remained, whichand there is require a great need for persistent research efforts to address several ...... familyName Loader , givenNames C. ; author ...... bend. Mendomer 401/carbon FRC. [ link 68 ]. DA-rDA reaction. 83. Fracture toughness.
component contentMeta titleGroup title
Chapter-8
title
Self hHealing mMaterials and cConductivity
title title
titleGroup
creators creator
personName
personName
givenNames
personName
orgDiv
givenNames label 1
affiliation
givenNames
Akil
Ayaz
orgName
Jamal A.khter familyName
familyName
Ahmad Mohd
Siddique
familyName
link 2
link 3
link 1
, and
creator
Czech University of Life Sciences Prague ,
Faculty of Environmental Science, Department of Environmental
Geosciences , country
address
Czech Republic label 2
affiliation
street
Kamycka 129 ,
affiliation
orgName
,
postCode
165 21 ,
University of KwaZulu- Natal ,
orgDiv
city
Prague 6 ,
College of
Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Department of Chemical Engineering , address
city
Durban ,
label 3
affiliation
postCode
orgName
4041 ,
country
South Africa
Sur College of Applied Sciences ,
Higher Education Department of Applied Biotechnology , 484 ,
postCode
Oman .
Postal Code: 411 ,
affiliation
creators
city
Sur ,
country
affiliation
orgDiv
address
Ministry of
street
P.O Box:
Sur - Sultanate of
abstract title
Abstract
title
Self-healing material was first reported in 2001 first in the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign by Nancy Sottos. This is neither a single day’s finding nor athe result of a single effort; it takes centuries to come into the present shape and status. Self-healing materials wasare polymers (repeating molecules of plastics, a long form of plastic) with a kind of embedded internal adhesive. Introducing of a material, having a combination of propertiesy like elasticity, and mechanical, functional, and intrinsic self-healing ability is highly desirable. Electrically conductive polymer composites consist of a non-conductive polymer matrix and are widely used in various commercial applications due to their good manufacturability, light weight, corrosion resistance, and excellent electrical conductivity. These conductive healable materials are vital in many advanced electronics such as batteries, conductors, and electronic skin, and greatly improve the accuracy of these devices very much. Research on selfp
Comment [AQ1]: Please provide institute name (if any) for affiliation 1.
Comment [AQ2]: Please provide institute name, street name for affiliation 2. Comment [AQ3]: Please provide university name, institute name, street name for affiliation 3.
healing polymers and composites has set up an elevated performance levels for multiple material systems surroundeding by a wide diversity of damage approaches and self-healing concepts. Although, this new field of research has made some great advancement over the past several years, but still many technical challenges are still remained, whichand there is require a great need for persistent research efforts to address several areas of concern.
p
abstract
keywordGroup keyword
Sself-healing
keyword
conductivity
keyword
polymer
keyword
healing compatibility
keyword
Aapplications
keyword
keyword
keyword
keyword
keyword keywordGroup
contentMeta
body
8.1 p
sec1
title
Introduction
sec1
Self-healing materials are no more an illusion;, and due to their efficiency in
diagnosing and autonomously healing the damage, such materials have been attracting
rising interest of the research fraternity, over the lpast decades. Frequent attempts have been presented every year heading towards the development of different self-healing systems as well as their assimilation to large- scale production with the best possible
property– cost relationship. We are not so far from tThe days is not far when materials developed by researchers can restore their structural integrity in case of a failure. 8.1.1 p
sec2
title
What Is Self- He aling?
p
sec2
Self-healing is the ability of a material to makeover/heal the damages
autonomously and automatically without any external help. This ability of materials
can also be defined by the other terms such as self-repairing, autonomic- healing, and autonomic- repairing. 8.1.2 p
sec2
title
p
History of Se lf- Healing Mate rials
sec2
Self-healing material is not a one 1 day’s finding;, it takes centuries to come into
the present shape and status, and researchers haves been searching tofor createing
spunky and durable structural materials. The Iidea of self-healing comes into mind
byfrom the inspiration of provided by natural processes like blood clotting or repairing of fractured bones; initially it was difficult to introduce the same concept into
engineering materials due to the complex nature of the healing processes in human bodies or other living beings [
link
1–6 ]. Self-healing materials isare widely
recognized as an innovative field of study after the first international conference (DUT-2007) that was held in year 2007 [
link
7 ]. In the same year, a review was
published on self-healing materials by M. R. Kessler [
link
5 ], followed by a
number of articles that got were published in the field of self-healing materials after a regular interval [ [
link
link
6, 8–19 ]. Yang et al.and Urban [
link
20 ] and Herbst, et al.
