Power Electronics Arrangements in Distributed Systems

Doctoral school of energy and geotechnology January 16–21, 2006. Kuressaare, Estonia

Power Electronics Arrangements in Distributed Systems Ryszard Strzelecki Gdynia Maritime University [email protected]

Abstract This paper aims to present a review of applications of power electronic (PE) in distributed systems. Particular issues are selected for discussion: distributed generation with the use of alternative sources; energy storage with help of conventional and unconventional energy storages; distribution and custom power. The paper presents theoretical background and detailed solutions. that are partially supported by experiments’ results. The material is presented as PowerPoint slides.

1 PE in distributed generation

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: WHAT IS IT?

Distributed Resources (DR) are small (usually under 10 MW), modular electric generation and storage technologies that provide electric capacity and/or energy when and where needed. DR may either be interconnected with the electric grid or isolated from the grid in "stand-alone" applications, but its locational value is important to its economics and operation.

Keywords Distributed generated, storage, custom power, power electronics, power delivery and quality,

Introduction

-3DISTRIBUTED GENERATION: WHAT IS IT?

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION

Today's Central Utility

DC

Photovoltaic generation

Tomorrow's Distributed Utility? Central Generation

Central Generation

DCDC-toto-AC Conversion

Wind

Fuel cells

AC * kW ~ * MW

VariableVariable-speed wind generator

AC Lines (usually isolated from utility lines)

Fixed frequency

Genset

PV

Fuel Cell

AC-toto-AC Conversion

Small hydrogenerator

Remote Loads

Battery

Customer Efficiency

PE Variable frequency CONVERTERS

Microturbine

Customers

-4-

-1-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN HYBRID GENERATION

POWER ELECTRONICS IN

20 kV

DISTRIBUTION: DISTRIBUTION: CUSTOM POWER

Batteries

u k = 4 % , r k= 1 % , D y n 1 1 3

3+N

0 .4 k V

O v e r h e a d lin e

C ir c u it B re a k e r

PE Controllers

PE Converters Converters

AC Utility Lines

High--quality High power

(con verters,, (converters switching equipments, quipments, etc.

