaciasTan, romelic yvela saxis SeTanxmebis mimarT, formis miniWebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda. iuristebi mowmoben, rom uZvelesi sponsio gamoiyeneboda yvela saxis aRTqmisaTvis anu RvTaebisaTvis msxverplSewirvis dapirebisas, sponsalia – anu qorwinebis dadebis sazeimo dapirebisas, agreTve saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis dadebisas. Sponsio aris votum-is umniSvnelovanesi nawili, anu is formula,
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romlis meSveobiT: pirveli, sponsio – iuris civilis aqtia, romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeTa (cives) wreSi gamoiyeneboda, maSin roca stipulatio – ius gentium institutia da misi gamoyeneba xdeboda, romis moqalaqeTa da ucxoelebs Soris, garigebis dadebis dros, ris gamoc man garigebis struqturasa da mniSvnelobaze didi gavlena iqonia. meore, Tu sponsio-s iuridiuli formalizmi axasiaTebda, xolo misi rekvizitebi yovelTvis mkacrad daicveboda (iqamdec ki, rom Tu ramdenime saritualo frazas ar warmoTqvamdnen an maT sxva frazebiT Secvlidnen, aqti baTilad cxaddeboda), stipulatio-s istoriuli evoluciis Sedegad, iuridiul-religiuri formalizmi ganze dgeboda da gzas uTmobda axal, SedarebiT moqnil formebs. garda amisa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s sazeimo struqturebs, isini ganixileba rogorc conceptio verborum (sityvebis erToblioba) da abstraqtuli aqti; orive saxis garigeba obligatio verbis (zepiri valdebulebis) kategorias ganekuTvneba. savaraudod, stipulacia jer pretorma aRiara, xolo Semdeg civiluri samarTlis sferoSi gamoiyeneboda. rac Seexeba stipulaciis mier warmoSobil sarCelebs, legis actiones (legisaqciuri sarCelis) epoqaSi, spitulatio certi (gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxa, an gansazRvruli nivTebis simravle) legis actio per condictionem (abstraqtuli civiluri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis gaadvileba, romlis dros mosarCele ubralod sTavazobs mopasuxes, romelic mis moTxovnas uaryofs, 30 dRis vadaSi (die condicto – aqedan warmoiSva sarCelis saxelwodeba) kvlav pretorTan gamocxaddes, raTa man mosamarTle daniSnos) sarCeliT iqneboda daculi. Tu mopasuxe uaryofs mosarCelis moTxovnas yovelgvari formalobebis gareSe, is pretors mosamarTlis daniSvnas mosTxovs. aRniSnuli sarCeli, legis actio sacramento in personam-Tan SedarebiT, ufro progresuli iyo da mosarCeles SesaZleblobas aZlevda sakramentaluri giraos Setanaze eTqva uari, Tu misi ufleba kreditze sponsio-dan gamomdinareobda. a) stipulatio et obligatio verbis-is klasikuri struqtura Stipulatio rogorc obligatio verbis-i, efuZneba garkveuli frazebis (verba) warmoTqmas, kerZod – SekiTxva (interrogatio) da pasuxi (sponsio): “Spondes mihi dare centum? Spondeo” (mpirdebi, rom momcem 100 monetas? gpirdebi). klasikur samarTalSi damkvidrda frazebis anu sityvebis (verba) mavalebiTi mniSvnelobis principi. pomponiusi stipulacias gansazRvravs rogorc “sityvier formulas (conceptio), romlis Tanaxmad, erTi piri, romelic meoris SekiTxvas pasuxobs, valdebulia misces an Seasrulos is, rasac mas sTxoven” (D.45,1,5,1). gaiusic amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqti daideboda SekiTxvisa da pasuxis meSveobiT. zepiri valdebuleba ar moiTxovs rekvizitebis did simravles. Tumca, maTi mkacri Sesruleba savaldebulo xasiaTs iZens. 1. stipulaciis mTavari niSania misi zepiri xasiaTi. orive mxares erTmaneTis gageba unda SeeZlos anu mxareebi yru-munjebi ar unda iyvnen. Jestebi da werilobiTi dokumentebi mxareTa zepir gancxadebebs ver Secvlian, amitom yru da munji, erTmaneTTan, valdebulebas stipulaciis meSveobiT ver dadeben. amave dros, Tavisufalia stipulaciis dadebis ena: verba SeiZleba warmoiTqvas laTinur an berZnul enebze. romaeli iuristi sabinusi Tarjimnis monawileobasac dasaSvebad miiCnevda (D.45,1,1,6). 2. zepiri valdebulebis dasadebad savaldebuloa ori mxaris piradi monawileoba da proceduris Catarebis uwyvetoba. gaiusi amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqtis dadeba dauSvebelia, Tundac erTi mxaris, ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi; igives moiTxovda pavlusic (D.45,1,134,2). amis garda, aucilebel moTxovnas uwyvet reJimSi moqmedeba (unitas actus) warmoadgenda, im aspeqtSi, rom interrogatio et responsio erTmaneTis miyolebiT unda ganxorcieldes, droSi wyvetis gareSe. 3. garda amisa, savaldebuloa interrogatio et responsio Soris azrobrivi Sesabamisoba da Sesityveba. adamiani debs pirobas bunebriv Zalebs saCuqari uZRvnas da am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom RvTaeba Seasrulebs mis Txovnas an gascems im wyalobas, romlis Sesaxeb mas SesTxovs piri. Reus voti (aRTqmis mixedviT mopasuxe piri), RvTaebis mimarT, garkveul valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebs; roca uzenaesi Zalebi Seasruleben mis Txovnas, is voti damnatus-ad gadaiqceva da mas evaleba danapirebis Sesruleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli RvTaeba mis mimarT Surs iZiebs. Sponsio-dan warmoSobili sakraluri valdebuleba, votum-is farglebSi, moiTxovs imave elementebis arsebobas, rac civiluri valdebulebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. votirebadi piri sakuTar Tavze iRebs raime valdebulebis Sesrulebas da Tavisufldeba misgan, valdebulebis Sesrulebis Semdeg (Ulp. D.50,12,2).
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titus liviusisa da gaiusis gadmocemiT, sponsio gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sferoSi: kerZod, antikurma tradiciam daafiqsira ramdenime SemTxveva, roca romaeli jarebis sardloba, ama Tu im, mtrulad ganwyobil xalxTan foedus (samSvidobo xelSekrulebis) gaformebis uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, sponsio (dapirebas) debda imis Sesaxeb, rom samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ratificirebas moaxdenda TviT senati. aseTi sponsio-s erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia konsul postumusis mier samnitebis tomTan dadebuli samSvidobo zavi, kavdinusis xeobaSi romaelTa damarcxebis Semdeg. titus liviusi aRniSnavda, rom aseTi sponsio-dan warmoiSveboda, erTdroulad, sakraluri da iuridiuli valdebuleba, romlis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda TviT sponsor-s, romlis mimarT deditio (mtrisaTvis gadacemis) procedura gamoiyeneboda. qr. S-mde 136 w. konsulma mancinusma, sponsio-s meSveobiT, sazavo xelSekruleba gaaforma numancielTa tomTan, Tumca, es xelSekruleba ar iyo ratificirebuli senatis mier, ris gamoc mancinusi mtrisaTvis unda gadaecaT (deditio). Tumca, mis miRebaze TviT numancielebma uari Tqves. yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, sponsio, Tavdapirvelad, valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis uZvelesi saxeoba iyo. Sponsor movale ar iyo, mas mxolod marwmunebloba evaleboda. Sponsor-i, movalis mxridan valdebulebis Seusruleblobisas, pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebda. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelic sponsio-s (piradi garantiis) – Tavdapirveli funqciidan gamomdinareobs, forma verbis (zepiri forma), mogvianebiT, gamoiyeneboda rogorc zogadi principi, romelic gulisxmobda movalis mimarT, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, valdebulebiTi borkilebis dadebas maSin, roca termini sponsor kvlav gamoiyeneboda marwmuneblis aRsaniSnavad. Spondere-s da sponsio-s cnebebi, zogadad, movalis davaldebulebis aqts aRniSnavdnen. Tumca, sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo, ramdenime parametris mixedviT. romaul iurisprudenciaSi SeiniSneba garkveuli evolucia: SekiTxvasa da pasuxs Soris formalur Sesatyvisobas cvlis Sinaarsobrivi Sesatyvisoba, kerZod, evolucia verba-dan voluntas-ken, anu sityvidan nebisaken (Tanxmobisaken) b) stipulaciis Sinaarsi da misi saxeebi stipulaciis dadebisas, mis Sinaarssa da nairsaxeobas gansazRvravs mastipulirebadi piri, maSin, roca movale piri ubralod iRebs SemoTavazebul Sinaarssa da nairsaxeobas. 1) valdebulebis dadebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia samomavlo da ucnobi movlenebisadmi damokidebuleba, romelTa dadgoma TviT valdebulebis arsebobas gansazRvravs. 2) valdebulebis dadeba SeiZleba garkveuli droiT gadaivados: manam, vidre ar iqneba Sesrulebuli piroba an ar amoiwureba vada, valdebuleba ararsebulad iTvleba, xolo, Tu fuladi vali droze adre daifara, is SeiZleba gamoTxovnil iqnas, rogorc “arasavaldebulo”. xolo, Tu arsebobs pirobis Sesrulebis imedi, maSin valdebuleba ganixileba, rogorc arsebuli im aspeqtSi, rom aRniSnul viTarebaSi, SesaZloa, adgili hqondes novacias, Tavdebobasa da valis gaqviTvas _ acceptilatio (miReba; verbaluri an literaluri kontraqtidan valis gaqviTvis sazeimo aqti mis sapirispiro formaSi) meSveobiT. 3) valdebuleba warmoiSveba pirobis Sesrulebis momentidan da misi valdebulebiTi efeqti stipulaciis dadebis droze ar vrceldeba. Tu valdebuleba warmoiSva, is SeiZleba Sewydes SesagebliT, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Sesrulebis Ddroeblivi SezRudvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas adgili hqonda an daiTqva valdebulebis Sewyveta misi pirobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. 4) Tu stipulacia gulisxmobs Sesrulebis ramdenime vadis arsebobas, maSin is daiyofa im wilebis odenobis mixedviT, Sesrulebis ramdeni vadac aris miTiTebuli. 5) valdebuleba stipulaciaSi miTiTebul adgilas unda Sesruldes. mosarCele, romelic sxva adgilas iTxovs Sesrulebas, SeiZleba aRmoCndes moTxovnis gadametebis (pluris petitio) viTarebaSi. xolo, Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili miTiTebuli ar aris, mosarCeles SeuZlia nebismier adgilas moiTxovos misi Sesruleba. g) Acceptilatio (valis gadaxdis aRiareba) Acceptilatio aris sakredito valdebulebis gaqviTvis abstraqtuli da zepiri (verbis) forma. es forma warmoSobilia stipulaciis mier da mis sawinaamdegod gamoiyeneboda. Tavdapirvelad, acceptilatio iyo realuri gadaxdis aRiareba da miReba. mogvianebiT, is gadaiqca savalo valdebulebaTa Sewyvetis zogad formad, imis miuxedavad, Sesruldeboda Tu ara savalo valdebuleba.
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Acceptilatio rogorc formaluri da kanonieri aqti, arc vadebs da arc pirobebs gulisxmobda. Acceptilatio-s Sedegad wydeboda mxolod is valdebuleba, romelic stipulatio-s dadebis Sedegad warmoiSveboda. erTi piris mier, meoris mimarT, arsebuli sxvadasxva vali, romelic, SesaZloa, arc ki yofiliyo mxolod verbaluri valdebulebebidan warmoSobili, erTaderT lokalur stipulatio-Si (novatio) SeiZleboda gaerTianebuliyo da warmoiSveboda iseTi valdebuleba, romelic acceptilatio-s meSveobiT gaiqviTeboda. aseT lokalur acceptilatio-s stipulatio Aquiliana ewoda, misi Semqmnelis, respublikuri periodis iuristis – gaius aqvilus galiusis saxelidan gamomdinare. d) stipulaciis dasasruli klasikuri stipulatio abstraqtuli da zepiri aqti iyo da misi daqveiTeba ori paraleluri mimarTulebiT _ formisa da safuZvlis mixedviT _ mimdinareobda. araromauli iuridiuli praqtikis gavleniT, stipulaciam dakarga pirvandeli struqtura da, TandaTanobiT, literaluri kontraqtis forma SeiZina. Stipulatio-Si, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneboda, testatio dros, mamtkicebeli dokumenti. Tumca, postklasikuri samarTlis evoluciam stipulaciur dokuments valdebulebis dadgenis xasiaTi mianiWa, rac aRmosavluri provinciebis samarTlebrivi normebis Sesabamisobad miiCneva. ukve ciceronis dros stipulatio werilobiTi formiT dgeboda: cautio stipulatoria (stipulatio-s Sesaxeb dokumenti) (testatio _ werilobiTi mowmeoba, mowmeebis mier xelmowerili) an chyrographa ( sakuTari xeliT Cawerili, savalo valdebuleba (xelwerili) iuridiuli aqtis WeSmariti ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, Tanac mowmeebis gareSe). es formebi mtkicebulebis martiv saSualebad iTvleboda. romauli samarTlisa da aRmosavluri tradiciebis urTierTgavlenis Sedegad (imperator karakalas 212 w. ediqtis Semdeg), stipulacia kontraqtebis zogad punqtad iqca. stipulaciis verbaluri forma mxolod igulisxmeboda, Tumca, sinamdvileSi stipulatio-s uZvelesi zepiri forma werilobiTi formiT Seicvala. imperatori iustiniane sakuTar samarTlis wignTa krebulSi ori tendenciis mimdevari iyo: igi tradiciul, klasikur samarTals pativs miagebda da arsebul, moqmed samarTals zedmiwevniT misdevda da aviTarebda. erTi mxriv, is sakuTar instituciebSi (3.15-20) klasikuri samarTlis iuristTa Txzulebebs gadmoscems da gaiusis msjelobas stipulaciis, rogorc verbaluri (verbis) valdebulebis Sesaxeb, iziarebs; meore mxriv, drois moTxovnis Sesabamisad, adgens, rom mxolod 2 wlis vadaSia SesaZlebeli exceptio doli (interdiqtul warmoebaSi mosarCeles SeeZlo exceptio-s winaaRmdeg sapirispiro azris gamoTqma, analogiurad, im axali garemoebebis safuZvelze, romlebic savaldebulo Zalas arTmevdnen eqscepcias); am vadis amowurvis Semdeg valdebulebis damdgeni werilobiTi dokumenti savaldebulo Zalas iZenda. stipulaciis abstraqtuli xasiaTi dokumentze gadadis, Tu is kanoniT dadgenil vadaSi ar iqna gaprotestebuli. I. Inst.3.21 SemuSavebul iqna obligatio litteris Sesaxeb axali warmodgena: “dResac ase xdeba: roca me saCivari ar SemiZlia sxva xerxiT Sevitano, me valdebulebas werilobiTi formiT viyeneb da misgan is kondiqcia warmoiSveba, romelic zepir valdebulebas Sewyvets”. iTvleboda, rom valdebuleba da condictio rogorc sarCeli, romelic valdebulebas icavs, warmoiSveba ara sityvebidan, aramed werilobiTi dokumentis safuZvelze. Conceptio verborum (sityvieri gadawyvetileba) iustinianes mier aRiqmeboda rogorc mera subtilitas (udidesi iuridiuli simaxvile) da man gadawyvita, rom iuridiuli Sedegebi dokumentis safuZvelze unda warmoiqmnas. amrigad, stipulatio rogorc abstraqtuli iuridiuli aqti kvdeba da mis adgils abstraqtuli dokumenti ikavebs. e) Transacriptio nominum (sakredito valdebulebebis gadawera) “valdebuleba werilobiTi aris, Tu, magaliTad, is Semosaval-gasavlis wignebSi Seitaneba. es Canaweri orgvarovania: an nivTidan pirisaken, an piridan pirisaken. nivTidan pirisaken Canawers maSin aqvs adgili, roca is, rac Sen Cemi gmarTebs nasyidobis, qiravnobis an amxanagobis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, me Sens saxelze Cavwer rogorc CemTvis gasacemi. valis Caweras saangariSo wignSi piridan pirisaken maSin aqvs adgili, roca is, rac me mergeba ticiusisagan, me wignSi Semaqvs rogorc SenTvis gadaxdili Tanxa, anu TiTqos ticiusis vali Senze gadmoiwereba”. gaiusis inststituciebSi 3.128-130 saubaria werilobiTi garigebis Sesaxeb, romelic mdgomareobda valdebulebis damdgen CanawerSi. aseT Canawers paterfamilias an ufro xSirad bankiri sakuTar sabuRaltro wignSi axorcielebda. Zvel
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droSi Semosavlebisa da gasavlebis sabuRaltro wignebi (codex accepti et expensi) arsebobda, romlebSic acceptum grafaSi Caiwereboda Semosuli da miRebuli, xolo expensum grafaSi – gasuli da gacemuli Tanxebi. es sabuRaltro Canawerebi ayalbebdnen valdebulebas uwindeli valdebulebis axal valdebulebiT Secvlis meSveobiT. axali valdebuleba warmoiSveboda axali sabuRaltro CanaweriT. amrigad, xdeboda valdebulebis ganaxleba (novatio), anu uwindeli valdebulebis Sewyveta da misi axali valdebulebiT Secvla. arsebobda valis gadaweris (transcriptio) ori nairsaxeoba: 1) nivTidan pirze; 2) piridan pirze. Transcriptio, iseve, rogorc stipulatio abstraqtuli iuridiuli aqti iyo, ius civile CarCoebSi moqceuli, Tumca, stipulaciisagan gansxvavebiT, is ver daideboda ganusazRvreli nivTis miniWebiT da, agreTve, vadisa da pirobis dadgenas ar gulisxmobda. sabuRaltro Canawerebis Semcveli wignebi valdebulebis warmomSob iuridiul dokumentebad iTvleboda, ris gamoc maT mimarT cenzoruli inspeqtireba xorcieldeboda. verbalur kontraqtTan SedarebiT, literaluri kontraqtis ZiriTadi upiratesoba swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xelSekrulebis dadebisas orive mxaris adgilze yofna saWiro ar iyo, rac kidev ufro amartivebda savaWro brunvis ganxorcielebas. literaluri kontraqtis Seusrulebloba iTvaliswinebda actio certi waedgenas. literaluri kontraqtebi farTod gamoiyeneboda qr. S-mde I – qr. S-is I saukuneebSi da gaiusis epoqaSi TiTqmis gamovidnen xmarebidan. Inst.Iust. (3.21) maT Sesaxeb saubroben mxolod warsul droSi, radgan istoriul warsulad miiCnevian. sabuRaltro Canaweris gansakuTrebul tipad sakaso wignidan warmoSobili kreditebi (nomina arcaria) iTvleboda. maTzec gaiusi saubrobs (Inst.Iust. 3, 131-132): `sxva mniSvneloba sesxis samaxsovro Canawerebs (nomina arcaria) hqondaT. es Canawerebi warmoSoben ara werilobiT, aramed sanivTo valdebulebas, vinaidan araviTari mniSvneloba gaaCniaT manam, sanam vinmes garkveuli fuladi Tanxa ar gadaecema, xolo fulis gadacema swored sanivTo valdebulebas waemoSobs. v) Chyrographa (subieqturi) da Synographa (obieqturi sakredito dokumentebi) Gai., (3.134) wers, rom chyrographa et syngrapha – iyo ucxoelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli werilobiTi sabuTebi, romlebic pirveli an mesame piris saxeliT dgeboda da romlebSic cxaddeboda, rom “vinme piri aris sxva piris movale an mas raime unda gadasces”. erT-erT teqstSi weria, rom chyrographum valis aRiarebis erTaderTi dokumentia, romelic kreditoris gankargulebaSi rCeba da mowmobs garigebis dadebis Sesaxeb. Syngraphum mesame piris saxeliT unda Sedges, or egzemplarad da xelmoweril iqnas dainteresebuli mxareebis mier. TiToeuli mxare inaxavda sakuTar egzemplars, rac garigebis dadebis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda. aRmosavleTSi gabatonebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis gavleniT, am dokumentebma romSic moipoves aRiareba da mtkicebulebis utyuar saSualebas warmoadgendnen. z) baTili da arara stipulaciebi imisaTvis, rom stipulacia aRiarebul iqnas romis ius civile mier, savaldebuloa iseTi rekvizitebis arseboba, romlebsac qmedunarianobasTan, formasa da SinaarsTan hqondaT urTierToba. baTili stipulaciebs Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi klasi: 1) arara stipulaciebi (nullius momenti est), Tu amgvari garigebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli savaldebulo rekvizitebi ar arseboben; 2) baTili stipulaciebi (inutilis), romlebic formaluri TvalsazrisiT namdvil stipulaciad iTvleba, Tumca ar warmoqmnian valdebulebas raime mniSv nelovani xarvezis gamo. arara stipulaciasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba gansxvavdeba baTili stipulaciisagan: radgan baTrili stipulaciis dros Tumca ki stipulacias adgili hqonda. is braldebulebas ar warmoSobda. baTili da arara stipulaciis SemTxvevebi: 1. stipilaciis SeuZlebloba: dainteresebul mxareTa qmedunarianobis xarvezebi. stipulacias ver dadebda yru, munji da ugunuri. monas stipulireba SeeZlo, dapirebas ki maSin miscemda, roca sakuTar Tavze naturalur valdebulebas iRebda. In patria potestas pirebis mimarT aRiarebulia maTi ufleba sakuTar Tavze valdebuleba aiRon. 2. SekiTxvisa da pasuxis erTmaneTisadmi SeuTavsebloba (araraoba). es SeiZleba moxdes: a) stipulaciis sagnis mimarT. (Gai., 3.102) `stipulacia maSin iTvleba ararad, roca vunme ar pasuxobs dasmul SekiTxvas. “an Tu me
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vastipulireb upirobod, Sen ki mpirdebi garkveuli pirobiT”. ararad iTvleba stipulacia, Tu misi obieqti SeuZlebelia, an stipulatio xorcieldeba Seusrulebeli pirobiT”; b) mesame piris sasargeblod dadebuli stipulacia. (Gai., 3.103) „ stipulacia ararad iTvleba, Tu Cven vastipulirebT, raTa raime gadaeces mesame pirs, romlis xelisuflebis qveS Cven ar vimyofebiT. aqedan ismis SekiTxva, namdvilia Tu ara is stipulacia, romelic daideba sakuTari Tavisa da im mesame piris mimarT, romlis xelisuflebaSi Cven ar vimyofebiT”. $2. stipulaciis baTiloba stipulaciis baTiloba: dapireba Sesrulebis Sesaxeb gardacvalebis Semdeg: `da bolos, baTilia is struqtura, romelic Semdegi sityvebiT daido: Sen mpirdebi, rom momcem Cemi sikvdilis Semdeg, an Seni sikvdilis Semdeg”. da piriqiT, namdvilia Semdeg formaSi dadebuli stipulacia: Sen mpirdebi, rom momcem Cemi gardacvalebis momentSi an Seni gardacvalebis momentSi? anu ise, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba gadatanili iyo stipulatoris, an pirobis mimcemis gardacxvalebis momentisaTvis. amrigad, arasworad iTvleboda stipulaciiT warmoSobili valdebulebis memkvidreze gadatana. stipulaciis sagnis mimarT arsebuli baTiloba dgeba: a) Tu stipilaciis sagani ukanono an uRirsia, an stipulacia mocemulia msgavsi xasiaTis pirobiT; b) Tu Tavdapirvelad stipulaciis Sesruleba SesaZlebeli iyo, mere ki misi Sesruleba SeuZlebeli gaxda; g) Tu Secdomis gamo SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros stipulaciis obieqti, SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom stipulirebul iqna is nivTi, romelic ganisazRvreba gvarobiTi niSniT; xolo, Tu SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros nivTis gvarobiTi niSani, valdebuleba ar warmoiSveba; d) Tu stipulaciuri valdebuleba miRebulia arasrulwlovani pirisa an qalis mier, maTi meurvis sanqciis gareSe (auctoritas tutoris: Gai., 3. 115-117). a) ganusazRvreli obieqtis stipulacia stipulaciuri dapireba, ganxorcielebuli iseTi sagnis mimarT, romelic veraviTar SemTxvevaSi iqneboda gansazRvruli, baTilebad iTvleba. da piriqiT, is stipulaciebi, romelTa sagnebi raime aqtiT mainc iyo gansazRvruli, namdvilad iTvleba. maT Soris unda aRvniSnoT: 1. gvarobiTi niSnis mqone sagnis Sesaxeb stipulacia: dapirebis mimcemma movalem unda miuTiTos nivTze da is gamohyos, nivTTa gansazRvruli da ganusazRvreli gvarobiTobis, ricxvidan; 2. alternatiuli stipulaciebi: movale valdebulia damoukideblad airCios valdebulebis sagani sxvadasxva klasis nivTebs Soris, mastipulirebadma kreditorma SeiZleba moelaparakos imis Sesaxeb, rom is TviTon airCevs obieqts, da Tu movale ar Seasrulebs sakuTar valdebulebas, mis winaaRmdeg waradgens actio certi-is actio incerti-is magivrad, ganusazRvreli obieqtis Sesaxeb. alternatiulma stipulaciam unda daicvas kreditori nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvisagan, rac gaaTavisuflebs movales valdebulebisagan; 3. sajarimo stipulacia. erT (ukve dadebul) stipulacias SeiZleba meorec daumato, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini sxvadasxva sagnebs gulisxmoben: winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi meore stipulacia ararad CaiTvleba (Pomp.) pomponiusi werda, rom `is, vinc orjer dapirdeba erTi da igives, ar aris valdebuli Seasrulos dapireba erT jerze metad” (D. 45. 1.18). sajarimo stipulacia damatebiT stipulaciur dapirebas gulisxmobs, romelic fulis gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdas varaudobs. Tanac, gadaxda ganpirobebuli iyo uwindeli valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT. amrigad, saxezea erTi – ZiriTadi valdebuleba, romelic moqmedebas ganagrZobda da meore valdebuleba, romelic ganpirobebulia pirvelis SesrulebiT. Tu movale Seasrulebs pirvel valdebulebas, man aRar unda Seasrulos meore, xolo movale, Tu ar Seasrulebs danapirebs, maSin man jarima unda gadaixados; Tumca, mas kreditoris winaaRmdeg exceptio doli wardgena SeuZlia, Tu mastipulirebadi piri mis winaaRmdeg, ZiriTadi valdebulebisagan gamomdinare, sarCels waradgenda. $3. Novatio (novacia) `novacia aris Zveli valis axal civilur an naturalur valdebulebaSi transformireba (gardaqmna), roca warmoiSveba axali valdebuleba, romelic Zvels wyvets. saxelwodeba “novacia” warmoiSva sityvidan “axali” da axali valdebulebis (warmoqmnisagan) Ulp. (D. 46. 2. 1). stipulacia, romelic identuri sagnis mimarT warmoSobs axal valdebulebasa da, amave dros, Zvel valdebulebas Sewyvets, sakuTar TavSi raime siaxles unda Seicavdes. valdebulebis ganaxleba moxdeba rogorc pirebis, ise valdebulebis sagnis (obieqtis) mimarT: 1. pirebis mimarT novacias hqonda adgili, roca icvleba
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kreditoris an movalis pirovneba. am SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, saubaria aqtiuri an pasiuri delegaciis Sesaxeb. aqtiuri delegacia yovelTvis mesame pirisaTvis raime davalebis (iussum) micemas gulisxmobda. movalis Secvla axali movalis mxridan kreditoris mimarT dapirebis micemas gulisxmobda, rom is uwindeli movalis davalianebas (expromissio) dafaravda; 2. valdebulebas obieqtis (sagnis) mimarT maSin hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia daideba imave pirebis mier, Tumca axali obieqtis mimarT. am dros adgili hqonda: a) safuZvlis Secvlas: Tu axali dapireba ar miekuTvneba stipulaciidan warmoSobil valdebulebas, vinaidan es stipulacia dadebulia axali garemoebis mimarT (nasyidoba, ijara, davaleba); b) valdebulebis maxasiaTeblebis Secvlas: icvleba valdebulebis Sesrulebis pirobebi da vadebi, agreTve Sesrulebis adgili. formalurad, novaciis ganxorcieleba xdeba axali stipulaciis dadebiT, Tumca, novacia SeiZleba moxdes sakredito valdebulebis xelaxali gadaweriT (transcriptio nominum). am SemTxvevaSi, werilobiTi garigebis abstraqtuli xasiaTi gulisxmobda axali valdebulebis warmoSobas, uwindeli valdebulebis namdvilobis miuxedavad. axali stipulaciis forma namdvilad unda mowmobdes imis Sesaxeb, rom adgili hqonda uwindeli valdebulebis ganaxlebas. mas Semdeg, rac zepiri stipulaciebi werilobiTi dokumentebiT Seicvala, novacia valdebulebis Secvlis ganzraxvaze (animus novandi) damokidebuli gaxda. iustiniane (I. Ins.3.29.3), am ganzraxvis (animus), werilobiTi formiT gamoxatvas moiTxovda da miuTiTebda, rom, valdebulebiTi efeqtis mqone, nebismieri garigeba SeiZleba novinirebul iqnas, Tu uwindeli valdebulebis, Sesabamis, Sewyvetas eqneba adgili. novaciur efeqtTa Soris igulisxmeboda valdebulebis sagnis Secvlac. 3. pirTa simravle da solidaroba. stipulaciis aqtSi, Cveulebriv, monawileobas iRebdnen mastipulirebadi kreditori da dapirebis mimcemi movale. Tumca, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca garigebaSi ramdenime mastipulirebadi da dapirebis mimcemi piri erTdroulad monawileobda. amas stipulaciis subieqtTa simravle ewodeboda. pirTa simravle Semdegs gulisxmobda: Tavdapirveli simravle arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda pirTa Tanmimdevruli Secvlisagan, anu, roca stipulacias debdnen erTni, xolo garigebis Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda sxva pirebs. ase xdeboda maSin, roca adgili hqonda an mastipulirebadi, an dapirebis mimcemi pirebis memkvidreobiTobas, roca an erTis, an meoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, valdebulebis Sesruleba, memkvidreobiT, gadadioda maT STamomavlobaze. subieqtTa simravlis pirobebSi, dapirebis reJimi imazea damokidebuli, iyo, Tu ara valdebuleba gayofadi an ganuyofeli. Tu valdebuleba gayofadia, maSin igulisxmeba, rom is iyofa idealur wilebad. am SemTxvevaSi, es Tu is kerZo kreditori uflebamosilia moiTxovos mxolod kreditis sakuTari nawili, xolo movale valdebulia gaqviTos valis mxolod sakuTari wili. Tu valdebuleba ganuyofelia, maSin saWiroa gamoyenebul iqnas solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis principi: nebismier kreditors SeuZlia valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna, Tanac sruli moculobiT. Tumca, am uflebiT aRiWurveba mxolod erTi – romelime kreditori. valdebuleba wydeba maSin, roca erTerTi kreditori waradgens sarCels da movalis mimarT iwyeba litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena) procedura. zustad aseve, nebismieri movale valdebulia gaqviTos mTeli vali: amave dros, Tu erTi movale gadaixdis mTel vals, sxva Tanamovaleebi valdebulebisagan Tavisufldebian. solidarobas maSinac hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia (formalurad mainc) erTiani, oRond valdebuleba _ gayofadi iyo da garigebaSi monawileobda, mastipulirebadi da dapirebis mimcemi, pirTa simravle. aqtiuri solidaruli valdebuleba maSin warmoiSveba, roca ramdenime mastipulirebadi kreditoris (correi stipulandi) SekiTxvaze pasuxs iZleva erTi dapirebis mimcemi movale (Promitto _ gpirdebi). pasiuri solidaruli valdebuleba warmoiSveba maSin, roca erTi stipulatori Tanmimdavrulad ekiTxeba, TiToeul dapirebis mimcem, pirs da isinic an yvela erTad, an saTiTaod (Tanmimdavrulad) mas pasuxoben. valdebuleba Sewyvetilad iTvleba, Tu erT-erTi stipulatori valdebulebis Sesrulebas miiRebda an erT-erTi dapirebis mimcemi _ aqviTavda mas, an Tu erT-erTi maTgani waradgenda sarCels stipulaciis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc litis contestatio proceduris ganxorcielebas, eqneba adgili. $4. rwmunebuleba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa. upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT: a) is rwmunebuleba, romelsac rwmunebuli
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gascems dapirebis mimcemis sasargeblod (adpromissio) da romelic axali movalis an Tanamovalis mxridan dapirebis micemas gulisxmobda da b) axali adstipulatori (adstipulatio) kreditoris Careva, romelsac adgili hqonda iseTi stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gardacvalebis Semdeg unda Sesruldes. Adprombissio warmoiSveba iseTi stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelSic rwmunebuli igives hpirdeba, rasac hpirdeboda movale, uwindel stipulaciaSi. axali valdebulebis Tanaxmad, warmoiSveba axali viTareba – pasiuri solidaroba, roca mastipulirebad kreditors SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba: sarCeli ZiriTadi movalis, Tu misi warmomadgenlis mimarT iqnas Setanili. stipulaciis gamo ori saxis piradi rwmunebuleba arsebobda: sponsio et fideipromissio. gansakuTrebuli struqtura da xasiaTi fideiussio-s gaaCnda. es warmomadgenloba fideipromissio warmoSobis Semdeg gavrcelda, Tumca, klasikur periodSi mas farTod gamoiyenebdnen. iustinianes samarTalSi mxolod fideiussio SemorCa. masSi Serwymuli iyo piradi rwmunebulebis uwindeli formebi. stipulaciis gamo, piradi rwmunebulebis klasikuri formebi (memkvidreobiT ar gadaecemoda) Semdegi TvisebebiT xasiaTdebodnen: 1. Sponsio: es iyo, arqaul civilur samarTalSi damkvidrebuli, sakuTari Tavis davaldebulebis, zogadi forma. Sponsio gamoiyeneboda im stipulaciebis uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic mxolod romael moqalaqeebs Soris daideboda xolme; 2. Fideipromissio: dapireba, romelic ndobaze (fides) iyo dafuZnebuli da misi gamoyeneba peregrinebisa da ucxoelebis wridan gamosul warmomadgenlebsac SeeZloT. iseTi dapirebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic piradi garantiiT miecemoda, kreditori uflebamosili iyo sarCeli erTi rwmunebulis, xolo Semdeg movalis winaaRmdeg Seetana, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, or, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel valdebulebas, hqonda adgili, Tumca ki, erTi da igive sagnis mimarT. erT-erTi maTganis mimarT, valdebulebis Sesruleba, an litis contestatio proceduris ganxorcieleba, rwmunebulis valdebulebis Sewyvetas uwyobda xels; 3. Fideiussio. Fideiussio iyo piradi rwmunebulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da srulyofili forma, romelic gamoiyeneboda ex contractus yvela saxis valdebulebis mimarT, agreTve im SemTxvevaSi, roca saubari civiluri da naturaluri valdebulebebis uzrunvelyofas exeboda. Fideiussio – stipulaciis msgavsi da fides (piradi patiosneba da Rirseba) dafuZnebuli zepiri formis _ iuridiuli aqtia: fideiussor igives hpirdeba, rasac ZiriTadi movale. vinaidan fideiussio dros, rwmunebulis mier miRebul, stipulaciur valdebulebas ar hqonda adgili, arc novaciuri efeqti warmoiSveba da arsebobas ganagrZobs garantiamicemuli werilobiTi, valdebuleba. piradi rwmunebulebis sxva formebisagan gansxvavebiT, fideiussio: 1. gadaecema memkvidreebs; 2. ar gaaCnia xandazmulobis vada (SewyvetisaTvis). Fideipromissio msgavsad, es garigeba xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) sferos miekuTvneba da misi dadeba ucxoelebsac SeuZliaT. fideiusori – rwmunebuli pasuxs agebda ZiriTadi movalis yvela valdebulebis mimarT. fideiusorisa an ZiriTadi movalis mimarT ganxorcielebuli litis contestatio procedura valdebulebis Sewyvetas iwvevda. msgavsi uxerxulobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, fideiussio rwmunebuleba vrceldeba mxolod im Tanxaze, romelic kreditors ar SeuZlia gamoiTxovos ZiriTadi movalisagan misi gadaxdauunarobis (valaulobis) gamo (fideiussio indemnitatin). fideiusors ar gaaCnda im movalis mimarT regresuli sarCelis (moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb) wardgenis ufleba, romlis nacvlad man gadaixada vali. romaelma iuristebma gadawyvotes, rom fideiusors unda mieniWos, movalis mimarT, davalebis xelSekrulebidan sarCelis wardgenis (actio mandati) ufleba, Tu man movalisagan valis gadaxdis davaleba miiRo, an waradginos sarCeli davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis Sesaxeb (actio negotiorum gestorum), Tu man vali sakuTari iniciativiT gadaixada. imperator adrianes konstituciam fideiussio-s mimarT, gaavrcela pasuxismgeblobis gadanawilebis principi. Tu kreditori erT-erTi fideiusoris (ramdenime piris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) mimarT waradgenda sarCels, fideiusors SeeZlo exceptio wamoyeneba letis contestatio momentSi, yvela gadaxdaunariani fideiusoris mimarT, romelSic moiTxovda sakredito valdebulebis wilobriv gayofas. $5. Intercessio (intercesia) zogadad, intercesia piradi garantiis micemas gulisxmobda. es termini iurisprudenciam qr. S-mde 46 wels SeimuSava, roca gamoica Sesabamisi SC Velleiani. intercesiis (intercessio) ufleba mxolod mamakacebs mieniWaT, kerZod, bankirebs, sakuTari profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. Romaeli iuristi kalistratusi werda: `savaldebuloa ganisazRvros, rom qalebi ver dakavdebian bankiris profesiiT, radgan es mamakacis saqmea”.
