Journal of Endocytobiosis and Cell Research (2010) 102-108 | International Society of Endocytobiology zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/content/main/journals/ecb/info.xml
Technical notes:
Journal of Endocytobiosis and Cell Research
Axenic bryophyte in vitro cultivation Anna K. Beike1,2, Nelly A. Horst1,2 and Stefan A. Rensing1* 1 Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Hauptstr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; 2Present address: Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; correspondence to:
[email protected]
Standardized in vitro cultivation of plant model organ isms is a powerful tool for modern plant science, rang ing from evodevo or physiological studies to functional genomics and biotechnology. Bryophytes (comprising liverworts, mosses, and hornworts) are representa tives of early diverging land plants and share a unique life strategy, with the haploid gametophyte being the dominant generation. Next to their interesting phy logenetic position and physiology (e.g., desiccation tolerance) they possess large varieties of metabolites and other biologically active compounds, which pro vide a high potential for applied as well as basic re search. In vitro cultivation of bryophytes serves as basis for investigations on these plants under highly standardized conditions, and potentially facilitates an ex situ conservation of endangered species. Here, we describe protocols for axenic in vitro cultivation of mosses and liverworts, starting from nonaxenic mate rial collected in the field. The protocols include spore and thallus sterilization procedures, media prepara tion, and cultivation under standardized conditions. These methods can be used to establish further bryo phyte model organisms for basic and applied research. Journal of Endocytobiosis and Cell Research (2010) 102‐ 108 Category: technical notes Keywords: Bryophytes, Physcomitrella patens, Marchantia polymorpha, in vitro cultivation Received: 24 November 2010; Accepted: 29 December 2010 ____________________________________________________________________
Introduction Extant bryophytes (comprising liverworts, mosses and hornworts) diverged from the vascular plant lineage early during land plant evolution, at least 450 million years ago (Zimmer et al. 2007). In bryophytes, the haploid gameto‐ phyte is the dominant generation, whereas the diploid sporophyte (representing the dominant generation in vas‐ cular plants) was probably reduced early during land plant evolution (Kenrick and Crane 1997; Graham et al. 2000; Taylor et al. 2005). The unique phylogenetic position of bryophytes (bridging the evolutionary gap between green 102
algae and vascular plants), in combination with their par‐ ticular physiology, makes bryophytes important groups for evolutionary and developmental biology, plant systematics and physiology. The physiology of the gametophyte, includ‐ ing its poikilohydric way of life and its high abiotic stress tolerance, provides interesting research aspects, e.g. with regard to crop improvement. In addition, some bryophytes possess an enormous variety of metabolites and biologi‐ cally active compounds which provide potential for bio‐ technological and biopharmaceutical approaches (Asakawa 1981; Zinsmeister et al. 1991; Lang et al. 2005; Saavedra et al. 2006; Asakawa 2007; Rensing et al. 2007). In vitro culti‐ vation of bryophytes is the basis for use of these plants in the laboratory under standardized conditions. The moss Physcomitrella patens Hedw. (Bruch & Schimp.) is a pioneering example for a bryophyte devel‐ oped into a scientific model organism (Reski 1998, 2003; Cove 2005; Frank et al. 2005; Cove et al. 2006; Beike et al. 2010; Prigge and Bezanilla 2010). Amongst others, one important advantage of P. patens (Funariaceae) is the easy way of axenic (i.e., not containing any other organisms) in vitro cultivation on solid mineral medium (Reski and Abel 1985) and in liquid culture in flasks or bioreactors (Hohe and Reski 2002; Decker and Reski 2004; Hohe and Reski 2005). Different substrates can be used for cultivation of P. patens and other Funariaceae. Commonly used mineral (minimal) media are e.g. Knop medium (Reski and Abel 1985), BCD medium (Cove et al. 2009), or supplemented (full) media as described by (Ashton and Cove 1977) and (Schween et al. 2003). In addition, autoclaved peat and sea sand can be used to cultivate P. patens. Standard growth conditions vary between different laboratories in terms of temperature (20‐25°C), light flux (50‐100 µmol m‐2 s‐1) and light/dark regime (usually