21 ] also published their articles in the field of intrinsic self-healing
mechanisms. The first self-healing material was reported in 2001 by Nancy Sottos,
with Scott White and his fellow researcher from the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign [
link
22 ]. The material was the polymers (repeating molecules of
plastics, a long form of plastic) with a kind of embedded internal adhesive. 8.1.3 for? p
sec2
sec2
title
p
What Can We Use S elf- He aling Materials
Self-healing polymers are a new class of smart materials unlike the traditional,
hard, and inactive composites. These are synthetically- created substances that have
the built-in ability to repair damage automatically without any pre-examination of the problem or human involvement. Continuous research is going on in this field to
improve the reliability and reduce the maintenance cost of artificial composites.
Drastic improvement with a number of significant achievements has been observed in
athe lpast decade in the field of self-healing materials. TheseSelf-healing materials can easily adapt into various environmental conditions according to their ductile and sensing properties [ p
link
23 ].
p
Generally, materials will degrade with time due to environmental conditions,
fatigue, or damage bring incaused during operation. On the other hand, self-healing materials counter degradation through the initiation of a repair mechanism that responds to the micro-damage [
link
24 ].
p
8.1.4 p
sec2
title
Biomimetic Materials
sec2
Since the development of self-healing materials got inspiration from biological
systems therefore, self-healing materials which have the ability to heal after being wounded are therefore referred to as
term
biomimetic
[
link
25 ].
Polymers or elastomers are the most common types of self-healing materials, and they
covers the major classes of materials including metals, and cementitious, and ceramics materials. 8.2 p
sec1
p title
Classification of Self-Healing Materials
sec1
Polymers are an everyday material in basic life, with products like rubbers, films,
plastics, fiberes, or paints. This massive demand has compelled the to extensiond of
their reliability, and lifespan and to the designing of a new kind of polymeric materials that are capable tof restoringe their functional property after damage or fatigue was envisioned. Usually, the incorporation of self-healing properties in man-made
materials cannot perform the self-healing action without an external trigger. The
classification of self-healing also got was inspired by the self-healing in biological systems, which can be identified by two major classes:; autonomic (without any intervention) self-healing Mmaterials [
link
23 ] and non-autonomic (needings
human intervention/external triggering) self-healing Mmaterials. The Ssame concept applies to the categoriszatione of self-healing materials into two different groups based on the way of the self-healing mechanism: extrinsic or intrinsic [ 12 ]. list
link
8,
p
listItem
Extrinsic: In this S; self-healing approach, the healing agents have to
be pre-planned for encapsulation into a (polymeric) matrix, enabling their release during a rupture event and thus self-healing. listItem
listItem
Intrinsic: ; In this particular case, self-healing polymers apply an
inherent material ability to self-heal, actuated either by in combination with an external stimulus or during a damage event. listItem
p
list
The self-healing polymers follow a three- step process which shows a resemblance
withto the biological response. The first step is triggering or actuation, and this
response occurs almost immediately after undergoing damage is undergo. The second step of response is transport of materials to the affected area, which also happens
instantly. The third step is the chemical repair process, thatwhich depends on the type of healing mechanism (e.g., entanglement, polymerization, reversible cross-linking). Modern self-healing composites can be classified into the following three groups: [
link
8, 12 ]:.
p
1.
Capsule-based self-healing materials
2.
Vascular self-healing materials
3.
