Dec 6, 2011 - Using GIS for Point Source Pollutant Modeling. Anthropogenic pollution is a ... land-use and surface water quality models. The model links ...
Emily Robinson December 6, 2011 NRS 509 Using GIS for Point Source Pollutant Modeling Anthropogenic pollution is a continuing issue throughout the world. Point source pollution consists of that which comes from a single, identifiable location. This typically consists of effluent from industry into the environment. It is considered to be “point source pollution” because the point of entry into the environment is typically easy to identify. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a valuable tool for environmental analyses. These can include investigations of watershed related parameters such as watershed delineation, stream flow, and other similar features. GIS can be used to investigate point source pollution in watersheds. This is typically done to assess the risk of pollution along streams and coastlines. However, in these analyses, GIS is not the only tool used, but combines GIS with other mathematical models. There have been a variety of studies that have looked at pollution risk utilizing GIS. While they all have similar aspects, there are still notable differences between each paper. For example, each takes advantage of GIS technology in slightly different ways. Also, the external applications being used along side GIS are all different from each other. One of the better examples found is a pre‐processor for producing maps that provide inputs for three‐dimensional hydrodynamic/pollutant transport models to simulate pollutant transport in lakes and coastal areas. The GIS component of this project was the use of ArcGIS to prepare ASCII input files that represent bathymetric grid and shorelines. These would be necessary for running the 3D models, which could be visually represented with GIS technology. A case study for this project was completed on the island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea, and it demonstrated the transport of effluent from 10 different wastewater treatment plants on the island off the coast (Naoum et. al. 2005). Another successful example of this point source pollution modeling includes a study of the impacts of point source pollution on coastal waters in the Bohai Bay. This study predicted pollution loads and their impacts on receiving waters through the use of land‐use and surface water quality models. The model links pollution input loads to land‐use and a model for simulating surface flow and chemical and biological processes. The land‐use model utilizes a GIS system in ArcGIS. This model consists of a database and a model base. The database is a geodatabase containing detailed information about social and economic indicators, geological, hydrological and water quality data, and various other statistics. The model base included modules that estimate pollution loads from key sources, including point sources such as industrial and domestic wastewater discharges. Land‐use sub‐modules for estimating diffusion pollution input loads were used for the model base relationship. The model base and spatial analysis functions given in ArcGIS allowed for the data to be analyzed. The conclusion from this project
was the determination that GIS based models could be a useful tool for field professionals (Yuan et. al., 2006). The two examples provided demonstrate ways in which GIS can be combined with other modeling techniques to analyze the effects of point source pollution. They both rely on the GIS technology for data input as well as the visualization of final results. Both also take advantage of the feature of ArcGIS to alter script for maximum analysis. When doing the research for this assignment, the majority of the papers written were about the use of GIS to analyze the movement of nonpoint source pollution moving through the environment. Most of these projects included the runoff from agricultural practices and urban settings. While some projects have been done to analyze pollution risk from effluent or pollution accidents, more could be done to study how point source pollution would be transported through watersheds and the concentrations along streams. More research into point source pollution modeling could lead to a better understanding of how pollutants concentrate throughout watersheds below the discharge point. Annotated Bibliography Gemitzi, A., Petalas, C., Tsihrintzis, V. a, & Pisinaras, V. (2005). Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution: a combination of GIS, fuzzy logic and decision making techniques. Environmental Geology, 49(5), 653‐673. doi:10.1007/s00254‐005‐0104‐1 In this paper Gemitzi et. al. investigated the risk of groundwater pollution in the 14,000 km2 region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace (Northern Greece). The study developed a methodology to estimate the risk of an aquifer to become polluted based on a wide variety of parameters. While some of these parameters include natural aquifer characteristics and geologic settings, some are based on human activities. Using GIS combined with fuzzy logic and multicriteria evaluation techniques, data was acquired and utilized for the production of factor images, which became map layers during the process. The information in each layer (parameter) was converted into comparable values, so aggregation of the maps could produce a final groundwater vulnerability map. Gutiérrez, S., Fernandez, C., Barata, C., & Tarazona, J. V. (2009). Forecasting risk along a river basin using a probabilistic and deterministic model for environmental risk assessment of effluents through ecotoxicological evaluation and GIS. The Science of the total environment, 408(2), 294‐303. Elsevier B.V. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.09.053
In this paper Gutiérrez et. al. developed a model for estimating the risk of effluent pollution along a river segment. This model, called RABETOX (Risk Assessment of Basins by Ecotoxicological Evaluation), is based on whole effluent toxicity and water flows along a specific river segment. The effluent was taken by grab samples from five different waste water treatment plants along the Henares River in the Tajo River Basin in Spain. GIS was incorporated into this project to model the inputs: flow data from the past 25 years, water velocity measurements, and precise distance measurements. This model was then converted into a spreadsheet, where the results could be interpreted before being represented using GIS in order to facilitate risk communication. An ArcGIS script was written to automatically translate information generated by the RABETOX model into shapefiles where each river segment was assigned a specific risk value.