Automated processing/ manufacturing customers

*0 kW ~ *0 MW

S in g le r e s id e n c ia l con su m er

3+N +P E

4x120 m m 2 A l XLP E tw is t e d c a b le

4x6 m m

-2-

2

Cu

80 P o s s ib le n e u t ra l b r id g e to a d ja c e n t L V n e t w o r k

80 80

F ly w h e e l s to r a g e

4x16 m m

~

R a tin g t o b e d e t e r m in e d

2

C ir c u it B re a k e r

4 x 3 Ö , I s= 4 0 A S m ax= 5 0 k V A S 0= 2 3 k V A

W in d T u rb in e

~

3Ö , 15 kW

80 4x25 m m

2

3x50 m m

2

A l +35m m

2

C u XLP E

M ic ro tu rb in e 3Ö , 30 kW

3+N +P E

~

20 m

~

~

A p p a rtm e n t b u ild in g 3+N +PE

5 x 3 Ö , Is= 4 0 A 8 x 1 Ö , Is= 4 0 A S m ax= 7 2 k V A S 0= 5 7 k V A

80

4 x6 m m

1 Ö , 4 x 2 .5 k W

2

Cu

20 m

30

1 x 3 Ö , Is= 4 0 A 6 x 1 Ö , Is= 4 0 A S m ax= 4 7 k V A S 0= 2 5 k V A

2

30 m

10

Cu

P h o t o v o lta ic s

A p p a rtm e n t b u ild in g

80

3 x7 0 m m 2 A l X L P E + 5 4 .6 m m 2 A A A C T w is t e d C a b le

P o s s ib le s e c t io n a liz in g CB 3+N +P E

80

Cu

30 m 10

G r o u p o f 4 r e s id e n c e s

O th e r lin e s

3+N

20 m

3 Ö , Is = 4 0 A S m ax = 1 5 k V A S 0= 5 .7 k V A

80

80

1+N +PE

4 x1 6 m m

F u e l C e ll

-5-

S in g le r e s id e n c ia l consum er

P h o to v o lta ic s 1 Ö , 3 kW

2

Cu

30 m

3Ö , 30 kW

3+N +P E

3 Ö , Is= 4 0 A S m ax= 1 5 k V A S 0= 5 .7 k V A

3+N+P E

30

50

2 0 /0 .4 k V , 5 0 H z , 4 0 0 k V A

O ff- lo a d T C 1 9 - 2 1 k V in 5 s te p s

P o le - t o - p o le d is t a n c e = 3 5 m

* kW ~ * MW

Others

Case of the LV Feeder with DG sources

in s te a d o f fu s e s

Low--quality Low power

Superconducting Reactor

Flywheels

Large Capacitors

ENERGY STORAGE

80

CHARACTERISTIC OF DG TECHNOLOGIES

POWER ELECTRONICS IN PV GENERATION Selected of the PV PE Conditioning Systems -1

COMMON TRAITS Mass produced Modular and small ( 0 UDC or IDC

if ! 0 then PC < 0 UDC or IDC

-61-

57

POWER ELECTRONICS IN FES SYSTEMS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN ENERGY STORAGE FES for Power Quality Arrangements

Matrix Concept for FES System

Vacuum Housing

Carbon/Glass Composite Rim

Motor Rotor

Motor Stator

Active Magnetic Bearing

Modular Shipping Container

One Flywheel modul AC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

AC

DC

DC

AC

DC Bus DC

DC

AC

DC

AC

Electrical Schematic of the Modular Shipping Container

AC Line

DC DC

AC

DC

AC

AC

Conventional Storage

Distributed Voltage Restorer (DVR DVR)

Supported by:

Getter Pump

FES

FES S-CES, SMES BES

-46-

-50-

2 PE in Distribution: Custom Power

POWER ELECTRONICS IN FES SYSTEMS FES for UPS Applications - 1 AC

AC Line

Flywheel

Motor

AC

AC/DC

Technological Change of the Power Distribution Control

Basic

PE Bidirectional Converter

M/G

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION

The modern concepts:

Load

Line

D ynamics

DC/AC

Hybrid

Load

Flywheel

Line

Flywheel

AC Generator

PE Bidirectional Converter

M/G

- with Diesel generator

Diesel Generator

AC/DC

DC/AC

Load

Efficiency and accuracy

The old concept

e Fl

Flywheel

Line PE Bidirectional Converter

M/G

Battery bank

1 95 0

-47-

Letwork

Flywheel

Pref and PWG [W]

Spedd [rpm]

1000 40

50

60

PFES [W]

Pref and PFES [W]

2000 1000

0 -1000 -2000

0

10

x10 4

20

30

40

50

60

FES spedd [rpm]

1

EFES [J]

Experimental results

2000

30

0,5 0 -0,5 -1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60 Tim e [s]

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

0 1500 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 -1500 0 3000

10

20

30

40

50

10

20

30

40

50

10

20

30

40

50

60

60

2000 1000 0

0

60 Tim e [s]

Examples of the FES Applications in Electrical Power Systems Configuration of the 200-MJ/20 MW FES system.

2 0 00

CUSTOM POWER

Generator-motor 26,5 MVA Cycloconverter 6,55 MVA

1996 - Chujowan Substation of the Okinawa Electric Power Company (Japan)

FES

-49-

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Customer

The term CP pertains to the use of PE controllers for power distribution systems Just as the FACTS (F Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers improve the reliability and quality of power transmission systems, the CP enhances the quality and reliability of power that is delivered to customers Since the CP devices improve the power quality, they can also be called power quality enhancing devices as well

Basically Types of the CP Devices Network reconfiguring CP devices – are usually used for fast current limiting and current breaking during faults. They can also prompt a fast load transfer to an alternate feeder to protect a load from voltage sag/swell or fault in the supplying feeder: Solid State Current Limiter (SSCL SSCL); Solid State Circuit Breaker (SSCB SSCB); Solid State Transfer Switch (SSCL SSCL);

