A Survey on Cross Layer Design implementation in Wireless Sensor ...

International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682 Vol.51, No.51, July 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v51i51.101-107

A Survey on Cross Layer Design implementation in Wireless Sensor Network Rakesh Kumar Saini1,Ritika1 , Sandip Vijay2 1Department

of Computer Science and Application, DIT University, Dehradun Uttrakhand, India {rk.saini@, hod.mca}@dituniversity.edu.in

2Department

of Electronics and Communication, ICFAI University, Dehradun Uttrakhand, India [email protected]

Abstract -In Wireless Sensor Network, Sensor nodes are limited in mobility, less energy resources, computational capacity and memory when these extreme limitations are combined with strict traditional architecture both the network performance and lifetime are compromised by consuming more amount of energy. Energy efficiency of sensor nodes is the fundamental concern of WSN, due to the fact that each sensor node in network operates with an extremely limited energy. Recent research has shown that the OSI model is not necessarily the correct approach for WSN. Researchers have made modification to communication protocols which violates the OSI model, but achieve specific optimization goals these modifications are termed “Cross Layer Design”. Cross layer design allows direct communication between protocols at nonadjacent layers or sharing variables between layers. Developing energy efficiency protocols to optimize energy consumption is most important for lifetime and survivability of WSNs. This paper presents a detailed investigation of Cross layer design and discussing different cross-layer proposals given by researchers. Keywords--Cross-layer, Sensor network, Cross-Layer modification, Wireless Sensor Network

I.

In

architecture. This approach has been successful in its ability to provide modularity, transparency and standardization in the wire line networks but it is not suitable for wireless networks. In the recent years, many research works have been presented for Wireless sensor networks which are based on the interaction between various non-adjacent layers of the network stack. The main benefits of Cross layer design is to improve system performance and to satisfy Quality of Service demands of different applications. The Cross layer design can lead to increase network efficiency and optimized network throughput in WSN, which motivates to introduce the approach to the WSN.The Cross-layered approach in WSN is more useful, energy efficient, scalable and secure than with traditional approaches. Crosslayered approach reduces the transfer overhead by sharing the data among different layers. Although many recent papers have concentrated on Cross layer design approaches to improve protocol efficiency for WSNs, there is a lack of definite architectural view. The good Cross layer design will increase network performance, interoperability and maintainability.

INTRODUCTION

traditional communication networks, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) layered architecture has been widely adopted and has served many communications systems well in the past; however, evolving wireless networks of today are seriously challenging this design philosophy. The layered architecture defines a stack of protocol layers in which each layer operate within its well-defined function and boundary, and thus allowing changes to the underlying technology at each layer without imposing the need to change the overall system

II.

GAPS IN EXISTING WORK

In Cross-layer design different layers of the network protocol stack inter-communicate the useful information so as to collectively achieve the desired vertical optimization goal.After survey of existing work [8]-[46] the gaps in existing works are listed below: 1.

In Cross layer design, it is not clear how, when and where cross layer proposal should be implemented.

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682 Vol.51, No.51, July 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v51i51.101-107

2.

Cross layer design is hard to review and redesign because change in one subsystem may cause change in other parts.

3.

There is no standard method for communication between layers so lack of standardization in Cross layer design can lead to many problems. Due to this reason network performance should be decreased.

4.

Parameters that are similar in all layers need to be identified.

III.

MOTIVATIONFOR LAYER DESIGN

CROSS

The study of cross-layer optimization is a relatively new research area. Cross layer design across the various layers of the protocol stack poses many difficult and challenging problems. An important question in the area of cross-layer design is what parameters need to be shared among different layers of the protocol stack and how can each layer be made robust to the changing network conditions[23]. There are some motivational points for cross layer designs are:

the network to support a wider range of applications.

IV.

The cross layer design is a technique of breaking of OSI hierarchical layers in communication networks. The breaking of OSI hierarchical layers includes, Merging of layers, Creation of new interfaces, Providing additional inter dependencies between any two layers. Cross layer design has emerged as an important research area in Wireless sensor network.In OSI layered architectures, each layer has definite functionalities of a communication system and allows interaction between non-adjacent layers, but it does not allow interaction between non-adjacent layers. cross layer design approach has been proposed for this purpose. In the recent years, many research works have been presented for WSN which are based on the interaction between various non-adjacent layers of network stack [43]. Advantages of Cross Layer Design in WSN 1.