Matejícek, L. (2003). Ecological modelling of nitrate pollution in small river basins by spreadsheets and GIS. Ecological Modelling, 170(2‐3), 245‐263. doi:10.1016/S0304‐ 3800(03)00232‐1 In this paper Matejícek et. al. created a compartment model that makes predictions about surface water pollution based on basin characteristics and land cover attributes. This project creates a methodology for determining potential areas of nitrate pollution from both point and non‐point sources via remote sensing techniques. This study took place in the Rakovnický basin in the Czech Republic. GIS and remote sensing tools were used to manage and estimate nitrate inflows from various sources of pollution, so that the modeling system could simulate amounts of nitrates in each compartment of the stream during a monitoring period. Naoum, S., Tsanis, I. K., & Fullarton, M. (2005). A GIS pre‐processor for pollutant transport modelling. Environmental Modelling & Software, 20(1), 55‐68. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2003.12.009
In this paper Naoum et. al. created a GIS pre‐processor to use for pollutant transport modeling. Ths pre‐processor operates in ArcGIS, and is used to prepare ASCII input files representing bathymetric grid and shorelines. These are necessary for running the 3D hydrodynamic/pollutant transport model. This system was used as a case study on the island of Crete in Greece, which is exposed to effluent from ten different outlets. Naoum et. al. hope that their pre‐processor will promote accurate applications of sophisticated simulations through a more simple and straightforward graphic user interface.
Yuan, D., Lin, B., Falconer, R., & Tao, J. (2007). Development of an integrated model for assessing the impact of diffuse and point source pollution on coastal waters. Environmental Modelling & Software, 22(6), 871‐879. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.05.010
In this paper Yuan et. al. created an integrated modeling system for managing coastal water quality. The land‐use model is created in ArcGIS and contains two components. The first is a geodatabase that contains general information on the study area, including social, hydrological, geological, and economic. The second component is a model base that includes modules that estimate pollution loads from key sources, including industrial, domestic, and agricultural inputs. The study area consisted of the Bohai Bay, a large sem‐enclosed coastal basin along the northeast coast of China. Yuan et. al. concluded that the GIS model presented in the paper is a useful tool for government officials and environmental managers for planning and managing water qualities in coastal basins.
Zhang, B., & Support, D. (2005). A STUDY OF GIS‐SD BASED TEMPORAL‐SPATIAL MODELING OF WATER. Archives. In this paper Zhang et. al. utilized system dynamics to simulate a sudden water pollution accident, and the system dynamics model of one‐dimension water quality simulation was constructed. The case study applied to this system was of a Songhua River pollution accident in November 2005, in which the temporal‐spatial change of nitrobenzene concentration was dynamically simulated. For this project, there was an integration of system dynamics and GIS.