FES Supported Power Quality Compensator at 480 Volts

6,6 kV

56

1 99 0

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION

POWER ELECTRONICS IN FES SYSTEMS

FES m=74 t, F= 4 m

19 7 0

-52-

-48-

Power system 66 kV, 60 Hz

T hyristor circuits

Load

with Wind Turbine

20

A ctive circuits w ith full controllable sw itches: IG B T ,G T O ,IG C T

Example of the FES System

3000

10

y

t

Custom Power (CP CP) is a concept based on the use of PE conntrollers in the distribution systems to supply value-added power with the reliability and power quality required by the customers

DC/AC LC filter

0

li t

en

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION: DISTRIBUTION:

FES for Distributed Generators

0

bi

nv

m

-51-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN FES SYSTEMS

AC/DC

xi

-I

t es

P assive circuits

S teady state

- with battery bank

Load

AC/DC

Flywheel Energy Storage

S-CES, SMES BES

Distributed StaticCom Compensator Stat (D D-STATCOM STATCOM)

Active Magnetic Bearing

Compensating CP devices – are used for power flow control, active filtering, load balancing, power factor correction and voltage regulators. The family of compensating devices has the following configurations: Parallel Compensators – this are shunt connected devices. These circuits can perform: load compensation (harmonics, unbalancing etc.), when connected at the load terminals; power flow control and voltage regulation when connected a distribution bus. Series Compensators – this are series connected devices. The main purpose of these devices is to protect sensitive loads from sag/swell, interruptions in the supply side. Since this are series devices, it can also be used to power flow control and as a series active filters. Series--Parallel Compensators – this are a very versatile devices; that can inject current in shunt and voltage in series simmultaneously in a dual control mode Considers in this presentation

-53-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS Typical Static Var Compensator (SVC) SVC) and D-STATCOM Comparision P /P VT 2 S

PG

D-STATCOM VT

C

L I

ICmax

ILmax

0

VT

C

L

D-STATCOM

I

2 1 PD

/2

0

P S /P max

2

PG 4 3

1

2 1

PD

ILmax

0

ICmax

3 1

Cascade 1 connection

L

4

Changes of the real power versus angle two--source system obtained of a two with different var ratings

Operating V-I area

VT

C

Practical Examples of the Connection of C-APC

max

Voltage connection

SVC

/2

0

-62-

-66-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS Series Compensation

Some D-STATCOM Applicalions

D-STATCOM 0,3 without compensator

0,2

D-STATCOM/FC

0,1

Controller

1,5

1

VS2

V

jIS VS1

s

0,4

0,5

PS

0,6

V S1 VS 2 sin X

V S1 V cos X 2

uL1 Lf

uC 2

S3

C

Cf

iS2 =iL2

uS2

Voltage harmonics u compensation Stability improvement Current harmonics blocking

or

w ithout com pensator 0,3

MAJOR TASKS:

VS1 V S 2 sin V X IS

PS

0,97

0,2

Lf

uC1

VS2

Protected load

with transformer

uS1 iS1 =iL1

IS

0,95 0,1

Cf

Basic topology of the compensators:

VXmax

0,98

6

Lf

VSI

CDC

PS

VLoad

VSupply

X

VS1

w ith D -STATC O M

0,99

0,96

3 4,5 PM , MVA

V

Arc furnace

acceptable region 0

IS

Capacitor battery (optional) D-STATCOM

V %

For the reduction of lamp ficker due to arc furnaces

Bus

U/UN

For the reduction of voltage drop during starting of induction motor

Two-source power system with an ideal series compensator

VT

M

C

Cf

i S3 =i L3

uL2 Lf

u C3

C

Cf

uL3

transformerless

-63-

- 67-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS Voltage (Series) Series) Active Power Conditioner (V-APC) APC) as Series Active Power Filter (S-APF) APF)

Current (Parallel) Parallel) Active Power Conditioner (C-APC) APC) as Parallel Active Power Filter (P-APF) APF) SCR

Apliccation of the S-APF to current harmonics blocking

ZS

IS

IL

ZL

(5A/div)