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senatoruli akrZalvis Sesabamisad, romaelma iuristebma gansazRvres sxvisi valis mimarT, piradi rwmunebulebis, anu intercessio – Semdegi saxeebi: 1. sxvisi valis sanivTo garantiiT uzrunvelyofa; 2. solidaruli movalis poziciaze Sedgoma; 3. TviT movalis adgilis dakaveba (adgilmonacvleobiT), im pirobiT, rom Sewydeba movalis valdebuleba (expromissio); 4. sakuTar Tavze raime valdebulebis aReba, im mizniT, rom is sakuTar Tavze mesame pirs ar aeRo (intercesia gaCumebis Sesaxeb). $6. piradi rwmunebuloba iustinianes samarTalSi. iustinianes samarTalSi fideiussio-m mTlianad Secvala sponsio et fideipromissio, xolo rwmunebuloba, mTlianobaSi, ganixileboda rogorc subsidaruli da damatebiTi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis mimarT. Litis contestatio Semwyveti efeqtis arsebobis gamo, valdebuleba arsebobas ganagrZobda pirvel rigSi movalis, agreTve misi rwmunebulis mimarT. iustinianem rwmunebuls Semdegi privilegiebi mianiWa: 1. valdebulebidan gaTavisuflebis privilegia: kreditors, pirvel rigSi, sarCeli ZiriTadi movalis winaaRmdeg unda Seetana: rwmunebuls SeeZlo uari eTqva valis gadaxdaze, Tu ZiriTadi movale gadaxdaunariani iyo; 2. gayofis privilegia (upiratesoba): kreditors sakredito valdebulebis gayofa SeuZlia im yvela gadaxdaunarian rwmunebuls Soris, romelic aseTad, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis momentisaTvis, miiCneva; 3. sarCelis xelaxali daTmobis upiratesoba: valis gamqviTavi rwmunebuli nebismier SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosilia waradginos is sarCeli, romelic adre kreditors eniWeboda movalis mimarT; aseTi moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb sarCels, regresuli sarCeli ewodeboda. $7. Dotis dictio Dotis dictio (iustinianes xanaSi ukve gamosuli iyo gamoyenebidan) iyo dos (mziTvis) zepiri dadgena, romelic, Cveulebriv, Semdegi frazis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeboda: tot nurami tibi doti sunt _ ramdeni patarZali, imdeni mziTvi Sen. $8. Operarum iurata promissio Operarum iurata promissio, gaazatebulebi, Tavisuflebis mopovebisas, Cveulebriv, patrons, stipulaciisa an ficiT dadebuli dapirebiT, raime momsaxurebis ganxorcielebas hpirdebodnen. $9. Nomen transcripticium (literaluri kontraqti) Nomen transcripticium (literaluri kontraqti) iustinianes droSi TiTqmis gamovida xmarebidan. literaluri kontraqti daideboda fuladi sesxebis codex expensi et accepti (Semosaval-gasavlebis wigni, romelSic romaelebi, TveSi erTxel, mimdinare Canawerebis rveulebidan ZiriTad monacemebs gadawerdnen xolme. $10. Re (realuri kontraqtebi) iustinianes samarTalma ori saxis realuri kontraqtebi icoda: e. w. conttractus nominati et contractus innominati (Sesabamisad, saxeliani, saxelis miTiTebiT da usaxelo xelSekrulebebi). 1. Contractus nominati: zogierTi realuri kontraqti (kerZod, romlebic in genere (imave wesiT) an in specie (kerZo, konkretul pirobebSi) raimes dabrunebisaken iyo mimarTuli. aseT kontraqtebs ganekuTvneboda: sesxi (mutuum); commodatum (individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis usasyidlod sesxad gadacema sargeblobis mizniT da im pirobiT, rom misi dabruneba naturiT unda moxdes); depositum (pirisaTvis nivTis deponireba; deponentis interesebis Sesabamisad, nivTis Sesanaxad gadacema); (pignus) giravnobis xelSekruleba, romlebic iuridiuli garigebebis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgendnen. swored amis gamo iuridiuli garigebis aRniSnuli saxeoba jer kidev respublikis periodSi contractus nominati saxelwodebiT moixsenieboda. am xelSekrulebebs iuridiuli Zala gaaCndaT, Tumca, miRebuli nivTis, ukan dabrunebis dapireba, araformaluri xasiaTis iyo. 2. Contractus innominati (usaxelo kontraqtebi). Tu erTi piri, meoris sasargeblod, raime moqmedebas asrulebda da amave dros, arsebobda araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom movale zemoqmedebas ganaxorcielebda, respublikuri samarTliT dadginda, rom moqmedebis mimRebis mimarT valdebuleba ar warmoiSveboda. amrigad, Tu moqmedebis mimRebi nebayoflobiT ar Seasrulebda dana-
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pirebs, wina qmedebis ganmxorcielebel pirs, misgan mxolod miRebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo (condictio ob causam datorum – sarCeli, vinmes mier Sesrulebis, ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan arsebobda Sesrulebis Sedegis molodini, romelic ar damdgara – ganxorcielebula), vinaidan, wina moqmedebis ganmxorcielebeli piri, motyuvda sakuTar molodinSi, zemoqmedebis Taobaze. esec ar kmaroda, da misi arCevanis ufleba imdenad SeuzRudavi iyo, rom mas miRebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo ara marto mimRebis gaumarTavobis gamo, aramed, zogjer zemoqmedebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi (ob causam non secatum) da marTebuli, Tumca, mravali iuristis mier sadaod miCneuli, TviTnebobis gamo (e. w. ius poenitedi), umal, nebayoflobiTi zemoqmedeba Sewyvetda, Tu ara ius poenitendi. am kategorias mikuTvnebulma xelSekrulebebma, umeteswilad, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ver moipoves gansakuTrebuli saxelwodeba (maT usaxelo kontraqtebi ewodaT) da amitom isini oTx did kategoriad daiyo: Permutatio – do ut des (gaZlev, raTa momce) – iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis pirveli forma, romelic fulis an qonebis, fuladi an qonebrivi dakmayofilebis dapirebis qveS, gadacemis dros gamoiyeneboda da usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba iyo); do ut facias _ (gaZlev, raTa gamikeTo) (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis meoTxe forma, romelic facio ut des (mesame formis) sawinaaRmdego da amave dros usaxelo kontraqtis erT-eraTi nairsaxeoba iyo; facio ut des _ vakeTeb, raTa momce (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis mesame forma) – usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba; facio ut facias _ vakeTeb, raTa gamikeTo (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis meore forma) – usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba. am kontraqtebma TandaTanobiT SeiZines iuridiuli Zala: pavlusic ki ar aRiarebda usaxelo kontraqtebis mesame kategorias. Tumca, sxva klasikosi iuristebi oTxive kategoriis kontraqtebis namdvilobas aRiarebdnen. $11. Consensu (konsensualuri kontraqtebi) araformaluri SeTanxmebiT, uZvelesi ius civile ZaliT, warmoiSveboda oTxi namdvili valdebuleba: emptio-venditio _ yidva-gayidva; locatio conductio _ qiravnoba; societas _ amxanagoba; mandatum _ davalebis xelSekruleba. konsensualuri Setanxmebis dros, kanonieri Zalis mqone (nudas contractus) xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis, savsebiT sakmarisia concensus araformaluri gamoxatva. es xelSekrulebebi (postklasikur periodSi ki – yvela savalo xelSekruleba) maTTan Serwymuli yvela valdebulebiTurT SeiZleboda gauqmebuliyo araformaluri urTierTSeTanxmebiT (contrarius consensus; mutuus dissensus). sxva araformaluri SeTanxmebebi (pacta) ar warmoSobdnen valdebulebebs, maT Soris naturalursac, garda erTi _ pactum usurarum, romelic naturalur valdebulebas qmnida. samarTalganviTarebis Semdgomma etapma, iustinianes kodofikaciamde paqtebis mimarT cota ram Tu Secvala. V. Re (realuri kontraqtebi) Mutuum, mutui datio, pecunia credita (sesxis xelSekruleba); foenus nauticuni, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi); commodatum (sesxi); depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba); sequestratio (sekvestracia); fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba); pignus datum (giravnobis xelSekruleba); iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba); actio bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebi). Re kontraqtebis kategoria ganisazRvreboda maTi dadebis formis mixedviT: mxareTa SeTanxmebis garda, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis, movalisaTvis nivTis gadacema iyo savaldebulo. es moTxovna Zvel magiur warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, romelTa mixedviT, sxvis nivTTan TviT Sexebac ki, nivTis aRiarebuli mepatronis mimarT, pirad damorClebas iwvevda. nivTis mpyrobelis pasuxismgebloba nivTis miRebis ZaliT – re teneri iyo gansazRvruli da mas, deliqturi xasiaTis viTarebaSic hqonda adgili (magaliTad, furtum rei _ qurdobis dros); aseTive pasuxismgebloba pirs ekisreboda saerTo sakuTrebis (TanasakuTrebis) (res communis) dros, roca, mis monawileebs Soris, avtomaturad, valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi warmoiqmneboda xolme. valdebulebis klasikuri cnebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, realuri kontraqtebis specifikuri forma movalisaTvis, Tavisebur, garantiad iqca, vinaidan garigeba mxolod maSin iTvleboda dadebulad da valdebuleba
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warmoSobilad, roca SeTanxmebis obieqti movalis xelSi gadavidoda. $1. Mutuum, mutui datio – (sesxi) Mutuum, mutui datio (sesxi) – ius civile-s instituti iyo. sesxis xelSekrulebiT warmoiSveboda calmxrivi valdebuleba: movale (sesxis mimRebi, msesxebeli) sakuTrebaSi iZenda, kreditoris (gamsesxeblis) kuTvnil, gvarobiT nivTs (genus) da valdebuli iyo daebrunebina (dare oportere), Sesabamisi nivTebis aseTive odenoba. kreditorisagan miRebuli nivTis mesakuTre movaled xdeba da sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, SeuZlia misi gankargva. sesxis xelSekrulebis obieqti iyo ara konkretuli nivTi, aramed misi msgavsi gvarobiTi (genus) nivTebi, amitom nasesxebi nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupva warmoSobili valdebulebis Sewyvetas ar gamoiwvevda. kreditoris mxareze maSinve warmoiSveba actio certi (Zvelad – legis actio per condictionem)-iT daculi moTxovnis ufleba: actio certae creditae pecuniae (gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romelic, sxvadasxva qmediTi RonisZiebebis meSveobiT, uzrunvelyofda sasarCelo warmoebis daCqarebasa da am gziT fuladi meurneobis, kerZod sesxis, ganviTarebas uwyobda xels. es sarCeli mxolod sesxis xelSekrulebidan warmoiSveboda) an condictio certae rei (garkveuli nivTis an sxva cvladi nivTebis (da ara fulis) garkveuli simravlis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb). Ulp., D.12,1,9,9: “Deposvi apud te decem postea permisi tibi ut: Nerva Proculus efiam antequam moveantur, condicere quasi mutua tibi hace posse aiunt, et ese verum, ut et Marcello videtur:animo enim coepit possidere. Ergo transit periculum ad eum, qui pecuniam mutuam rogavit et poterit ei condici – me mogeci Sen Sesanaxad 10 000 da Semdeg neba dagrTe gamogeyenebina es Tanxa: nerva da prokulusi ambobdnen, rom manamdec ki, vidre es Tanxa daxarjuli iqneboda, me SemiZlia misi ukan gamoTxova kondqciuri sarCelis meSveobiT, rogorc sesxad mocemuli da aRniSnuli debuleba swori iyo, rogorc amas marcelusic miiCnevda: vinaidan man, ganzraxvis meSveobiT, fulis msesxeblis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba kondiqciuri sarCelis wardgena. vinaidan valis moculoba gamsesxeblisagan miRebuli Tanxis moculobas zustad Seesabameboda, sesxi mxolod uprocento SeiZleboda yofiliyo. procentis daricxva daiSveboda mxolod aRsrulebis gadacilebis (gadavadebis) SemTxvevaSi. procentis (usurae) daricxva SesaZlebeli iyo, xelSekrulebis dadebis dros, specialuri stipulaciis – stipulatio usurarum meSveobiT; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi procentis Sesaxeb SiSveli SeTanxmeba – nudum pactum _ mxolod obligatio naturalis warmoSobda (D.46,3,5,2). sajaro xelisufleba mevaxSeTa usazRveo sixarbis SezRudvas cdilobda da, sakanonmdeblo wesiT, sesxze maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTis dadgenas afiqsirebda. ukve XII dafis kanonebma (VIII, 18) daadgina maqsmaluri 12% (foenus unciarum). am sakanonmdeblo moTxovnis damrRvev mevaxSeTa mimarT, gamoiyeneboda jarima, miyenebuli zianis oTxmagi odenobiT da xelis dadebac iyo dasaSvebi (legis actio per manus iniectionem). principatis periodSi procentis normaluri odenoba wliur 12%-ian ganakveTs, anu TveSi 1%-s Seadgenda. amrigad, iseTi stipulacia, romelic ufro met procents iTvaliswinebda, arara iyo. iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, qristianuli zneobis gavleniT, maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTi orjer Semcirda da mxolod 6% -s Seadgenda. $2. Foenus nauticum, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi) foenus (procenti), foenus nauticum (sazRvao an saxomaldo sesxi, romlis dros kapitalis daRupvis riski gamsesxebels awevs; Tumca, mas nebismieri procentis moTxovna SeeZlo (iustinianes dros araumetes 12%) gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis ZaliT, romelic garkveulwilad, sadazRveo premias Seicavda da mxolod daniSnulebis adgilze xomaldis Casvlis Semdeg gaicemoda). fuladi sesxebi an sxva genus nivTebi SesaZlebeli iyo gansakuTrebuli sakredito SeTanxmebis obieqtebad gadaqceuliyo. aseTi SeTanxmeba sazRvao vaWrobis praqtikiT iqna ganpirobebuli, roca kreditors, nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis riski awveboda da mas sarCelis Setana SeeZlo mxolod movalis xomaldis portSi dabrunebis Semdeg. Tumca, amave dros, xelSekruleba gansazRvruli odenobis procentis (foenus) daricxvasac iTvasliswinebda. ivaraudeboda, rom movale _ vaWarma, sesxad aRebuli TanxiT, momgebiani sazRvao-savaWro operacia ganaxorciela da amitom, Semosavalic kreditorTan erTad unda gaenawilebina. Periculum (sakontraqto riski) kreditorze im momentidan gadadioda, roca xomaldi zRvaSi Sevidoda (D.22,2,3) da, aRniSnuli mdgomareoba manam grZeldeboda, vidre movale, ukan dabrunebisas, vadas ar gadaacilebda (Pap. D.22,2,4pr). aRniSnuli xelSekruleba societas
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unius rei (negotii) _ (saerTo komerciuli miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili erToblivi sawarmo) Tavisebur nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda. am TvalsazrisiT, sakontraqo riskis gadanawileba kreditorisaTvis wamgebiani iqneboda: movale (vaWari) riskavda sakuTari xomaldiT, Sromas gaswevda da wageba-mogebis ganawilebaSi monawileobda. kreditoris moTxovnis dacva uzrunvelyofili iyo specialuri sarCelis – actio pecuniae traiecticiae meSveobiT (D.15,1,3,8), romelic, savaraudod, peregrinebis pretorma daawesa. amis garda, Cveulebriv (labeonis azriT, - Labeo, D.22,2,9), stipulatio poenae daideboda, romliTac daculi iyo kreditoris interesebi nivTis, movalis braleuli qmedebiT, daRupvis SemTxvevaSi. $3. Commodatum (sesxi) Commodatum (sesxis xelSekruleba, romelic individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis, droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi, gadacemas gulisxmobda); actio contraria (Sesagebeli sarCeli); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba); actio commodati (sesxis xelSekrulebidan wardgenili sarCeli). sesxis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, sameurneo sargeblobisaTvis mouxmari, individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi (species), droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi, sxva pirs gadaecemoda (sesxis mimRebs, commodatarius _ komodatariuss). Tu sesxad gaicemoda moxmarebadi nivTi, maSin dauSvebeli iyo misi daniSnulebisamebr gamoyebeba, magaliTad, roca egzotikuri xili sesxad gaicemoda ara sakvebad, aramed mxolod sazeimo magidis mosarTavad gansakuTrebuli pompezurobisa an saCveneblad, ikrZaleboda misi sakvebad gamoyeneba. garda amisa, labeoni miiCnevda, rom sesxad gaicemoda mxolod moZravi nivTebi, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sargeblobas (usus) da ara sesxs (commodatum) eqneboda adgili. aRniSnuli SezRudva kasiusma daZlia (D.13,6,1,1). sesxis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba, potenciurad, ormxrivi iyo: Cveulebriv, am xelSekrulebaSi kreditori iyo sesxisgamcemi; Tumca, Tu sesxismimRebma, nivTis Sesanaxad da gasaumjobeseblad, garkveuli xarjebi mainc gaswia, mas, kreditoris mimarT, Sesagebeli sarCelis (actio commodati contraria) meSveobiT, zianis anazRaurebis ufleba eniWeboda. meore mxriv, sesxis gamcems, dadgenil vadamde, gasesxebuli nivTis dabrunebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. mas amis ufleba maSinac ar hqonda, roca msesxebeli dasaxuli sameurneo miznis miRwevis SesaZleblobas dakargavda (magaliTad, roca gasesxebuli iyo morebi, romlebic saxlis gasamagreblad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli). aseT SemTxvevaSi, komodatariuss actio contraria ufleba (Sesagebeli sarCeli mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg) eniWeboda (D.13,6,17,3). Commodatum xelSekrulebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo sargeblobis usasyidloba, vinaidan is megobrul urTierTobebs (amicitia) efuZneboda. Tu komodatariusi nivTis mepatrones nasesxebs unaklo mdgomareobaSi daubrunebda, commodatum-dan warmoSobili valdebuleba Sewyvetilad iTvleboda. msesxeblis uflebamosilebaTa farglebi mkacrad izRudeboda nivTiT sargeblobis miznebiT: Tu is nivTiT arajerovnad, an sxvagvarad sargeblobda, vidre es xelSekrulebaSi iyo miTiTebuli, is furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofas – qurdobas) sCadioda. vinaidan commodatum gamsesxeblis interesebsac Seesabameboda, is pasuxs agebda ara marto dolus, aramed culpa-s gamoc. Commodatum xelSekrulebidan warmoqmnil sarCels (actio commodati) ori formula hqonda: in ius et in factum concepta (Gai.,4,47). In ius formula ganekuTvneboda iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri marTlmsajuleba) tips da misi condemnatio Semdegi moculobiT iyo dadgenili: yvelaferi, rac am saqmis gamo unda mieces, ganxorcieldes keTilsindisierad. In factum concepta formula iyo stricti iuris (sarCeli, romlis gadawyvetis dros, sasamarTlo, zedmiwevniT zustad, icavda kanonis an xelSekrulebis moTxovnebs) sarCeli. Tumca, am tipis sxva sarCelebisagan gansxvavebiT, misi condemnatio Semdegs adgenda: ra eRireboda aRniSnuli nivTi, da ara ra Rirs aRniSnuli nivTi? rogorc Cans, peregrinebis pretori (qr. S-mde II saukuneSi) aRniSnuli sarCelis dadgenisas, iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebaSi ukve Camoyalibebuli, gamsesxeblisa da msesxeblis urTierTobebis maregulirebeli, bona fides principze dafuZnebuli, normebis aucileblobas, vinaidan es kriteriumebi SemuSavebul iqna fiducialuri garigebis (fiducia cum amico) farglebSi.
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$4. Depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba). Depositum (Sesanaxad gadacema); amicitia (megobroba); neglegentia (daudevroba); pecunia obsignata (danomrili fuli); crimen perfide (veragobis danaSauli). Depositum xelSekrulebis mixedviT, uxrwneli, moZravi nivTi sxva pirs Sesanaxad gadaecemoda. valdebuleba potenciurad ormxrivia: Cveulebriv, kreditorad gamodioda deponenti (Sesanaxad mimcemi); Tumca, Sesanaxad mimRebma (depozitariusma), SeiZleba, deponentisagan moiTxovos nivTis Senaxvisa da movlis xarjebis anazRaureba, Sesagebeli sarCelis _ actio depositi contraria meSveobiT. Depositum principulad usasyidlo xelSekrulebaa da is megobrobas (amicitia) efuZneba. depozitariusi, Sesanaxad mibarebul, nivTs ar flobda, Tumca mis pyrobas axorcielebda (D.16,3,17,1). is movale iyo Seenaxa nivTi da ar hqonda am nivTiT sargeblobis ufleba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi depozitariusi furtum usus-s Caidenda. depozitariusi valdebuli iyo deponentisaTvis daebrunebina Sesanaxad micemuli nivTi, yovelgvari naklis gareSe da pirvelive moTxovniT. Periculum (nivTis ganadgurebis an dazianebis riski) deponents awva. da imis miuxedavad, gvarobiTi (genus) iyo Tu ara, depositum-is obieqtad qceuli nivTi, is mainc species-ad ganixileboda da misi daRupva an gaqroba depozitariuss pasuxismgeblobisagan aTavisuflebda. depozitariusi pasuxs mxolod dolus-is gamo agebda. mxolod postklasikur periodSi dadginda pasuxismgebloba culpa lata-s (uxeSi Secdoma) an magna neglegentia-s (uxeSi daudevroba) gamo. daudevroba (neglegentia) ar warmoSobda depozitariusis pasuxismgeblobas Seusruleblobis gamo (D.44,7,1,5). Tu Senaxvis xelSekrulebis obieqti aRwerili fuli (pecunia obsignata) iyo da depozitariusi, daTqmul droSi, Tanxas ver abrunebda, maSin mas procenti ericxeboda. xolo, Tu fulis mesakuTre Tanaxma iyo, rom depozitariuss esargebla Sesanaxad micemuli fuliT, maTi urTierToba sesxis xelSekrulebaSi gadadioda im momentidan, roca depozitariusi fuls daeufleboda da mas gamoiyenebda (D.12,1,9,9). Senaxvis xelSekrulebis gamo wardgenil sarCels (actio depositi) ori formula hqonda: in ius et in factum concepta (Gai.,4,47). In ius-i bonae fidei sarCelebis kategoriaSi Sedioda da Sesabamisi intentio-c (moTxovnis ufleba) hqonda; in factum concepta mkacri samarTlis sarCeli iyo (actio stricti iuris). aRniSnul sarCelSi sabraldebo gadawyvetileba depozitariusis mxareze arsebuli dolus malusze iyo damokidebuli. peregrinebis pretoris mier SemoRebul sarCelSi, dolus malus-ze miTiTeba, saSualebas iZleoda ius gentium-is aRniSnuli instituti damokidebuli gamxdariyo, samoqalaqo brunvaSi damkvidrebuli, fides principis mimarT. $5. Fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba) Fiducia cum amico (fiducialuri SeTanxmeba megobarTan); fiducia cum creditore (fiducialuri SeTanxmeba kreditorTan); fiduciarius (fiducialuri nivTis mimRebi piri); fiducians (fiducianti, nivTis mimcemi, kreditori); remancipatio (nivTis dabruneba xdeboda sapirispiro mancipaciis gziT). fiducialuri xelSekruleba mancipatio-s an in iure cessio-s (sasarCelo daTmoba, yvela kvirituli uflebebis SeZenisa da daTmobis formaluri da abstraqtuli xerxi) formiT, sxvadasxva miznebis misaRwevad ideboda (Gai.,2,60). gaiusi fiducialur SeTanxmebaTa or nairsaxeobas gamohyofda: megobarTan – fiducia cum amico da kreditorTan – fiducia cum creditore (contracta). pirvel SemTxvevaSi, fiducia Senaxvis, commodatum (sesxi), davalebis xelSekrulebebs aformebda, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ fiducia valdebulebis realuri garantiis dadgenas emsaxureboda. aRniSnulis funqcionaluri diferencireba meorexarisxovania, radgan kontraqtis struqtura, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovania. nivTis mimRebi piri _ fiduciarius (fiducariusi), ndobiT aRWurvili, mesakuTre xdeba da movalea, garkveuli pirobebis dadgomisas, nivTi kreditorisaTvis (fiducians - fiduciants) daebrunebina. nivTis dabruneba sapirispiro mancipaciis – remancipatio formiT xdeboda. vinaidan fiducia cum creditore, formiT, fiducia cum amico-sagan ar gansxvavdeboda, fiduciantis moTxovna, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovani sarCeliT – actio fiduciae iyo daculi. aRniSnuli sarCeli, bonae fidei sarCelTa Soris, erT-erTi uZvelesi da, Sinaarsobrivad, universaluri iyo.
