implemented in the transform domain is presented. The strengths and ..... availability of cheap memory chips, the use of speech processing systems for voice.
Transform Based Speech Enhancement Techniques
Soon Ing Yann
School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
A thesis submitted to the Nanyang Technological University in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
2003
Statement of Originality
I hereby certify that the work embodied in this thesis is the result of original research and has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for a higher degree.
Date
Soon Ing Yann
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