L

ES

R

IC

S-APF

VLac

Lf

P-APF

ES

ZS

IS

Z

ZL

IL

C

]

[m 14 =3 L

Diode Rectifier

Lr

IS ESa

IC

ISa

ZSa ISa V Ta

VLa VTb

IL

R

VTc

IC Lr Cr

IS

Z

L =6

P-APF

2,8

Rr

50Hz 380V

IC

[m

VCa

Diode rectifier

Rr

-64-

-68-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS Series Active Power Filter (S-APF) APF)

Configuration of the Typical Connection of C-APC a) voltage connection

Master-Slave

Apliccation of the S-APF to compensation of the voltage harmonics and voltage unbalance

Parallel

VSI SLAVE

APC (N)

APC (N-1)

APC (2)

APC (1)

1/N

1/N

1/N

1/N

VSI MASTER

uS3

STEROWNIK

uL3 u K2

uS2 US

Cascade 1

uS1

uL2

uK1

LOAD

VS3

uL1 u’S3

u’S2

VL2-3

b) current connection APC (N)

VSI MASTER

US- USn

QD(N-1)

VSI SLAVE

STEROWNIK

APC (2)

APC (N)

APC

US-US1

QD(2) APC (N-1)

APC (1)

VK2

Economical circuit topology

APC (1)

V’S2

Corresponding phasor diagram

QL

-65-

VK1 V’S1 VL1-2

C2d

S-APF

QD(1) APC (2)

VS1

VS2

C1d US1

VL3-1

u’S1

APC

Cascade 2

58

VLc Cr

IL

]

Vdc

VLb

-69-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS Serieseries-Parallel APC as Universal Power Line Controller

Series Active Power Filter (S-APF) APF) P1 ,Q1

Apliccation of the S-APF as Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR DVR)

PD ,QD

voltage sag/swell

P L, Q L V

V1 ~

injected voltage restored voltage

PR QR

P1 Q1

U

V1

~

V

V1 = V1+V

IR

Case V1=V2=V where:

VX=jX LI

V2

XL

I

~

P2 Q2

~

QR

I

UPLC

U

?

PL Pmax

S-APF

Principle of operation of the DVR

Operating conditions of the DVR

P1 Pmax

P2 Pmax

P Pmax

PR Pmax

S sin

PD Pmax

sin

S sin

PD P Pmax

S sin

sin

sin

Real power

V , Pmax V 2 X L

S V

V2

V1

P Q

QL Pmax

2 1 cos

Q Pmax

S2

QD Pmax

1 cos

Qmax , Qmax

Q2 Pmax

1 cos

S cos

Q1 Pmax

1 cos

S cos

S2

S cos

2 S cos

QR

cos

cos

S cos

Reactive power

-70-

-74-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS Methods of the Power Control in Case of UPLC Application - 1

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) DVR) - 1

Amplitude Regulation

SDVR4

S-APF

3) DVR with ES and with variable DC-link voltage

S-APF

S-APF

2) DVR without ES and supply-sideconnected shunt converter

var

I

0 S S S

40% 0 40%

V X = jX L I

S

V2

V1

V1

var

I

2 S S S

Q2 Pmax

Changes of real and reactive power

?

SDVR3

S

V V1

V

Phasor diagram

SDVR2

S-APF

1) DVR without ES and load-sideconnected shunt converter

V1

V2

40% 0 40%

Changes of real and reactive power

SDVR1

Quadrature Regulation

V X=jX LI

Phasor diagram

System topologies

Q1 Pmax PL Pmax

Q2 Pmax Q1 Pmax PL Pmax

4) DVR with ES and with constant DC-link voltage

-71-

-75-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS Methods of the Power Control in Case of UPLC Application - 2

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) DVR) - 2

Phase Shift Regulation

Example of the Control System

var 2 S S S

- Current harmonic filtering. - Reactive current compensation. - Current unbalance. - Voltage Flicker. - Voltage unbalance.