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$6. Pignus datum (giravnoba) realuri giravnobis dros, mouxmari nivTi gadadioda giraos mimRebi piris mflobelobaSi im pirobiT, rom man, giraos mimcem pirs, nivTi unda daubrunos ZiriTadi valdebulebis SesrulebisTanave. giraosTan mimarTebaSi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis kreditori, movaled xdeba, xolo, ZiriTadi valdebulebis movale – kreditoria. giravnobis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba aqcesoruli xasiaTisaa da is Sewydeba ZiriTadi valdebulebis SewyvetisTanave, radgan iTvleba am valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad da agreTve, kreditoris mier, Sesrulebis gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi. giraos mimReb pirs ekrZaleboda giraod miRebuli nivTiT sargebloba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneboda furtum usus. Tumca, Tu giraos mimcemi piri ZiriTadi valdebulebis moTxovnebs ver Seasrulebda, giraos mimRebi piri uflebamosili iyo daekmayofilebina sakuTari moTxovna, giraod micemuli nivTis xarjze da is mesame pirisaTvis (ius distrahendi) mieyida. giraos mimcemi piris moTxovna, ZiriTadi valdebulebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic swored giraod micemuli nivTiT aris uzrunvelyofili. amgvari potestaturi (nebidan gamomdinare) pirobis Sesrulebis Sedegad, giraos mimcemi, giraos mimRebi piris winaaRmdeg, actio pigneraticia (in personam) – sarCelis wardgenis uflebas iZenda. aRniSnuli sarCeli gamoiyeneboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tu garaos mimRebisagan im nametis anazRaurebas moiTxovda, romelic man, giraod micemuli nivTis gayidvis Sedegad miiRo. es viTareba, ki logikurad, in ius formulis Semcveli sarCelis wardgenas gulisxmobda. giraos mimRebi actio pigneraticia contraria sarCelis wardgenis uflebas flobda, raTa aenazRaurebina nivTis Senaxvis xarjebi. $7. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi da xelSekrulebebi Actio bonae fidei et iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebis wardgenis dros keTilsindisier sasamarTloSi) mosamarTles, farTo uflebamosilebis farglebSi, SeeZlo mosarCeles moTxovnis Sedareba keTilsindisierebis kriteriumebTan (oportere ex fide bona). meurveobisa da mziTvis sakiTxebis gamo wardgenili, keTilsindisieri sarCelebis garda, yvela sarCeli, romelic ex fide bona formulas Seicavda, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare sarCelad iTvleboda. amis Sesaxeb gaiusi werda (Gai.,4,62): keTili sindisis sasamarTloebis gansjadobas miekuTvneboda is sarCelebi, romlebic nasyidobis, qiravnobis, sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis, davalebis, Senaxvis, fiducialur xelSekrulebebs exeboda. aseTi sarCelebis wardgena saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi xdeboda xelSekrulebebis mimarT, romlebic, ius gentium-is farglebSi, peregrinebis pretoris mfarvelobis qveS ideboda. keTilsindisieri sarCelebisadmi miZRvnili, mudmivi ediqtis XIX-e titulSi, fiducialuri kontraqtebis Semdegi saxeebia miTiTebuli: fiducia; depositum; societas, emptio-venditio, mandatum. VI. brali xelSekrulebaSi keTilsindisierebaze damyarebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesruleba kontrhagentebisgan gansakuTrebul zrunvas moiTxovda. klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciam braleuli qmedeba gansazRvra diligentia-ad, anu aseTi qmedeba arajerovan mzrunvelobad miiCnia. Diligentia-s kriteriumi, gansakuTrebiT, mniSvnelovani iyo iseT valdebulebebSi, romlebic warmoSobili iyo, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis xelSekrulebidan, Tumca, mogvianebiT es kriteriumi yvela urTierTobaze gavrcelda, sadac, savaldebulo moTxovnad swored bona fides iTvleboda. mzrunvelobis an mcdelobis ararseboba kontraqtis Sesrulebis dros “saxelSekrulebo bralad” Seiracxa. “saxelSekrulebo brali” deliqtebSi arsebuli “arasaxelSekrulebo bralisagan” imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom, es ukanaskneli, zianis miyenebas niSnavda da zianis miyenebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebis Sesrulebas ganapirobebda. romaeli iuristebi borot ganzraxvas (dolus) axasiaTebdnen rogorc gaazrebul ganzraxvas, an survils imoqmedo ise, rom SeuZlebeli iyos xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesruleba.
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gaufrTxileblobiT brals maSin aqvs adgili, Tu raime moqmedeba arajerovnad aris Sesrulebuli (culpa in faciendo), an Tu dakargulia raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba (culpa in non faciendo). braleulad iTvleba piri, romelic keTilsindisierad ar moqmedebda, an romelmac ar gamoiCina keTilsindisieri paterfamilias-aTvis damaxasiaTebeli yairaTianoba. bralis sakiTxi dgeba ara marto Seusruleblobis, aramed Sesrulebis gadacilebis (vadis gadacilebis) SemTxvevaSi, ris gamoc braleuli mxare dazaralebuls pirgasamtexlos uxdida. roca saubari iyo im moZravi nivTis Senaxvis valdebulebaze, romelic Semnaxvels nivTis mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina, iuristebi pasuxismgeblobas nivTis Senaxvis gamo adgendnen (custodia). kerZod, gaiusi (Gai.,3.205-206), pasuxismgeblobis am saxes, tipiuri SemTxvevebis magaliTze ganixilavda: mkeravma, sesxis mimRebma pasuxi unda agon, maTTvis mibarebuli nivTis datacebis gamo. infamirebadi sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba dolus-is (ganzraxvis) gamo dgeboda, xolo actio bona fidei braleuls culpa-s (brali) gamoc sjida. meore mxriv, pasuxismgebloba ar dgeboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca dauZlevel Zalas, an kontrhagentis nebisagan damoukideblad (misi kontrolis farglebs miRma), Seqmnil viTarebas hqonda adgili. iuristebi agreTve saubrobdnen dauZlevel Zalaze (vis maior), an dauZlevel garemoebaze, romelsac ver SeebrZolebi adamianuri bunebis sisustis gamo (D.44,7.1.4). dauZleveli Zalis valdebulebis cneba, rogorc bunebriv movlenebs (wyaldidoba, miwisZvra, sikvdili), ise iuridiul faqtebs (nivTis wminda qonebaSi gadacema, ris Sedegad is res extra commercium-ad iqceva) moicavda. aRniSnuli cneba sxva pirTa moqmedebebsac moicavda, kerZod, mZarcvelTa SemoWra an monaTa gaqceva (savaldebulo iyo maTi kreditorisaTvis dabruneba). romaeli iuristebi agreTve miuTiTebdnen periculum anu nivTis daRupvis riskis Sesaxeb, roca ar arsebobda braleuli qmedeba. riski, rogorc wesi, nivTis mesakuTres awva. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, riski im pirsac awva, vinc movale iyo daebrunebina nivTi, an im pirs, vinc nivTis beds mesame piris moqmedebaze damokidebulad xdida. VII. Consensu (konsensualuri xelSekruleba) mxareTa martivi SeTanxmebidan warmoSobili xelSekrulebis cneba, romelic raime saxis formalobebs ar moiTxovda, klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani monapovaria. xelSekrulebis formalobebisagan gaTavisuflebam da misi mxolod fides principebze dafuZnebam, xelSekrulebis universaluri modelis Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. nebismier formaSi gamoxatuli Tanxmoba (usityvo, mxolod moqmedebiT), romelic xelSekrulebis dadebas ganapirobebda, konsensualur xelSekrulebas (consensu) daedo safuZvlad. Aam xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRar iyo saWiro mxareTa savaldebulo daswreba da xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisi iyo Tanxmobis werilobiTi formiT an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT gamoxatva. Gai., (3,136) konsensualur xelSekrulebebs formalur SeTanxmebebs (verbis et litteris) upirispirebda. iustinianes instituciebSi (I. Inst. 3.22) consensu Sepirispirebulia re-sTan (realur xelSekrulebebTan): Consensu fiunt obligationes in emptionibus venditionibus locationibus conductionibus, societatibus, mandatis. 1. Ideo autem istis madis consensu dicitur obligatio contrahi, guia neque scriptura neque praesentia omnimodo opus est, ac ne dari quicquam necesse est, ut substantiam capiat obligatio, sed sufficit eos qui negotium gerunt consentire. 2. Unde inter absentes quoque talia negotia contrahuntur ueluti per epistulam aut per nuntium. 3. Item in his contractibus alter alteri obligatur in id, quod alterum alteri ex bono et aequo praestare oportet, cum alioquin in verborum obligationibus alius stipuletur, alius promittat.Kkonsensualur valdebulebebs adgili aqvT yidva-gayidvis, amxanagobis, qiravnobis dadebis dros. 1. amboben, rom valdebuleba daideba am SemTxvevaSi, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT, imitom rom saWiro ar aris werili an kontrhagentebis yofna. zustad aseve ar aris saWiro gadacema, raTa valdebuleba namdvilad CaiTvalos. aramed sakmarisia mxolod im pirTa Tanxmoba, romlebic garigebas deben. 2. ai, ratom aris SesaZlebeli aseTi valdebulebis dadeba adgilze ar myofi kontrhagentebs
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Sorisac: maT SeuZliaTYerTmaneTs misweron an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT SeTanxmdnen. 3. aseT valdebulebebSi TiToeuli mxare, meoris winaSe, samarTlian moqcevas kisrulobs, maSin, roca verbalur valdebulebebSi erTi mxare aris stipulatori, meore _ dapirebis mimcemi. konsensualuri xelSekrulebis warmoSobas iuristebi ius gentium-s miawerdnen, romelic romaelebsa da ucxoelebs Soris urToerTobebs awesrigebda. Ius gentium-s peregrinebis pretori (praetor peregrinus) kurirebda. mogvianebiT, consensus-i ius civile-Sic Seitanes, ramac xeli Seuwyo mis gamoyenebas romis moqalaqeebs Soris. xelSekrulebis aRniSnuli saxis Taviseburebad misi ormxrivoba iTvleboda, anu consensu, misi monawile mxareebisaTvis, urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebs warmoSobda, romelTa dacva iseTi sarCelebiT iyo SesaZlebeli, romlebsac orive mxare iyenebda valdebulebebis damrRvevi piris mimarT. $1. Emptio-venditio (yidva-gayidva) Emptio - venditio (yidva-gayidva); merx (saqoneli); pretium (gasayidi fasi); vacua possessio (wynari mflobeloba); arra (be); emptio rei speratae (momavali nivTis yidva); emptor (myidveli); venditor (gamyidveli). yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba aformebda SeTanxmebas nivTis sasyidliani SeZenis Sesaxeb. romis samarTalSi gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom myidvelisaTvis garkveuli nivTi – merx (saqoneli) – wynar mflobelobaSi (vacua possessio) gadaeca, xolo myidvelis movaleobaSi, fulis garkveul Tanxaze, sakuTrebis uflebis gadatana – fasis gadaxda (pretium) igulisxmeboda. aRniSnuli kontraqti sinalagmaturia: valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas, mxolod ormxrivad da TiToeul mxares, Tanabrad SeuZlia sarCelis wardgena, Tumca im pirobiT, rom, TiToeuli maTgani, sakuTari valdebulebis Sesrulebas ukve Seudga. am aspeqtTan dakavSrebulia bes (arra) instituti. romis samarTalSi be sulac ar iyo valdebulebis dadebis realuri garantia (rogorc amas berZnul samarTalSi iyenebdnen). Arra nivTis fasis im nawils warmoadgenda, romlis gadaxda xelSekrulebis dadebis dros xdeboda, imis dasturad, rom SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris miRweuli iyo (“argumentum est emptionis et venditionis contractae” – Gai.,3,139). bes Setanis momentidan, myidvels gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg, mis mier sakuTari movaleobis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenis ufleba eniWeboda. yidva-gayidvis saqonlad nebismieri in commercio, sxeulebrivi da usxeulo - res corporales et res in corporales – nivTi gamoiyeneboda. servitutis yidvisas, SeZenis obieqti servitutis dadgenis ufleba iyo, xolo gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom, saservituto uflebis aRmoceneba, misi SemZenis mxareze daeSva (D.19,1,3,2). dadgenili servitutis SeZena, nivTis gareSe, SeuZlebelia. xolo dadgenili uzufruqtis yidva ara TviT uzufruqtis SeZenas, aramed uti - frui uflebis mopovebas gulisxmobda, romelic memkvidreobiTac ki gadaecemoda (D.18.6,8,2). yidva-gayidvis obieqti SeiZleba momavali nivTic gamxdariyo: miwis nakveTidan miRebuli nayofi, pirutyvis namati da sxva. interpretatorebma aseT garigebas emptio rei speratae uwodes. amrigad, konsensualuri kontraqtis dadebisas, sakontraqto valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis sakmarisia mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebis (consensus) miRweva da ar moiTxoveba sxva formalobani. amrigad, konsensualuri xelSekrulebis dadeba adgilze armyof pirebsac SeuZliaT (inter absentes), magaliTad, werilis an macnes meSveobiT (Gai.,3,136; D.44,7,2; Ins.Iust.3,22,1,2). SeTanxmebis miRwevis niSnad gamodgeboda, mag., yidva-gayidvis dros arra (be) micema. Mod., D. 17, 2, 4: Societatem coire et re et verbis et per nuntium posse non dubium non est. (ueWvelia, rom amxanagobis xelSekrulebis dadeba Cven SegviZlia nivTis gadacemiT, sityvebiT da macnes meSveobiTac ki). TiToeul mxares sakuTari valdebuleba (Tu mis Sesaxeb moTxovna ukve Sevida ZalaSi) keTilsindisierad unda Seesrulebina, raTa meore mxaris winaaRmdeg sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenis
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SesaZlebloba hqonoda. am moTxovnas amyarebda is principi, rom konsensualuri xelSekrulebebi valdebulebaTa, funqcionaluri ormxrivobiT, gamoirCeoda (sinalagmaturoba). gamonakliss mxolod davalebis xelSekruleba warmoadgenda, romelic potenciurad ormxrivi iyo. yvela konsensualuri kontraqti negotia bonae fidei-s (keTilsindisieri garigebebi) kategorias warmoadgenda. yidva-gayidva aris konsensualuri kontraqti, romlis meSveobiT erTi mxare _ gamyidveli movalea, nivTiT daubrkolebel mflobelobaSi, Seiyvanos meore mxare – myidveli, romelic Tavis mxriv movalea gamyidvels gadauxados fulis garkveuli Tanxa. am kontraqtis warmoSoba gayidvis uZveles formas, kerZod gacvlas, anu erTi nivTis meoreTi, martiv Secvlas efuZneba. TandaTanobiT, istoriulma evoluciam is gamoiwvia, rom fasi ara liTonis woniT, aramed im momentiT gamoixata, romelsac mancipatio-s ritualis dros iyenebdnen, roca kerZo sakuTrebaSi mancipirebadi nivTebis gadacemas exeboda saqme. aramancipirebadi nivTebis (res nec mancipi) yidvisas, xelis meSveobiT gacvlas hqonda adgili, romelic nivTis fasze gacvlas gulisxmobda. ueWvelia, rom klasikur xanaSi yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba, rogorc konsensualuri kontraqti, xalxis samarTalis (ius gentium) mixedviT viTardeboda da mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCeoda, rac arsebiTad ganasxvavebda mas sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis sxva saSualebebisagan: 1. am xelSekrulebiT warmoSobili urTierTobis ormxrivi da urTierTdakavSirebuli xasiaTi. saubari iyo ori urTierTdakavSirebuli garigebis Sesaxeb, romelsac icavda ori sxvadasxva sarCeli: yidvis (emptio) – gayidvis (venditio) Sesaxeb, saidanac gamomdinareobs sarCelebis dasaxelebac: actio empti – actio venditi; 2. aRniSnuli urTierTobis valdebulebiTi xasiaTi: xelSekrulebis mixedviT, valdebuleba iqmneboda mxolod mxareebis mimarT, da nivTze an fasze ar gadadioda. SesaZloa, urTierTobis aRniSnuli xasiaTi iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom istoriulad, yidva-gayidva warmoiSva, ori damoukidebeli stipulatio-s, dakavSirebis Sedegad. a) yidva – gayidvis Semadgeneli elementebi iyo: 1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba, sagani (nivTi) da 3) fasi.
2) xelSekrulebis
1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba Paul., (D. 18. 1, 1, 2): “Est autem emptio iuris gentiam et ideo consensu peragitur et inter absentes contrari potest et per nuntium et per litteras” (yidva miekuTvneba xalxis samarTals da amitom SeTanxmebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, da yidvis xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes armyof pirTa Soris, an macnes an werilis meSveobiT). Tanxmobis gamoxatva nebismieri formiT iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo, Tu gamoiyeneboda werilobiTi forma, mas mxolod mtkicebulebis mniSvneloba hqonda. romaeli iuristebi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas swored ganzraxvas, anu nebas aniWebdnen. Secdomis (SecdomaSi Seyvanis) sakiTxis gadawyvetas, isini sakuTar mravalricxovan kazusebSi cdilobdnen. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SecdomaSi Seyvana xelSekrulebis sagans (error in corpore) exeboda, anu, Tu gamyidvelis neba erTi sagnis gayidvisaken iyo mimarTuli, xolo myidvelis neba sxva sagnis SeZenisaken, an Tu mxareTa neba gansxvavdeboda gasayidi sagnis fasis mimarT, iuristebi miiCnevdnen, rom mxareebma SeTanxmebas ver miaRWies da xelSekrulebac dadebulad ar CaiTvleboda. xolo, roca saqme nivTis xarisxis (error in substantia) Sesaxeb, myidvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanas exeboda, maSin SeTanxmebis misaRwevad arsebuli winaaRmdegoba daZleulad miiCneoda da xelSekrulebis namdviloba eWvgareSe iyo. Tumca, gamyidveli movale iyo myidvelisaTvis aenazRaurebina is ziani, romelic am ukanasknels miadga naklovani nivTis SeZenis gamo, miTumetes, rom misTvis ar iyo cnobili nivTis xarvezis Sesaxeb. samagierod, iulianusi Tvlida, rom Tu orive mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili nivTis arsebiTi xarisxis Sesaxeb, xelSekruleba baTilad unda CaTvliliyo. iulianusis aRniSnuli mosazreba postklasikuri periodis romaelma iuristebma Secvales da Camoayalibes axali zogadi wesi: xelSekruleba ararad miiCneoda, Tu erT-erTi mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili gasayidi nivTis arsis (substantio) gamo.
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1. Res (nivTi) _ savaWro xelSekrulebis jerovan sagnad saqoneli (res) gamodioda. saqoneli, garkveuli saxis, cvalebadi nivTebiT iyo warmodgenili. dasaSvebi iyo momavali nivTebis yidva-gayidva, romelTa mimarT xdeboda maTi Semdegi nairsaxeobebis gamijvna: a) momavali nivTis yidva (emptio rei speratae): am SemTxvevaSi mxareebi xelSekrulebas nivTis arsebobis faqts uqvemdebarebdnen: Tu sayideli nivTi jer ar arsebobs, arc misi fasis gadaxdaa savaldebulo; mag., jer ar aRebuli mosavali. b) Emptio spei (imedis yidva): imis imedi, rom arsebuli nivTi iyo xelSekrulebis sagani, xolo imis riski, nivTi namdvilad arsebobda Tu ara, swored myidvels awva, romelsac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda evaleboda. aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sagnis wreSi Sevida res mancipi, Tumca mancipatio gamoyenebis gareSe, da agreTve res incorporales nivTebis kategoria da uflebebi nivTze. namdvilad miiCneoda sxva nivTis gayidvac. Tumca, baTili iyo myidvelis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli, nivTis gayidva (Pomp., D. 18, 1, 16 – 18), agreTve is nivTebi, romlebic gardacvlils ekuTvnoda, Tu piri, xelSekrulebis dadebamde, an misi dadebis momentSi, gardaicvleboda. 2) fasi principatis periodis dasawyisSi, Zvel romSi, sabinianelTa da prokulianelTa skolebs Soris warmoiSva doqtrinuli xasiaTis dava: sabinianelebi Tvlidnen, rom nebismieri nivTi, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, fasis daniSnulebas asrulebda; prokulianelTa azriT, mxolod fulis meSveobiT unda ganxorcieldes nivTis yidva-gayidva. swored am mosazrebam moipova aRiareba da momavalSi iustinianes kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda. klasikuri periodis samarTalSi fasis gansazRvra savaldebulo moTxovnad iqca. Tanac, fasis gansazRvra mesame piris nebaze ar unda yofiliyo damokidebuli. iustinianes azriT, gayidva maSinac SeiZleba namdvili iyos, rica mesame pirs daevala gasayidi nivTis fasis dadgena (Inst.Iust. 3. 23. 1). nivTis fasi namdvilad unda arsebobdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi yidva-gayidvas ki ara, Cuqebas eqneboda adgili, vinaidan mxolod Cuqebis drosaa SesaZlebeli gamsxvisebelsa da SemZens Soris SeTanxmebis miRweva, rom, es ukanaskneli, meore mxares nivTis safasurs ar gadauxdida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi mkacrad ar iTxovdnen fasis samarTlianobasa da mis adekvaturobas, nivTis Rirebulebis mimarT. aRniSnuli moTxovna mxolod iustinianes samarTalSi Cndeba. masSi saubari iyo im axali wesis Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovnad azianebda uZravi qonebis gamsxviseblis interesebs, roca mas qonebis gasxvisebas, Rirebulebis naxevarze ufro dabal fasSi, avalebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi gamsxvisebeli, sasamarTlos gziT, uflebamosili iyo piri eSala meore mxarisaTvis, Tu es ukanaskneli damatebiT fass ar gadaixdida. yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dacva ori keTilsindisieri sarCelis meSveobiT xdeboda: actio empti et actio venditi. yidvidan-gayidvidan warmoSobili sarCelis ZaliT, SemZeni, gayiduli nivTis, misTvis gadacemas iTxovda. garda amisa, mas SeeZlo gamyidvelisagan moeTxova nivTis upirobo flobis uzrunvelyofa (habere licere) da sarCelis ZaliT, sakuTari Tavisa da nivTis dacvis uzrunvelyofa, Tu nivTis gamyidveli misi mesakuTre ar iyo. Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, nivTi nayofs an namats iZleoda, gamyidveli movale iyo gadaeca isini myidvelisaTvis. amrigad, aRniSnuli sarCelis meSveobiT, xdeboda nivTis gasayidi da SesaZeni fasisa da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saprocento ganakveTis moTxovnis uzrunvelyofa. b) myidvelisa da gamyidvelis movaleobani yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, mxareTa movaleobebis gansazRvra, keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze xdeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom TiToeul mxares erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli movaleobebi gaaCndaT, am movaleobebs mainc urTierTdakavSirebulad miiCnevdnen, radgan TviTon xelSekruleba ormxrivi iyo. praqtikis mdidar monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romaelma iuristebma daamkvidres is principi, romelic orive mxares unda mkacrad daecva, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dadebisas: bona fides et aequitas. swored amitom, mosamarTle, mxareTa qmedebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi, farTo uflebamosilebiT iyo aRWurvili. myidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda, anu mas gamyidvelisaTvis sakuTrebaSi im monetebis gadacema evaleboda, romlebSic nivTis Rirebuleba iyo gamoxatuli. garda amisa, gam-
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yidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. myidvelisaTvis gayiduli nivTis gadacema (tradere). aseTi gadacema nivTis upirobo gankargvis (habere licere) da ara maszed mxolod sakuTrebis gadatanis (dare) uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobda. ueWvelia, rom bona fides-Si gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom gamyidveli yvela Rones ixmarda, raTa myidveli SeZenili nivTis mesakuTre gamxdariyo. iustinianes samarTalSi ganmtkicda norma, romlis ZaliT, nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba ar gadaicemoda manam, vidre myidveli nivTis safasurs ar dafaravda, an gamyidvels sakmaris garantias ar miscemda safasuris gadaxdis Taobaze, an Tu gamyidveli myidvelis keTilsindisierebas ar miendoboda. 2. gamyidveli pasuxs agebda dolus (boroti ganzraxvis), xolo, klasikur periodSi, _ culpa (bralis gamo), sakuTari movaleobebis arajerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu gayidul moZrav nivTs vinme moiparavda, gamyidveli custodia-s gamo isjeboda. Custodia-s gamo pasuxismgebloba gamyidvels maSin exsneboda, Tu myidveli, gamyidvelis mier SemoTavazebul nivTze, uars ityoda. 3. pasuxismgebloba eviqciis gamo maSin dgeboda, roca myidveli sasamarTlo process nivTis namdvil mesakuTresTan waagebda. 4. gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iyo nivTis faruli naklis gamo. g) Periculum (nivTis daRupvis (ganadgureba-dazianeba) riski). roca gayiduli nivTi dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT nadgurdeboda, misi Sedegebi myidvels awva (periculum est emptoris). aRniSnuli debuleba Semdegnairad unda iqnas gagebuli: Tumca, myidveli nayid nivTs kargavda, mas mainc evaleboda nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda. am debulebas esaWiroeba mniSvnelovani ganmarteba: gamyidvelis pasuxismgebloba nivTis dauzianeblad SenaxvisaTvis mkveTrad aris SezRuduli dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, razec pasuxs myidvelic agebda. amis Sesaxeb mxareebs TviT kontraqtSi unda gaekeTebinaT daTqma. dadgenili wesi ar gamoiyeneboda, Tu nivTi eqspropriacias daeqvemdebareboda, an misi brunvidan amoReba moxdeboda. riski myidvelze mxolod maSin gadava, roca moxdeba nivTis gayidva; nivTis gayidvas ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca cnobilia gasayidi nivTis sagani, xarisxi da raodenoba; dadgenilia misi fasi da gayidva martivad (upirobod) ganxorcielda (Paul, D.18,6,8 pr). Digesta-s amave teqstis Tanaxmad, Tu nivTis gayidva garkveuli pirobebiT moxda, nivTi ar iTvleba gayidulad manam, vidre moxdeba daTqmuli pirobebis Sesruleba. d) Evictio (evikcia) – maSin hqonda adgili, roca myidveli nivTis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze kargavda im piris sasargeblod, romelic nivTis namdvili mesakuTre iyo. amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom myidvelma nivTi SeiZina im pirisagan, romelic Tavs nivTis mesakuTred asaRebda xandazmulobis vadis (usucapio) amowurvis gamo, Tumca sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenisaTvis dadgenili xandazmulobis vada jer ar iyo gasuli. mesakuTris mier wardgenili actio vindicatio moTxovnis Sesasruleblad, myidvels SeZenili nivTi mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina, an misTvis nivTis safasuri gadaexada. gamyidvelis valdebuleba, eviqciis SemTxvevaSi, myidvelisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, Tavdapirvelad, konsensualuri xelSekrulebidan ar warmoSobila. arqaul periodSi miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis garantia mancipatio-dan ganviTarda da, actio auctoritatis ZaliT, mancipaciis gziT nivTis gamsxvisebels, miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobis anazRaureba evaleboda. xolo, roca mancipacia abstraqtul moqmedebad iqca, sagarantio stipulaciam pova gavrceleba da, misi meSveobiT, gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli iyo actio ex stipulatu (sarCeli stipulacidan) wardgena. evikciis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis saSualebad garkveuli SeTanxmeba (pacta de non praestanda evictione), an xelSekrulebis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeoba iTvleboda. imisaTvis, rom eviqciis gamo gamyidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi damdgariyo, myidveli movale iyo gamyidvelisaTvis ganecxadebina arsebuli moTxovnis, an sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb (litem denuntiare), raTa misgan daxmareba mieRo, an sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros gamyidvels dacvis saSualeba hqonoda. e) nivTis dafaruli nakli gamyidveli pasuxs agebda gayiduli nivTis faruli naklis, an defeqtis gamo. Tu mancipaciis gziT (mancipatio), nivTis gayidvisas, mmancipirebadi piri nivTis xarisxis, miwis nakveTis fardobis an naklis ararsebobis Sesaxeb cru gancxadebas gaakeTebda, motyuebul myidvels miecemoda sababi, rom mas gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg actio auctoritatis, an actio de modo agri (sarCeli miwis nakveTis moculobis Sesaxeb) Seetana sasamarTloSi. arqauli periodidan moyolebuli, gayidvis aqts emateboda stipulacia, romelic garantias iZleoda imis Sesaxeb, rom nivTs garkveuli Tvisebebi, an raime nakli, an konkretuli defeqtebi hqonda. gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu namdvilad arsebobda nakli, romlis Sesaxeb man damala, an uaryo stipulaciaSi, rac Cveulebriv, evictio-sTan erTad gamomJRavndeboda.
