Using WarpPLS in e-collaboration studies - ScriptWarp Systems

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORIH&ROODERUDWLRQ $SULO-XQH

8VLQJ:DUS3/6LQ H&ROODERUDWLRQ6WXGLHV

'HVFULSWLYH6WDWLVWLFV6HWWLQJV DQG.H\$QDO\VLV5HVXOWV 1HG.RFN7H[DV$ 0,QWHUQDWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\86$

$%675$&7 7KLVLVDIROORZXSRQDSUHYLRXVDUWLFOH.RFNE GLVFXVVLQJWKH¿YHPDLQVWHSVWKURXJKZKLFKDQRQ OLQHDUVWUXFWXUDOHTXDWLRQPRGHOLQJDQDO\VLVFRXOGEHFRQGXFWHGZLWKWKHVRIWZDUH:DUS3/6ZDUSSOVFRP  %RWKWKLVDQGWKHSUHYLRXVDUWLFOHXVHGDWDIURPWKHVDPHHFROODERUDWLRQVWXG\DVDEDVLVIRUWKHGLVFXVVLRQ RILPSRUWDQW:DUS3/6IHDWXUHV7KHIRFXVRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVRQVSHFL¿FIHDWXUHVUHODWHGWRVDYLQJDQGDQDO\]LQJ JURXSHGGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVYLHZLQJDQGFKDQJLQJDQDO\VLVDOJRULWKPDQGUHVDPSOLQJVHWWLQJVDQGYLHZLQJ DQGVDYLQJWKHYDULRXVPLQRUDQGPDMRUUHVXOWVRIWKHDQDO\VLV(YHQWKRXJKLWVIRFXVLVRQDQHFROODERUDWLRQ VWXG\WKLVDUWLFOHFRQWULEXWHVWRWKHEURDGOLWHUDWXUHRQPXOWLYDULDWHDQDO\VLVPHWKRGVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKH PRUHVSHFL¿FUHVHDUFKOLWHUDWXUHRQHFROODERUDWLRQ7KHYDVWPDMRULW\RIUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQYDULDEOHVLQ LQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIERWKQDWXUDODQGEHKDYLRUDOSKHQRPHQDDUHQRQOLQHDUXVXDOO\WDNLQJWKHIRUPRI8DQG6 FXUYHV6WUXFWXUDOHTXDWLRQPRGHOLQJVRIWZDUHWRROVZKHWKHUYDULDQFHRUFRYDULDQFHEDVHGW\SLFDOO\GRQRW HVWLPDWHFRHI¿FLHQWVRIDVVRFLDWLRQEDVHGRQQRQOLQHDUDQDO\VLVDOJRULWKPV:DUS3/6LVDQH[FHSWLRQLQWKLV UHVSHFW:LWKRXWWDNLQJQRQOLQHDULW\LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHUHVXOWVFDQEHPLVOHDGLQJHVSHFLDOO\LQFRPSOH[ DQGPXOWLIDFWRULDOVLWXDWLRQVVXFKDVWKRVHVWHPPLQJIURPHFROODERUDWLRQLQYLUWXDOWHDPV .H\ZRUGV

0XOWLYDULDWH6WDWLVWLFV1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV3DUWLDO/HDVW6TXDUHV6WUXFWXUDO(TXDWLRQ0RGHOLQJ 9LUWXDO7HDPV:DUS3/6

,1752'8&7,21 7KH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI WKH VWDWLVWLFDO PHWKRGV XVHGLQWKHEHKDYLRUDOVFLHQFHVDQGPDQ\RI WKRVHXVHGLQWKHQDWXUDOVFLHQFHVFDQEHVHHQ DVVSHFLDOFDVHVRIVWUXFWXUDOHTXDWLRQPRGHOLQJ 6(0 7KLVDSSOLHVWRERWKXQLYDULDWHDND ELYDULDWH DQGPXOWLYDULDWHVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV PHWKRGV+DLUHWDO 7KLVFDQEHGHP '2,MHF

RQVWUDWHGWKURXJKDVHTXHQWLDOORJLFDOLQIHUHQFH SURFHVV,QVKRUWLWFDQEHVKRZQWKDWPRVWRI WKHVHPHWKRGVDUHLQVWDQFHVRIPXOWLSOHUHJUHV VLRQDQDO\VLVZKLFKLVLWVHOIDQLQVWDQFHRISDWK DQDO\VLVZKLFKLQWXUQLVDQLQVWDQFHRI6(0 0HWKRGVOLNH$129$$1&29$0$12 9$DQG0$1&29$FDQEHVKRZQWREHVSHFLDO FDVHVRIPXOWLSOHUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV+DLUHWDO 5HQFKHU ,QPXOWLSOHUHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VLV K\SRWKHVLV WHVWLQJ LV W\SLFDOO\ FRQ GXFWHGWKURXJKWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIFRHIILFLHQWV RI DVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ PXOWLSOH LQGHSHQGHQW