-73-

sin

Q2 Q1 Pmax

1

PL Pmax

L

V1

V2

I

V1

S 22 40% 0 40%

Q2 Pmax Q1 Pmax

PL Pmax

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION Modern Arrangements of the UPLC V

V

I

V1

IR

AC Supply on Load

Q2 Pmax

S

20%

1 V

Controllable Obszar region sterowania

TrS

TrP

-Voltaje sag/swell. -Voltaje unbalance. -Voltaje distortion. -Voltaje interruption. -Voltaje flicker. -Voltaje notching.

IR VDC VDC Operator inputs

Series Compensator (Converter)

Series

S 2

S S S

Shunt Compensator (Converter)

UPLC ?

Short characteristic

- Current harmonic filtering. - Reactive current compensation. - Current unbalance. - Voltage Flicker

cos

40% 0 40%

Changes of real and reactive power

the supply-side-connected converter (System 2)

USupply UDVR ULoad

Active Power Conditioner Solutions to Power Quality Problem

Shunt

X

V

-76-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

Load on AC Supply

V2 I

-72-

APC Connection

Phasor diagram

S

DVR closed-loop control in the rotating d-q reference frame. Experimental performance for

V1

V V1

Phase Shift Regulation with the Constant Amplitude V =jX I of the Voltage

Changes of real and reactive power

Phasor diagram

V X = jX L I

IGBT or IGCT CONVERTERS CONTROLLER - PWM MODUTATOR I'Rp I'Rq V' p V' q

FUNCTIONAL OPERATION CONTROL Mode Selection

V'1

I'R

V'

Z'

'

P'

Q'

SYSTEM OPTYMIZATION CONTROL

Typical UPLC topology

Pmin

0,5

P max I V1 V1

0

0,5

1

P Pmax

System variables

Control region of the attainable real and reactive power

-77-

59

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

UPLC - Experimental Results

Modeling and Experimental Investigation of the Small UPLC pS

eS

RS

UPLC

u'C

iS

LS

pP=const

uV

R'V uC u *L

uS

iV

i'S

CD C

CI

LI

PAPF

C'V

SAPF

LV

iV

iC

PWM Current Controller

D C

u *C

3×220 V Nominal voltage US Admissible changes in 60÷340 V network voltage Stabilized load voltage UL 3×60÷240 V 1650 F DC link capacitor The reference voltage 610 V U*DC The maximum network 20 A current IS(max) In the main controller, 10 ms HPF time constant TR KC gain in the UDC regulator (with 1 V/V assumption of the sensor 0,052 V/V) PWM frequency in PAPF 4 kHz controller PWM frequency in SAPF 12 kHz controller

uL

iC

TI U *

C' I R ' I

uI

TV

PWM Voltage Controller

iL

i *C

UD C

Simulation

uS

Load

iS

pI

i 'S

CV

i

iL i'C

Tr

uS u C pV

Results obtained during steady states - 1

pL

MAIN CONTROLLER

Scheme of the investigated UPLC Selected parameters and adjustables of the UPL UPLC

u

40A

400V

20A

200V

0

Experiment

0

uC – 50 V/div

uL – 100 V/div

-20A -200V

10 ms

-40A -400V

uL

iL

40A

400V

20A

200V

0

uS – 100 V/div

0

iS – 10 A/div -20A -200V

10 ms

-40A -400V

UPQC - off

UPQC - on

iL – 10 A/div

Simulation and experimental courses in case of the network voltage and load current harmonics compensation

iC – 10 A/div

-78-

-82-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS UPLC - Experimental Results