1. Cross-layer design in wireless networks is

2.

strongly recommended where the characteristics of the wireless channel permeate the functions of all protocol layers in the traditional protocol stack.

3.

2. It can help improve efficiency at both the node and system level by improving the efficiency of protocol functions that utilize critical information from other protocol layers and thus creating a more optimized performance at each protocol layer.

3. Cross layer design can help increase a node or network capacity and make it more flexible and robust to bandwidth variations and more tolerant to data losses since data transmission is dependent on the state of channel conditions and data losses may occur frequently in wireless networks.

4. It can also help to lengthen the lifetime of wireless devices by improving the power efficiency in portable wireless devices.

CROSS LAYER DESIGN

4.

5.

6.

7.

The main aim of cross layer design is to improve network efficiency and to satisfy Quality of Service demands of different applications. The Cross layer design can increase network performance and optimized network throughput in Wireless Sensor Network. Cross-layereddesignminimizes the transfer load by sharing the information among different layers. Cross-layer design is a suitable technology to overcome some of the current limitations of TCP/IP stack, especially in the case of wireless networks Its core idea is to maintain the functionalities associated to the original layers but to allow coordination, interaction and joint optimization of protocols crossing different layers. Cross layer enables interaction between different non-adjacent layers and exchanging information between layers. Cross layer design is used in Wireless Sensor network for enhancing the performance of Sensor nodes.

After survey of existing work we find Comparisons(Shown in table 1) between Traditional layered approach and Cross Layered Design Approach :

5. The cross-layer design and optimization technique can also enhance the capability of

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682 Vol.51, No.51, July 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v51i51.101-107

Traditional Layered Approach

Cross layered Design Approach

Traditional layered approach has more communication traffic

Cross layered approach minimize this communication traffic Nodes in Cross layered design approach consume less energy approach It is Sufficient for both wired network and wireless network

Nodes in traditional layered approach consume more energy It is sufficient only for wired network

By the help of traditional layered approach we can interact one layer to next layer of protocol stack

By the help of cross layered design approach we can interact one layer to any other layer of protocol stack

Table 1: Comparison between tradional layerd approach and Cross layerd approach.

V.

NEED OF CROSS LAYERDESIGNAPPROACH IN WSN

Cross-layer design approachis a suitable technology to overcome some of the current limitations of TCP/IP stack, especially in the case of wireless networks. Its core idea is to maintain the functionalities associated to the original layers but to allow coordination, interaction and joint optimization of protocols crossing different layers. The traditional layered approach has more communication traffic and nodes consume more energy so we can say that traditional layered approaches are less energy efficient so to overcome these limitations of traditional layered approach cross layered design approach is used. Cross layered approach is more energy efficient and Cross layered design approach can reduce communication traffic between layers by having information shared among different layers. After survey of existing work we find parameters which can be optimized by Cross layered design approach. These parameters are: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Network Lifetime Scalability Throughput Node distortion Mobility

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Heterogeneity Accuracy Latency Functionality Security

VI.

CROSS-LAYER DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION METHOD

After survey of existing work we find that there are three Implementation methods for cross layer design approach: 1.

Straightforward communication between layers

In Straightforward communicationbetween the layers, making the variables at one layer visible to the other layers at runtime. Straightforward communicationbetween the layers is the best way to allow runtime information sharing between layers. It allowscommunication between layers.Straightforward communication implementation method is show in figure A.

Fig.1.Straightforward communicationbetween different layers

2.

A Common database between the layers

In common database between the layers, a common database that can be shared by all layers, as shown in figure B. the common database is like a new layer, providing the service of recourses sharing for all layers. The common database approach isgood for sharing common resources. An optimization program can interface with the different layers at once through the common database.

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682 Vol.51, No.51, July 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v51i51.101-107

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Fig.2.ACommon database across the layers

3.

Completely new abstractions

In completely new abstraction each layer can communicate from every other layer. Completely new abstractions method allows rich interactions between different layers and it provides great flexibility during the runtime.Completely new abstraction implementation method is show in figure C.

Fig.3. Completely new abstractions

VII.