Intrinsic self-healing materials
p
Although in all three categories the processes are quite similar in some ways, the
difference lies only in the ways that response is hidden or prevented until actual damage ihas occurred. 8.2.1 p
sec2
title
p
Capsule- Based Self- Heali ng Mate rials
sec2
The capsule-based system was first introduced by White et al. in 2001[
link
22 ],
and numerous other researchers have applied this approach in their works to introduce the fibere- reinforced materials [
link
26–28 ]. In this method,; the encapsulated
healing agent directly releases into the damage zone and the agent cannot be restored
once the off process has started. Numerous number of works haves been published so far based on the basis of capsule- based self-healing approaches;, details are mentioned in tTable 8.1 [ 8.2.2 p
sec2
title
link
47 ].
p
Vascular Self-Healing Materials
sec2
Vascular- or fibere-based approaches are more appreciated compared to capsular-
based self-healing approaches in fibere-reinforced polymer composite materials. Here,
in this approach a network of hollow vascular- based channels, likesimilar to blood
vessels in the human tissue, are distributed in structure to introduce the healing agent. Once the damage occurs, cracks propagates via the material and reach into the
vascules to make a cleavage open. The Rrequired liquid resin is released from the
vascules to repair the damage. The Mmain advantage in this system is the ability to
continuously deliver large volumes of the repair agent and the capability to be used for repeated healing. The vascular- based concept have beenwas proposed by a number of researchers andwho also introduced vascules, including the use of 3D printing [ (
48 ],
link
termDefinition
hollow glass fiber es
HGF s) [
term
52 ], and a solid preform route [ p
[
link
link
49, 50 ], a “‘lost wax”’ process [
53 ].
link
51,
p
However, as seen in Tables 8.1 and 8.2, (both the tables adoapted from Ref.
link
47 ], Wang et al., 2015), the healing performance is not only determined only
by the mechanisms, but the factors such as temperature and healing time also play a critical role in the healing process. 8.2.3 p
sec2
title
Comment [AQ4]: Please clarify whether the text provided within parenthesis can be treated as source line of Table 8.2 (as in Table 8.1) and delete it from the sentence "However, as seen in …".
p
I ntr insic Self- Heali ng Materials
sec2
The Iintrinsic self-healing approach is comparatively less complex than the
capsule- and vascular-based self-healing approaches. Here, in this approach the matrix is implicitly self-healing, and sequestration of the healing agent is not required
anymore. This property helps to avoid a number of problems related withto integration and healing compatibility that are very common in vascular- and capsule-based selfhealing materials, while evaluation of healing can be judged by the same protocols
used for vascular- and capsule- based approaches. Table 8.3 shows the detail of work related to self-healing polymer approaches. 8.3 p
sec1
title
p
Conductivity in Self-Healing Materials
Researchers and engineers have been paying immense attention into the
development of self-healing polymeric materials to improve their safety and lifetime [
link
80 ]. Development of a material, having a combination of propertiesy like
elasticity, and mechanical, functional, and intrinsic self-healing ability is highly
desirable. Electrically conductive polymer composites consist of a non-conductive
polymer matrix and are widely used in various commercial applications due to their
Comment [AQ5]: We have renumbered the section headings to maintain sequential order. Please confirm it is correct.