long day or continuous light). In the present study, P. patens and other bryophytes were grown under long day conditions with a 16h light (70 μmol m‐2 s‐1 white light), 8h dark regime at 22°C (Wolf et al. 2010). It should be noted that conditions suitable for induc‐ tion of sexual organs, and thus for completion of the sexual cycle, may vary from those used for vegetative cultivation (Hohe et al. 2002). Routine in vitro cultivation procedures do not neces‐ sarily work well for bryophytes in general. Especially among hornworts and liverworts, axenic cultivation can be hindered by obligate symbiotic partners, like fungi or cyanobacteria (Duckett et al. 2004). Also, the feasibility of in vitro cultivation among mosses strongly depends on e.g. the nutrient requirements of the species in question. It is well conceivable that e.g. shade‐adapted forest mosses would not thrive under the relatively bright illumination used here, or that species usually growing on poor soil will not be able to grow on the abundant amount of minerals used. Indeed, in our experience, not all mosses are as un‐ Journal of Endocytobiosis and Cell Research VOL 20 | 2010
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complicated concerning their cultivation as species belong‐ ing to the Funariaceae. Here, we present results derived from establishment of several species from different moss families and one liverwort (Figure 1D‐L) in axenic culture based on surface sterilization with sodium hypochlorite. Sterilization of sporophytes and spores Mature spore capsules (Figure 1A) of different mosses were collected in the field and the species determined by the collectors. The sterilization procedure was performed at a laminar flow clean bench with freshly prepared 0.1 ‐ 1% sodium hypochlorite and autoclaved tap‐water for rinsing. One spore capsule per species was transferred to a sterile petri dish with 1‐2 mL sodium hypochlorite solution. The spore capsule was fixed with sterilized forceps, and opened with a scalpel by use of a stereo microscope under sterile conditions. The spores were kept in sodium hypochlorite solution for 1‐2 minutes. Subsequently, about 50–100 µL of the spore suspension was transferred (using a micro pi‐
pette with filter tips) to a petri dish containing 1‐2 mL autoclaved tap water. After 10 minutes of washing, 100‐ 500 µL of the spore suspension was transferred to Knop plates [250 mg L‐1 KH2PO4, 250 mg L‐1 MgSO4·7H2O, 250 mg L‐1 KCl, 1000 mg L‐1 Ca(NO3)2·4H2O, 12.5 mg L‐1 FeSO4·7H2O; pH adjusted to 5.8 with KOH, solidified with 12 g L‐1 purified agar] (BOX 1). The volume of spore sus‐ pension transferred from hypochlorite solution to water and afterwards to the Knop agarose plate depends on the number of spores per capsule (spore density) and needs to be adjusted during the sterilization procedure. Finally, the petri dishes were enclosed with laboratory film (Nescofilm, Roth, Germany) and placed in the climate chamber under the conditions described above. After germination of the spores, single protonemal filaments were isolated with a sterile needle under a stereo microscope at the laminar flow bench, and transferred to a fresh Knop agarose plate (Figure 1C).
Figure 1: Different bryophytes in axenic in vitro culture. (A) Physcomitrella patens (Funariales, Bryopsida) with spore capsules grown on autoclaved peat, (B) gemmae cups of Marchantia polymorpha, (C) isolated protonemal filament grown from a single spore of Encalypta strep tocarpa (Encalytpales, Bryopsida, scalebar = 1 mm). (D‐L) Bryophytes on Knop agarose plates, cultivated under standardized growth condi‐ tions (16h light, 8h dark, 70 μmol m‐2 s‐1 white light, 22° C); (D) Physcomitrella patens, (E) Physcomitrium pyriforme, (F) Atrichum undulatum, (G) Plagiomnium undulatum, (H) Aulacomnium androgynum, (I) Rhynchostegium murale, (J) Brachythecium rutabulum, (K) Thuidium sp., and the liverwort (L) Marchantia polymorpha, scalebars = 1 cm. Journal of Endocytobiosis and Cell Research VOL 20 | 2010
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Several weeks later, sterility controls were carried out. Here, small fragments of the plant material were trans‐ ferred to Knop agarose plates supplemented with 1% glu‐ cose (10 g L‐1) and to LB [10 g L‐1 bacto‐tryptone, 5 g L‐1 yeast extract, 10 g L‐1 NaCl; pH adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH, solidified with 15 g L‐1 bacto agar] agarose plates. The sterile controls were incubated over night at 37 °C and subsequently kept for at least 4 weeks to confirm that the bryophyte cultures were axenic (BOX 2).