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ciceronis droidan moyolebuli, iurisprudenciam aRiara, rom bona fides principis Sesabamisad, gamyidveli pasuxs agebda yvela im naklze, romelic man myidvels, winaswari ganzraxviT, daumala. gamyidveli, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, pasuxs agebda imis miuxedavad, stipulatio-s hqonda Tu ara adgili. damaluli naklis gamo pasuxismgebloba dgeboda Semdegi pirobebis arsebobisas: 1. saubari unda iyos arsebiTi naklis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc nivTis Rirebuleba, an monis sargeblianoba, an gayiduli pirutyvis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda; 2. nakli aucileblad dafaruli unda iyos, radgan, Tu nakli aSkaraa da yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo, dauSvebelia pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb saubari; 3. nakli unda warmoSobiliyo manam, vidre myidveli nivTs SeiZenda da, Tanac, myidvels amis Sesaxeb ar unda scodnoda. Tu gamyidvelma naTlad ar ganacxada nivTis naklis Sesaxeb an, Tu nivTis gayidvis Semdeg iqna aRmoCenili, misi faruli nakli, edilis ediqtiT, myidvels mieniWa ufleba gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg ori sarCeli waredgina: 1) actio redhibitoria (yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis CaSlis Sesaxeb), nivTisa da saqonlis fasis ukan dabrunebis gziT da 2) actio aestimatoria (sarCeli fasis daklebis Sesaxeb), romlis ZaliT gayiduli nivTis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda, nivTis faruli naklis Sesabamisad. qr. S. I saukunis iurisprudenciam, savaraudod, aRiara, rom, nivTis dafaruli naklis gamo, miyenebuli ziani unda anazRaurebuliyo actio empti (sarCeli nivTis yidvis Sesaxeb) gziT. am sarCelis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is ar iyo droSi SezRuduli da dazaralebul mxares nebismier dros SeeZlo aRniSnuli sarCelis wardgena. iustinianes samarTalSi edilis sarCelebi nivTebis yvela kategoriaze Tanabrad gavrcelda. v) Arra (be) Arra-s instituti elinuri yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebas (arrhabon) ganekuTvneboda. Zvelma romaulma sakontraqto praqtikam aRniSnuli fenomeni gadmoiRo yidva-gayidvisa da qiravnobis xelSekrulebebis sferoSi. klasikuri epoqis samarTalSi arra xelSekrulebis dadebis dadasturebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda (arras confirmation). sakmaod sadaoa bes instituti iustinianes samarTalSi. erTi mxriv, savaraudod, dasturdeba misi mxolod mtkicebulebiTi xasiaTis mniSvneloba, rac mas klasikuri periodis samarTalSi mieniWa; meore mxriv – be xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis alternativas warmoadgenda, raTa maT daedoT, elinur samarTalSi gavrcelebuli, bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliT, xelSekrulebis calmxrivad CamSlel mxares, garigebis darRvevisaTvis ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba (e. w. sajarimo bes saxiT). Tu bes mimcemi, xelSemkvreli mxare, uars ityoda sakuTari valdebulebis Sesrulebaze, is bes kargavda da, piruku, Tu bes mimRebi mxare, calmxrivad CaSlida xelSekrulebas, – miRebuli bes safasurs ormagad gadaixdida. $2. Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba) Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba); procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori); dominus negotii (marwmunebeli, principali). Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba) – usasyidlo konsensualuri kontraqtia, romlis meSveobiT dominus negotii (marwmunebeli, principali), procurator-s (rwmunebuls, prokurators) raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an garigebis dadebas avalebda, sakuTari an mesame piris interesebis Sesabamisad. a) Mandatum damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: 1. davalebis xelSekruleba – konsensualuri kontraqti iyo, anu valdebulebis warmoSoba kontrhagentebis SeTanxmebas efuZneba. amitom, davalebis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo an macnes meSveobiT, an werilis gamogzavnis gziT. pavlusis azriT, davalebis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba gadaivados, an raime pirobis Sesrulebaze iyos damokidebuli (D. 17, 1, 1 pr. – 3); 2. Mandatum _ usasyidlo kontraqtia. `davaleba ararad iTvleboda, Tu usasyidlo ar iyo, vinaidan is movaleobidan, an megobrobidan gamomdinareobs, xolo safasuris gadaxda movaleobas ewinaaRmdegeba; Tu Semodis fuli, maSin saqme ganixileba, rogorc qiravnoba” (D. 17, 1, 1, 14). aseTi debulebis miuxedavad, mainc daiSveboda, rwmunebulis mier,
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anazRaurebis miReba, upiratesad, madlierebis niSnad da ara rogorc Semxvedri miniWeba; 3. aucilebeli piroba iyo marwmuneblis, an mesame piris interesebiTa da saxeliT moqmedeba. dauSvebelia sakuTari saxeliT raime davalebis Sesruleba, an moqmedeba; 4. davalebis xelSekrulebis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo raime moqmedeba, an iuridiuli xasiaTis garigeba, an sxva nebismieri moqmedeba, mxolod im pirobiT, rom daculi iqneboda usasyidlobis moTxovna, maSinac ki, Tu rwmunebuls, anazRaurebis saSualebad, qoneba qiravnobaSi eqneboda gadacemuli. davalebis obieqti ar unda atarebdes akrZalul xasiaTs da keTilsindisierebas ewinaaRmdegebodes; davaleba SeiZleba Seexos im qonebas, romelic, nawilobriv, rwmunebulis sakuTrebaSi imyofeboda. b) Mandatum-dan warmoSobili sasarCelo ganacxadi (actio mandati) keTilsindisieri sarCelis (bonae fidei) nairsaxeoba iyo da mis safuZvelze dasjili piri infamia-Ti (uRirsoba) isjeboda (Gai., U, 182; Inst. Iust4.16.2). aRniSnuli sarCeli, marwmuneblis mier, rwmunebuls waredgineboda im mizniT, rom, am ukanasknels, uzrunvelyo, davalebis xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sesaxeb, sruli angariSi da marwmuneblisaTvis gadaeca, rwmunebiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela saxis Semosavali. g) Procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori) davalebis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, uZvelesi droidan dadginda zogadi xasiaTis rwmunebuleba, romelsac rwmunebuli (procurator) asrulebda. prokuratori is piri iyo, romelsac, Cveulebriv, gaazatebulTa rigebidan irCevdnen. mas evaleboda marwmuneblis qonebis marTva (procutator omnium bonorum), riTac is im prokuratorisagan gansxvavdeboda, romelsac mxolod konkretuli sakiTxis gadawyveta daevala (procurator unius rei). pretori aRiarebda procesualuri warmomadgenlis (procurator ad litem) figuras, romelsac is procesSi mxaris rwmunebulad ganixilavda. yovelTvis, roca qonebis marTvis davalebas hqonda adgili, klasikuri periodis romaeli iuristebi ori saxis sarCelis: mandatum-is safuZvelze da negotiourum gestio-dan (davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebidan) konkurencias ganasxvavebdnen. iustinianes krebulSi meurveoba davalebis xelSekrulebaSia areuli. Tumca, zogjer marwmunebeli moklebuli iyo am uflebamosilebas, xolo prokuratori, qonebis marTvas, faqtiurad, sakuTar Tavze iRebda da maSin mas davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis mmarTvelad miiCneven (negotiourum gestor). swored amis gamo, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen namdvil prokurators (anu im pirs, vinc davalebis saxiT, miiRo sxvisi saqmeebis marTva) da im pirs, vinc davalebis gareSe moqmedebda (misi moqmedeba, samarTavad gadacemuli meurneobis, mepatronis mowonebas moiTxovda). d) mxareTa movaleobani rwmunebulis movaleoba misgan moiTxovda: 1) davalebis Sesrulebas marwmuneblis miTiTebis Sesabamisad da, garigebis dasadebad saWiro, rwmunebis bunebidan gamomdinare; 2) marwmunebels warudginos angariSi ganxorcielebuli moqmedebis Sesaxeb da mis sasargeblod gadaitanos, mis mier dadebuli garigebis iuridiuli Sedegi; 3) marwmuneblis winaSe pasuxi agos dolus da culpa gamo, vinaidan davalebis xelSekruleba efuZneboda bona fides principebs da mxolod marwmuneblis interesebs icavda. marwmunebeli, Tavis mxriv, pasuxs agebda im xarjebze, romlebic rwmunebulma gaiRo davalebis Sesrulebis gamo, maT Soris, aRniSnuli davalebis Sesrulebis dros, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis TvalsazrisiT. e) davalebis xelSekrulebis Sewyveta davalebis xelSekrulebis moqmedeba wydeboda: 1) Tu rwmunebuli davalebis Sesrulebas jer ar Sesdgomia: a) marwmuneblis mier uflebamosilebaTa ukan gamowvevis gziT, rasac maSin hqonda Zala, Tu rwmunebuli gamowvevis Sesaxeb gafrTxilebuli iyo; b) rwmunebulis mier davalebis Sesrulebaze uaris TqmiT; 2) Tu davalebis Sesruleba dawyebuli iyo, marwmunebeli movale iyo angariSi gaewia davalebis SedegebisaTvis, xolo rwmunebuli movale iyo daesrulebina davalebis SesrulebiT; 3) marwmuneblis an rwmunebulis gardacvalebiT. marwmuneblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi memkvidreebis mimarT, rwmunebuls sarCelis wardgenis ufleba eniWeboda im sababiT, rom memkvidreebma mas ar Seatyobines marwmuneblis gardacvaleba, mis mier davalebis Sesrulebis periodSi. v) Mandatum pecuniae credendae (fuladi sesxis miniWebis Sesaxeb micemuli davaleba)
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aseTi davalebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: rwmunebuli, mesame piris sasargeblod, fuladi Tanxis garkveul odenobas sesxad gascemda an kredits xsnida. aseT viTarebaSi, marwmunebelsa da mesame pirs Soris sesxis xelSekruleba ideboda. Marwmunebeli, praqtikulad, movalis garantad gamodioda, vinaidan, am ukanasknelis mxridan, valis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, marwmunebeli rwmunebulis winaSe pasuxs actio mandati contraria-s (Sesagebeli sarCeli davalebis xelSekrulebidan) safuZvelze agebda. $3. Societas (amxanagobis xelSekruleba) Societas omnium bonorum (amxanagobis monawileTa mTeli qonebis gaerTianeba); societas unius negotiationis – unius rei (mxolod komerciuli sawarmos an qonebis gaerTianeba). 1) Societas _ konsensualuri kontraqti, romlis mixedviT ori an meti monawile, urTierTvaldebulebas iRebda, qonebis an samuSaos gaerTianebis gziT, ewarmoebinaT erTiani saqme da erTmaneTSi gaenawilebinaT miRebuli mogeba da gancdili danaklisi. 1. Societas namdvilobis pirobebi: a) rogorc konsensualuri kontraqti, societas daideba, nebismieri formiT gamoxatuli, SeTanxmebis gziT. stabiluri kavSiris damyareba SesaZlebeli iqneboda xangrZlivi da uwyveti SeTanxmebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. wyaroebi mowmoben, rom amxanagobis Sesaqmnelad saWiro iyo, misi monawile mxareebis, ganzraxva; b) savaldebulo iyo daTqmuli qonebis an samuSaos gaerTianeba. aRniSnuli moTxovna yvelasaTvis Tanabrad savaldebulo ar iyo. zogierTisaTvis sakmarisi iyo mxolod saqmianobis ganxorcieleba (Gai., 3, 149); g) amxanagobis TiToeuli monawilis saqmianoba mxolod mTlianad amxanagobis mimarT hqmnida uflebebsa da movaleobebs, Tumca SenaZeni da sargebeli mis TiToeul monawilezec vrceldeboda. saubari iyo SidasaxelSekrulebo kavSirze da, rogorc korporaciisa da asociaciis SemTxvevaSic, amxanagobis mimarT iuridiuli piri ar arsebobda. 2) amxanagobis xelSekrulebidan aRmocenebuli sarCeli – (actio pro socio) bonae fidei sarCelebis kategorias miekuTvneboda da mas im SemTxvevaSi iyenebdnen, roca mosawesrigebeli iyo, amxanagobis monawileTa Soris arsebuli, davalianeba, romelic amxanagobis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSveboda. SasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, romelic boroti ganzraxvis Sedegi iyo, infamia-s iwvevda. Tumca, amxanagobis monawile piri pasuxismgebeli iyo mxolod sakuTari Semosavlebis farglebSi. Societas arsebobis dros SeZenili, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofa, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofis Sesaxeb wardgenili sarCelis safuZvelze xdeboda. 3) Zmebis konsorciumi amxanagobis yvelaze Zveli forma iyo Zmebis konsorciumi, romelic Sedgeboda ojaxis mamamTavris gardacvalebis Semdeg. masSi ojaxSi darCenili yvela Zma Sedioda. aRniSnuli amxanagoba solidarobis principebis dacviT, wesrigdeboda da ojaxis nebismier wevrs SeeZlo saerTo monis gaazateba, an saerTo sakuTrebis gasxviseba. saojaxo amxanagobis arqauli tipi maleve qreba, Tumca is gavlenas axdens klasikuri periodis universalur amxanagobaze. 1. amxanagobis saxeebi: a) universaluri amxanagoba, anu mTeli qonebis gaerTianebiT Seqmnili societas (societas omnium bonorum). aseT amxanagobaSi Sedioda mTeli arsebuli da samomavlo qoneba. saojaxo consorcium msgavsad, igi Zmobis urTierTobebis zogierT niSans inarCunebda; b) garkveuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad Seqmnili amxanagoba (societas unius rei; societas unius negotiationis). misi obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo erTi konkretuli, an ramdenime erTgvarovani saqme, im pirobiT, rom aRniSnuli saqmianobis mizani kanonieri iyo. amxanagobis aRniSnuli nairsaxeobisaTvis savaldebulo ar iyo amxanagobis qonebis mimarT saerTo sakuTrebis gavrceleba. 4) amxanagobis monawileTa movaleobebi: a) amxanagobis wevrma amxanagobas unda gadasces SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qoneba da imoqmedos bona fides principebis Sesabamisad; b) amxanagobis wevri movalea saerTo fondSi Seitanos nebismieri SenaZeni da uflebamosilia moiTxovos im zianis anazRau-
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reba, romelic mas, sakuTari saqmianobis procesSi, miadga; g) igi pasuxs agebs dolus da culpa gamo. iustinianes samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pasuxismgebloba culpa in concreto-s gamo, anu mxolod sakuTari qonebis mimarT yairaTiani damokidebulebisaTvis. 5) amxanagobis Sewyveta Societas solvitur ex personis, ex rebus, ex voluntate, ex actione. Ulp., D. 17, 2, 63, 10 (15): amxanagobis Sewyvetis mizezi SeiZleba iyos pirebi, nivTebi, neba da moqmedeba. 1. pirTa mizeziT: piris gardacvalebis an amxanagobis wevris mimarT capitis deminutio maxima et media Sedegad. gardacvalebaSi igulisxmeba amxanagobis erT-erTi wevris qonebis gayidva, Tu is valauval movaled gamocxaddeboda. 2. nivTebis gamo: roca miRweulia amxanagobis mizani an dakarguli, an brunvidan amoRebul iqna amxanagobis saerTo qoneba. 3. nebis mizeziT: roca dgeboda daTqmuli vada; amxanagobis yvela wevris erTsulovani TanxmobiT, an, erT-erTi maTganis mier, uaris Tqmis an xelSekrulebis gawyvetis SemTxvevaSi. 4. moqmedebis safuZvelze: roca stipulaciis Sedegad, an sasamarTlo procesis meSveobiT, Seicvleboda TviT amxanagobis safuZveli. $4. Locatio - conductio (qiravnoba, ijara). Locator (meijare); conductor (moijare, ijaradari); locatio (qiravnoba); conductio (ijara); locatio conductio rei (ijariT aReba; sacxovrebeli saxlis daqiraveba); locatio conductio operis _ nardoba (gadazidvebis CaTvliT); locatio conductio operarum (samuSao Zalis qiravnoba). 1) ijara – konsensualuri kontraqti iyo, romlis Tanaxmad, erTi mxare, kerZod meijare (locator) nivTs an samsaxurs droebiT gadascemda meore mxaris, anu moijares (conductor) gankargulebaSi. moijare, Tavis mxriv, `iRebda” nivTs, da meijares sasargeblod, `ukuminiWebas” axorcielebda, naturaluri rentis an fuladi gadasaxadis saxiT. romaelebi am kontraqtSi or urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebas gulisxmobdnen: qiravnobasa (locatio) da ijaras (conductio); orive valdebulebas specialuri sarCeli icavda. es sarCelebi yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebidan aRmocenebul sarCels hgavda da maTi Sesruleba msgavsi iuridiuli normebiT iyo mowesrigebuli. 1. ijaris xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi niSnebi iyo: a) ijara konsensualuri kontraqti: “locatio-conductio – aris bunebrivi xelSekruleba, romelic yvela xalxma aRiara (kontraqtad), ara sityvebis, aramed yidva-gayidvis msgavsad, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT dadebulad (Paul., D. 19. 2, 1); Locatio et conductio cum naturalis sit et omnium gentium, non verbis, sed consensu contrahitur, sicut emptio et venditio; b) xelSekruleba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom raime nivTi an samuSao, droebiT, saijaro fasis an anazRaurebis sanacvlod, gadaecemoda meore piris gankargulebaSi; g) am xelSekrulebis mizani sxvadasxvanairi iyo. Sesabamisad, saijaro urTierTobebic mravalferovani iyo. saijaro xelSekrulebis yvelaze Zveli nairsaxeoba nivTebis qiravnoba iyo: moZravi nivTebis, pirutyvis an uZravi qonebis daqiraveba. saijaro urTierTobebis klasikuri reJimi, aRniSnuli epoqis socialur-ekonomikur moTxovnebs, pasuxobda. am periodSi gavrcelda sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebisa da qalaqSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli saxlebis daqiraveba (ijariT aReba). klasikur epoqaSi, ZiriTadad, monis Sroma gamoiyeneboda. saijaro urTierTobebi ori saxis sarCels warmoSobda: in ius et bonae fidei kategoriidan: a) ijariT gadacemulidan warmoSobili sarCeli (actio locati), meijaris (locator) sasargeblod, raTa mas SesZleboda, ijariT gadacemuli nivTis ukan dabruneba, an moijares (conductor) mxridan, sakuTar Tavze aRebuli, nebismieri valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna; b) sarCeli qiravnobaSi miRebulis Sesaxeb (actio conducti), romelic moijares sasargeblod iyo dadgenili, raTa meijaresagan moeTxova maszed dakisrebuli movaleobebis Sesruleba. 2. saijaro urTierTobebis saxeebi Locatio-conductio-s urTierTobebi or nairsaxeobad iyofa: 1) nivTebis ijara, rac momsaxurebis qiravnobasac gulisxmobda; 2) nardoba. nivTebis ijara (locatio-conductio rei) da momsaxurebis qiravnoba (locatio-conductio operarum).
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am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, meijare uZravi an mouxmari moZravi qonebiT sargeblobis uflebas moijare pirs uTmobda. miwis nakveTebis moijares – koloni, xolo sacxovrebeli saxlebis moijares _ inkvilinusi ewodeboda. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis nakveTebis ijaras gankargavda cenzori, romelic am nakveTebs ijariT gascemda, Cveulebriv, sajaro auqcionis gziT, xuTwliani vadiT (lustrum). xelSemkvreli mxareebis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. meijare (locator) movale iyo: moijares gankargulebaSi `gadaeca” nivTi da mieniWebina misTvis nivTiT sargeblobis da misgan nayofis miRebis ufleba. moijare nivTis ubralo mpyrobelad, anu naturalur mflobelad iTvleboda (Ulp. D.10,3,7,11), romelic nivTs meijares saxeliT gankargavda da romlis mimarT mas mxolod kontraqtidan warmoSobili, valdebuleba gaaCnda. Tu meijare nivTs gayidda, myidvels SeeZlo nivTis flobis gamoTxova, saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvamde. `gayidva wyvets ijaris xelSekrulebas” _ wesis Tanaxmad (emptio tollit locatum). aRniSnul viTarebaSi, meijare moijaris winaSe pasuxs agebda miyenebuli zianis gamo. 2. ijariT gacemuli nivTis saTanado mdgomareobaSi Senaxva, saijaro xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi, raTa moijares mieces, aRniSnuli nivTiT, normaluri sargeblobis saSualeba. nivTis saTanadod SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi meijarem unda gaiRos, Tu, damatebiTi SeTanxmebiT, sxva ram ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. meijares awva periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski) gamo pasuxismgebloba, dauZleveli Zalis garemoebaTa dadgomis SemTxvevaSi. 3. meijare pasuxs agebda moijaresaTvis miyenebuli nebismieri zianis gamo. moijare (conductor) movale iyo: 1. ganuxrelad Seetana saijaro gadasaxadi. gadasaxadis gadaxda myarad gansazRvruli, fuladi TanxiT xdeboda. Tumca, gadasaxadis gadaxda miRebuli nayofis nawilis, anu naturaluri formiTac xdeboda. 2. nivTiT esargebla, misi bunebrivi Tvisebebisa da bunebrivi daniSnulebis Sesabamisad. moijare culpa-s gamo pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man arajerovnad isargebla nivTiT, an is aramiznobrivi daniSnulebiT gamoiyena. amis garda, moijare pasuxs agebda nivTis SenaxvisaTvis (custodia) gamo, nivTis qurdobis (furtum) gamo. 3. meijerasaTvis daebrunebina nivTi saTanado mdgomareobaSi, saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg. 3. saijaro xelSekruleba wydeboda: a) Tu gansazRvruli iyo xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada: 1. saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg; 2. moijaris mxridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, Tu nivTis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda (Gai., D. 19, 2, 25, 2); b) Tu saijaro xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada ar iyo dadgenili: 1. moijares an meijares mxridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi; 2. xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas xelSemkvreli mxaris gardacvaleba ar iwvevda, radgan kontraqti memkvidreebze “gadadioda”. samuSao Zalis qiravnoba (locatio conductio operarum) dasabams iRebda monebis gaqiravebis praqtikidan; aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sagani – fizikuri Sroma iyo, romelsac fuladi safasuris gadaxdis sanacvlod axorcielebdnen. regulirebis gansakuTrebuli reJimi Tavisufali profesiis pirebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. ciceroni xelovnebas anu saqmianobas (operae) or jgufad: Tavisufal da araTavisufal saqmianobad hyofda. Tavisufali profesiis pirebi sakuTari saqmianobisaTvis, gasamrjelos saxiT, saCuqrebs an naboZvars iRebdnen, romelsac honorari (honor – pativi) ewodeboda. 2) Locatio conductio operis (nardobis xelSekruleba) mocemul SemTxvevaSi saubari, damkveTis mxridan (locator), garkveuli samuSaos Sesrulebis dakveTas exeboda: damkveTi, aRniSnuli mizniT, samuSaoebis mwarmoebels (conductor) garkveul nivTs gadascemda. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg monardes fulad anazRaurebas uxdidnen, xolo samuSaos damkveTi damzadebul nivTs iRebda. monarde ar iyo valdebuli piradad Seesrulebina SekveTa da, amitom, dasaSvebi iyo qvemonardis gamoyeneba. am ukanasknelis movaleobaSi Sedioda, samuSaos damkveTisaTvis, Sesrulebuli samuSaos (facere) mTlianad da ara _ nawilobriv gadacema. damkveTis movaleobaSi Sedioda monardis, samuSaosaTvis saWiro masaliT, uzrunvelyofa an mTlianad, an nawilobriv. xolo Tu damkveTs, saWiro masaliT, mTlianad uzrunvelyofda monarde, maSin saxeze iqneboda ara nardobis, aramed yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba. samuSaos Sesruleba unda momxdariyo, kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis sruli dacviT, teqnikuri normativebis Sesabamisad (raTa ar dadgindes teqnikuri defeqti) da dadgenil vadaSi.
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Periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski), forsmaJorul viTarebaSi, menardes awva. xolo, Tu zianis braleulad mimyenebeli monarde iyo, pasuxismgeblobac masve ekisreboda. samuSaos daqiravebas adgili hqonda warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva sferoSi (tvirTis gadazidva, mSenebloba, sxvadasxva nawarmis warmoeba, saremonto samuSaoebi, avadmyofis movla). VIII. Quasi ex contractu (kvazi kontraqtebi) fsevdo xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebis (quasi ex contractu) cneba SemoRebul iqna iustinianes instituciebSi ( Inst.Iust 3, 27). Tumca, jer kidev klasikuri periodis iurisprudencia valdebulebis wyaroTa Soris ganasxvavebda kontraqtul da deliqtur, agreTve TiTqos kontraqtul valdebulebebs, kerZod sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoebas (negotiorium gestio) da arasavaldebulos gadaxdas (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebulebas _ solutio indebiti), SecdomiT Sesrulebulis gadaxdas. $1. Negotiorium gestio (sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba). Utiliter gerere (gestio) (mizani iyo mesakuTris sameurneo sargebeli); prohibitio (mesakuTres SeeZlo sakuTar saqmeebSi Caurevlobis moTxovna); actio negotiorium gestorum. Dominus negotii (sxvisi saqmis warmoeba) davalebis (mandatum) arsebobis gareSe, zogjer, potenciurad ormxrivi, valdebulebis warmoSobis wyaro xdeboda. aRniSnuli valdebuleba actio negotiorium gestorumiT iyo daculi: dominus negoti-is, nebayoflobiTi prokuratorisagan angariSis moTxovna SeeZlo, mis mier gaweuli samsaxuris Sesaxeb, xolo negotiorium gestor-i – moiTxovda xarjebis anazRaurebas Sesagebeli sarCelis (actio negotiorium gestorum contraria) meSveobiT. Negotiorium gestio ZiriTadi niSnebi (rekvizitebi): 1.savaldebulo iyo, rom warmoebis obieqti namdvilad yofiliyo sxva piris saqme; 2. gestor-s Segnebuli unda hqonoda aRniSnuli faqti, anu animus alieni negotia gerendi-s (ganzraxva awarmoos sxva piris saqmeebi); 3. gestio-s mizani mesakuTris (dominium negotii) sameurneo sargebelSi unda mdgomareobdes _ utiler gerere; 4. usasyidlo momsaxureba. aRniSnuli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mesakuTre valdebuli iyo mieRo gestor mier gaweuli samuSao, imis miuxedavad, Tu samuSaos praqtikuli Sedegebi ararad iqceoda, SemTxeviTobis an dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebis gamo. im SemTxvevaSi, roca mesakuTre ar iyo dainteresebuli momsaxurebis gawevaSi, mas SeeZlo aekrZala sakuTar saqmeebSi Careva (prohibitio), radgan daTvuri samsaxuri negotiorium gestio-d ver iqneba miCneuli. davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba daculi iyo actio negotiorium gestorum (sarCeliT), romelsac ori formula hqonda: in ius concepta et in factum concepta. pirveli formula bona fides princips efuZneboda da Seicavda intentio (yvelaferi, rac am saqmis gamo unda mieces, keTilsindisierad unda gakeTdes _ quiquid ob eam rem dare facere oportet ex fide bona) da Sesabamiss condemnatio, romelic saSualebas iZleoda gaTvaliswinebuliyo mosarCelis dadebiTi interesi condemnatio-Si (ra eRireba es nivTi - quanti ea res erit). nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nebayoflobiTi prokuratoris pasuxismgebloba subieqturi faqtorebiT ganisazRvreboda: dolus et culpa (D. 3,5,3,9; 3,5,10). $2. Solutio indebiti (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili fsevdo xelSekruleba) Condictio indebiti (kondiqciuri sarCeli Sesrulebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, valis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi); Condictio sine causa (kondiqciuri sarCeli gadacemulis gamoTxovnis Sesaxeb, marTlzomieri safuZvlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi); Condictio ob turpem causam (kondiqciuri sarCeli mankieri safuZvliT gadacemulis Sesaxeb); Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta (kondiqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar damdgara (rogorc gacvlisas, misi do ut des kontraqtad aRiarebamde).