good manufacturability, light weight, corrosion resistance, and excellent electrical conductivity [
link
81–88 ]. Since introduction of conductivity in polymeric systems,
will make the material suitable for electronic applications therefore, electrically
conductive healable materials are therefore highly fascinating and important for the
development of various modern electronics. The conductivity in healable polymeric materials can transfer information on the structural reliability through electronic
assessment, that which might give an insight into the most challenging task of identify and quantifying microcracks. Materials having abilitiesy like conductivity and selfhealing capability are highly advantageous, especially inside deep sea or space
applications. Some researchers have gotbeen successful in work to enhancinge the
conductivity in self-healing polymer materials and have already set thea milestone. termDefinition
(
term
Single-walled carbon nanotube s
SWCNT s) were used by Kun Guo et al. [
design composites by connecting self-healing conductive composites termDefinition
(
term
link
89 ] to
poly(2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate)
PHEMA ) and single-walled carbon nanotubes
(SWCNTs) through host–guest interactions. This PHEMA-–SWCNT composite
provides bulk proximity sensitivity, humidity sensitivity, and electrical conductivity
and is able to self-heal under surrounding conditions without an external impulse. A hybrid gel- based conductive material on self-assembled supramolecular gel and nanostructure polypyrrole was developed for the first time by Ye Shi et al. [
link
90 ], which synergizes the dynamic assembly or disassembly nature of the
metal–ligand supramolecule and the conductive nanostructure of polypyrrole
hydrogel. Synthesiszed self-healing conductive materials shows features of high
conductivity (12 S m−1), meets mechanical and electrical self-healing propertiesy
without any external influence, and enhanced flexibility and mechanical strength. Another idea introduced by WilliamsKyle et al. [ between (
term
termDefinition
link
91 ], where the interaction
N-heterocyclic carbene s
NHC s) and transition metals is found to be reversible,
has been well studied along withand the electronic communication of these systems has been well-studied [
link
92, 93 ]. Carbon nanotubes are very much promising as
electrically conductive fillers. Remarkable work has been done by the Sandler et al. [
link
81 ], waswho reported percolation thresholds below 0.01% in a carbon
nanotube/epoxy system. Li et al. [
link
94 ] fabricated electrically conductive self-
healing films by depositing silver nanowires on top of healable polyelectrolyte multilayer films consisting of a layer-by-layer assembled branched poly-
(ethylenimine) and poly(acrylic acid)-)–hyaluronic acid blend. Kitajima et al. [
link
95 ] fabricated anisotropic electrically conductive polymer composites by
applying a strong magnetic field to orient fillers. Incorporation of bulky N-alkyl
moieties into carbenes, reduced the viscosity upon depolymerization, which will boost its flow into the cracks. Higher conductivities (∼1 S cm−1) should be achieved to have practical self -healing applications. Feller et al. have successfully incorporated termDefinition
(
term
multiwalled nanotube s
MWNT s) in glass fiber–epoxy composites [
link
Another material made- up of silicone rubber nanocomposites with electrical
86 ].
conductivity activated by temperature and self-healing capabilities has been reported by Italian scientist Bittolo Bon and Valentinia [ termDefinition
(
term
link
Ssilicon rubber
SR ) filled with
nanoplatelet s (
term
96 ]. A Ccombination of
termDefinition
graphite
GNP s) wasand synthesized
via a liquid mixing method has findfound promising applications for seals, and hoses, and in the automotive field. Another example of electrical conductivity healing was
introduced by Tee et al. They prepared a composite having electrical and mechanical
properties by using a supramolecular polymeric hydrogen-bonding network with self-
healing ability filled with chemically compatible micro-nickel particles with nanoscale surface features [
97 ]. Palleau et al. [
link
link
98 ] reported Sself-healing of
electrical properties in stretchable wires by combining the self-healing Reverlink
polymer produced by Arkema with liquid metal. Another example of a self-healing electrically conductive polymer composite was reported by Wang et al. by using fabricated (
term
termDefinition
silicon micro-particle
SiMP ) anodes for high-energy lithium-ion batteries.
Here iIn this work, they coated the material with a self-healing polymer composite consisting of a randomly branched hydrogen-bonding polymer matrix and carbon black nanoparticles [
link
99 ].
p
8.3.1 p
sec2
title
Applications and Advantages
sec2
Electrically conductive materials are those functional materials which are essential
for the development of different modern electronics. These conductive healable
materials are vital in many advanced electronics such as batteries, conductors, and electronic skin, and greatly improve the accuracy of these devices very much.
LikeSimilarly, irreversible healing-type electrical materials that have remarkable
applications for electrical conductors were developed by applying healed capsules as healing agents [
link
100–103 ]. A Mmixture of Ppolymer binders, conductive
particles, and dispersing solvents, collectively used in making of conductive inks, have been used in the metallization of microcircuits [ electronic structures [
link
105 ], solar cells [
microelectronics packages [
link
link
link
104 ], large- area
106 ], and solders for
107 ]. Such conductive healable materials also have
been used into conductive text, electronic art print, flexible silver microelectrodes [ [
link link
108 ], circuits on curvilinear surfaces [ 110 ]. With ink-jet printing [
screen printing [ [
link
link
link
link
109 ], and 3D antennas on paper
111 ], e-jet printing [
18 ], dip-pen nanolithography [
link
link
112 ], direct
113 ], and direct writing
114, 115 ], many traditional processing steps can be eliminated, including the
use of photo resists and etching. Such functional materials have a great potential for building advanced sensing electronics. Moreover, considering that many other
functional particles, such as quantum dots, magnetic fluid particles, and could also simply customized by CD, a wide range of functional systems. While materials
exhibiting both self-healing and conductive properties can be expected to suggest
obvious advantages in universal consumer electronics, they may also provide practical alternatives to sophisticated profusion and other types of back-up systems commonly used inunder highly adverse conditions, such as deep-sea and space travel. 8.3.2
sec2
Materials p
title
p
Aspects of Conductive Self-Healing
sec2
New developments in the field of self-healing materials have been started been
going on from in the Netherlands since 2010, in the field of self-healing materials.
