Appendix II: Useful Data

Appendix II: Useful Data A. Atomic Colors Atomic number:

1

4

5

6

7

8

9

Atomic symbol:

H

Be

B

C

N

O

F

Atomic number:

11

12

14

15

16

17

19

Atomic symbol:

Na

Mg

Si

P

S

Cl

K

Atomic number:

20

29

30

35

53

54

Atomic symbol:

Ca

Cu

Zn

Br

I

Xe

B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 25 °C Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

Aluminum Al(s) Al(g) Al3+(aq) AlCl3(s) Al2O3(s)

0 330.0 -538.4 -704.2 -1675.7

Barium Ba(s) Ba(g) Ba2+(aq) BaCO3(s) BaCl2(s) BaO(s) Ba(OH)2(s)

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

Substance

0 180.0 -537.6 -1213.0 -855.0 -548.0 -944.7

0 146.0 -560.8 -1134.4 -806.7 -520.3

28.32 164.6 -325 109.3 50.9 62.5 170.2 9.6 112.1 123.7 72.1

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

-1473.2

-1362.2

132.2

Beryllium Be(s) BeO(s) Be(OH)2(s)

0 -609.4 -902.5

0 -580.1 -815.0

9.5 13.8 45.5

Bismuth Bi(s) BiCl3(s) Bi2O3(s) Bi2S3(s)

0 -379.1 -573.9 -143.1

0 -315.0 -493.7 -140.6

56.7 177.0 151.5 200.4

BaSO4(s) 0 289.4 -483 -628.8 -1582.3

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

Boron B(s) B(g)

0 565.0

0 5.9 521.0 153.4 (continued on the next page)

A-7

A-8

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

BCl3(g) BF3(g) B2H6(g) B2O3(s) H3BO3(s)

-403.8 -1136.0 36.4 -1273.5 -1094.3

-388.7 -1119.4 87.6 -1194.3 -968.9

290.1 254.4 232.1 54.0 90.0

Bromine Br(g) Br2(l) Br2(g) Br-(aq) HBr(g)

111.9 0 30.9 -121.4 -36.3

82.4 0 3.1 -102.8 -53.4

175.0 152.2 245.5 80.71 198.7

Cadmium Cd(s) Cd(g) Cd2+(aq) CdCl2(s) CdO(s) CdS(s) CdSO4(s)

0 111.8 -75.9 -391.5 -258.4 -161.9 -933.3

0 77.3 -77.6 -343.9 -228.7 -156.5 -822.7

51.8 167.7 -73.2 115.3 54.8 64.9 123.0

Calcium Ca(s) Ca(g) Ca2+(aq) CaC2(s) CaCO3(s) CaCl2(s) CaF2(s) CaH2(s) Ca(NO3)2(s) CaO(s) Ca(OH)2(s) CaSO4(s) Ca3(PO4)2(s)

0 177.8 -542.8 -59.8 -1207.6 -795.4 -1228.0 -181.5 -938.2 -634.9 -985.2 -1434.5 -4120.8

0 144.0 -553.6 -64.9 -1129.1 -748.8 -1175.6 -142.5 -742.8 -603.3 -897.5 -1322.0 -3884.7

41.6 154.9 -53.1 70.0 91.7 108.4 68.5 41.4 193.2 38.1 83.4 106.5 236.0

0 2.9 671.3 -50.5 -60.2

5.7 2.4 158.1 186.3 234.6 270.2 177.8 201.7 309.7 216.4 218.8 129.0 242.9 126.8 239.9 200.9 219.3

Carbon C(s, graphite) C(s, diamond) C(g) CH4(g) CH3Cl(g) CH2Cl2(g) CH2Cl2(l) CHCl3(l) CCl4(g) CCl4(l) CH2O(g) CH2O2(l, formic acid) CH3NH2(g, methylamine) CH3OH(l) CH3OH(g) C2H2(g) C2H4(g)

0 1.88 716.7 -74.6 -81.9 -95.4 -124.2 -134.1 -95.7 -128.2 -108.6 -425.0 -22.5 -238.6 -201.0 227.4 52.4

-63.2 -73.7 -62.3 -66.4 -102.5 -361.4 32.7 -166.6 -162.3 209.9 68.4

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

C2H6(g) C2H5OH(l) C2H5OH(g) C2H3Cl(g, vinyl chloride) C2H4Cl2(l, dichloroethane) C2H4O(g, acetaldehyde) C2H4O2(l, acetic acid) C3H8(g) C3H6O(l, acetone) C3H7OH(l, isopropanol) C4H10(l) C4H10(g) C6H6(l) C6H5NH2(l, aniline) C6H5OH(s, phenol) C6H12O6(s, glucose) C10H8(s, naphthalene) C12H22O11(s, sucrose) CO(g) CO2(g) CO2(aq) CO32-(aq) HCO3-(aq) H2CO3(aq) CN-(aq) HCN(l) HCN(g) CS2(l) CS2(g) COCl2(g) C60(s)