UPLC Modeling - 1

Results obtained during steady states - 2

u Sd

u*Ld

+

* uCd

-

0

+ -

uCd

uCd

* uCq

uVq

+ u Ld

+

Voltage controller + SAPF

Voltage reference circuit

u *Lq

uVd

u *Ld

u Id

pV -

+ +

uCq

+ +

uCq

iVd

iSd

iCd

+ -

-

pI

* iCd +

iCd

+

* U DC

KC

Current controller + PAPF + Filter C

+

iL1 – 5 A/div

uS1 – 50 V/div

iL2 – 5 A/div

uS2 – 50 V/div

iL3 – 5 A/div

uS3 – 50 V/div

u S1 – 50 V/div

uL1 – 50 V/div

i Ld

j TR j TR

1

-

Current reference circuit

-

u Lq

u Iq

0

iVq

i Sq

0+

iCq

* iCq

iCq

i Lq

iS1 – 5 A/div

uL2 – 50 V/div

iS2 – 5 A/div

u L3 – 50 V/div

iS3 – 5 A/div

iS1 – 5 A/div

u Sq DC link circuit

pV

pI

U DC

1 j C DC

p DC

Simplified, with ideal voltage and current adding sources, model of the UPL UPLC

Non-symmetrical supply and symmetrical resistive load

Symmetrical supply and non-linear and non-symmetrical load

-79-

-83-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS iS – 10 A/div

UPLC - Experimental Results

UPLC Modeling - 2 Analysis of the Processes in DC Circuit – Steady State P~ PL K SU sin ~U t K LI sin ~ I t Power periodic component

C DC U DC

dU DC dt

L S

UDC(max)=f( PL)

30

2 U DC min

U max

U

U max C

K K 2 ~SU ~ LI sin

U

K SU ~

* U DC

2

K SU ~

2 PL

where U *DC

U

I

U DC max

U DC min

U DC max

U DC min

K LI ~

L S

I

K SU PL *2 ~ U CU DC

K LI ~

2

Calculation (19)

uC – 50 V/div

20

I

uL – 100 V/div

Experiment 10

UDC – 200 V/div

K LI ~ I

PL

iDC – 20 A/div

0

1,0

3,0

2,0

4,0

[kW]

Maximum deviations UDC(max)=UDC(max)-UDC* as a function of increases PL

-80-

-84-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

u Ld

const

i Ld

Compensating iCd

PL e u Ld

t TR

KC

Load active power step change PL PL u Ld

Current changes

Network PL 1 e

i Sd

U DC

t TR

u Ld

KC

U DC

where: KC - gain of the UDC regulator (type P) Instantaneous power pDC changes

PL TR

U DC max where: K C

P

* C DC U DC

u Ld

u

KC ;

K C TR u

u Sd u Ld

-81-

u Sd

PL 1 e u Ld

C DC

TR * U DC

t TR

KC

P

KC U DC

U DC

U DC max

PL max

2

uC

iS 1

Additional functions: power flow control – 1

LS

iS

uS1

S2 Tr

S1 uS1

CD C

P-APF

u Ld

S-APF

Assumption:

Connection scheme to investigate UPQC’s capabilities for power flow control.

UPLC - Experimental Results

UPLC Modeling - 3 Analysis of the Processes in DC Circuit – Transient states

60

[V]

uS – 100 V/div

PL

C DC

The case of harmonics filtration and load step changes PL from 4kW to 8kW

iC – 10 A/div

P~

C DC 2 U DC max 2

Results obtained during transients

iL – 10 A/div

Vector diagrams for the presented scheme, in case when power flow control is achieved through: a) changes of the angle, maintaining constant uC voltage, b) changes of the ! angle, maintaining even voltages uS1 and uS2

-85-

LI

u S2

UC

UC

US2

US1

US1

!

a)

US2

!

b)

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – I-ACDS

UPLC - Experimental Results

Iindirect Backack-toto-Back Coupler (IBIB-BC) BC)

Additional functions: power flow control - 2 Simulation and experimental courses

Simulation

[k W ]

P S1 , P S2 =f( )

Active and reactive powers, measured at S1 and S2 points in the investigated scheme

1,0

uC

u S1

iS1

iS2

u S2

0

60

12 0

24 0

180

300

[d eg]

-0,5

V1 f1

V2 f2

-1,0

I'1 f1 UC

QS1, QS2=f( )

1,5

QS2

Operator

60

120

180

240

300

f2 UC V2

P'