&RS\ULJKW‹,*,*OREDO&RS\LQJRUGLVWULEXWLQJLQSULQWRUHOHFWURQLFIRUPVZLWKRXWZULWWHQSHUPLVVLRQRI,*,*OREDO LVSURKLELWHG

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORIH&ROODERUDWLRQ $SULO-XQH

YDULDEOHV DQG RQH PDLQ GHSHQGHQW YDULDEOH 7KHVH FRHIILFLHQWV RI DVVRFLDWLRQ QRUPDOO\ WDNH WKH IRUP RI VWDQGDUGL]HG SDUWLDO UHJUHV VLRQFRHIILFLHQWV5HQFKHU5RVHQWKDO  5RVQRZ 7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ3YDOXHVDUH WKHSUREDELOLWLHVWKDWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVUHIOHFWHG LQWKHFRHIILFLHQWVDUH³UHDO´ 3DWK DQDO\VLV LV D PHWKRG GHYHORSHG E\ 6HZDOO :ULJKW LQ WKH V :ROIOH  :ULJKW   DQG ODWHU ³UHGLVFRYHUHG´ E\ VWDWLVWLFLDQVDQGVRFLDOVFLHQWLVWV6HZDOO:ULJKW ZDV DQ HYROXWLRQDU\ ELRORJLVW DQG DQLPDO EUHHGHU +H ZDV DOVR RQH RI WKH IRXQGHUV RI WKH ILHOG RI SRSXODWLRQ JHQHWLFV 3RSXODWLRQ JHQHWLFVXQLILHG'DUZLQ¶VWKHRU\RIHYROXWLRQ ZLWK0HQGHO¶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

7KHFDOFXODWLRQRIZHLJKWVOLQNLQJLQGLFD WRUVWR/9VLVRQHRIWKHNH\DVSHFWVWKDWGLIIHU HQWLDWH6(0DSSURDFKHV7KRVHDSSURDFKHVFDQ EHGLYLGHGLQWRWZRZLWKPDLQW\SHVYDULDQFH DQGFRYDULDQFHEDVHG&KLQHWDO*HIHQ HWDO+DHQOHLQ .DSODQ.OLQH  2QHRIWKHPDLQDGYDQWDJHVRIYDULDQFH EDVHG6(0LVWKDWLWHPSOR\VUREXVWVWDWLVWLFV WRFDOFXODWH3YDOXHVDQGWKXVFDQEHVHHQDVD QRQSDUDPHWULFHTXLYDOHQWWRFRYDULDQFHEDVHG 6(07KDWLVXQOLNHFRYDULDQFHEDVHG6(0 YDULDQFHEDVHG 6(0 W\SLFDOO\ \LHOGV UREXVW UHVXOWVHYHQLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIVPDOOVDPSOHVDQG PXOWLYDULDWHGHYLDWLRQVIURPQRUPDOLW\&KLQHW DO*HIHQHWDO 9DULDQFHEDVHG 6(0LVRIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDV3/6EDVHG6(0 ZKHUH³3/6´VWDQGVIRU³SDUWLDOOHDVWVTXDUHV´ RU³SURMHFWLRQWRODWHQWVWUXFWXUHV´7KHWHUP ³3/6EDVHG6(0´LVDFWXDOO\PRUHFRPPRQO\ IRXQGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHWKDQWKHWHUP³YDULDQFH EDVHG 6(0´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

&RS\ULJKW‹,*,*OREDO&RS\LQJRUGLVWULEXWLQJLQSULQWRUHOHFWURQLFIRUPVZLWKRXWZULWWHQSHUPLVVLRQRI,*,*OREDO LVSURKLELWHG

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORIH&ROODERUDWLRQ $SULO-XQH

7+((&2//$%25$7,21678'< ,QWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQVVHYHUDOVFUHHQVDUH XVHGWRLOOXVWUDWHLPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHVRI:DUS 3/67KRVHVFUHHQVZHUHJHQHUDWHGEDVHGRQ DQHFROODERUDWLRQVWXG\LIYLUWXDOWHDPV$WRWDO RI  WHDPV ZHUH VWXGLHG 7KH WHDPV ZHUH WDVNHGZLWKGHYHORSLQJQHZSURGXFWVJRRGVRU VHUYLFHVLQDYDULHW\RIRUJDQL]DWLRQVEHORQJ LQJ WR PXOWLSOH LQGXVWULHV DQG VHFWRUV HJ DHURVSDFHDQGEDQNLQJVHUYLFHDQGPDQXIDF WXULQJUHVSHFWLYHO\ 'DWDUHODWHGWRILYH/9V ZHUHFROOHFWHGDVSDUWRIWKHVWXG\7KH/9VDUH LQGLFDWHGKHUHDV³(&8´³(&89DU´³3URF´ ³(IIL´DQG³(IIH´ ³(&8´UHIHUVWRWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKHOHF WURQLF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ PHGLD ZHUH XVHG E\ HDFKWHDP³(&89DU´UHIHUVWRWKHYDULHW\RI GLIIHUHQWHOHFWURQLFFRPPXQLFDWLRQPHGLDXVHG E\ HDFK WHDP ³3URF´ UHIHUV WR WKH GHJUHH WR ZKLFKHDFKWHDPHPSOR\HGHVWDEOLVKHGSURMHFW PDQDJHPHQWWHFKQLTXHVUHIHUUHGWRLQWKHVWXG\ DV SURFHGXUDO VWUXFWXULQJ WHFKQLTXHV ³(IIL´ UHIHUVWRWKHHIILFLHQF\RIHDFKWHDPLQWHUPV RIWDVNFRPSOHWLRQFRVWDQGWLPH³(IIH´UHIHUV WRWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIHDFKWHDPLQWHUPVRI WKHDFWXDOFRPPHUFLDOVXFFHVVRIWKHQHZJRRGV RUVHUYLFHVWKDWHDFKWHDPGHYHORSHG

6$9,1*$1'$1$/