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I. usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba SecdomiT, fsevdokreditoris sasargeblod, ganxorcielebul Sesrulebas da, Semsruleblis mxareze, civiluri moTxovnis aRmocenebas gulisxmobda, raTa, am ukanasknels, ukan gamoeTxova Sesrulebis Sedegi. dazaralebul pirs fsevdokreditorisagan kondiqciuri sarCeli (condictio) icavda. usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli fsevdokreditoris valdebuleba imasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom man, Tavis sasargeblod, SeiZina SecdomiT Sesrulebis Sedegebi, riTac, obieqturad, gaauaresa SecdomiT Semsruleblis mdgomareoba. Pomp., D. 12, 6, 14 Tvlida, rom: Nam hoc natura aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento fieri locupletiorem (vinaidan bunebis moTxovnebs pasuxobda, rom aravin gamdidrebuliyo sxvisi mdgomareobis gauaresebis xarjze) da Quod indebitum per errorem solvitur, aut ipsum aut tantundem repetitur (is, rac SecdomiT, valis ararsebobis pirobebSi, iyo miniWebuli, ukan gamoiTxoveba an naturiT, an imave moculobiT). saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebulebis, Semdeg nairsaxeobebs ganasxvavebdnen: 1.Condictio indebiti – kondiqciuri sarCeli Sesrulebulis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, valis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi; 2.Condictio sine causa – kondiqciuri sarCeli, marTlzomieri safuZvlis arsebobis pirobebSi, gadacemuli sikeTis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb; 3.Condictio ob turpem causam – kondiqciuri sarCeli, (aramarTlzomierad) mankieri safuZvliT, gadacemulis Sesaxeb; 4.Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta _ kondiqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli nivTis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar ganxorcielebula (rogorc permutatio (gacvla) dros xdeboda, misi do ut des (usaxelo kontraqti) cnobamde). 1) Solutio indebiti ZiriTadi rekvizitebi sakuTriv condictio indebiti-s, gaaCnia Semdegi rekvizitebi: 1. valis ararseboba (arc namdvilis da arc moCvenebiTis); 2. mxareTa Secdoma valis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, anu valis ararsebobaSi cru darwmuneba. Tu ararsebuli vali Segnebulad sruldeboda, miniWebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna dauSvebeli iyo; Tu Sesruleba arakeTilsindisierad iyo miRebuli, fsevdo kreditori qurdobas sCadioda da pasuxs actio furti et no condictio ex causa furtiva mixedviT agebda. Condictio sine causa im SemTxvevaSi miecemoda, Tu: 1. miniWeba, romelic ganxorcielda abstraqtuli garigebis an delegatio (kreditorebis Secvla) gziT, moxda iusta causa-s (samarTlebrivi safuZveli) gareSe; 2. miniWebis marTlzomieri safuZveli gahqra (D. 12,7,4). mag., datio ob dotem (gasxviseba mziTevis dadgenis mizniT) dros gamsxvisebeli uflebamosili iyo condictio sine causa-ze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodneli qorwineba ar Sedgeboda. Condictio ob turpem causam im SemTxvevaSi iqneba miniWebuli, Tu: 1. sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanis safuZveli keTilznes arRvevda (contra bones mores). Tanac, mankieri ganzraxva (turpitudo) mxolod sargeblis mimRebis mxareze unda SeiniSnebodes (D. 12,5,4,2). mag., roca fuladi Tanxa im mizniT aris gadaxdili, rom mkvleloba yofiliyo Cadenili (SekveTili mkvleloba) (D.12,5,3, 4.1). IX. Pacta (paqtebi) Pactum – paqti; exceptio pacti conventi (sasarCelo uaryofis formiT daculi, kerZo SeTanxmeba); expatre rei (mxolod mopasuxis mxareze gamomJRavnebuli dacvis uaryofiTi Sedegi); ex patre actoris (mosarCeles mxareze sasarCelo dacvis SesaZleblobis zemoqmedeba); pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis dadebis momentSi, damatebuli SeTanxmeba); pacta adiecta ex intervallo (SeTanxmeba, dadebuli garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg); pacta nuda (SiSveli, an sasarCelo dacvis gareSe darCenili paqtebi, romlebic mxolod exceptio-Tvis safuZvels qmnida); pacta vestita (Semosili paqtebi – sarCeliani dacviT uzrunvelyofili SeTanxmebebi); pacta praetoria (pretoris mier Seqmnili da sarCeliT daculi axali samarTlebrivi figurebi da valdebulebebi); pacta legitima (postklasikurma samarTalma sxva sasarCelo valdebulebebic Seqmna, romlebic dacvis uflebas imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT iZendnen); constitutum debiti (Tavisufal formaSi dapirebis micema, garkveul vadaSi valis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb); actio de pecunia constituta (sarCeli valis aRiarebidan, in factum kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, ro-
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melmac ar Seasrula constitutum – dapireba); receptum arbitri (mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli mosamarTlis rolis aReba, roca mxareebma erTmaneTTan arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba dades imis Sesaxeb, rom maTi dava arbitrs ganexila _ compromissum); receptum argentrarii (constitutum debiti alieni mesame piris valis, rogorc valdebulebis garantiis, gansakuTrebuli formis dadasturebis SesaZleblobis gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva, roca bankiri – argentarius, Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi klientis movaleobas mesame pirs gadauxados aRniSnuli klientis vali); reseptum nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum (gansazRvravs xomaldis (nauta), sastumros an duqnis (caupo), qarvaslis an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas, mgzavrebis, an mdgmurebis nivTebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo). romis samarTalSi garigebebis mimarT dadgenili formaluri moTxovnebi da kontraqtebis mkacri tipizacia imas ganapirobebda, rom mxareTa Soris dadebuli martivi SeTanxmeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iwvevda valdebulebiT efeqts, Tu causa obligationis (valdebulebis safuZveli) erT-erT konsensualur kontraqts Seesabameboda. mxolod pretorma mianiWa, Tavisufal formaSi dadebul, pactum – (SeTanxmebas) iuridiuli aRiareba, rac specialur ediqtSi “De pactis et conventionibus” aisaxa (D. 2,14, 7, 7): “Pacta conventa, quae neque dolo malo, neque adversis leges, plebiscita, sentus consulta, edicta, decreta principum neque quo fraus cuicorum fiat facta erunt, servabo” (me mivcem dacvas im paqtebs, romlebic ar aris dadebuli boroti ganzraxviT da kanonebis, plebiscitebis, senatis dadgenilebebis, ediqtebis da princepsis dekretebis sawinaaRmdegod da aRniSnuli (normatiuli aqtebidan) romelimes gverdis avliT). Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli kerZo SeTanxmebebis dacva, sasarCelo uaryofis formaSi – exceptio pacti conventi xorcieldeboda, anu negatiuri iyo da mxolod mopasuxes mxareze (exparta rei) gamomJRavndeboda xolme, vinaidan, causa obligationis ararseboba, sarCelis wardgenis SesaZleblobas dauSveblad miiCnevda (Ulp, 4 ad, ed., D. 2, 14, 7, 4): Sed cum nulla subest causa, propter conventionem hic constat non posse constitui obligationen: igitur nuda pactio obligationem non parit, sed parid exceptione (Tumca, roca ararsebobs raime kanonieri safuZveli, gadawyvetilia, rom, msgavsi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, dauSvebelia valdebulebis dadgena. maSasadame, SiSveli paqtebi ver hqmnian valdebulebas. Tumca, sasarCelo uaryofis uflebis warmoSobas xels uwyoben). miuxedavad amisa, is damatebiTi SeTanxmeba, romlis dadebis mizans garigebis Sinaarsis modificireba warmoadgenda, ZiriTadi valdebulebis uSualod dadgenis momentSi, TviT garigebis struqturaSi (piroba, vada) Sedioda da zegavlenas axdebnda sasarCelo dacvis saSualebaze – ex parte actoris (mosarCeles mxareze). aseTi gavlena gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo im garigebebis mimarT, romlebic iudicia bonae fidei meSveobiT daidebodnen, roca, mosamarTlis Sexeduleba da keTilsindisierebis zogadi principebisadmi Sesabamisobis moTxovna, formalur sasarCelo uaryofas cvlida. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pactum Sinaarsi uSualod Sedioda, ZiriTadi garigebidan warmoSobil, sasarCelo moTxovnaSi. Ulp. (4 ad ed., D. 2, 14, 7, 5) Tvlida: Quin immo interdum format ipsam actionen, ut in bonae fidei iudiciis: solemus enim dicere pacta cinventa inesse bonae fidei iudiciis. Sed hoc sic accipiendum est, ut si quidem ex continenti pacta subsecuta sunt, etiam ex parte actoris insint: siex intervallo, non inerunt, nec valebunt, si agat, ne ex pacto actio nascatur( maSin ratom axdends (paqti) zogjer gavlenas TviT sasarCelo moTxovnaze, rogorc es keTilsindisieri sarCelebis dros xdeba xolme: Cven xom miveCvieT imaze saubars, rom damatebiTi SeTanxmeba Sedis keTilsindisieri sarCelebis SinaarsSi). Tumca, aRniSnuli ise unda aRviqvaT, rom, Tu paqtebi umalve iqnen damatebuli ZiriTadi xelSekrulebisadmi, maT Zala TviT mosarCeles mxarezec ki gaaCniaT; xolo, Tu paqtebi (damatebuli) iqnen garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, isini garigebaSi ar Sedian, da maT sarCelis wardgenis dros ar eqnebaT Zala, vinaidan paqtidan sasarCelo moTxovna ar warmoiSveba. Pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis dadebis momentSi miRweuli SeTanxmeba) gansxvavdeba pacta adiecta ex intervallo (garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg damatebuli SeTanxmebisagan) imiT aris arsebiTi, rom aq adgili hqonda im principis simkacres, romeliTac SiSveli SeTanxmeba sasarCelo moTxovnas ar warmoSobda. roca pactum uSualod Sedis bonae fidei garigebis struqturaSi, is ZiriTadi kontraqtis nawili xdeba da amiT mas gancalkavebuli SeTanxmebis Tviseba ekargeba. Pacta nuda (SiSveli paqtebidan) unda ganvasxvavoT Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli iseTi SeTanxmebebisagan, romlebmac, droTa ganmavlobaSi, SeiZines sasarCelo dacvis ufleba, an ius honorarium (e. w.
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pacta praetoria), an postklasikuri saimperatoro kanonmdeblobis (pacta legitima) ZaliT. Pacta praetoria-s ricxvs miekuTvneba valis dadastureba (constitutum debiti) da is sxvadasxva figura, romelic pasuxismgeblobas warmoSobda, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebis aRebis, SemTxvevaSi (recepta); pacta legitimia-s jgufs ki miekuTvneba Cuqeba da valdebulebiTi efeqtis mqone mziTvis dadgena. Constitutum debiti warmoadgenda Tavisufal formaSi micemul dapirebas, rom movale, arsebuli valis, gadaxdas garkveul vadaSi Seasrulebda. vali fuladi TanxiT an mosaxmari nivTebis saxiT unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. daiSveboda ara marto sakuTari valis (constititum debiti propri), aramed mesame piris valis (constitutum debiti alieni) dadastureba, rac valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantiis Tavisebur formas warmoadgenda. Constitutum debiti uwindel valdebulevbas ar ganaaxlebda Tumca, exceptio pacti conventi – saxiT, dadgenil vadamde, Sesrulebis moTxovnis winaaRmdegobas uqmnida, agreTve aadvilebda valis anazRaurebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg: aadvilebda valis anazRaurebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg kreditors eniWeboda pretoruli sarCeli infactum – actio de pecunia constituta _ sarCeli valis aRiarebiT, romelic kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, romelmac ar Seasrula constitutum – dapireba. imperatorma iustinianem actio de pecunia constituta im moTxovnevzec gaavrcela, romelTa obieqts mxolod fuladi an moxmarebadi nivTebi ar Seadgendnen. Reseptum arbutri – niSnavda mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli mosamarTlis rolis aRebas, Tu am mxareebma arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba dades imis Sesaxeb, rom maT davas arbitri (compromissum) ganixilavda. momrigebeli mosamarTlis rilis amRebi piri, valdebuli iyo ganexila saqme da gamoetana am saqmeze gadawyvetuleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pretori mas sajarimo sanqciebs (multae) daakisrebda. pasuxismgeblobis aRniSnuli saxe pretoruli ediqtis specialuri rubrikiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli (D. 4, 8, 3, 1-2). Receptum argentarii – constitutum debiti alieni gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva iyo, roca bankiri (argentatius) Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi klientis valis gadaxdas, mesame piris mimarT. bankiri valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis pasuxs agebda specialuri sarCelis – actio recepticia safuZvelze. Tanac, constitutum-isagan gansxvavebiT, bankiris pasuxismgebloba ar iyo damokidebuli, klientis mxareze, valis WeSmarit aresbobaze. iustinianes dros reseptum argentarii mTlianad constitutum debiti alieni figuras gautolda. Receptum nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum gansazRvravda xomaldis (nauta), sastumris an samikitnos (caupo), qarvaslisa an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas maTi mgzavrebis, an mdgmurebis qonebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo (D. 4,9,1,2). Locatio conductio (qiravnoba) da depositum (Senaxva) xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze warmoSobili civiluri sarCelebisagan gansxvavebiT, receptum – is gamo pasuxismgebloba, sakuTar TavSi ufro custodia-s (movaleoba gamoiCino gansakuTrebuli) yairaTianoba, romelic pasuxismgeblobis ufro maRal xarisxs warmoSobs), vidre culpa _ Seicavda da labeonis azriT, mxolod maSin gaTavisufldeboda am pasuxismgeblobidan, Tu daamtkicebda, rom dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebas (damnum fatale) hqonda adgili. (D.4,9,3,1). amrigad, daskvnis saxiT unda ganimartos, rom imperatorma iustinianem, samarTalganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, cotaodeni cvlilebebi Seitana konsesualuri kontraqtebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi: 1. man zogierT pacta mianiWa sasarCelo dacvis ufleba: nawilobriv iuristebis samarTlis, nawilobriv – ki pretoruli da saimperatoro kanonSemoqmedebis safuZvelze. kerZod, iuristebis samarTali icavda pacta adiecta in conventi, romlebic daideboda uSualod bonae fidei garigebebis dros, anu maTi gaformebos momentSi. pretotuli samarTali icavda e. w. pacta praetoria-s (constitutum, pactum iurisiurandi _ SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareTa Soris davas gadawyvetda ficis dadeba iusiuranmum). xolo imperatoris kanonebi icavda e. w. pacta legitima (pactum dotis – mxareebs (meuRleebs) SeeZloT mziTvis Sesaxeb, wvrilmani sakiTxebis daTqma specialuri SeTanxmebiT gaeformebinaT, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom isini dotaciuri reglamentaciis ZiriTad principebs daicavdnen (kerZod, ar gauaresdeboda colis mdgomareoba da qmaric Semosavlis wyaros ar dakargavda, pactum donationis da 500 solidi – SeTanxmeba im nivTebis samomavlo Cuqebis Sesaxeb, romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba 500 solidze naklebs Seadgenda (oqros monetebi) da iustinianes kanonmdebloba, nivTis gadacemis Sesaxeb moTxovnis
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uSualo safuZvels warmoadgenda; 2. Tu pactum mimarTuli iyo urTierTmoqmedebisaken da erT-erTma mxarem Seasrula dapirebuli moqmedeba, warmoiSveboda usaxelo realuri kontraqti: doutdes, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias; 3. imperatorma zenonma daadgina konsensualuri kontraqtis – contractus emphyteuticarius –axali nairsaxeoba. X. Delictum (deliqti) Delictum (deliqti); crimen (danaSauli); vindicta (SurisZieba); talio (taloni); infamia (Seuracxyofis miyeneba – uRirsad miCneva); noxae deditio (samarTaldamrRvevis dazaralebulisaTvis gadacema); actio de pauperie (sxvisi cxovelis mier miyenebuli ziuanidan warmoSobili sarCeli); furtum (qurdoba); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis moparva); furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis moparva); furtum proprietatis (sakuTrebis uflebis moparva); furtum manifestum (naqurdaliT xelSi qurdis dakaveba); furtum nec manifestum (dafaruli qurdoba); actio furti (sajarimo pasixismgebloba qurdobisaTvis, romelic per formulas procesis CarCoebSi xorcieldeboda) furtum oblatum (naqurdalis damalva); furtum conceptum (aSkara qurdobas utoldeboda is garemoeba, roca naqurdali nivTi aRmoCndeboda saritualo Cxrekvis Catarebis dros); crimina extraordinaria (imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili qurdobis danaSauli, romelic Zalzed mkacr sasjels iwvevda – sikvdilis dasjis CaTvliT); crimen expilatae hereditatis (samkvidros moparva); rapina (Zarcva); actio vi bonorum raptorum (Zarcva idevneboda pretor lukulusis mier qr. S-mde 76 w. SemoRebuli sarCeliT, romelic gulisxmobda, Zalis gamoyenebiT, naZarcvi qonebis amoRebas); damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba); actiones legis Aquiliae (per formulas procesis farglebSi warmoSobili sarCeli, romelic lex Aquilia-s Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli); actio servi corrupti (monis garyvnis Taobaze Setanili sarCeli); dolo malo vi hominibus armatis coachsve damnum datum (qr. S-mde I saukuneSi pretorma SemoiRo specialuri sarCeli SeiaraRebul pirTa jgufis devnis Sesaxeb, romelmac zianis ganzraxviT miyeneba Caidina); iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa); membrum ruphem (asoTmiReba); os fraectum (sxeulis mZime dazianeba (Zvlis motexa); iniuria (pirovnebis nebismieri Seuracxyofa); lex Cornelia de iniuriis (qr. S-mde 81 w. SemoRebuli kanoniT, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevebi, ganixileboda rogorc crimina - danaSauli); quaestio de iniuriis (principatis periodSi cognito extra ordinem farglebSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo sarCelis alternativad, Camoyalibebuli sajaro samarTalwarmoeba); convicium adversus bonos mores (patiosani qcevebis sawinaaRmdego gamoxtomebi, romlebSic muqara an sxva uxamsi sityvebi igulisxmeboda); adtemptata puditicia (Seuracxyofili umankoeba, romelic, maRali wris qalebis mimarT, TavdasxmaSi, an, orive sqesis mcirewlovanTa mimarT, uxeS moqcevaSi igulisxmeboda); edictum de effusis et deiectis (pretori ediqtiT awesebda pasuxismgeblobas fanjridan raimes gadagdebis an gadaqcevis gamo); actiones populares (sarCeli, romelic nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo waredgina imis gamo, rom mravalbiniabni saxlis mobinadrem, an nebismierma mesame pirma fanjridan raime isrola an gadaaqcia, riTac sxeulebrivi dazianeba miayena gamvlels, an fanjrebs qveS mdgar pirs); edictum de positum (gulisxmobda gamvlelTaTvis mxolod safrTxis Seqmnas); culpa in eligendo (daudevroba TanamSromeli piris SerCevis dros). $1. Delictum cneba da pirobebi deliqti iseTi akrZaluli qmedeba iyo, romelic valdebulebis warmoSobas iwvevda. yovelgvari deliqti gulisxmobda: a) marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebas (da ara martiv windauxedaobas); marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba unda Seicavdes, zogadi wesiT, dolus (faruli, boroti ganzraxva), xolo erT SemTxvevaSi (damnum iniuria datum) – culpa-s (gaufrTxilebloba, gaufrTxilebeli brali, gaufrTxilebeli gadacdoma); deliqtunariani SeiZleba iyos mxolod Sesacxadi piri; b) Delictum raime adamianuri sikeTis xelyofas an dazianebas gulisxmobda (sxeuli, Tavisufleba, qoneba, pativi da Rirseba). Delictum, rogorc kerZo xasiaTis samarTaldarRveva, dazaralebulis mxareze orgvari xasiaTis interess warmoSobda: zianis mimyeneblis dasjis survilsa da miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis aucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, ex delicto-dan kreditori flobda or moTxovnas, romlebic, kumulaciurad, ori tipis sarCelebiT iyo daculi: sajarimo sarCeliT (actio poenalis) da arasajarimo sarCeliT (actio rei persecutoria), romlis meSveobiT xdeboda qonerbrivi interesis dakmayofileba.
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amrigad, jarimis gadaxdis valdebuleba imas gulisxmobda, rom, ius civile-s mixedviT, zogierTi qmedeba (e. w. delicta privata – kerZo samarTaldarRveva) isjeboda ara sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, aramed, dazaralebuli mxaris sasargeblod, jarimis gadaxdevinebiT, romelsac es ukanaskneli samoqalaqo sarCelis wardgenis meSveobiT moiTxovda; imperiis xanaSi, pirvelad, delicta privata sferoSi dazaralebuli mxare arCevanis winaSe iyo dayenebuli: an moeTxova kerZo jarimis gadaxda samoqalaqo sarCelis safuZvelze, an moeTxova xelmyofis sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasja, e.w. crimen extraordinarium-is gamo, xolo miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis valdebuleba xorcieldeboda mxolod maSin, Tu qonebrivi zaralis miyenebas hqonda adgili. romis samarTlis specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom samarTaldamrRvevi idevneboda da isjeboda kerZo piris iniciativis safuZvelze da mas jarimis gadaxda ekisreboda dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod. swored amaSi mdgomareobda delictum-is (kerZo samarTaldarRvevis) crimen-gan (sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisagan) gansxvaveba, vinaidan es ukanaskneli ara kerZo piris interesebs xelyofda, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. samarTlis wyaroTa udidesi nawili swored imaze metyvelebs, rom Zvel romSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba delicta privata-s eTmoboda, razec TviT sasamarTlo ganxilvebic metyvelebda, romelTa iniciatorebi kerZo pirebi gaxldaT. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulic calkeul moqalaqeTa iniciativis safuZvelze idevneboda: quivis de populo (nebismieri xalxidan) – nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo sisxlis samarTlis procesis aRZvra, sajaro sasamarTlo ganxilvebis (ordo iudiciorum publicorum) wesis Sesabamisad; am dros jarimis gadaxdevineba romaeli xalxis sasargeblod xdeboda. samarTaldarRvevisaTvis dadgenili samarTlebrivi devnis dispoziciuroba, romauli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, kerZo avtonomiisa da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gansakuTrebul dones asaxavda. sajarimo devnis, kerZo piris interesad miCneva, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, calkeuli individis aqtiur monawileobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc, dazaralebuli piris qoinebrivi interesi, sazogadoebaSi dadgenili qcevis wesebis mxolod erT saxeobas warmoadgenda, romelsac samarTaldamrRvevi piris winaaRmdeg iyenebdnen, TviT individebis kerZo moTxovnebidan gamomdinare da sajaro interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. TiToeuli moqalaqis mier marTlwesrigis dacva, sakuTar TavSi, TiToeuli moqalaqis samarTlebriv aqtiurobas Seicavda, im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, rom yvela samarTaldamrRvevs sakuTar danaSaulze pasuxi unda ego. Zvel romis sazogadoeba miiCnevda, rom nebismieri samarTaldarRveva TiToeuli moqalaqis avtonomias, mis samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas xelyofda da, Sesabamisad, samarTaldamrRvevic moqalaqis sasargeblod isjeboda. formalizaciis (samarTlebrivi Sualobis) aucilebeli xarisxi jarimis fuladi xasiaTiT miiRweva – e.i. Rirebulebis sayovelTao eqvivalentis formiT. samarTalSi damkvidrda Sexeduleba, rom uZveles droSi samarTaldarRvevisaTvis dazaralebuli mxare xelmyofis winaaRmdeg SurisZiebas (vindicta) axorcielebda, romelic TandaTanobiT kompoziciis (samarTaldarRvevis gamo xelmyofTan kompensaciis (pactio) Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romelsac es ukanaskneli dazaralebulis ojaxs uxdida) sistemiT Seicvala. aRniSnuli warmodgena mTlad zustad ver asaxavs urTierTobaTa mogvarebis namdvil suraTs, vinaidan kerZo SurisZieba arasamarTlebriv movlenad ganixileba. Tumca, pasuxismgeblobis am, ganuviTarebel, formaSi ukve iyo gamoxatuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mogvarebis aucilebloba. formaluri Tanasworobisa da warmodgenaTa Tanazomierebis samarTlebrivi principi, pirvelad, talionis (talio) sistemaSi povebs gamoxatulebas da ganisazRvreba Semdegi principiT: `Tvali Tvalisa wil, kbili kbilisa wil”. damnaSavis adekvaturi dazianebiT dakmayofilebulia ara marto SurisZiebis grZnoba – tanjvis anazRaureba da, miyenebuli zianis TvalsazrisiT, SedarebiTi Tanasworobis aRdgena, aramed aRdgenilia urTierTobaTa zogadi harmonia. aseTi SurisZieba, misi uxeSi naturalizmis miuxedavad, Tanazomierebis kriteriumidan gamomdinareobda: SurismaZiebeli sayovelTao samarTlianobis iaraRad gvevlineba. Zvelad SurisZiebis idea religiuradac iyo gaformebuli da, amgvarad, xdeboda sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi misi sayovelTao avtoritetis aRiarebis aucilebloba. xelmyofi ganixileboda ara marto zianisa da sayovelTao SfoTis wyarod, aramed codvilad, im pirad, romelmac, sakuTari qmedebiT, Tavi Caiyena sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisa da wesrigis sistemis farglebs gareT, ris gamoc mas ufro dabali (uRirsi) bedis adamianad miiCneven
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da mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda statusi: sacer (RmerTisadmi miZRvnili) – kanongareSed gamocxadebuli; improbus intestabilisque (uRirsi da mankieri) ndobadakarguli piri, romelsac mowmeobis ufleba CamoerTva. mas Semdeg, rac xelmyofi Tanacxovrebis zogad wesebs daarRvevda, is sakuTar Tavs kargavda, sakuTari pirovnebis safuZvlebs angrevda. klasikur epoqaSi is piri, romelic samarTaldarRvevas Caidenda, arsebiTad izRudeboda samarTalsubieqtobis TvalsazrisiTac da amis gamoxatuleba iyo infamia (uRirsoba, upatiebeli qmedeba, saxelis Sercxvena), romelic gamoyeneboda im piris mimarT, romelsac sajarimo sarCeli Seefarda. codvad ganixileboda is samarTaldarRvevac, romelsac Caidenda xelisuflebaSi myofi piri da es qmedeba sayovelTao sircxvilad miiCneoda im ojaxis mimarT, romlis wevric aRniSnuli piri iyo, amitom ojaxi mis mokveTas cdilobda. ojaxidan mokveTa capitis deminutio minima iwvevda da samarTaldamrRvevi, praqtikulad, daucveli rCeboda. mokveTis garda, samarTaldamrRvevi dazaralebulis morCilebaSi gadadioda, riTac, uZveles droSi, ganxorcieldeboda xolme pasuxismgeblobis idea. amitom, samarTaldamrRvev pirs, romelsac paterfamilias xelqveiTi iyo dazaralebul mxares gadascemdnen, samarTaldarRvevis kompensaciis pirobiT (noxae deolitio). Tumca, mamamTavars SeeZlo samarTaldarRvevis piradi aspeqtis neitralizeba, kompensaciis gadaxdis gziT (poena), romelic dazaralebul mxares unazRaurdeboda. amgvarad, xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier, Cadenili samarTaldarRvevisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mas ekisreboda da sajarimo movaleobis saxiT iyo aRqmuli (in obligatione), maSin, roca noxae deditio - aRsrulebis fakultatur Secvlas warmoadgenda. piradi pasuxismgeblobis uZveles saxes Semdegi wesi warmoadgenda: noxa caput sequitur (SurisZieba pirovnebas Tan sdevda). aRniSnuli wesis Tanaxmad, noqsaluri pasuxismgebloba, samarTaldarRvevis gamo, ekisreba ara im pirovnebas, visi xelisuflebis qveS imyofeboda piri, deliqtis Cadenis momentSi, aramed im paterfamilias-ze gadadis, romelsac braldebuli piri, sarCelis Setanis momentSi, eqvemdebareboda. msgavsi wesi XII dafis kanonebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli iyo im SemTxvevaSic, roca, zianis (pauperies) mimyenebeli iyo, res mancipi-s kategoriaSi Sesuli, moSinaurebuli cxoveli: actio de pauperie-Ti, mepatrone valdebuli iyo dazaralebulisaTvis zarali aenazRaurebina, an misTvis zianis mimyenebeli cxoveli gadaeca. Actio de pauperie-is mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobis rekvizitad iTvleboda cxovelis uecari siSmage, Tumca ki, misi buneba sulac ar iyo aseTad cnobili da misTvis mSvidi moqmedeba iyo damaxasiaTebeli. pasuxismgebloba dgeba cxovelis saqcielis gamo da obligatio propter rem-s warmoadgenda; Tumca, es principi emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom aseT cxovelebs gaaCniaT garkveuli neba, isini maTi patronis moTxovnebs emorCilebian, rac arsebiT pirobad miiCneoda res mancipi nivTebis mimarT. $2. Furtum (qurdoba) qurdobis, rogorc sxvisi moZravi qonebis marTalsawinaaRmdego miTvisebis cneba, romis iuridiul azrovnebaSi sakmaod adre, jer kidev respublikur xanaSi Camoyalibda, da masSi Tavmoyrili iyo samarTaldarzRvevaTa fasrTo wre, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo qonebrivi zianis miyenebasa, an, sxva piris xarjze, marTlsawinaaRmdego gamdidrebasTan. TandaTanobiT, damnum iniuria datum (marTlsawinaaRmdego zaralis miyeneba) cnebis CamoyalibebiT (SemoRebul iqna qr. S-mde 286 w. Lex Aquilia da aRniSnuli kanonis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToebasTan erTad, miTumetes, rom ius civile da ius praetorium ayalibebda delictum axal saxeobebs, furtum mniSvneloba mkveTrad SeizRuda, Tumca, Tanamedrove gagebiT, qurdobis cnebasTan SedarebiT, kvlav Zalzed farTo mniSvnelobas inarCunebda. masSi sxvisi qonebis Zalismieri miTvisebis garda – Zarcva (rapina), iseTi saxis qmedebanic Sevida, rogoric iyo: 1. Furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba), roca sesxis an Sesanaxad gadacemuli nivTis mimRebi, gadaametebda sakuTari uflebamosilebis farglebs, sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis an misi pyrobis mimarT; 2. Furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca giraos mimcemi piri, TviTneburad daeufleboda giraoSi micemul nivTs (gaiusi, am viTarebaSi, normalur qurdobas xedavda – furtum rei da ambobda, rom aq nivTis mesakuTre sakuTari nivTis qurdobas sCadioda – furtum suae rei – Gai., 3, 204); 3. Furtum proprietatis (sakuTrebis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca uzufruqtuariusi nivTis sameurneo daniSnulebis Secvlas axdenda.