Researchers are not only focusing on structural self-healing materials, which carry loads or have a protective function, but their functional counterparts are also the
subject of research. These materials are used in devices for energy generation likesuch
Comment [AQ6]: The sentence “Moreover, considering…functional systems” seems incomplete. Please provide the missing text.
as, solar cells, fuel cells, energy storage devices like batteries, light- generating
devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and in micro-electronics. Research into on the self-healing of functional properties like; electrical, electromagnetic,
electromechanical, magnetic, and thermal conductive is still in its early stages of development. The self-healing thermally conductive polymer composites are
presumed to have great potential in the electronics and lighting industry applications [
link
116 ]. However, with the increasing demand ofor the functional polymer
composites, it is expected that the main aim of researchers will broaden to the
development of materials that are capable of healing both structural and functional properties in the upcoming years. 8.4 p
sec1
title
p
Current and Future Prospects
sec1
The principle of conductive approach of self-healing materials has already been
provedn. To boost the conductivity, electrically conductive fiberes appears to be much more efficient than non-fibrous fillers. When practical tests will beare conducted
successfully, this method can be applied commercially in about five 5 years from then.
p
blockFixed p
“Self-healing materials are efficient, as fewer raw materials will be necessary per
unit product. This forms a perfect match with our sustainable investment approach.” source
p
Jan Willem Hofland – Managing Director, Triodos
MeesPierson p
source
blockFixed
In future, Sself-healing materials are expected to be used in places where
dependability and/or stability play a key role; we can conclude them in the following six major points:. 1.
p
a). The places that are difficult to access to repairs, such as at underground
(piping) or under the water surface (cables and piping), at high altitude (high buildings, wind turbines at sea).
2.
b). Structures which have to last very long (several decades), such as in large
infrastructural applications as dams, dikes, and tunnels. 3.
c). Applications where large repairs result in a lot of inconvenience in society,
such as repairs of roads and in energy supply. 4.
d). Applications where dependability and security are key issues, even during
overload or unfavourable circumstances: airplanes, spacecrafts, or long-term storage of nuclear waste. 5.
e). In products which need to have a smooth surface from an visual or
shielding point of view over a long period of time, such as painted surfaces or coatings that have to protect against corrosion or high temperatures. Other examples are cars, optical systems or windows, etcand so on. 6.
f). High-tech equipment for the manufacture of high-quality products;
machines which have to be in function 24/7, where off time should be minimized. 8.5 p
sec1
title
Conclusions
sec1
Over the past decade, research on self-healing polymers and composites has set up
an elevated performance levels for multiple materials systems surroundings by a wide diversity of damage approaches and self-healing concepts. Continued progress in the field will give in new healing chemistries that occupy greater stability, higher
reactivity, and faster kinetics. Although, this new field of research has made some
great advancement over the past several years, but still many technical challenges still are remained, which require a great need for persistent research efforts to address several areas of concern. The long- term sustainability of conductive self-healing materials on environmental exposure is still an unsolved mystery. Advanced
environmental testing of self-healing systems is crucially required. However, the good majority of research on self-healing in response to fracture has focused on Ppseudostatic performances. Self-healing designs will most likely carry out into the targeted
and localized distribution of self-healing components in vast applications to enhance efficiency while diminishing cost with deciding effects to the matrix material.