Sterilization of gametophores Gametophytic tissue of mosses and liverworts was steril‐ ized with 1.5%, 1%, or 0.75% sodium hypochlorite for 1 minute, respectively. Optional sterilization in 70% ethanol for 30 seconds prior to sodium hypochlorite sterilization might be conducted. For liverworts, gemmae (vegetative propagules) are recommended (Figure 1B). Autoclaved tap‐ water was used for washing the material after surface ster‐ ilization for 10 minutes. The sterilization procedure was performed in 15 mL screw cap tubes. Afterwards the thal‐ lus fragments were transferred to Knop agarose plates supplemented with 1% glucose (10 g L‐1). Depending on the species, transfer of the sterilized thallus fragments to Knop agarose plates without glucose might yield better results. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, as well as several Funariaceae, were successfully transferred to Knop glucose plates, whereas Thuidium sp. was successfully transferred to Knop plates without glucose only. In cases where only small amounts of plant material are available, e.g. if at‐ tempting in vitro cultivation of endangered species or her‐ barium material, we recommend to start with low concen‐ trations of sodium hypochlorite and transferring the steril‐ ized fragments onto Knop plates without glucose. This ensures that insufficiently sterilized plants are not immedi‐ ately overgrown with contaminants and makes it possible to raise new plant material for successive sterilization efforts. On the other hand, if enough plant material is avail‐ able, preparing a serial dilution of sodium hypochlorite and carrying out the sterilization procedure at various concen‐ trations is preferable. For regeneration of the plant mate‐ rial, the plates were placed in a climate cabinet with stan‐ dardized long‐day growth conditions. After regeneration, sterile controls using LB and Knop glucose plates were
performed as described above for the sterilization of spores (BOX2). Gemmae induction for Marchantia polymorpha For Marchantia polymorpha, gemmae formation was in‐ duced by placing the plants on common mineral medium (Knop or 0.5x Gamborg’s B5) containing 1% glucose or sucrose. After 2‐3 weeks gemmae cups (Figure 1B), each containing numerous gemmae, developed. To prepare them for subcultivation, a few drops of autoclaved tap water were transferred onto a fresh Knop plate. Afterwards, a single gemmae cup was grasped with sterile forceps and gemmae were spread onto the surface of the Knop plate by means of suspension via the water droplets. Subsequently, the petri dish was enclosed with laboratory film and culti‐ vated at standard long‐day conditions (Okada et al. 2000; Takenaka et al. 2000; Ishizaki et al. 2008). Cultivation on different substrates In addition to cultivation on mineral medium, axenic bryo‐ phytes were grown on peat and sea sand. Sea sand can be used for standardized axenic or non‐axenic cultures of bryophytes as previously described (Frahm and Nordhorn‐ Richter 1984). For axenic in vitro cultivation, moistened peat and sea sand were autoclaved in Magenta® boxes (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) prior to use. Peat was sterilized two times with an intermittent overnight resting period, enabling germination and subsequent sterilization of spores. Axenic moss material was, depending on the spe‐ cies, transferred to autoclaved peat or sea sand under ster‐ ile conditions. The cultivation on peat is depending on the pH requirements of the species in question (i.e., basophilic or acidophilic), and might be not recommendable for all species. The boxes were enclosed with laboratory film. Starting e.g. from protonemal cultures in liquid medium, P. patens was cultivated on sand, peat and Knop; peat proved to be more applicable than sea sand (Figure 2). As an alter‐ native to Magenta® boxes, we found Weck® glass jars (Weck, Germany), e.g. commonly used to preserve jam, suitable for cultivation as well (Figure 3). Weck® jars were also enclosed with laboratory film, allowing gas exchange while avoiding desiccation.
Figure 2: Physcomitrella patens grown axenically on (A) solid Knop medium, (B) autoclaved sea sand, (C) autoclaved peat; scalebar = 1 cm.
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Figure 3: Mosses grown axenically in Weck® glass jars. (A) Aula comnium androgynum on solid Knop medium, (B) Plagiomnium undulatum on peat/sand mixture.
Concluding remarks Axenic in vitro cultivation of bryophytes enables standar‐ dized cultivation allowing precise experimental setups, e.g. for transcriptomics, physiology or evo‐devo questions. Moreover, axenic culture is a prerequisite for analysis as well as biotechnological production of metabolic com‐ pounds. The development of the moss P. patens and the liverwort M. polymorpha into model organisms was enabled by establishment of axenic in vitro culture tech‐ niques. The methods presented in this technical note can be used to establish further bryophyte model organisms for basic as well as applied research.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the University of Freiburg, the Ministry of Science, Research and Art of the Federal State of Baden‐Württemberg (RiSC grant to SAR) and by the Ger‐ man Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Freiburg Initiative for Systems Biology, FKZ 0313921 to SAR). We are grateful to Jan‐Peter Frahm and Michael Lüth for their help on collecting and determining bryophyte species, Sebastian Hanke for providing an image of Marchantia polymorpha, and to Takayuki Kohchi for providing M. poly morpha L. Tak‐1 and BC4 gemmae.
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BOX 1 – Media and solutions Knop.
Preparation of Knop stock solutions – Prepare Knop stock solutions as described. Solutions 1‐4 should be autoclaved. Solution 5 must not be autoclaved, but stored at 4°C. Please note that chemicals used must not be ultra‐pure, otherwise necessary micro minerals are lacking.