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Paul., D. 47, 2, 1, 3 Camoayaliba qurdobis cneba: Furtum est contrectatio rei fraudulosa lucri faciendi grafia vel ipsius rei vel eiam usus eius possessionisve (qurdoba aris nivTis amoReba, Cadenili motyuebiT da gamdidrebis mizniT, iqneba es TviT nivTis (amoReba, misiT sargebloba, Tu misi daufleba). qurdobis SemadgenlobisaTvios arsebiTi pirobebi iyo: 1) TviT nivTis sasargeblo Tvisebebis miTviseba, nivTis mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod; 2) misgan sargebelis miReba; 3) mizanmimarTulad: animus furandiu _ am deliqtis aucilebel subieqtur rekvizitad miiCneoda (D.47,2,33). Tumca, amavdroulad, mxolod marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis safuZveli, qurdobis klasifikaciisaTvis ar iyo sakmarisi; savaldebuloa, agreTve, materialuri moqmedebis, sxvisi nivTis datacebis ganxorcieleba (contrectatio). ukve XII dafis kanonebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen aSkara qurdobas, roca qurdi naqurdaliT xelSi iqneboda dakavebuli – furtum manifestum da farul qurdobas _ furtum nec manifestum. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qurdi gairozgeboda da dazaralebulis xelisuflebaSi gadaecemoda (Tavdapirvelad uSualod, mogvianebiT – sasamarTlo magistratis adictio safuZvelze). qurdi dazaralebulis monad cxaddeboda (veteres). Furtum nec manifestum SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima naqurdalis ormagi Rirebulebis odenobiT. XII dafis kanonebi aSkara qurdobasTan aTanabrebdnen im mdgomareobas, roca naqurdali nivTi saritualo Cxrekis dros aRmoCndeboda _ furtum conceptum, rac naqurdalis gadamalvis Sedegic SeiZleba yofiliyo _ furtum oblatum. am SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis kanonebi jarimis sammag odenobas iTvaliswinebdnen. qurdobis oTxi dasaxelebuli nairsaxeobidan (es sistematizacia jer kidev mazurius sabinusma da servius sulpiciusma SeimuSaves) labeoni mxolod pirvel or nairsaxeobas cnobda da furtum conceptum et furtum oblatim-is damoukidebeli Semadgenlobis mniSvnelobas uaryofda (Gai.,3,183). Per formulas procesis farglebSi, qurdobisaTvis sajarimo pasuxismgebloba dadgenili iyo actio furti (manifesti an nec manifesti) meSveobiT. aRniSnul sarCels aniWebdnen gaqurdul pirs, Tanac ar hqonda mniSvneloba imas, iqneboda Tu ara es piri nivTis mesakuTre an mflobeli. amis miuxedavad, moqmedebda principi, rom sarCeli unda miscemoda nivTis xelSeuxeblad SenarCunebaSi dainteresebul nebismier pirs (D.,47,2,77,1). $3. Rapina (Zarcva) Prudentes, Zalis gamoyenebiT, sxvisi qonebis marTlsawinaaRmdego amoRebas rapina (Zarcvas) uwodebdnen da mas kvalificiur qurdobad miiCnevdnen: papiniane rapina-s furtum manifestum-is Semadgenlobas miakuTvnebda (D.47,2,81,4). Zarcva qr. S. 76 w. prokonsul lukulusis mier SemoRebuli sarCeliT – actio vi bionarum raptorum (sarCeli Zalis gamoyenebiT amoRebuli qonebis Sesaxeb) idevneboda. sarCelis Setana danaSaulis Cadenidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. jarima, amoRebuli qonebis, oTxmag odenobas gulisxmobda. (D.47,8,2 pr). erTwliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg dasaSvebi iyo mxolod miyenebuli zianis martivi anazRaureba (in sinplum). sarCelis pretoruli xasiaTis miuxedavad, Zarcvas – klasikosebi, xolo mogvianebiT iustinianes kanonmdebloba, mainc deliqtad, kerZo (civiluri) samarTaldarRvevis erT-erT saxed miiCnevdnen. (Gai., 3,209; D. 47,8,1; 2,10; 4,2,14,2; I. 4,2 pr). Zarcvas qurdobisagan qmedebis farulobis ararseboba ganasxvavebda. (D. 47,9,5). klasikosTa nawili, Zarcvis gamo, Setanil sarCels Sereulad miiCnevda (Gai.,4,8). es Sexeduleba SemdgomSi iustianemac gaiziara (Inst.Iust.4,6,19). $4. Damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba) qmedebis aRniSnuli Semadgenloba, ganzogadebis Zalzed maRal dones moiTxovda, ris gamoc uZvelesს epoqaSi is ucnobi iyo. XII dafis kanonebi ramdenime specifikur hipoTezas gulisxmobda, romelTa Soris cnobilia xeebis TviTneburi gaCexva, sxvisi monisaTvis miyenebuli dazianeba (os fractum). marTlsawinaaRmdegod miyenebuli zianis gamo, pasuxismgeblobam damoukidebeli axsna-ganmarteba qr. S.-mde 286 w. miRebul, akviliusis kanonSi (lex Aquilia) SeiZina. kanoni sami Tavisagan Sedgeboda: meore Tavi gulisxmobda damatebiTi kreditoris devnas (manus iniectio _ movaleze “xelis dadeba” – formiT), stipulaciidan
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warmoSobili valis gamo ZiriTadi kreditoris sawinaaRmdegod acceptilatio (verbaluri an literaluri valdebulebidan warmoSobili valis sazeimo gaqviTva mis sapirispiro formaSi. klasikur epoqaSi am saWiroebis dakmayofileba actio mandati (in ius, in personam, incerta, bonae fidei _ davalebis xelSekrulebidan warmoqmnili sarCeli, rogorc wesi urTierTangariSsworebis Sesaxeb) meSveobiT (Gai.,3,216) moxda. pirveli Tavi gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas sxvisi monis an pirutyvis mkvlelobis gamo, rac ganadgurebuli nivTis Rirebulebis umaRles fas Seadgenda erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. mesakuTrisaTvis jarmis gasdaxdis movaleoba (damnas esto dare – D.9,2,2,pr; Gai.,3,210) sanqcionirebuli iyo manus inectio meSveobiT. mesame Tavi nebismieri nivTis yovelgvar dazianebas exeboda: braleuls (kvlav manus iniectio muqariT) mesakuTrisaTvis jarimis gadaxdis movaleoba ekisreboda nivTis umaRlesi fasis odenobiT, ukanaskneli 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi (Gai.,3,2,18). Per formulas procesis farglebSi in ius sarCelebi warmoiqmna, romlebic akviliusis kanonis calkeul Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli – actiones legis Aquiliae. Tu mopasuxe sakuTar braleulobas uaryofda, misi pasuxismgebloba ormagdeboda, Tu ara – sarCelis formula mosamarTles mouwodebda uSualod ganexorcielebina aestimatio (nivTis Rirebulebis Sefaseba), mopasuxis aRarebis (confessio) safuZvelze (D.9,2,23,10;26). am SemTxvevaSi, in simplum miniWebas hqonda adgili: sanqciis sajarimo xasiaTi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mxedvelobaSi miiReboda nivTis ara nominaluri Rirebuleba, aramed misi umaRlesi fasi ukanaskneli wlis an Tvis ganmavlobaSi. akviluris kanonis safuZvelze pasuxismgeblobis Sefardeba subieqtur xasiaTs atarebda: iniuria-Si (marTlsawinaaRmdegod), ukve respublikis xanaSi, igulisxmeba rogorc braleuli qmedeba _ culpa, da ara mxolod qmedebasa da miyenebul zarals Soris obieqturi kavSiri, iseve daudevrobac – culpa levissima (D.9,2,44 pr). braleuli qmedeba Sesabamisi kontraqtis safuZvelzec idevneboda. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi miiReboda “iure”, anu ius civile sasarCelo sistemis farglebSi, miyenebuli ziani. akvilusis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod pirdapiri dazianebis Sedegad damdgari pasuxismgebloba. aseTi dazianebis miyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo braleulis fizikuri moqmedebis Sedegad: damnum corpore corpori datum (ziani, romelic sxeuls sxeuliT miadga). sxva SemTxvevaSi pretori, sakuTari decretum safuZvelze dazaralebul mxares mianiWebda in factum an actiones utiles (actiones ad exemplum) sinonimi. maT pretori iZleoda, TiToeul axal SemTxvevaSi, analogiuriT da ukve gamoyenebuli formulis gavrcelebis meSveobiT), romlebic analogiis gamoyenebas efuZnebodnen – ad exemplum legis Aquiliae. gadawyvetilebis miReba aRniSnul qmedebaze lamis SemTxveviTobas warmoadgenda. amitom iuristebis mosazrebebma, aRniSnul sakiTxze, pretorul ediqtSi asaxva ver hpoves. qr. S-mde I s-Si pretorma SemoiRo specialuri sarCeli, romlis safuZvelze idevneboda pirTa jgufis mier miyenebuli ganzraxi dazianeba – dolo malo vi hominbus armatis coactisve damnum datum. sarCeli miyenebuli zianis oTxmag anazRaurebas gulisxmobda, Tu sarCeli braleuli mxaris winaaRmdeg dazianebidan erTi wlis vadaSi iqneboda wardgenili, da martiv anazRaurebas (in simplum), Tu am vadis gadacileba moxdeboda. $5. Iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa) XII dafis kanonebma piradi Seuracxyofis sami hipoTeza gamohyves: 1. Membrum ruphum (asoTmiReba), os fractum (motexili Zvali, sxeulis mZime dazianeba), iniuria _ pirovnebis nebismieri Seuracxyofa. qmedebis Semadgenlobis gaurkvevloba da ganzogadebis sxvadasxva xarisxi yvela SemTxvevaSi imaze miuTiTebda, rom XII dafis kanonebma gaaerTiana samarTaldarRvevis regulirebis mravalsaukunovani da sxvadasxva epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamocdileba. kerZod, asoTmiRebis dros, kompoziciis SesaZleblobis gverdiT, normalur sasjelad, talonis (talio) principiT gaTvaliswinebuli, SurisZiebac miiCneoda. danarCen SemTxvevebSi, samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT, jarima iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: os fractum-is gamo 300 asi, xolo iniuria-s SemTxvevaSi – 25 asi. qr. S-mde 81 w. miRebuli lex Cornelia de iniuariis mixedviT, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba crimina-d (danaSaulad) miiCneoda da iudicia
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publica-s ZaliT idevneboda. principatis epoqaSi, cognitio extra ordimen farglebSi, SemoRebul iqna quaestio de iniurii-is (sakiTxebi pirovnebis Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo sarCelis sajaro alternativa. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli hipoTezebis (romlebic dajarimasac gulisxmobdnen), rekuperatorTa (recuperatores) sasamarTlo ganxilvas gadaeca. maT mier Sefardebuli anazRaureba, bonum et aequum-is (keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) safuZvelze, Sefasebas eqvemdebareboda. aRniSnuli, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli naklebad mZime xelyofa, saerTo sarCelis – actio iniuriarum aestimatoria (ganawyenebis Sesaxeb SedarebiTi sarCeli) wardgeniT idevneboda, romelic pretorul ediqtSi qr. S-mde II saukuneSi iqna gaTvaliswinebuli. Iniuria – civiluri deliqti iyo (Gai., 3, 182). Tumca, dacvis pretoruli xasiaTi imaSi aisaxa, rom, actio iniurarum, intentio-s iyo moklebuli: demonstratio-s maSinve condemnatio mosdevda, romelic rekuperatorTa sasamarTlos mouwodebda iseTi ganaCenis gamotanas, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneboda mosarCeles mier dasaxelebuli Tanxa (aestimatio). aRniSnuli Sefaseba formulaSi iyo miTiTebuli da SesaZlo miniWebis maqsimalur zRvars asaxavda (taxatio). sarCelis wardgenis ufleba pirovnul SeuracxyofasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da memkvidreobiT ar gadaecemoda: (Gai.,4,112). zogadi iniuria-s garda, pretoruli edictiactio iniurarum, samarTlebriv safuZvlad kidev sam hipoTezas iTvaliswinebda. es hipoTezebi piradi Seuracxyofis, rogorc pirovnebis pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli qmedebis, cnebis permanentul damkvidrebas gamoxatavdnen: 1. convicium adversus bonos mores (keTili Cvevebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Tavdasxmebi), romlis mixedviT idevneboda muqara da bilwsityvaoba; 2. adtemptata puditicia (Selaxuli umankoeba), romelsac didgvarovani qalbatonis mimarT Tavdasxmas an uxeSi mopyrobas, agreTve, orive sqesis mcirewlovani bavSvis mimarT, aRniSnuli qmedebis ganxorcielebas miekuTvneboda; 3. ne quid infamandi causa fiat (dae, ar ganxorcieldes qmedeba saxelis gatexvis mizniT), romelic moraluri zianis yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas gulisxmobda, romlis drosac pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofas hqonda adgili. XI. Quasi ex delicto (kvazideliqtebi) TiTqos deliqtidan (obligationes quasi ex delicto) warmoSobili valdebulebebi, iustinianes instituciebis sistematizaciis Sesabamisad (Inst.Iust.4,5) braleuli qmedebis hipoTezas Seicavdnen, aseTi valdebulebebi pretoruli sarCelis meSveobiT idevneboda. aRniSnuli viTarebis SerCevis kriteriumi dRemde ucnobia. mosamarTle, sasamarTlo procesis sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg warmmarTvelad, iTvleboda (iudex qui litem suam fecerit) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi gadawyvetileba (sententia), mxareebis mier moyvanili faqtebis an formulis mimarT, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda, agreTve, mxareTa interesebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, Tu dadgenili wesrigis nebismier ganzrax darRvevas eqneboda adgili (“dolo malo” – D.5,1,15,1). dazaralebuli Tavs icavda in factum sarCelis meSveobiT, romelSic condematio, mosamarTleTa Tanazomieri Sexedulebisagan damokidebulebaSi, iyo Cayenebuli (in bonum et aequum - sikeTe da samarTlianoba). pretoruli sarCeli Seicavda muxls, saxlis fanjridan gadaRvrili an gadayrili nivTebis gamo, pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb (edictum de effusis et deiectis), romelic in factum condematio-sTan erTad, gulisxmobda sarCels, miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobiT (in duplum), anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, Tavisufali adamianis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo fiqsirebuli jarima 50 aTasi sesterciis odenobiT, xolo sxeulebrivi dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT, dazianebis Tanazomieri jarimis gadaxda iyo dadgenili (in bonum et aequum). pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo obieqturi faqtis arsebobis gamo, imis miuxedavad, TviT mcxovrebma, Tu mesame pirma Caidina aRniSnuli qmedeba. sarCeli Sedioda e. w. actiones populares kategoriaSi da misi wardgenis ufleba nebismier moqalaqes hqonda miniWebuli. gamvlelTaTvis martivi safrTxis Seqmnis gamo, pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebda edictum de positum (D.9,4,5,6), romlis mixedviT habitator (saxlis damqiravebeli), 10 solidis moculobiT, nebismieri moqalaqis winaSe pasuxs agebda, actio in factum (igive actio popularis) mixedviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxlis saxuravze an lavgardanze (karnizze) iseTi sagani iqneboda damagrebuli, romlis, SemTxveviT Camovardnisas, SesaZlebeli iyo zianis miyeneba. pasuxismgeblobis obieqturi xasiaTi Semsubuqebul iqna
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noqsaluri pasuxismgeblobis (colis garda paterfamilias in patria potestates mier Cadenili deliqtis an kvazideliqtis gamo, romelsac dazaralebuli paterfamilias winaaRmdeg waradgendas) daSvebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca, sazogadoebrivi safrTxis SeqmnaSi, braleulad mona iqneboda miCneuli. mesame piris qmedebis gamo pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo actio furti et actio damni adversus nautas caupones stabularios mixedviT, romlebic pretorul ediqtSi, actio furti et actio legis Aquilia-sTan SesabamisobaSi, arian moyvanili. xomaldis, sastumrosa da qarvaslis mepatrone in duplum pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vinme, mosamsaxureTa an masTan mcxovrebTa Soris (mgzavrebis an mogzaurTa garda), qurdobas Caidenda, an mgzavrs, an mdgmurs qonebriv zians miayenebda. Sua saukuneebSi aseTi saxis qmedeba gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas, TanamSromelTa SerCevisas, braleuli daudevrobis gamo (culpa in eligendo), Tumca, antikur xanaSi pasuxismgebloba bralis gareSec dgeboda – mesame piris qmedebis gamo. Tu qurdobas mona Caidenda, misi batoni pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufldeboda maSin, Tu noxae deditio (monis gadacema) ganaxorcielebda, dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod.
Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali Zveli romis sisxlis samarTalma, kerZo samarTlis msgavsad, ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi ganvlo: martivi kvirituli qcevis wesebidan moyolebuli, vidre imperiis xanis kanonmdeblobamde. pirveli, arqauli xanis Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali xasiaTdeboda saero samarTlis (ius), Cveulebebisa (mos) da RvTaebrivi sakraluri normebis (fas) urTierTTanamSromlobisa da urTierTpaeqrobiT. am periodSi erTmaneTs konservatiuli da progresuli sawyisi ebrZoda. gvarovnuli Cveulebebi didi mondomebiT aRiqmeboda romaeli Temis (civitas) mier, mdumare Tanxmobis formiT (usus consuetudo), Tumca yovelgvari Canaweris gareSe da amitom am Cveulebebs ius non scriptum (dauwereli samarTali) ewodeboda. Consuetudo-s kanonis (lex) Tanabari samarTlebrivi Zala gaaCnda da is am ukanasknelTan erTad dadebiT samarTals (ius positivum) qmnida. arqauli (uZvelesi) periodi – sakraluri normebisa da sakraluri iusticiis batonobis epoqa iyo. religiuri Tvisebis danaSauls miekuTvneboda: qalRmerT vestas qurumi qalebis mier 30 wlis asaamde qalwulobis ficis darRveva, patronis mier klientis winaSe nakisri movaleobebis Seusrulebloba, ficis, sasazRvro samanebis moSla. TviT sasamarTlo warmoeba saimedod iyo gaxveuli saidumloebis safarvelSi da mxolod pontifices (qurumebi) adgendnen, samarTal-warmoebisaTvis misaRebi dReebis kalendarsa da masSi Sesul saidumlo monacemebs saimedod inaxavdnen. mxolod qurumebma icodnen dies fasti (sarCelis wardgenis) da dies nefasti (sarCelis warsadgenad akrZaluli) dReebi da mkacrad asaidumloebdnen maT. oficialuri marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mxolod dadgenil dReebSi iyo SesaZlebeli, roca modave mxareebs, sanukvar sityvebs, qurumi ucxadebda: do, dico, addico (samarTals viZlevi, gadawyvetilebas viReb, davaSi gamarjvebas vaniWeb). yovelive zemoTqmulis Sesaxeb cnobebs titus liviusic iZleoda: dawerili wignebis, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ediqtebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, iuridiuli garigebebisa da procesebis codna pontifices saidumlo mecnierebad iqca; didi procesualuri mniSvnelobis kalendris Sesaxeb zusti cnobebi mxolod maT hqondaT. Pontifices mier monopolizebuli aRmoCnda, im droisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani, civitas Romani-s momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcia, rac tomTaSorisi urTierTobebis mowesrigebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdenda. miTumetes, rom aseTi urTierTobebis mogvareba fas da ara ius meSveobiT xdeboda: RvTis mowmed mowveva, gasisxlianebuli Subis saritualo styorcna, momijnave tomis teritoriaze, omis gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi da sxva. religiuri dogmebisa da akrZalvebis damrRvevs (homo sacer) mkacri ormagi da orgvari sajeli eloda: mis mimarT SurisZieba Temis simSvidis darRvevisa da RmerTebis ganrisxebis gamo xdeboda. erTdroulad religiuri da saero devna (sacratio capitis) Zalzed mkacri iyo. Fas mgmobeli Sesabamisi taZris sasargeblod qonebis konfiskaciasa (conservatio bonorum) da eqsorias (gaZevebas) eqvemdebareboda,
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ris Semdeg mas, rogorc ucxotomelsa da mters – nebismieri piri (TanamoZme an ucxoeli) dausjelad gauswordeboda. da saerTodac, samarTaldarRvevis sxvadasxva saxe, romelic mogvianebiT sisxlissamarTlebriv qmedebad iqna miCneuli, Tavdapirvelad an sakraluri, an kerZo xasiaTis delictum warmoadgenda: magaliTad, qurdoba, sxeulis dazianeba, romelTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSi samarTaldamrRvevis mimarT ius talionis (talio) – SurisZieba, talionis principi moqmedebda. sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis sferoebSi SeuzRudavad batonobda TviTgasamarTleba (Tavdasxmis mogerieba) da damnaSavis mimarT danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze, TviTgasworeba: “Tu Ramis saaTebSi qurdobis Camdeni (adgilze) iqneba mokluli, (misi) mkvleloba marTlzomierad CaiTvleba” (XII dafis kanonebi, VIII tabula). Tavdamsxmelis, adgilze TviTgasworebis principiT, dasjis praqtika ara Tu marTlzomier qmedebad, aramed sazogadoebis interesebisa da oficialuri xelisuflebis moTxovnaTa dacvad iTvleboda. arqaul periodSi yvela samarTaldarRveva or kategoriad iyofoda: 1) delictum privatum (kerZo) parricidium – pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli: qurdoba, Zarcva, mkvleloba, sxvisi qonebis dazianeba an ganadgureba da sxva; 2) delictum publium (sajaro) – perduellio ukve danaSaulad iTvleboda (politikuri, saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli): janyi, saxelmwifos Ralati, romis samxedro mowinaaRmdegisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena, cecxlis wakideba, crumowmeoba, xelisuflebisadmi SeiaraRebuli (Zaladobrivi) winaaRmdegobis gaweva da sxva. samarTaldarRvevis pirvel kategorias specialuri Tanamdebobis pirebi (quaestores parricidii) iZiebdnen; xolo meore – danaSaulis saqmeebze, gamoZieba Rex-is Sexedulebisamebr, warmoebda: mas damoukideblad SeeZlo sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo funqciebis ganxorcieleba, an saqmis gamoZieba gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo gamomZieblisaTvis duumviri perduellionis daevalebina. arqauli periodis sisxlis samarTlis erT-erT Taviseburebas is garemoeba warmoadgenda, rom populus Romanus (cives) e. w. provocatio anu comitia curiata mimarT apelirebis ufleba moipoves im ganaCenis mimarT, romelic duumviri perdullionis an consul-is mier iqneboda gamotanili, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis irgvliv. aRniSnuli verdiqti aRsrulebas ar eqvemdebareboda, vidre apelaciis Sedegebi cnobili ar iqneboda. amrigad, romaul sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda dacvis sajaro procedurebi, romelTa gamoyeneba aequitas (samarTlianobisa) da – bona fides (keTilsindisiereba) principebis damkvidrebas ganapirobebda. arqaul periodSi Zveli romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mwvervalad XII dafis kanonebi _ Leges duodecim tabularum gvevlineba, romelSic, uSualod, sisxlis samarTlis normebi, ganxilulia mxolod or _ VIII da IX dafaSi. Tumca, normebis aseTma simwirem, sazogadoebis mzardi interesebis Sesabamisad, samarTaldarRvevaTa didi nawilis swored danaSaulad _ crimina – dakvalificirebas ver SeuSala xeli. aRniSnulma sakanonmdeblo Zeglma safuZveli Cauyara ara marto ius positivum (dawerili, pozitiuri samarTali), aramed igi erTdroulad ius publicum et ius privatum mTavar wyarod miiCneoda da, amavdroulad, ius scriptum (dawerili goni) iyo. XII dafis kanonebis normebis arseboba imaze metyvelebda, rom sajaro qcevis wesebi, uciloblad, gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: Tumca, jer kidev didi iyo gvarovnuli wesebis gavlena. Vindicta privata (kerZo SurisZieba) nela, Tumca ganuxrelad uTmobda adgils vindicta publica (sazogadoebrivi sasjeli). ganagrZoben Tanaarsebobas talio da fuladi jarima, provocatio ad populum da damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja da asoTmiRebiTi sasjeli, da Res publica (respublikuri suliskveTeba) da sasjelis barbarosuli saxeebi, romelTa mizani adamianis (pirovnebis) daSinebis idea iyo (maimunTan, ZaRlTan an gvelTan erTad, tomaraSi Casmuli, damnaSavis wyalSi daxrCoba, praecipitium – maRali xididan Tavdayira gadagdeba, pedis abscissio – fexebis mokveTa da, gansakuTrebiT odiozuri sasjeli – tarpeas kldidan (Saxum Tarpeium) qurdi monis gadagdeba. tarpeas klde (Saxum Tarpeium), imdroindeli romis centrSi, kapitoliumis borcvis samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare cicabo daRmarTi iyo. sikvdiliT dasjis aRniSnuli adgili axlos mdebareobda q. romis centralur moedanTan, sadac xdeboda marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba. damnaSavis dasjaSi monawileobas iRebda ara mxolod dazaralebuli mxare, aramed moedanze SemTxveviT mosuli brbo. Tavdapirvelad, tarpeas klde iyo mxolod damnaSaveTa dasjis adgili, xolo mogvianebiT, am adgilidan xramSi isrodnen udanaSaulo adamianebsac –
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fizikuri defeqtis mqone pirebs (monstrum). XII dafis kanonebis VIII dafaSi saubari iyo, yvela delictum, ramdenime kategoriad dayofis Sesaxeb; Tumca, pirvel yovlisa unda gamovyoT: 1. iniuria (pirovnebis winaaRmdeg) da 2. furtum (sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg) mimarTuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da braleuli qmedeba. Tavis mxriv, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, kanonis Sesabamisad, or kategoriad kvalificirdeboda: 1. iniuria verbalis – sityvieri Seuracxyofa paskvilis formaSi (carmen famotum) an sajaro Seuracxyofa (ountare); 2. iniuria realis (fizikuri Seuracxyofa) – cema, gvema, sxeulis dazianeba. VIII dafis fragmentebi sisxlissamarTlebriv normebs Seicaven (dRemde brwyinvale), romlebSic gamoxatulia saxelmwifos reaqcia, qonebis datacebis danaSaulis mimarT. Furtum (qurdoba) aucileblad iyo dakavSirebuli angarebiT motivTan (lamis saxelmZRvanelo donis debulebaa, romlis Sesaxeb Gai. werda), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi qmedeba dakvalificirdeboda rogorc pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kerZo wyena. Tumca, romauli kanonmdebloba ganixilavda mesakuTrisaTvis zianis miyenebas nivTis mitacebis (dauflebis) niSnebis gareSe, kerZod: cxeniT gaseirneba daTqmul adgilze ufro Sori manZiliT, giravnobis sagniT sargebloba, romlebic furtum (qurdoba) cnebiT iyo moculi. Leges duodecim tabularum-Si Zalzed dawvrilebiT aris diferencirebuli furtum-is gamo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi: 1. drois mixedviT: furtum diarnum (dRisiT) da furtum nocturnum (RamiT) Cadenili qurdoba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi xelmyofi piris mimarT gamoiyeneboda sxeulebrivi sasjeli da dazaralebulis mamulSi monad gamweseba (addictio), meoreSi ki – gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, damnaSavis mimarT, dauyovneblivi TviTgasworebis gamoyeneba; 2.subieqti niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT – gansxvavebuli wesiT isjeboda qurdobis Camdeni cives (Tavisufali romaeli), servi (mona) (sikvdiliT sjidnen) da arasrulwlovani piri (garozgviT isjeboda); 3.ganasxvavebdnen furtum manifestum (aSkara qurdoba) da furtum nec manifestum (faruli qurdoba), Tanac – bolo varianti sakmaod msubuqad isjeboda. damnaSave, jarimis saxiT, naqurdalis mxolod ormag Rirebulebas ixdida. imperiis (postklasikuri) periodi tradiciulad ius gentium ayvavebis xanasTan aris gaigivebuli. amas ramdenime garemoeba uwyobda xels, romelTa Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovnad, iTvleboda: romis imperiis geografiuli moculoba da amiTve ganpirobebuli misi adgili antikuri samyaros kulturul cxovrebaSi, msoflio vaWrobis ganviTareba, politikuri centris aRmosavleTisaken gadatana, xolo gansakuTrebul movlenad, mainc, pretorTa samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba SeiZleba miviCnioT. romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mesame etapis novaciad Semdegi saxis miRwevebi unda miviCnioT: a) danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris Sesaxeb moZRvrebis gavrcobam bralis, kidev erTi formis – gaufrTxileblobis, Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli. Culpa (gaufrTxilebloba), dolus-sa (ganzraxva) da casus-s (pasuxsmgeblobis miRma darCenili SemTxveva) Soris Sualedur adgils ikavebda; b) mosaubre da mrCeveli iurisprudenciis wiaRSi, yalibdeba danaSaulis mcdelobis (conatus) cneba, romlis mimarT, Semsubuqebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoyeneba, iyo mizanSewonili; g) danaSaulis Cveuli da gavrcelebuli saxeebis gverdiT (crimina legitima), TandaTanobiT, gvxvdeba danaSaulis axali saxeebi (crimina extraordinaria), kerZod: qristianobis gmoba, ficis gatexva, mucladmyofi nayofis moSoreba; d) sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis – sasjelis – farglebSi siaxles warmoadgenda zemoqmedebis Zalzed rTuli da mrisxane, xSirad barbarosuli, sasjelis sistema, kerZod: gadasaxleba uflebebis CamorTmeviT (aquae et ignis interdicto), gadasaxleba, aRniSnuli, damamZimebeli garemoebis gareSe (deportatio in insulam); maRaroebSi katorRuli samuSaoebis warmoeba (condemnatio ad metallum). sasjelis mizani damnaSavis daSineba da misTvis samagieros mizRva ar iyo; e) mudmivi armiis SemoRebasTan erTad, samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi, samxedro danaSaulic Semodis, kerZod: brZolis velze iaraRis dakargva, mxedarTmTavris, an ufro dabali rangis samxedro meTauris, Seuracxyofa, mowinaaRmdegis sasargeblod Ralatis Cadena; v) imperatoris absoluturi xelisuflebis pirobebSi, sasjelis yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgenda sajarimo sanqcia, kerZod – qonebis konfiskacia. aRniSnuli sasjelis mizani iyo mudmivad mzardi samoxeleo aparatis Sesanaxad, damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaros mobilizeba, ramac romis imperiaSi metad Taviseburi Sedegi gamoiRo: daSinebuli senatorebi da mxedrebis wodebis warmomadgenlebi, TviTonve cdilobdnen, sakuTar memkvidreebad imperatorebi daesaxelebinaT, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT qonebis konfiskaciis mware xvedri, vinaidan qveyana erTeulebis TviTnebobam da samarTlebrivma qaosma moicva.