Q'2

System

SYSTEM OPTYMIZATION CONTROL

inputs

0

I2

I'2

2

Q'1

Mode Selection

1,0

1

FUNCTIONAL CONTROLLER "BACK-TO-BACK" VSI

V1

QS1

0,5

Experiment

INVERTERS CONTROLLER - PWM MODUTATOR

I1

[kVar]

u – 50 V/div i – 5 A/div

Changes of the

I2

I1

P S1

P S2 0,5

variables

Typical arrangements of the IBIB-BC circuits with a two VSI module’s

[deg]

angle, maintaining constant uC voltage

-86-

-90-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – I-ACDS

UPLC - Experimental Results

Iindirect Backack-toto-Back Coupler - Principle of Operation

Additional functions: power flow control - 3 Simulation

P

P

VSI1

VSI2

P S1 , P S2 =f( )

[kW ] 1,0

iS1

Active and reactive powers, measured at S1 and S2 points in the investigated scheme

Simulation and experimental courses

u S1

P S2

P S1

uC

u S2

iS2

0,5

-20

-10

10

0

20

[deg]

-0,5 -1,0

[kVar]

Pk > 0

Q S1 , Q S2=f( )

0,5

0,4

Q S1

Q S2

0,3

Pk < 0

0,2 0,1

u – 50 V/div i – 5 A/div

Experiment

-20

-10

Rectifier operation 10

0

20

[deg]

Inverter operation Phasor diagrams for:

Changes of the angle, maintaining even voltages uS1 and uS2

-87-

-91-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – I-ACDS

IPFC – Interline Power Flow Controller as Extended Arrangements of the UPLC System Linia 1 1

X1

Linia 2 2 System

X2

IDCC DCC – Interline Direct Current Controller as Extended Arrangements of the IBIB-BC ~

E(1)

~

E(2)

System 1

TCR

VSI CSI

P-APF

XN

Linia N N System

SSSC (N)

SSSC (2) S-APF(2)

S-APF(N)

(Inverter) (FALOWNIK)

(FALOWNIK) (Inverter)

System 2

~

VSI CSI

E(N)

GTO

SSSC (1) S-APF(1)

(Inverter) (FALOWNIK)

STATCOM P-APF

ESES E

(Inverter) (FALOWNIK)

System N

CSI

ESE ES

CONTROL

STEROWAN IE

-88-

-92-

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION – D-ACDS

POWER ELECTRONICS IN DISTRIBUTION Other Potential Applications of the IPFC and IDCC

Probalistic Investigations

Multifuncional-Multiline Power Coupler

GROUP 1

MRG B1-1 H

b

G

System AC-1 VSG

VSG

P

P

System AC-N

P

Main System-1

10

E(0) f1

GROUP 2

15 20

~

X1G

25

ES

IPFC

SC

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Number of Systems - N

-89-

X2G

S-APF(M') (Inverter)

E'(M) f2

~

E(1) f1

~

E(N) f1

E'(1) f2

~

Main System-2

~

E'(0) f2

X'M

System AC-M'

GROUP N

IPFC as a transforming substation

45

XN

SYSTEM E(0)

35 40

~

S-APF(N) (Inverter)

GROUP 3

30

X1

S-APF(1) (Inverter)

BM-1

P-APF (Inverter)

Savings of the power rating - %

Results for savings of the P-APF (shunt inverter) power rating due to number of systems.

IPFC – Interline Power Flow Controller

5

Arrangements of the IDCC circuits with a transistorized CSI modules and one high power TCR+GTO module (associated additional P-APF) APF

P-APF (Inverter)

X0

Optional ?

~

{

Optional ?

E(0)

Main System

VSI

Main System

S-APF(1') (Inverter)

Connection of the IPFC and IDCC as a Multifuncional-M Multiline Power Coupler

X'1

System AC-1'

VSI(1") (Front-End)

VSI(K") (Front-End)

X"1

~

E"(1) f=var

DC/DC Converter

ES

X"K

~

E"(K) f=var

E1DC

E2DC

ELDC

-93-

61

PE ARRANGEMENTS IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS Instead Conclusion

SUMMARIZING GENERAL REVIEW

-94Doctoral School of Energynergy- and Geotechnology POWER ELECTRONICS ARRANGEMENTS IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS prof. STRZELECKI Ryszard Kuressaare 16-21 January, 2006

Project code IN576 (1.0101-0236)

-95-

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