RESULT EXISTING DESIGN

ANALYSIS OF CROSS LAYER

Cross-layer design approaches are very useful in wireless sensor network for energy-efficiency. Crosslayer design approaches are providing interaction between different non-adjacent layers and sharing information between layers this facility is not available in traditional layered approach. The main purpose of Cross layer design approach is to increasenetwork performance and to satisfy Quality of Serviceneeds of different applications.There is a considerable amount of surveys in the literature that discuss WSN technologies in general [1]-[7]. The complete literature survey will be divided into six parts, i.e. 1.

Review of Cross Layer modification [8]-[11]

Cross layer design for Energy-Efficient Communication [12]-[22] Cross layer architecture for Communication Systems [23]-[27] Security issues in Cross layer [28]-[30] MAC and Routing Protocol for WSN [31]-[37] QoS provisions in Cross layer [38]-[46]

After survey of existing work [1]-[46] there are some cross layer design approaches and results shown in this table 2: Cross layer design(CLD) approach

CLD approach for Low Power WSNs[13]

Contribution of layers in Cross layer design approach Physical Layer, MAC Layer, Network Layer.

Result of Cross Layer design approach

This CLD approach minimize the number of transmissions by using data aggregation This CLD approach is more energyefficient. This CLD approach Increase energy efficiency of sensor nodes with high bandwidth Efficiency.

An EnergyEfficient Access Control Algorithm[14] CLD approach forLifetime Maximization in InterferenceLimited WSNs[15]

Physical Layer, MAC Layer.

CLD approach for energy optimization In WSNs[16]

Physical Layer, MAC Layer, Routinglayers.

This CLD approach decrease endto-end delivery time

CLD approach of Low Power Listening In WSNs[17]

MAC Layer, Routing Layer.

CLD approach for adaptive data reporting in WSNs[20]

MAC Layer, NetworkLayer.

This CLD approach decrease retransmissions and delay This CLD approach increases the packet received ratio at the sink node

Physical Layer, MAC Layer, Routinglayers.

Table 2: Result comparison between various cross layer design approaches

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International Journal of Advanced Information Science and Technology (IJAIST) ISSN: 2319:2682 Vol.51, No.51, July 2016 DOI:10.15693/ijaist/2016.v51i51.101-107

VIII.

CONCLUSION

In this Paper, we present a survey on Cross layer design approach for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Cross-layer design approachis a suitable technology to overcome some of the current limitations of TCP/IP stack, especially in the case of wireless networks. Its core idea is to maintain the functionalities associated to the original layers but to allow coordination, interaction and joint optimization of protocols crossing different layers. In view of parameters categorized [8]-[46] are somehow related to Quality of Service (QoS) provisions as energy efficiency, security, efficient communication etc. are the part of it. But the scientist and engineers are divided it into several fragmentation due to large work has been produced now a days in these areas. However, looking into the above scenario, QoS provisions seems to be main challenge among us in cross layer modification. . IX.

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Author Profile Rakesh Kumar Saini received the MCA degree from UPTU, Lucknow, India in 2005 and M.Tech (Computer Science and Engineering) degree from UTU, Dehradun, India in 2012 and Pursuing PhD from DIT University, Dehradun, India in 2014.He is having 11 Years of teaching experience. He is author of around 10 books. His research interests include cross-layer modification, Energy-Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network. Dr. Ritika received the Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from GKU, University, Haridwar in the year 2010, M.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering from UTU, Dehradun and MCA from GKU Dehradun. She is life time membership of ISCA, CSI, IEEE,IAENG, ISCA and IETE. She was Chairman of Computer Society of India Dehradun Chapter in the year 2013. She specializes in core areas of computer science and holds experience of more than 14 years. Dr.SandipVijay received B.Sc. (Engg.) from PIT Patna (erstwhile Magadh University) M.Tech. (Electronics & Comm. Engg.) and Ph.D. from I.I.T. Roorkee,India in the field of Wireless Computing under Ministry of HRD, Government of India fellowship. He is the member of IEEE, NSBE (USA), IANEG (USA), ISOC (USA), Fellow of ACEEE, Finland. He has published over eighty research papers in national and international journals/conferences of high impact factor and ISI indexed and IEEE/Springer proceeding publication in field of Wireless & Digital Communication Infrastructure-less Networks. He has successfully completed major research projects independently by VSI & DA-IICT, Gandhi Nagar, in the field of VLSI Design. He is the active reviewer of IEEE Sensor Journal and several other reputed journals/ conferences.

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