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1) moZRvreba sisxlis samarTlis kanonze misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis dasmiT iwyeba. Zveli romaelebisaTvis, romlebsac mxolod martivi sisxlissamarTlebrivi debulebebi gaaCndaT, aRniSnuli sakiTxi sulac ar iyo ubralo garToba an Tundac, Teoriuli an istoriuli ganyenebuli azrovnebis sfero. dRes aRiarebulia, rom “oficialuri”, “arsebuli” sisxlis samarTali yvela xalxis cxovrebaSi maSin iwyebs Camoyalibebas, roca xalxi saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTrebis garkveul dones aRwevs, vinaidan saxelmwifo moiazreba civilur universalur movlenad. rasakvirvelia, adamianTa Soris konfliqtebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gvarovnul-tomobriv etapzec hqonda adgili, ris Sesaxebac uamravi miTi da legenda, ganadgurebisagan zedmiwevniT daculi, religiuri dogmebi metyveleben. saxelmwifoebrivi da tomobrivi sawyisebi, piradi da sazogado-saxelisuflo interesebi saukuneebis manZilze Tanaarsebobas ganagrZobdnen. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac gaZlierda calkeuli miwebis erT gansakuTrebul organizmad _ saxelmwifod gaerTianebis tendencia da savaldebulo gaxda erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba, sajaro sawyisi upirobod imarjvebs Zvel sagvareulo da saTemo Cveulebebze da CveulebiTi samarTali gamoiyeneba mmarTvelobis mza instrumentis saxiT. adamianTa cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva, saWiro wesebis arsebobis aucilebloba Zvelma romaelebma sami mniSvnelovani garemoebiT gaamarTles: SeTanxmebulobiT, aucileblobiTa da CveulebiT (omne ius aut consensus fecit, aut necessitas constituit, aut firmavit consuetudo _ mTeli samarTali SemoRebulia SeTanxmebiT, an dadgenili aucileblobiT, an ganmtkicebulia CveulebiT). savaraudod, am debulebis pirveli elementi mimarTulia samoqalaqo samarTlisadmi, xolo bolo ori _ sisxlis samarTals ganekuTvneba. laTinebi iZulebulebi iyvnen pativi miegoT winaparTa Cvevebisadmi, vinaidan winasaxelmwifoebrivi periodi arc ise Sors iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia Semdegi debulebis arsi: inveterata consuetudo pro lege non immerito custoditur et hoc est quod dicitur moribus constitutum (Cveuleba cvlis kanons da CveulebiT samarTlad iwodeba _) an optima est legum interpres consuetudo (Cveuleba kanonis saukeTeso ganmartebaa _ Paul. D. 1,3,37) TiToeuli Temis mier damoukideblad, saxelmwifoebrivi organoebis gareSe, Seqmnili debulebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli morCileba da pativiscema, romaelebma principebad da utyuar WeSmaritebad gadaaqcies. Luc. D.1,3,20.: Non omnium quae a maioribus constituta sunt ratio reddit potest (SeuZlebelia moviyvanoT winaparTa mier dadgenili yvela normis dasabuTeba). Sit, sed si maiori parti prospiciat, utilis est _ saeWvoa Seiqmnas iseTi kanoni, romelic TiToeulisaTvis iqneba moxerxebuli, xolo, Tu is kargia umravlesobisaTvis, maSin is – sasargebloa. 2) sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis mTavar daniSnulebas, laTinebi samoqalaqo mSvidobis SenarCunebaSi (Tanac, ar gamoricxavdnen adamianTa socialuri energiis, sasargeblo mimarTulebiT, iZulebis wesiT warmarTvas) xedavdnen. maTi azriT, daucveli personebi Tavs usafrTxod unda grZnobdnen agresiuli mezoblebis winaSe, vinaidan kanonebi imisaTvis iqmneboda, rom, ufro Zliers Tavi yovlisSemZled ar egrZno (inde dafae leges ne fortior omnia posset). amisaTvis kanonebi xelisuflebas uflebamosilebas aniWeben ganaxorcielebina brZaneba, akrZalva, uflebis miniWeba, dasja (legis virtus haec est imperare vetare permittere punire – Mod. D. 1, 3, 7). 3) romaelebma adreve uaryves sisxlis aRebis Cveuleba, vinaidan sakuTari mware gamocdilebiT, gaacnobieres, rom, grZnobebis moTokvis aRniSnuli xerxi, Temis WeSmaritad, TviTganadgurebis saSualeba. administraciulma organoebma kerZo pirs CamoarTves iniciativa da dahpirdnen mas, rom sazogado morCilebis sanacvlod, kerZo piri, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivad da samarTlianad daculi iqneboda (maSinac ki, roca dazaralebuli agresors alal bedad Cabardeboda). Ab assuetis non fit iniuria – (iuridiuli uflebebis darRveva) aseTad rCeba maSinac, roca winaaRmdegobis gawevas ar hqonda adgili. aRniSnuli debulebidan gamomdinareobda didebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom koleqtiuri wesrigi da simSvide, zogadsavaldebulo normebze, didad iyo damokidebuli. xolo calkeuli pirebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT sayovelTao aRiareba moipoves, ar arian uflebamosili erTpirovnulad Seufardon pirs sasjeli, radgan maT mier, individualurad gansazRvruli, samarTlianobisa da marTlmsajulebis kriteriumebi, advilad SesaZlebelia, eWvis qveS dadges an Seiryvnes kidec, rac qveyanaSi qaosis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxdeba. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zogadi wesebisadmi erTsulovani rwmena imdenad didi iyo, rom xalxisa da iuridiul SegnebaSi damkvidrda amayi gamoTqma: prius vitiis laboravimus, nunc legibus – (adre Cven mankierebiT viyaviT daTrgunuli, axla ki – kanonebiT varT). mmarTvelobis sajaro da mudmivi sistema, romelic mkveTr sawyisebs efuZneboda,
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mowedebuli iyo Seecvala usafuZvlo rwmena pirovnebis utyuarobis mimarT (reqsis, imperatoris, magistratis uZleveloba da samarTlianoba, vinaidan: kanoni ufro samarTliania, vidre adamiani (aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis); kanoniT ganxorcielebuli gankarguleba ufro mZlavri da samarTliania, vidre adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli dadgenileba (fortior efaequior est dispositio legis quam hominis); da kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro Zlieria, vidre adamianebis mier (fortior est custodia legis quam hominis). 4) iuridiuli romi kanonis Sinaarsis nawilSi xelmZRvanelobda metad martivi mcnebiT: patiosnad icxovre, sxvas araferi dauSavo, TiToeuls mianiWa is, rac mas ekuTvnis (praecepta iuris sunt haec honeste vivere alterum non laedere suum cuique tribuere – Ulp.D.1,1,10). moralistebma aRniSnul debulebaSi, SesaZloa, `zneobriobis oqros wesic” dainaxon da es gasagebicaa, vinaidan, gvarovnuli wyobidan, saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili, sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze, xorcieldeboda koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobidan, calkeuli adamianis individualuri pasuxismgeblobisaken istoriuli gadasvla, ris gamoc icvleboda socialuri regulirebis formebi. swored am gardamaval epoqaSi, daaxloebiT qr. S-mde I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, gansxvavebul kulturul regionebSi, yalibdeboda humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis ideebi, ris upirveles gamovlinebad `zneobriobis oqros wesi” unda miviCnioT. amrigad, romaulma kanonmdeblobam, sakuTar debulebebSi, ganamtkica kacobriobis sulieri ganviTarebis Sedegebi, SeinarCuna mSvidobis ZiriTadi mcnebebi (`maxabxarata” – qr. S-mde V s, konfuZis moZRvreba – qr. S-mde VI-V ss.; budizmi – qr. S-mde VI-V ss da sxva). yovelive zemoaRniSnulma, gavlena moaxdina sisxlis samarTlis ramdenime principis Camoyalibebaze: 1. sjobs danaSauli dausjeli darCes, vidre daisajos udanaSaulo piri (satius esse impunitum reliqui facinus quam innocenten damnari – Traianus et Ulp. D. 48, 19, 5, 5); 2. aravis SeuZlia gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba samarTaldarRvevis (danaSaulis) Cadenis gziT (Nemo ex suo delicto meliorem suam condicionem facere potest – Ulp. D.50,17,134,1); 3. danaSauli ar SeiZleba darCes dausjeli (Neque impunita maleficia esse oporfeat – Iul. D.9,2,5,1,2); 4. dasjadia moqmedeba, warmoTqmuli da dawerili sityva, rCeva-darigebani (Aut facta puniuntur aut dicta aut scripta aut consilia – Claud. Sat. D.48,19,16 pr.). roca romis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes sisxlis samarTlis kanonis savaldebulo Sefardebisa da gamoyenebis garkveuli wesi: anu is, rasac Tanamedrove kanoniT da iuridiuli mecnierebiT miiCneva sisxlis samarTlis moqmedebad droSi, sivrceSi, pirTa wris mimarT da eqstradiciad, Zvelma romaelebma sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba danaSaulis Cadenis adgilTan (locus criminis), sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis teritoriasTan dakavSirebiT, Zalzed mokle frazebiT gamoxates: danaSauli Tan iTrevs adamians (crimen franit personam) – aRniSnuli poziciis axsna-ganmarteba ufro gansjadobis teritoriuli principis sasargeblod gamoiyeneba. axla CamovayaliboT Zv. romauli ufro zusti miTiTebani sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT: debet quis iuri subiacere ubi delinquit (piri unda daeqvemdebaros danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze moqmed kanons); statuta suo clauduntur territorio, nec ultra territorium disponut (kanoni izRudeba sakuTari teritoriiT, is ar moqmedebs sakuTari teritoriis farglebs gareT); ubi quis delinquit ibi punientur (pirma sadac Caidina danaSauli, iqve unda daisajos). Locus criminis-gan gansxvavebiT, Zveli romaelebi droebliv pozitivs ufro erTgvarovnad ayalibebdnen: lex prospict, non respicit (kanoni mxolod win icqireba, is sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ar moqmedebs); lex de futuro; iudex de praeterito (kanoni moqmedebs samomavlod, mosamarTle ganixilavs warsuls); sisxlis samarTlis ukuqmedebis Zala (nunc pro tunc) ukve cnobili iyo, Tumca mxolod ukidures zomad ganixileboda, Zalzed iSviaT SemTxvevebSi: leges quae retrospiciunt raro, et magna cum cautione sunt adhibendae neque enim Ianus locatur in legibus (kanoni, romelsac ukuqmedebis Zala gaaCnia, iSviaTad da didi sifrTxiliT gamoiyeneba, radgan ianusis adgili ar aris samarTalSi). sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis, swori da erTgvarovani gamoyenebis aucilebel da ucvlel, pirobad misi axsna-ganmarteba iTvleba, rac sazogadoebaSi arsebul mRelvarebas yvelaze ukeT daacxrobs. Zv. romSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonis sajaro axsna-ganmarteba romaeli iuristebis aqtiuri monawileobiT xorcieldeboda. Tu romaeli pontifikosebi, sakuTar Tavs, RmerTebis nebis ganmcxadeblebad miiCnevdnen da ar zrunavdnen sakuTari konsultaciebis motivaciis Sesaxeb, saero iuristebi ara Tu motivirebul konsultaciebs iZlevian, aramed samarTlis normebis interpretatio
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(axsna-ganmartebas) axdenen, cdiloben Caswvdnen aramarto calkeuli normis arss, aramed Seiswavlon romis samarTlis sistema, mTlianobaSi, da daadginon samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. sisxlis samarTalSi damkvidrda iuridiuli prezumfciis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba. sisxlis samarTlis prezumfcia gulisxmobda, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi `adgili aqvs keTilsindisierebas, Tu ar dadginda boroti ganzraxva” an `TiToeuli CvenTagani keTilsindisier pirad iTvleba, Tu ar damtkicda sapirispiro mdgomareoba” (Paul). I. sisxlis samarTlis principebi im mravalricxovani samarTlebrivi saSualebebidan, romlebic mowodebuli arian ganamtkicon sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovreba, gamoiyofa iseTebi, romlebsac generaluri (zogadsavaldebulo) mniSvneloba da JReradoba gaaCniaT, romlebic kerZo samarTlis normebis Sinaarssa da tonalobas koordinireben, sasamarTlo praqtikas akeTilSobileben, samarTlebriv ideologias asaxaven. am samarTlebrivi reglamentebis saxelwodebaa – samarTlis principi, romelic kerZo moTxovnebs ganamtkicebda. samarTlis principebis roli da mniSvneloba SeiZleba erTi fraziT CamovayaliboT: samarTlis principi aris ideasa da sinamdviles Soris arsebuli kompromisi. $1. kanonierebis principi kanoniereba – zogadsamarTlebrivi idealia, romelic, yovelgvar gamonaklisebs, mTlianad uaryofda. Zv. romaelebma STamomavlobas erTgvarovani samarTlebrivi maqsimebi dautoves saxelmZRvanelod: fiat iustitia, pereat mundus (marTlmsajuleba unda aRsruldes, mTeli samyaroc rom daiRupos) da dura lex, sed lex (kanoni mkacria, magram es kanonia). kanonierebis sayovelTao principis damkvidrebam, TviTnebobis, analogiiT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis, usamarTlo da dausabuTebeli gadawyvetilebis aRmofxvras Seuwyo xeli. romaelebma Tavidan aiciles kanonierebis reJimis darRveva da, kanonis mkacr da mSral erTgvarovnebas, mianiWes upiratesoba individualuri midgomebis mimarT, rac, momdevno Taobebis iuristebisaTvis, Tavisebur gafrTxilebad, mowodebad iqca. $2. moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi aris iseTive mudmivi idea, rogorc mudmivia TviT buneba. adamianebma didi xania daijeres da ganuxrel WeSmaritebad miiRes, garSemo myofTa, an individualizmi, an mTeli samyaros uferuli erTgvarovneba. Ulp. (D. 50, 17, 32) ambobda: ... quod adius naturale affinet, omnes homines aequales sunt (...bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, yvela adamiani Tanasworia). Tumca, samarTali (da gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTali) politikur doqtrinebs eqvemdebareba, cvlis memkvidreobis sakiTxebis reglamentacias, da cdilobs, qonebriv sanqciebsa da Tavisuflebis CamorTmevas Soris, moZebnos alternativa. zogadad, qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis sferom, kastobrivi kuTvnilebis arseboba, yvelaze metad ganicada. pirvelebma aRniSnuli viTareba swored romaelma iuristebma SeniSnes. maTi azriT, erTi mxriv, kanoni yvelasaTvis erTi piriT saubrobda (lex uno ore omnes alloquitur) da Tanasworoba samarTlianobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa (prima pars aequitatis aequalitas). magram, meore mxriv, pirvelive kritikuli viTarebis arsebobam, romaeli iuristebi daaeWva da maT gamoTqves aseTi mosazreba: quinon habet in crimena luat in corpore, ne quis peccetur impune (is, visac safuleSi groSi ar udevs, unda daeqvemdebaros sxeulebriv sasjels, radgan kanonis damrRvevi dausjeli ar darCes). amrigad, ufro zusti iqneba, aRniSnuli principi, Camoyalibdes Semdegi cnebiT: yvela piri kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe aris Tanaswori, yovelgvari faqtobrivi garemoebebis arsebobis miuxedavad, asakisa da Seracxadobis, anu im Semadgenlobis niSnebis garda, romlebic danaSaulis subieqtisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. sisxlissamarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi, swored danaSaulis Semadgenloba, adamianTa iuridiuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo da gamocdili instrumenti iyo. amrigad, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi braldebuli pirebi gaTanabrebuli da standartizebuli arian.
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$3. braleulobis principi braleulobis principi Zvel romaul definiciaSi daaxloebiT ase JRerda: ubi culpa est, ibi poena subesse debet (sadac bralia, iqve sasjelic unda iyos). bralis principis arseboba ganpirobebuli iyo sami faqtoriT: a) brali humanuri iaraRi iyo, zianis momtani qmedebis Camdeni, nebismieri avtoris dasjis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris iseTi pirebis dasjis winaaRmdeg, vinc sazogadoebrivi zneobiT ar iyo gamarTlebuli; b) brali – samarTlebrivi miznebis miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa, rac mxolod xelisuflebasa da damnaSaves Soris gaazrebuli dialogis arsebobis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli (ganzraxuli Canafiqrisa da nebelobiTi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, am aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, samarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb, gamosworebisa da valis gadaxdis Sesaxeb da sxva); g) brali _ pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis damatebiTi kriteriumia. braleulobis moTxovna, xelisuflebis mier, mimarTuli mxolod bralis kondiciuri matareblebisadmi, romelTa qveS igulisxmeba garkveuli asakis miRweva (romelic usafrTxo sazogadoebriv moqmedebas uzrunvelyofs) da biologiuri maCveneblebi (fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT, adekvaturad aRiqvas sazoga-doebrivi cxovreba, unaris mqone nebismieri fizikuri piri). amrigad, asaki da Seracxaoba bralisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis mTavari winapirobaa. brali – danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqturi mxaris niSania, romelic, nebismieri sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, mtkicebis sagans warmoadgenda da axlac warmoadgens. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi braleulobis principi dakavSirebuli iyo faqtebis swor asaxvasTan, qmedebis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis (saSiSroebis) gagebasTan. marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da danaSaulis akrZalvis Segnebas ar aqvs iuridiuli mniSvneloba. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat (kanonis arcodna aravis epatieba) – romaelebma es principi gaiTavises ZvelTaganve. romis xelisufalni, romis senatisa an magistratebis iuridiulad mniSvnelovan da zogadsavaldebulo aqtebs, sayovelTao gacnobisaTvis forumis moedanze gamofendnen xolme, tabulae publicae saxiT, an damatebiT gaaxmovanebdnen kidec. $4. samarTlianobis principi samarTlianobis principi uZveles zogadsakacobrio idealsa da imeds gamoxatavda. rogorc nebismieri moraluri moTxovna, samarTlianoba gansxvavdeba Sinaarsobrivi moqnilobiT. TiToeuli epoqa da TiToeuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba samarTlianobis sakuTari gagebis mimarT, garkveul imedebs gamoxatavda. Zvelma romaelebma maleve gaacnobieres, rom yvelasaTvis misaRebi kanoni saerTod ar arsebobs da amitom saWiroa gansakuTrebuli koeficientebis SemuSaveba. romaelebma aqcenti aequitasze (samarTlianoba) gadaitanes, romelic, maTi azriT, mkacri kanonierebis erTaderTi da mudmivi oponentia. maTi SexedulebiT, mxolod aequitas iyo zesamarTlebrivi imperativi, gadamrCeni instrumenti, romelic sisxlis samarTals adamianebisaTvis misaRebad aqcevda. romaelebma zneobrivi iuridiuli Cixidan erTaderT gamosavlad perpetuae lex miiCnevdnen. swored aman ganapiroba romaelTa RvTaebrivi aRtkineba samarTlianobis mimarT: ius respicit aequitatem (samarTali angariSs uwevs samarTlianobis mosazrebebs); lex respicit aequitatem (kanoni pativiscemiT ekideba samarTlianobis moTxovnebs), an lex aequitate gaudet (samarTali samarTlianobiT tkbeba). Zveli romis iuristTa zneobrivi monapovrebis ZiriTadi kalapoti kanonis samarTlianobaze gaSuqeba iyo, riTac maT daamtkices, rom moraluri kriteriumi biwierze ufro maRalia da amitom xelisuflebis miswrafebani arasrulyofilia. iuristebi kanonmdeblobisagan zomierebas moiTxovdnen (tantum habent de lege, quantum habent de iustitia (kanonisaTvis mniSvnelovani is aris, rac samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiTac mniSvnelovania), aqve iyo pretorebis mimarT mowodeba, rom maT kanonis kerZo wesebSi gamoeZebnaT samarTlis suliskveTeba zogadad (aequitas naturalis preferenda est rigori iuris – bunebrivi samarTlianoba ufro sasurvelia, vidre kanonis simkacre); iudex aequitatem semper spectare debet (mosamarTlem samarTlianoba mudam mxedvelobaSi unda iqonios). romis samarTalSi samarTlianobis principis kerZo axsna-ganmartebad Semdegi daTqma iTvleboda: nemo bis punitur pro eodem delieto, nemo debet bis puniri uno delicto (aravin ASeiZleba orjer daisajos erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis). $5. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi Cadenili qmedebisaTvis, nel-nela, xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da
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centralizaciis zrdasa da mis xelSi sadamsjelo funqciebis gadasvlasTan erTad, sisxlis aRebis Cveulebis, cxovelebis dasjis, sisxlis samarTlis Temur-koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobisagan uaris Tqmis paralelurad, ikafavda gzas. Zvel romaelebTan aRniSnuli principi mouwodebda danaSaulis Sedegebi memkvidreebze ar gavrcelebuliyo (in heredes non solent transire actiones quae poenales ex maleficio sunt (sadamsjelo xasiaTis sarCelebi, romlebic danaSaulis Cadenis faqtidan warmoiSveba, ar gadadis memkvidreobiT). aseve erTmniSvnelovania kidev erTi anonimuri sentencia _ nemo punitur pro alieno delicto (aravin daisjeba sxvisi danaSaulisaTvis). Ulp.D.16,3,1,18 azriT, samarTaldarRvevisa da zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxs agebda piradad samarTaldamrRvevi (et delicta et noxae caput seguuntur). Tumca, Zv. romaulma ideologiurma da samarTlebrivma konstruqciebma am principidan gamonaklisic dauSves: kerZod, Ulp. (D.48,4,11) Tvlida: Crimen extinguiturrimen mortalitate, nisi forte quis maiestatis reus fuit (danaSauli daifareba damnaSavis sikvdiliT, Tumca erTi gamonaklisiT: Tu saxelmwifo Ralats ar hqonda adgili. amrigad, saxelmwifos moRalate naTesavis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxs misi memkvidre agebda da is sasjelisaTvis unda gamzadebuliyo. amave seriidan SeiZleba gamovyoT normebi sxvisi braleulobis gamo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb: mepatronis pasuxismgebloba mosamsaxuris samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (iniuria servi dominum pertingit), anu adamianis pasuxismgebloba monisa an Svilis samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (ob alterius culpam tenetur, sive servi, sive liberi). $6. dasjadobis gardauvalobis principi sasjelis gardauvalobis principi romaelebma bunebriv samarTlianobad miiCnies, radgan, maTi azriT, es principi mniSvnelovan prevenciul saSualebad, TiTqmis aqsiomad, miiCneoda. upirveles yovlisa, es moTxovna damnaSavis antisazogadoebriv gamoxtomaze reagirebis amocanas daukavSirda: neque impunita maleficia esse oporteat (danaSauli dausjeli ar unda darCes) – Iul. (D.9,2,51,2). gansakuTrebiT miesalmebodnen im azrs, rom danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris uryevi kavSiri arsebobda da samagieros mizRvis gardauvalobas win veraferi daudgeboda. Ulp. (D.4,5,2,3) Tvlida, rom aravin SeiZleba gaTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan Cadenili samarTaldarRvevis gamo (nemo delictis exuitur). sisxlissamarTlebrivi qmedebisaTvis sasjelis gardauvalobis principi, yvelaze xSirad, axali danaSaulis Cadenisagan Tavis aridebis zrunviT an danaSaulisagan Tavdacvis aucileblobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. romaelebi saubrobdnen saxelmwifo interesebis (interest reipublicae ne maleficia remaneant impunita – saxelmwifos interesebSia, rom damnaSaveni dausjeli ar darCnen) Sesaxeb; imis Sesaxeb, rom dausjeloba mudam waaxalisebda damnaSaveT (impunitas cotinuum affectum tribuit delinquendi), rom dausjeloba mudmivad acdunebs pirs danaSaulis Cadenisaken (spes impunitas continuum Affectum tribuit delinquendi). II. danaSauli romis samarTalSi danaSauli (Tanamedrove gagebiT), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis cneba da instituti, romaul iurisprudenciaSi ver Camoyalibda. savaraudod, maTze gavlena moaxdina, mkacrad Teoriuli xasiaTis da mSrali, sworad Camoyalibebuli definiciebis mimarT, romaelTa sayovelTao siZulvilma. winaswar Semowmebuli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswinebiT _ romaelebi upirtesobas brZanebebis zust da mokle formulebs, qcevis receptebs aniWebdnen. Zv. romma ukve icoda marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa da gadacdomis (commissum), samarTaldarRvevisa (delictum) da sakuTriv danaSaulis (crimen) diferencireba. danaSauli, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda sxvadasxva saxeebad: 1. saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli – vis publica an de maestate; 2. Zaladobrivi danaSauli – devi; 3. sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli _ raptus; 4. Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli – ambitus da sxva. aRniSnuli epoqis danaSaulis kerZo saxeebi Semdegnairad iyofoda: a) peculatos (saxelmwifo sakuTrebis dataceba, gaflangva); b) plagium (Tavisufali adamianis, marTlsawinaaRmdegod, monad gayidva); g) repetundae (romis mokavSireebis qonebis mitaceba); d) veneficia (SxamiT mowamvla); e) sicaria (daqira-
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vebuli mkvleloba – angarebiT mkvleloba); v) homicidium (ganzrax mkvleloba); z) perduellio (saxelmwifos Ralati); T) furtum (qurdoba); i) calumnia (ciliswameba); k) falsum (crumowmeoba); l) captio an fraus (TaRliToba); m) convicium (Seuracxyofa); n) verberatio (cema, gvema) da sxva. romaelma iuristebma, pirobiTad, savaraudod, aRiares marTlwinaaRmdegoba danaSaulis aucilebel niSnad: Ulp. (D. 50, 16, 131 pr) Tvlida, rom poena sine fraude esse non potest (dauSvebelia sasjelis arseboba danaSaulis gareSe). romaelebma gansazRvres danaSaulis kategorizaciis Canasaxebic: 1. minora crimina _ naklebad mniSvnelovani danaSauli; 2. maT mier ganisazRvra danaSaulebrivi aqtis dasrulebis momentis dadgenis aucilebloba (flagrans crimen). III. brali danaSauli warmoadgens garkveul fsiqofiziologiur erTobliobas, anu brali aris azrebsa da qmedebas, sulsa da sxeuls, ganzraxvasa da Sedegs Soris arsebuli uwyveti kavSiri. piris Sinagani sulieri samyaros is mciredi nawili, romelic danaSaulebriv aqts uSualod asaxavda da xsnida da bunebrivad iwvevda kanonmdeblisa da iuristis interesebs, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqtur mxared iwodeboda. aRniSnuli cneba cnobili iyo romaeli iuristebisaTvis, romlebic mas mens rea (sulieri saqme) uwodebdnen. Tanamedrove mecniereba mens rea-Si gamohyofs mizansa (avtorisaTvis sasurveli Secodebis Sedegi) da motivs (Segnebuli an gauazrebeli Sinagani aRtkineba), Tumca, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqturi mxaris mTavar komponents mainc brali warmoadgens. bralis gareSe miyenebuli zarali sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT ar idevneba da isjeba. Zvelma laTinebma imTaviTve moaxdines danaSaulis klasificireba SemTxveviT, ganzrax da emociebze damyarebul qmedebad: Modestinus (D.48,19,11,2) azriT, delinquitur aut proposito aut impetu aut casu (adamianebi samarTals ganzrax, grZnobebis mowoliT an SemTxveviT arRveven). nebismieri samarTaldamrRvevi fsiqiurad individualuria, xolo nebismieri danaSauli, agreTve, samyaros individualuri fsiqologiuri asaxvis sferos warmoadgens da, amavdroulad, danaSaulSi TviT samarTaldamrRvevis pirovnebaa gamoxatuli. danaSaulis subieqturi mxarisa da bralis Sesaxeb codnas Zveli romaelebi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebisaTvis iyenebdnen. maT mier moZiebul iqna danaSaulebrivi fsiqologiis axal-axali gamyofi xazebi, ris Sedegad damkvidrda mtkiceba, rom danaSaulis sxvadasxva saxe erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ganzraxviT da miznebiT (violuntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia). agreTve moxda Tanamedrove iuridiuli suliskveTebisaTvis nacnobi cnebebis – Tanabari brali (par delictum), winaswar Secnobili ganzraxva (malitia praecogitata) _ kultivireba. swored aqedan gamomdinareobs miTiTeba uxeSi gauazreblobisa da zianis ganzraxi miyenebis Sesaxeb (lata culpa dolo aequiparatur _ uxeSi daudevroba ganzraxvas uTanabrdeba an magna culpa dolus est – uxeSi gaufrTxilebloba ganzraxvis Tanabaria. amrigad, imdroindel sisxlissamarTlebriv konstruqciebSi ukve iyo ganzraxvis, gaufrTxileblobisa da daudevrobis adgili. damnaSavis inteleqtualur-nebelobiTi Zalisxmeva da SesaZleblobani, sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi, mxedvelobaSi ori mimarTulebiT miiReboda: Cadenili qmedebisadmi (moqmedeba an umoqmedoba) fsikuri damokidebulebiT da am qmedebis SedegebiT. Tumca, Zvel romaul sakanonmdeblo teqstebsa da traqtatebSi ar iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba bralis ori formis – ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis Sesaxeb, magram ukve arsebobda miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom alkoholi did gavlenas axdenda danaSaulis Cadenaze, kerZod: qui peccaf ebrius, luat sobrius (vinc Caidenda danaSauls simTvraleSi, daisjeboda maSin, roca fxizeli iyo). Zvelromaulma samarTalmcodneobam swrafad gaiazra, rom erTmaneTisagan unda gaemijnaT SemTxveva da Secdoma. Ulp. azriT: a) casus a nullo praestatur (SemTxvevis (dauZleveli Zalis) gamo pasuxs aravin agebs) (D. 50, 17, 23); b) fortuitos casus nullum humanum consilium providere potest (araviTar adamianur windaxedulobas SeuZlia SemTxvevisagan dacva (D. 4, 4, 11, 5). Secdomas ki error uwodebdnen. Secdoma sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba yofiliyo, kerZod: romaelebi iuridiul da faqtobriv Secdomebs ganasxvavebdnen. gansxvavebis arsi ki metad sworxazovani iyo: ignorantia facti excusat, ignorantia iuris (haund) non excusat (faqtis arcodna sapatioa, xolo samarTlis arcodna (aravi-
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Tar SemTxvevaSi) (aravis) epatieba). aRniSnulis Taobaze mniSvnelovania Paul. mosazreba: regula est iuris quidem ignorantia cuique nocere, facti vero ignorantium non nocere (samarTlis arcodna yvelasaTvis sazianoa, faqtis arcodna ar aris saziano) (D.22,6,9pr). $1. Seracxaoba brali samarTaldamrRvevis jansaRi fsiqikis moqmedebas gulisxmobs: Tu piri fsiqiurad daavadebulia (WkuasustobiT an gonebaClungobiT) gamoiricxeba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da piri mxolod iZulebiT samedicino mkurnalobas daeqvemdebareba, Sesabamis samkurnalo dawesebulebaSi. romaelma iuristebma, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da samedicino daxmarebis mizniT, samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi SemoiRes Seuracxaobis cneba, romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove samarTalSi. sakuTriv iuridiuli wesebi metad sworxazovania: Modestinus azriT, sufficit furore ipso furiosum puniri (uWkuo sakmarisad dasjilia uWkuobiT. D. 48, 9, 9, 2), anu fsiqiurad avadmyofi pirebis mier Cadenili eqscesebis gamo, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Sefardeba SeuZlebeli iyo. Tanac, im periodSi, met-naklebad mowesrigebuli, fsiqiatriuli klinikebis arseboba warmoudgeneli iyo, ris gamoc, suliT avadmyofi piri bolomde “Tavisufali” iyo da iZulebiTi xasiaTis samedicino RonisZiebas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis samarTalSi arc sakanonmdeblo wesiT gadawyvetili Seuracxaobis definicia arsebobda, romelic Rirseul samedicino da biologiur safuZvels daefuZneboda. amis gamo Seuracxadi da suliT avadmyofi pirebis gansxvaveba martivi wesiT xdeboda: fortus praesumitur qui in proprio nomine errat (Seuracxadia is, vinc Secdomebs sakuTar saxelSi akeTebda). $2. danaSaulis obieqturi mxare subieqturi Seracxvis, bralis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis, Secdomisa da Seuracxaobis didi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, Zveli romaelebisaTvis danaSaulis advilad damamtkicebel mowmeobas mainc misi garegani, obieqturi niSnebi (maxasiaTeblebi) warmoadgenda, romlebic ufro Zlier argumentad iTvleboda, vidre sityvebi (facta sunt potentiora verbis). romaeli iuristebi Tvlidnen, rom mxolod azrebis gamo piris dasja SeuZlebeli iyo, rom ganzraxva ar iyo dasjadi (cogitationis poenam nemo patitur – Ulp. D. 48, 19, 18). am droidan moyolebuli, qmedeba da misi Sedegebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani garegani koordinatebis garemocvaSia (danaSaulis Cadenis adgili, dro, xerxi, garemoeba, iaraRi, saSualeba da sxva) moqceuli, danaSaulis im energetikul birTvs warmoadgenen, romelic danaSaulis Semadgeblobis obieqturi mxaris saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. Zalzed primitiulad iyo gadawyvetili danaSaulis damTavrebis sakiTxi. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa gaiusis mosazrebani qurdobis damTavrebasTan dakavSirebiT: manifestum furtum quidam id esse dixerunt, quod dum fit deprehenditur. Alii vero ulterius, quod eo loco deprehenditur ubi fit. ... Alii ... donec perferret eo, quo perferre fur destinasset. Alii ...quandoque eam rem fur tenens visus fuerit (zogierTebis azriT, qmedeba mTavrdeba, Tu damnaSave danaSaulis Cadenis dros iqneba waswrebuli; sxvebi Tvlian. ...Tu is waswrebulia danaSaulis adgilze; mesameni ...vidre qurdi ar waiRebs nivTs iq, sadac Caifiqra, da, bolos, sxvebi Tvlian...roca qurds nivTiT xelSi xedaven (Gai., 3, 84). $3. danaSaulis Cadenis stadiebi romaelma iuristebma ar icodnen, Tanamedrove gagebiT, danaSaulis momzadebis cneba, maT ver SeZles damTavrebuli danaSaulis, rogorc damoukidebeli stadiis, gamoyofa da ver hyofdnen danaSaulis Secadebas calkeul nairsaxeobad (rogorc Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSia). damTavrebul xelyofas upirispirdeboda mxolod Secadeba (mcdeloba), romelsac romaelebma yvelaze meti sentencia miuZRvnes. maTi nawili sadReisod CvenTvis miuRebeli da sazianoc ki aris, kerZod: in lege Cornelia dolus pro facto accipitur (korneliusis kanonis Tanaxmad (adamianis mkvlelobis), mcdeloba mkvlelobas uTanabrdeba (Paul. D. 48, 8, 7); In atrocioribus delictis punitur affectus licet non sequitur effectus (ufro mZime danaSaulis mcdeloba mainc dasjadia, Tundac Sedegi ar yofiliyo damdgari).