p
p
Current efforts for design and optimization of engineering models are still lacking
in potential. Anticipating, the life-cycle performance of a self-healing polymer
composite is also beyond the capability of available analytical tools. However, so far
the commercial successful demonstration of self-healing is achieved in the short term in all industrial applications and their modest mechanical performance requirements. Even thoughHowever, speedy efforts are needed to transform laboratory
demonstrations into constructive and practical applications across a broader platform of industries. p
p
Facelift of properties such as conductivity may be highly favourablefavorable for
many applications in the microelectronics industry, in which the current solution is usually chip replacement. Williams et al. [
link
91 ] synthesized an organometallic
polymer with semiconductor-level conductivity and the ability to self-heal with
applied heat. Capsule-based or vascular approaches using conductive healing agents also show impact for restoring electrical conductivity. Many researchers [
link
117–119 ] have both modelled and experimentally observed nanoparticle
35,
segregation to material defects, which may be applied to conductive particles in
conductive substrates. Revival of optical properties may also be an encouraging path
for self-healing research. Intrinsic self-healing of optically relevant materials may also abolish scattering by healing any generated cracks. The full range of mechanical, opto-electronic and chemical properties of materials, from dielectric character to optical transmission to chemical stability, may be meet-up by using self-healing concepts. p
p
Self-healing concepts may lead to enhanced utility of materials. All potential
applications for self-healing concepts get benefited by longer life, fade-resistant fabrics, safer self-healing batteries, resealing tires, and anti-tamper electronics.
Biological systems provide a way out for potential research developments. Many
crucial biological materials, like bones, regenerate and remodel in a new way. The We are not far away from the day is not far off would come when materials may be
capable to of responding to the damages in a more synchronized fashion manner so that remodelling and regeneration take place over the lifetime of the material in
response to mechanical loading. Efforts towards these targets, as well as exploring the
potential of distribution of these materials in many of the aforementioned applications, are currently under way. Collectively, we discussed that self-healing characteristics
Comment [AQ7]: As references 91 and 118 are identical, 118 has been replaced with 91 and subsequent references have been renumbered to maintain sequence in the text.
were scrutiniszed in materials with electrically conductive properties. However, many challenges remain before their potential is fully utiliszeds. Most importantly, their dependency on solvent vapour to facilitate healing must be eliminated.
p
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Comment [AQ11]: References [old No. 113 = New No. 120] have not been cited in text. Please clarify as to where it should be cited (renumbering will be done by the typesetter).
tabular
Table 8.1
label
self-healing materials. Mechanism
title
tabular
Summary of healing performance of capsule-based
Healin
Heali
Heal
efficie
time
cycle
g
ncy
ng
ing
Healing
cCondition
Host material
Refere nces
(%) termDefinition
Ddi
cyclopentadiene
75–
100%
10–
48 h
1
Roo m
Epoxy
Bbrown,
[ link
21, 29, 30
Ttemperature
) + Grubbs
( term RT )
DCPD + Grubbs
DCPD + Grubbs
~30%
67–
100%
24 h
48 h
1
1
RT
RT
(depen
Epoxy vinyl ester
Epoxy + CFR C
[ link 31
[ link
27, 28, 32
ding
on the
]
]
extent of
damag e) DCPD + WCl6
20–
64.9%
24 h
1
22–50 °C
Epoxy
[ link 33, 34
]
Comment [AQ12]: Please confirm if these abbreviations ‘CFRC and MBM’ need to be spelt out. If yes, please provide the expansions.