Knop stock solution 1 Components Amount Stock conc. Ca(NO3)2·4 H2O 100 g 423 mM Add water to final volume of 1000 mL
Components KCl
Knop stock solution 2 Amount Stock conc. 25 g 335mM Add water to final volume of 1000 mL
Knop stock solution 3 Components Amount Stock conc. KH2PO4 25 g 184 mM Add water to the final volume of 1000 mL
Components MgSO4·7 H2O
Knop stock solution 4 Amount Stock conc. 25 g 101mM Add water to final volume of 1000 mL
Components FeSO4·7 H2O Knop.
Knop stock solution 5 Amount Stock conc. 250 mg 899 µM Add water to final volume of 1000 mL
Preparation of solid Knop cultivation medium – Solid Knop medium is prepared using stock solutions (1‐5) and subsequently autoclaved. Here, 10 mL of stock solutions 1‐4, and 50 mL of stock solution 5 are transferred to an 1 L bottle. The pH is adjusted to 5.8 with 1 M KOH. For solidification, 12 g puri‐ fied agar (Oxoid, Cambridge, UK) is added and the final volume adjusted to 1 L with deionized water. Medium containing agarose can be stored temporarily at 65°C after autoclaving, prior to pouring plates.
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BOX 2 – Axenic in vitro cultivation of bryophytes Surface sterilization of gametophytic tissue Step 1
Collection and determination of plant material ‐ Gemmae and thallus fragments were collected in the field. Species determination can be performed with a bryological field guide.
Step 2
Cleaning of plant material – Rinse collected plant material with tap water to remove soil and debris in a petri dish under a stereo microscope.
Steps 38 are performed under sterile conditions at a laminar flow bench. Step 3
Preparation for sterilization ‐ Use sterilized forceps to pick small fragments of tissue. Take many single fragments, since not all fragments will survive sterilization and not all fragments will be axenic. Use freshly sterilized forceps and separate autoclaved tap water pools for each fragment.
Step 4
Optional sterilization step with 70% ethanol – Immerse tissue for 30 seconds in 70% ethanol.
Step 5
Surface sterilization with sodium hypochlorite solution – Immerse tissue for 1 minute in 0.75 ‐ 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution.
Step 6
Washing step – Wash tissue for 10 minutes in autoclaved tap water. Wash each thallus fragment in a separate tube and use freshly sterilized forceps, respectively.
Step 7
Transfer plant material to culture medium ‐ Place thallus fragments on Knop plates or on Knop agarose plates with 1% glucose (10 g L‐1). Wrap petri dishes with laboratory film (Nescofilm, Roth, Germany) and place them in a climate chamber under long‐day conditions (16h light, 8h dark, 70 μmol m‐2 s‐1, 22°C).
Step 8
Sterile controls – Make sterile controls of your cultures by either taking a swap with sterile forceps or by transferring small amounts of sterilized plant material to both sterile control media (Knop with glucose and LB). Enclose sterile controls with laboratory film and incubate over night at 37°C.
Step 9
Routinely check for contaminations for at least four weeks.
Surface sterilization of spores and sporophytes Step 1
Collection and determination of plant material ‐ Mature spore capsules were collected in the field. Species determination can be performed with a bryological field guide.
Step 2
Cleaning of plant material – Rinse collected spore capsules with tap water to remove soil and debris in a petri dish under a stereo microscope.
Steps 37 are performed under sterile conditions at a laminar flow clean bench.
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Step 3
Surface sterilization with sodium hypochlorite solution – Transfer a single capsule into a petri dish containing 1 – 2 mL sodium hypochlorite solution. Open the capsule with a scalpel and keep the spores for 1 minute in 0.1 ‐ 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Subsequently, transfer 50‐100 µL of spores suspension to 1‐2 mL autoclaved tap water in another petri dish. We recommend to wash each batch of spores in a separate petri dish.
Step 4
Washing step – Wash the spores for 10 minutes in autoclaved tap water in a sterile petri dish.
Step 5
Transfer spore solution to culture medium – Transfer 100 – 500 µL of spore suspension to a Knop aga‐ rose plate by pipetting with filter tips. Enclose the petri dishes with laboratory film and place them in a climate chamber under under long‐day conditions (16h light, 8h dark, 70 μmol m‐2 s‐1, 22°C).
Step 6
Isolation of single protonemal filaments (optional; to ensure clonal lines) – after germination of the spores transfer single protonemal filaments with a needle to a fresh Knop agarose plate.
Step 7
Sterile controls – Make sterile controls of your cultures by either taking a swap with sterile forceps or by transferring small amounts of sterilized plant material to both sterile control media. Enclose sterile controls with laboratory film and incubate over night at 37°C.
Step 8
Routinely check for contaminations for at least four weeks.
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