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$4. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba romaulma warCinebulma sazogadoebam Zalzed adre gaacnobiera danaSaulis jgufuri formebis mometebuli safrTxe, arsebuli wesrigisadmi korporaciuli winaaRmdegobis gansakuTrebuli saSiSroeba (mezobel tomebTan permanentuli brZola, plebs-is politikuri bunti, monaTa gaxSirebuli ajanyebebi, provinciebSi arsebuli mRelvareba). yovelive zemoTqmulma, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb, moZRvrebis aqtiur ganxilvas, Seuwyo xeli. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis problema, kanonmdeblobaSi, dacviT reaqciad iqca. Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTli, danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis pasuxismgeblobas, Semdegi qmedebebisaTvis adgens: uSedego wamqezeblobisaTvis; amave dros, Tanamedrove sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba, gansakuTrebulad ixilavs danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis iseT problemebs, rogoricaa: eqscesis individualizirebuli statusi: organizatoris, wamqezeblis, damxmaris mier danaSaulebriv qmedebaze nebayoflobiT uaris Tqma; rolebis gancalkaveba; TiToeuli Tanamonawiles mimarT, sasjels Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli garemoebebis gamoyeneba da sxva. aRniSnul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, romaelebi sakmaod sworxazovnad iqceodnen: maT dainaxes, rom jgufuri xelyofis dros, Sedegis dadgoma, saboloo jamSi, amsruleblis finalur Zalisxmevaze iyo damokidebuli da swored amsrulebels miiCneven jgufuri danaSaulis mTavar RerZad, mTavar damnaSaved: ubi non esf princiupalis, non potest esse accessorius (sadac ar aris mTavari braleuli (amsrulebeli), iq arc Tanamonawileobaa), an accessorius (Tanamonawileoba) sequitur naturam sut principalis (Tanamonawileoba Tansdevs mTavar braleuls) anu dauSvebelia Tanamonawilis braldeba ufro mZime danaSaulis CadenaSi, vidre mTavari braleulis danaSaulebrivi qmedeba. Tanamonawileoba jer kidev ar iyo daCrdiluli Semxeblobis institutiT. samagierod, ukve moxda, jgufurad Cadenili danaSaulis, qmedebis drois mixedviT, iuridiuli SezRudva: nullus dicitur felo principalis nisi actor, aut qui praesens est, abettans auf auxilians actorem ad feloniam faciendam - mTavar damnaSaves aravis uwodeben, amsruleblis, an im piris garda, romelic danaSaulis Cadenis adgilas imyofeboda da danaSaulis Cadenisaken aqezebda, an amaSi mas exmareboda). rogorc Cans, imis miuxedavad, rom Tanamonawileobis subieqturi safuZvlebisadmi ukve arsebobda sayovelTao ltolva, danaSaulis an damnaSavis dafarva arasrulyofilad iyo Camoyalibebuli; saubari exeba mxolod damxmares codnas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo amsruleblis Zalisxmeva, Tumca, araferia naTqvami, damxmaresa da amsrulebels Soris arsebul urTierTSeTanxmebaze. apeninebze Camoyalibebul sisxlis samarTalSi garkveuli warmatebebic gvxvdeba: gamoyofilia da gamoiyeneba danaSaulSi Tanamonawilis cneba (particeps criminis); farTod gavrcelda debuleba, romelsac dRes, zianis SualobiT miyenebas vuwodebT (qui per alium facit per seipsum facere videtur _ is, vinc moqmedebs sxvisi meSveobiT, TviTon uSualod moqmedebis Camdenad iTvleba). pozitiuri movlena TviT TanamonawileTa klasificireba iyo, ama Tu im figuris SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvriT. gansakuTrebuli sasjeli swored wamqezebels ekisreboda: is yovelTvis ufro braleuli iyo, vidre amsrulebeli (plus peccat autor quam actor), kerZod: ulpianes azriT, “persuadere plus est quam compelli atque cogi sibi parere (waaqeze – ufro boroti ganzraxviTia, vidre morCilebisadmi iZuleba (D. 11, 3, 1, 3)). $5. danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi, aRniSnuli moqmedebani, romlebsac danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani ewodeba, subieqtebis mier eqstremalur viTarebaSi xorcieldeba: 1.zianis miyenebis viTareba maT mier ar igegmeboda; 2. am garemoebas iZulebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da pirs ar SeeZlo, drois ukmarisobis gamo, sakuTari sapasuxo moqmedebebis gaazreba, an sasargeblo rCevebis miReba; 3. Tu aRniSnuli pirobebis garda, sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo aqciebsac eqneba adgili (iZulebis qveS, zianis miyenebis SemTxvevis garda), aseTi adamianebis mimarT, xelisuflebis mxridan, SebralebiTi damokidebulebis aucileblobaze SeiZleba visaubroT.
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rasakvirvelia, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, jer ver iqneboda romaul sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli, vinaidan aRniSnuli moTxovnebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis monapovaria. Tumca, zianis marTlzomieri miyenebis garemoebebi, mainc iqna aRiarebuli da nel-nela gavrcelda romaelTa sazogadoebaSi. maT SesZles erTmaneTisagan gaemijnaT actus Dei, vis maior, vis divina (RvTiuri saqmeebi) da socialuri forsmaJoris garemoeba, romelsac aucileblobis cneba mieniWa. aucilebloba cvlis kanons da mis gauTavebel sirTuleebs dascinis (neccessitas vincit legem; legum vincula irredet; aucilebloba amarTlebs imas, risi gakeTeba iZulebis wesiT moxda (quod necessitas cogit, defendit); aucilebloba kanonierad aqcevs imas, rac sxva pirobebSi dauSvebeli iqneboda (quod alias non fuit lecitum necessitas licitum facit) da arc ki cnobs sazogadoebis kanonebs (necessitas non habet legem). a) Zveli romis socialuri fors-maJorTa jgufis saTaveSi aucilebeli mogerieba idga. Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis msgavsad, romis samarTalSi ganxiluli, aucilebeli mogeriebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti: 1) marTlzomierebis pirobebi; 2) eqscesi; 3) provokacia; 4) dro da mxareTa SesaZleblobani... es gasagebicaa, vinaidan Tavdacvis ufleba (gansacdelSi Cavardnili TanameTemisaTvis gadaudebeli daxmarebis aRmoCeniT) adamianTa Tanacxovrebis aucilebel elements warmoadgenda da xelisuflebac iZulebuli iyo mas Segueboda. Tanac, aRniSnuli sazogadoebrivi movaleoba, ganmtkicebuli iyo zneobriobiT da saxelmwifomac dauSva sakuTari uflebebis nawilobrivi daTmoba rigiTi wevris sasargeblod, raTa uzrunvelyo borotmoqmedebis aRkveTa. 1. aucilebeli mogerieba bunebriv da keTil saqmed gamocxadda: quod cunque aliquis ob tutelam corporis sui fecerit iure id fecisse videtur (yovelive is, rasac adamiani sakuTari Tavis dasacavad sCadis, kanonierad iTvleba). aucilebeli mogeriebis dros dasaSvebad miiCneva nebismieri Sedegi, maT Soris Tavdamsxmelis mokvla (homicidium se defendendo); 2. TavdamsxmelTan Setakeba garkveuli pirobebiT izRudeba. Zaladoba Semxvedr Zaladobas unda Seesabamebodes (vim vi repellere lecef) (Cassius et Ulp. D. 43, 16, 1, 27). xolo Tavdamsxmelis daWra SesaZlebelia Tavdacvis dros da ara SurisZiebis gamo (illum qui vim infert, ferire conceditur, si tuendi dumtaxat, non etiam ulciscendi causa factum sit. Paul. D. 2, 45. aRniSnuli sentencia unda imgvarad aixsnas, rom TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis marTlzomiereba, droebliv CarCoebzea damokidebuli (mogeriebis dros) da dauSvebelia misi gamarTleba, Tavdasxmis aRkveTis interesebis garda (da ara SurisZiebiT); 3. imviria non excusat iniuriam (zianis miyeneba yovelTvis rodi amarTlebs (sapasuxo) zianis miyenebas); a) dauSvebelia Zaladobis SeniRbva samarTlis safarqveS – est autem vis legem simulans. aseve akrZalulia Tavdasxmis provocireba. Paul. Tvlida, rom ne cui dolus suus, per occasionem iuris civilis, contra naturalem aequitatem prosit (boroti ganzraxva, samarTlis sababiT, aravisTvis sargeblis momtani unda iyos, bunebrivi samarTlianobis sawinaaRmdegod). b) damnaSavis dakavebisa da saTanado organoebSi gamwesebis RonisZiebani, danaSaulebriobasTan brZolis yvelaze bunebrivi da absoluturad aucilebeli fragmenti iyo nebismier qveyanaSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakavebis dros maT SesaZloa, zianic miayenon. amave gziT ganviTarda danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakaveba romis sisxlis samarTalSi. am mxriv niSandoblivia Semdegi sentencia: furem, si aliter capi non posset, occidere permittunt – (nebadarTulia qurdis adgilze mokvla, Tu sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia misi dakaveba). g) adamianisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevebi, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis gavleniT. gamamarTlebeli mniSvneloba, iZulebiTi moqmedebis motiviT, SeiZleba mieniWos adamianisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevebs, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis gavleniT. Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobiT, Zaladoba unda iyos gardauvali (dauZleveli), riTac, msxverplad qceuli, piri kargavs SemoqmedebiTi moqmedebis SesaZleblobas da mas sakuTari nebis (contra voluntas) sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebas aiZuleben. ueWvelia, rom, am mxriv, upiratesoba fizikur iZulebas eniWeba, romelic adamianis organizmTan uSualo kontaqtiT xorcieldeba cemis, gvemis, gakoWvis an sxva xerxebis meSveobiT. fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT pirs erTmeva moqmedebis SesaZlebloba: mas aRar SeuZlia TviTdaWris, gagudvis imitaciis, TviTmkvlelobis ganxorcieleba. romaeli iuristebi nakleb mniSvnelobas fsiqikur Zaladobas, an Zaladobis muqaras aniWebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebloba nebis paralizebis gansakuTrebul mtkicebulebebs moiTxovda, vinaidan dausabuTebeli SiSi, gamamarTlebeli ver iqneba – vani timoris iusta excusatio non est (Cel. D. 50, 17, 184). mxolod maSin SeiZleba visaubroT zianis
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miyenebis gamarTlebaze, roca, garegnuli iZulebiTi zemoqmedeba, sakmarisad Zlieri iyo: actus me invito factus, non est meus actus (moqmedeba, romelic Cemi nebis sawinaaRmdegoa, ar aris Cemi moqmedeba). IV. sasjeli $1. sasjelis cneba da misi miznebi romaeli iuristebis aqsiologiuri (samarTlebrivi faseulobebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) Ziebani penalogiis (sasjelis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) sferoSi, maTi warmodgenebi saxelmwifos sadamsjelo saqmianobis Sesaxeb, sakmaod misaRebi aRmoCnda Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlisaTvis – maT gansazRvres sasjelis gamoyenebis prevenciuli da aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi. swored amgvarad moqmedebdnen imdroindeli mosamarTleebi. maT urCevdnen mudam scodnodaT, rom causa in praeterium, poena in furtum confertur (danaSaulis mizezi warsuls ekuTvnis, xolo sasjeli samomavlod iniSneba. Ulp.35,1,12). swored amitom miaCndaT maT usargeblod represiuli RonisZiebebis mibma, ukve Cadenili danaSaulis garemoebebsa da Sedegebisadmi; momavlisken xedva pasuxismgeblobis Sefardebas niSnavda sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Poena extenditur quandoque ratione rei publicae (zogjer sasjelis gamkacreba saxelmwifos interesebis Sesabamisad xdeba). romaeli iuristebi sasjelis prevenciul daniSnulebas calsaxad aRiarebdnen. im dros gavrcelebuli iyo sentencia: nemo prudens punit ut praeterita revocentur, sed ut futura praeveniantur (brZeni adamiani sjis ara imisaTvis, rom gaabaTilos Cadenili moqmedeba, aramed Tavidan aicilos samomavlod). mkacri sasjeli naklebad efeqturi aRmoCnda danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis Sesakaveblad, vidre darwmuneba imaSi, rom nebismieri borotmoqmedeba, gardauvalad, dasjadi iqneba. amis gamo, maT SeimuSaves recepti: cum non remitti poenam facebe publice intersit, ne ad maleficia temere quisquam prositiat (dausjeli ar darCes danaSauli – sazogadoebis interesebSia, raTa aravin ganizraxos danaSaulis Cadena. C. 9,47,14). Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi sasjeli damnaSavis mier Cadenili arasasurveli moqmedebis Sedegebis gamo, damdgari iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa. sasjelis ganusxvisebel Tvisebas damnaSavisaTvis tanjvis miyeneba, garkveuli uflebis CamorTmeva an SezRudva warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gareSe, sasjeli sakuTar daniSnulebas dakargavda da mxolod samagieros mizRvad, an profilaqtikur RonisZiebad aRiqmeboda. sisxlis samarTlis sasjeli, rogorc iZulebiTi RonisZieba, damnaSave pirs fizikur da zneobriv-fsiqologiur tanjvas obieqturad uwesebda. Tumca, ciceronis azriT, prevenciuli da pedagogiuri Zalisxmevis Sejerebisas, swored aRmzrdelobiT RonisZiebebs unda mieniWos upiratesoba. manve gamoTqva cnobili aforizmi: SiSi movaleobis aramyari maswavlebelia. $2. sasjelis daniSvna. danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis problema romauli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom danaSaulis CadenisaTvis, saboloo Sedegi sasamarTlo darbazSi sabraldebo ganaCenis formiT dgindeba. sasjelis saxeobisa da zomis SerCeva braldebis mxaris, TviT sasamarTlos da damcvelTa saqmianobis Sedegia. Zveli romis kanonmdebloba jer ver axdenda sisxlis samarTlis masalis diferencirebas zogad da kerZo nawilebad da praqtikosi iuristebi aequitas moZiebas, kerZo deliqtebis doneze axorcielebdnen. mosamarTlis Tvalwin yovelTvis samarTlianoba unda mdgariyo (iudex aequitatem prae oculis semper habere debet). samarTlianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasjelis individualizaciasTan iyo gaigivebuli: bonus iudex varie ex personis causisque constituet (kargi mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas sxvadasxvagvarad iRebs, saqmis garemoebaTa da masSi monawile pirTa gaTvaliswinebiT Celsus. D. 6, 1, 38). XII dafis kanonebi, sxva sakanonmdeblo ZeglebTan erTad, lex talionis batonobasTan myarad asocirdeba. `Tvali _ Tvalisa wil, kbili _ kbilisa wil, fexi _ fexisa wil, gantexa _ gantexisa wil~ (membrum pro “membro”) _ primitiuli debuleba _ sayovelTaod moqmedebda, Tumca mxolod kvirituli samarTlis (ius Quiritum) periodSi.
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ganmtkicebuli saxelmwifo xelisufleba (jer konsulebisa, xolo Semdeg – keisarTa), romelzec mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen mzardi ekonomikuri brunva, migraciuli talRebi da danaSaulis mravalferovneba, iZulebuli iyo gaerTulebina iZulebiTi wesebi, da maTSi sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesebi Caeqsova. es wesebi, TviT danaSaulis kerZo garemoebebisa da misi monawileTa qmedebisagan, Zalzed Sors idga. instiqtebsa da saritualo RonisZiebebze damyarebuli iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi (praecipitium – tarpeas kldidan (Saxum Tarpeium) damnaSavis gadagdeba da pedis abscissio – qveda kidurebis mokveTa) TandaTanobiT gamoidevna qonebrivi sanqciebiTa da damnaSavis dapatimrebiT. romis samarTalSi SenarCunebul iqna, Tanamedrove samarTlisaTvis, erTi uCveulo Canaweri, sisxlis samarTlis arsis gagebis Sesaxeb. klasikuri Sexeduleba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis am sferos sasjelTan aigivebda; xolo samarTalSi Camoyalibebuli axali azri sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis – danaSaulis mimarT, yuradRebis gamaxvilebas moiTxovda. sityva-sityviT es Semdegnairad JRerda: lex pure poenalis obligat tantum ad poenam, non item ad culpam; lex poenalis mixta et ad culpam obligat et ad poenam (wminda sisxlis samarTali ZiriTadad sasjels da ara danaSauls ucqeris; Sereuli sisxlis samarTali ucqeris rogorc danaSauls, ise sasjels). mTavari aq is aris, rom, e. w. `Sereuli sisxlis samarTlis” gareSe, samarTliani sasjelis problema gadauWreli darCeba. Culpae poena par esto (dae, sasjeli Cadenil danaSauls Seesabamebodes) danaSauli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas unda Seesabamebodes, kerZod: pro mensura cuiusque delicti constituendum est(sasjeli nebismieri samarTaldarRvevisaTvis Tanazomieri unda iyos. Divus Pius et Calligula D. 48,10,31); VIII dafiT dadgenilia sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis sakanonmdeblo diferencireba, danaSaulis saxis Sesabamisad (jarima zeda kidurebis motexvisaTvis, talioni – asoTmiRebisaTvis, sikvdiliT dasja – ciliswamebisaTvis), an misi gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (kvalificiuri Semadgenloba) – sikvdiliT dasja sxvisi qonebisaTvis cecxlis ganzrax wakidebisaTvis da mxolod zianis martivi anazRaureba, cecxliT gaufrTxileblad zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi. Tavisuflad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom romaelma iuristebma, terminologiur doneze, ar icodnen danaSaulis simravlis Sesaxeb. cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam maT ukarnaxa danaSaulebrivi qmedebis diferencirebis aucilebloba, pasuxismgeblobis niSnis mixedviT. praqtikulma saqmianobam SeiZina ramdenime rCeva – sentencia: multiplicita transgressione crescat poenal inflictio (samarTaldarRvevaTa gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi, unda gaizardos sasjelis gamoyeneba). mxolod is unda ganesazRvraT, Tu rogor SeiZleboda danaSaulze reagireba, danaSaulis simravlis SemTxvevebSi – STanTqmiT, SekrebiT, marTla gamravlebiT (pirdapiri gagebiT). Cvenamde moRweuli maqsima adasturebs, rom naklebad mkacri sasjelis ufro mkacri sasjeliT STanTqmis wesi, romaelebma uaryves upirobod. Ulp. amtkicebda, rom numquam plura delicta concurrentia faciunt, ut ullius impunitas detur (ramdenime paralelurad Cadenili samarTaldarRveva ar iwvevs imas, rom erT-erTi maTgani darCes dausjeli. D.47,1,2pr). aRniSnuli moTxovna mxolod STanTqmis principze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda. dResdReobiT Paul erTi sentencia did davas iwvevs: nunquam crescit ex post facto praeteriti delicti aestimatio (momdevno samarTaldarRveva ar amkacrebs sasjels uwindeli samarTaldarRvevis gamo D.50,17,138,1). Tumca, es mxolod erTi SexedviT. momdevno xelyofa, rasakvurvelia, ver imoqmedebda pirveli danaSaulis gamo Sefardebul pasuxismgeblobis zomaze. Tumca, saboloo sasjelis zoma ufro mkacri iqneboda, vidre TiToeuli xelyofa cal-calke aRebuli – sasjelis Sekrebis principis meSveobiT. da bolos, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis sakiTxi. romaelebi, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, xelmZRvanelobdnen martivi, Tumca sakamaTo wesiT: ex frequenti delicto aeqetur poena (sajeli mkacrdeba aRniSnuli saxiT danaSaulis sixSiris (gavrcelebis) gamo). $3. sasjelidan gaTavisuflebis wesi, Sewyaleba romis sisxlis samarTalSi moqmedebda mkacri moTxovnebi sasjelis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. dauSvebeli iyo raime saxis sisuste marTlmsajulebis mxridan, zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan gadaxveva da damnaSavis mimarT gamotanili sasjelis aRsrulebaze, gavlenis moxdena: actus perfectus nullo casu superveniente tollitur (damTavrebuli samarTlebrivi qmedeba ar uqmdeba raime Semdgomi movleniT), anu postkriminaluri movlenebi, dazaralebulisaTvis fulis dabruneba) (liberata pecunia non liberat offerentum
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(fulis dabruneba dambrunebels ar aTavisuflebs sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobidan), mxareTa momrigebluri SeTanxmeba – non valet si convenerit, ne dolus praestetur (dauSvebelia raime SeTanxmebam aRmofxvras pasuxismgebloba boroti ganzraxvisaTvis - Ulp. D. 50, 17, 23), vinaidan sajaro samarTali ver gauqmdeba calkeul pirTa SeTanxmebis Sedegad (ius publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest). mxolod gaupatiurebis danaSaulis SemadgenlobisaTvis dadginda gamonaklisi, Tumca pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisuflebis safasuri Zalzed maRali iyo – dazaralebulTan qorwinebis aucilebloba, vinaidan matrimonium subsequens tollit peccatum praecedens (damdgari qorwineba STanTqavs manamde Cadenil danaSauls). Sewyaleba, rogorc zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan individualuri gadaxveva da uzenaesi suflebis atributi, didi xnis win dadginda da dRemde mniSvnelovan instituts warmoadgens.
xeli-
romaeli iuistebi Sewyalebis instituts Zalzed mikerZoebulad ekidebodnen da am institutisadmi frTxil damokidebulebas sakmaod damajereblad asabuTebdnen. kerZod: a) Fortior est custodia legis quam hominis – (kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro myaria, vidre adamianis mier miniWebuli); b) aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis (kanoni ufro samarTlianad wyvets, vidre adamiani); g) venia facilitas incentivum est delinquendi (Sewyalebis gaadvileba aris danaSaulis waqezeba). $4. arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani romis samarTalma gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebrivi zrunva gamoiCina romauli sazogadoebis arasrulwlovani wevrebis mimarT. samarTalSemfardeblebis mimarT gacemuli Cvenamde moRweuli rCevebis, dadgenili wesebisa da sentenciebis didi nawili Semdegs qadagebda: succurritur minori; facilis est lapsus inventutis (axalgazrda kacisadmi Semwynareblebi unda viyoT; axalgazrdoba advilad cdeba) an in omnibus poenalis iudiciis, et aetati et imprudentiae succurritur (yvela sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba axalgazrduli asaki). garda imisa, rom axalgazrdobis mimarT Semwynarebloba aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda, romis samarTalma akrZala arasrulwlovanTa mdgomareobis gauareseba srulwlovan pirebTan SedarebiT (meliorem conditionem suam facere potest minor, deteriorem nequaquam (arasrulwlovanma SeiZleba gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba, Tumca yovlad dauSvebelia misi mdgomareobis gauareseba); da bolos Paul TanamoZmeebs, sisxlis samarTlis aspeqtSi, kidev erTi rCeva misca: Fere in omnibus poenalibus iudiciis et aetasti et imprudentiae succurritur (TiTqmis yvela sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, braleulobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebas, axalgazrduli asaki da piris gamoucdeloba warmoadgens. Paul. D. 50, 17, 108). ra Tqma unda, oficialur sisxlissamarTlebriv kanonmdeblobaSi, an pretorul samarTalsa da imdroindel sentenciebSi ar saubrobdnen axalgazrda da zrdasruli damnaSaveebis cal-calke moTavsebis Sesaxeb, xandazmulobisa da nasamarTleobis vadebis Semcirebis, sasjelis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyenebisa da arasrulwlovanTaTvis aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan es sakiTxebi mxolod momdevno epoqebis monapovari iyo. Tumca, zogadad humanizmis ideebi arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa dasjis problemas namdvilad Seexo. romis samarTlis monapovari iyo axalgazrdis gardamavali fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswineba. romis samarTalSi arsebobda zogadi wesi, rom am periodSi arasrulwlovans pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreboda, anu minor non tenetur respondere durante (aetas legitima) zRvari 25 wlis asakze modioda, anu samarTlis yvela minori actati (arasrulwlovani pasuxismgeblad ar iTvleba sakuTari arasrulwlovanebis ganmavlobaSi). Tu Tanamedrove gagebiT, zrdasrulobis asaki 16 wlamde grZeldeba, xolo CI mixedviT, srulwlovanebis dargis samarTalsubieqtobisaTvis, sisxlis samarTlis garda, dadgenili iyo 25 weli; sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ki 14 wlis asakidan dgeboda. amavdroulad, kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicda mcirewlovnebis asaki (aetas infantiae proxima – aTwlinaxevris asakamde), romlis mimarT yovlad dauSvebeli iyo sisxlis samarTlis sasjelis gamoyeneba. da bolos, sqesobrivi simwifis dadgomamde asakobrivi jgufis pirebisaTvis (aetas pubertati proxima – aTwlinaxevridan 14 wlis asakamde) sasamarTlo uSvebda sasjelis Sefardebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu miiCnevda arasrulwlovans sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobaunarian pirad (dolicapax – asakobrivad unariani Cadenili qme-
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debisaTvis agos pasuxi.
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