termDefinition
Eethylidene-2-
5-
45 and 80%
48 h
1
RT and 80 °C
Epoxy
[ link 35
norbornene
]
( term ENB
) + Grubbs
ENB/DCPD + Grubbs
85%
48 h
1
RT
Epoxy
[ link 36
ENB + Hoveyda Grubbs
95%
2h
1
170 °C
Epoxy
[ link 37
termDefinition
Hh
100%
48 h
1
150 °C
Epoxy + FRC
ydroxyl end-functionaliszed
]
[ link 38
poly(dimethylsiloxane)
( term HOPDMS
) and
termDefinition
pol
y(diethoxysiloxane)
( term PDES
)
Epoxy and Ssolvent
82–
100%
24 h
1
RT
Epoxy
[ link 39– 41
]
Epoxy and
Ssolvent + scandium (III)
>80%
48 h
1
80 °C
Epoxy
42
triflate
Epoxy + CuBr(2) (2MeIm)(4)
[ link
111%
1h
1
80–180 °C
Epoxy
[ link 43, 44
Epoxy + mercaptan
104%
24 h
1
20 °C
Epoxy
Epoxy + antimony pentafluoride
121%
71%
5 Dd ays
15–
20 s
1
25 °C
Epoxy
RT, 0.2 MPapa pressure
Epoxy
]
[ link 45
1
]
[ link 11
Epoxy + MBM tetrathiol
]
]
[ link 46
]
noteGroup note List of aAabbreviations:; DCPD―, Ddicyclopentadiene, ; ENB―, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, ; G2―, Grubbs’ second-generation catalyst, ; HG1―, Hoveyda–Grubbs’ first-generation catalyst, ; HG2―, Hoveyda–Grubbs’, ; HOPDMS―, Hhydroxyl end-functionaliszed poly (dimethylsiloxane), ); PDES―, Ppoly (diethoxysiloxane), ); SH―, Sself-healing, ; SHFRC―, sSelf-healing fibere-reinforced
composite, ; WCl6 ―, Ttungsten chloride. note source
noteGroup
(Table Source: Adoapted from Wang 2015Ref; . [
et al., Cogent Engineering (2015), 2 (1): 1075686).
source
link
47 ] Wang
tabular
label
Table 8.2
healing materials. Mechanism
tabular
Healing
efficiency (%)
DCPD + Grubbs’ catalyst
Epoxy
resin + Hardener
Epoxy
resin + Hardener
Epoxy
resin + Hardener
title
70
Summary of healing performance of vascular self-
(%) Healing condition
12 h 25 °C
Healing cycle
7
Host material
References Comment [AQ13]: Please note that edit made here in Table 8.2.
Epoxy
[ link 48, 54
60–90
48 h 30 °C
30
Epoxy
[ link 54, 55
74 & and 27
87–100
6 h 70 & and 30 °C
Normally higher than room
1
Epoxy
]
1
termDefinition
Ffiber-reinforced
temperature (RT)
composite bbrev>
chemistry
62
20 min to fill
impacted regions, 3 h to restore mechanical
]
[ link 56
( term FRC100 link a
Noncovalent
Fracture
load
additive
reaction
Epoxy/furanmaleimide gel
fracture
phase
DA-rDA
Mode I
fracture load
diffusion
Molecular diffusion
noteGroup
DCDC
SENB
phase
Fracture
Mode I
Polymers 400 and 401
toughness
SENB
iIntrinsic
N/A link
b
Visual
Mixed-
Hydrogen-bonded molecules
N/A link
b
Visual
Mixed-
Weak polyurethane gel
Tear
Mode III
Weak polyurethane gel
supramolecular
Molecular
CT
80
strength
mode cut
mode cut
tear test
[ link 73
]
[ link 74
]
[ link 75
]
[ link 76
]
[ link 77
]
[ link 78
]
[ link 79
]
Comment [AQ14]: Please clarify whether "furanmaleimide" should be replaced by "furan/maleimide" or "furan–maleimide". Kindly check and suggest.
Comment [AQ15]: Please note that we have changed table footnote indication. Kindly check.
note
List of Aabbreviations; : CT, compact tension; DA, Diels-–Alder; DCB, double-cantilever beam; DCDC, double- cleavage drilled compression; DCPD, dicyclopentadiene; FRC, fiber-reinforced composites; PCL, poly(caprolactone); PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane; rDA, retro-Diels-–Alder; SENB, single- edge notched beam; SMA, shape- memory alloy; TDCB, tapered double-cantilever beam; WTDCB, width-tapered double-cantilever beam. note
noteGroup
noteGroup note
label a
Reported healing is >100% because quantified healing measure in the
healed case is greater than in the virgin case.
note
Qualitative healing capability is based on visual observation of the crack healing or on the ability of the healed polymer to deform under note
label b
tension.
note
component
noteGroup
