SUPPORTING INFORMATION APPENDIX S1 ...

SUPPORTING INFORMATION

APPENDIX S1. Composition of fruit assemblages. Within each site, we used nonparametric analysis of similarity (ANOSIM, Clarke 1993) to determine if sampling sites had different assemblages of fleshy fruits. The sampling unit was each 20 x 20 m cell. We used Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index without data transformation, standardizing the original matrix by dividing each cell value by the total number of fruits of the species and multiplying the result by 100. The analyses allowed us to determine if all the combinations of fruits observed in the cells from a given sampling site were more similar among each other than with respect to cells selected at random from among all the sites. ANOSIM calculates the level of global difference among all sites as well as the level of difference among all pairs of sites; the significance of test statistics were determined by comparison with values obtained by Monte Carlo randomization procedures with 9999 permutations. Fruit species assemblages showed a significant global difference (ANOSIM Global R = 0.43, P < 0.001) and marked dissimilarity (Bray Curtis index: mean ± SD = 0.75 ± 0.15, N = 55). ANOSIM paired test revealed strong differences between sites, with highly significant results (P < 0.01) in 52 of 55 comparisons. CLARKE, K. R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust. J. Ecol. 18: 117–143.

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TABLE S1. Events of fruit consumption by fruit-eating birds recorded in the late spring of 2012 in 11 forest sites of the mountain ranges of San Javier and

1 3

1

Vassobia breviflora

1 4

Solanum riparium

Cestrum strigillatum

1 2 2

Solanum pseudocapsicum

Psychotria carthagenensis

Lepismium lumbricoides

Lepismium lorentzianum

Chamissoa altissima

Phoradendron tucumanense

Phoradendron falcifrons

Cupania vernalis

Allophylus edulis

Myrcianthes pungens

Morus alba

Xylosma pubescens

Passiflora urnaefolia

Cissus striata

Aechmea distichantha

Myrsine coriacea

0.5 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.3 1.7 9.6 32.6 10.0 0.5 25.9 0.5 7.8 0.3 2.5 5.9 0.8

Rhipsalis floccosa

Veniliornis frontalis Syndactila rufosuperciliata Elaenia albiceps Elaenia parvirostris Vireo olivaceus Cyanocorax chrysops Catharus ustulatus Turdus rufiventris Turdus nigriceps Pipraeidea melanonota Thraupis sayaca Arremon flavirostris Chlorospingus ophthalmicus Piranga flava Setophaga pitiayumi Euphonia chlorotica Euphonia cyanocephala

(%)

Piper tucumanum

Fruit-eating species

Events

Cinnamomum porphyrium

Yerba Huasi, Tucumán, Argentina.

2 1 1

1 1

3

1 6 16 11 4

3

6

2 10

7

2

1 4

1 3 2

5

1

2

23 67 14 11 2

1 1

2 1 2 1 9 3 1 35

1 1 1

9 7 21

2

1

1 1 1

15 1 17 1 2

2

1 1 1

1 1

2

1

TABLE S2. List of plant species with its family and growth type, recorded with ripe fleshy-fruits in the late spring in 11 1.2-ha plots of Andean forests of San Javier and Yerba Huasi mountain ranges, Argentina. A substantial fraction of plant species (43.2%) produced fruits in only 1 or 2 sites, while few species had fruits in almost all sites, all of them epiphytes and hemiparasitic canopy species (Aechmea distichantha, Phoradendron falcifrons, Rhipsalis floccosa in 11 sites; Lepismium lumbricoides in 10 sites). Shrubs and trees fruiting in a large number of sites were species that grow in the understory and in the subcanopy (Solanum riparium in 9 sites, Piper tucumanum and Psychotria carthagenensis in 8 sites). Family

Species

Growth type

# of sites

Lauraceae Piperaceae

Cinnamomum porphyrium Piper tucumanum Piper hieronymi Smilax campestris Aechmea distichantha Cissus striata Passiflora urnaefolia Xylosma pubescens Rubus imperialis Urera baccifera Urera caracassana Morus alba Blepharocalyx salicifolium Eugenia uniflora Myrcianthes pungens Miconia ioneura Allophylus edulis Cupania vernalis Phoradendron falcifrons Phoradendron tucumanense Phytolacca bogotensis Chamissoa altissima Lepismium lorentzianum Lepismium lumbricoides Rhipsalis floccosa Myrsine coriacea Psychotria carthagenensis

Tree Tree Shrub Vine Epiphyte Vine Vine Tree Vine Shrub Tree Tree Tree Tree Tree Shrub Tree Tree Hemiparasite Hemiparasite Scubshrub Vine Epiphyte Epiphyte Epiphyte Tree Shrub

5 8 6 2 11 4 7 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 4 1 7 2 11 4 1 5 4 10 11 2 8

Smilacaceae Bromeliaceae Vitaceae Passifloraceae Salicaceae Rosaceae Urticaceae Moraceae Myrtaceae

Melastomataceae Sapindaceae Santalaceae Phytolaccaceae Amaranthaceae Cactaceae

Primulaceae Rubiaceae

3

Verbenaceae Solanaceae

Araliaceae

Duranta serratifolia Cestrum lorentzianum Cestrum strigillatum Solanum abutiloides Solanum betaceum Solanum pseudocapsicum Solanum riparium Solanum trichoneuron Vassobia breviflora Aralia soratensis

Tree Shrub Shrub Shrub Shrub Scubshrub Tree Shrub Shrub Tree

4

1 3 6 2 1 1 9 2 2 1

FIGURE S1. Map of the study area showing the location of 11 sampling sites in the San JavierYerba Huasi mountain range in Tucumán province, Argentina. Sampling site acronyms as in Table 1.

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FIGURE S2. Contour maps of the local spatial association between the abundance of fruit species selected by birds and A) the consumption of fruits by birds and B) the abundance of fruit-eating birds in 1.2 ha plots split in grids of 30 cells of 20 x 20 m each. Maps are based in the local association measure (χ) for each cell available in SADIE (Perry & Dixon 2002). Large positive values indicate areas of strong spatial association. Sampling site acronyms: Antayacu (An), Arroyo Tafí (AT), Frontino (Fr), Funicular abajo (FAb), Funicular arriba (FAr), Loma Bola (LB), Mundo Nuevo (MN), Puerta del Cielo (PC), Quebrada de Lules (QL), Río Las Cañas (RC), Yerba Huasi (YH) (A) Fruit consumption

(B) Bird abundance

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