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

-84.68 -277.6 -234.8 37.2 -166.8 -166.2 -484.3 -103.85 -248.4 -318.1 -147.3 -125.7 49.1 31.6 -165.1 -1273.3 78.5 -2226.1 -110.5 -393.5 -413.8 -677.1 -692.0 -699.7 151 108.9 135.1 89.0 116.7 -219.1 2327.0

-15.0 -15.71 124.5 149.2 -50.4 -910.4 201.6 -1544.3 -137.2 -394.4 -386.0 -527.8 -586.8 -623.2 166 125.0 124.7 64.6 67.1 -204.9 2302.0

229.2 160.7 281.6 264.0 208.5 263.8 159.8 270.3 199.8 181.1 231.0 310.0 173.4 191.9 144.0 212.1 167.4 360.24 197.7 213.8 117.6 -56.9 91.2 187.4 118 112.8 201.8 151.3 237.8 283.5 426.0

Cesium Cs(s) Cs(g) Cs+(aq) CsBr(s) CsCl(s) CsF(s) CsI(s)

0 76.5 -258.0 -400 -438 -553.5 -342

0 49.6 -292.0 -387 -414 -525.5 -337

85.2 175.6 132.1 117 101.2 92.8 127

Chlorine Cl(g) Cl2(g) Cl-(aq) HCl(g) HCl(aq) ClO2(g) Cl2O(g)

121.3 0 -167.1 -92.3 -167.2 102.5 80.3

105.3 0 -131.2 -95.3 -131.2 120.5 97.9

165.2 223.1 56.6 186.9 56.5 256.8 266.2

0 396.6 -1971

0 351.8

23.8 174.5

Chromium Cr(s) Cr(g) Cr3+(aq)

-32.0 -174.8 -167.9 53.6 -79.6 -133.0 -389.9 -23.4 -155.6

A-9

B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 25 °C

Substance CrO42-(aq)

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

Cr2O3(s) Cr2O72-(aq)

-872.2 -1139.7 -1476

-717.1 -1058.1 -1279

44 81.2 238

Cobalt Co(s) Co(g) CoO(s) Co(OH)2(s)

0 424.7 -237.9 -539.7

0 380.3 -214.2 -454.3

30.0 179.5 53.0 79.0

Copper Cu(s) Cu(g) Cu+(aq) Cu2+(aq) CuCl(s) CuCl2(s) CuO(s) CuS(s) CuSO4(s) Cu2O(s) Cu2S(s)

0 337.4 51.9 64.9 -137.2 -220.1 -157.3 -53.1 -771.4 -168.6 -79.5

0 297.7 50.2 65.5 -119.9 -175.7 -129.7 -53.6 -662.2 -146.0 -86.2

33.2 166.4 -26 -98 86.2 108.1 42.6 66.5 109.2 93.1 120.9

Fluorine F(g) F2(g) F-(aq) HF(g)

79.38 0 -335.35 -273.3

62.3 0 -278.8 -275.4

158.75 202.79 -13.8 173.8

Gold Au(s) Au(g)

0 366.1

0 326.3

47.4 180.5

0

0

126.2

Hydrogen H(g) H+(aq) H+(g) H2(g)

218.0 0 1536.3 0

203.3 0 1517.1 0

114.7 0 108.9 130.7

Iodine I(g) I2(s) I2(g) I-(aq) HI(g)

106.76 0 62.42 -56.78 26.5

70.2 0 19.3 -51.57 1.7

180.79 116.14 260.69 106.45 206.6

0 416.3 -87.9 -47.69 -740.6 -341.8 -399.5

0 370.7 -84.94 -10.54 -666.7 -302.3 -334.0

27.3 180.5 113.4 293.3 92.9 118.0 142.3

Helium He(g)

Iron Fe(s) Fe(g) Fe2+(aq) Fe3+(aq) FeCO3(s) FeCl2(s) FeCl3(s)

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

FeO(s) Fe(OH)3(s) FeS2(s) Fe2O3(s) Fe3O4(s)

-272.0 -823.0 -178.2 -824.2 -1118.4

-255.2 -696.5 -166.9 -742.2 -1015.4

60.75 106.7 52.9 87.4 146.4

Lead Pb(s) Pb(g) Pb2+(aq) PbBr2(s) PbCO3(s) PbCl2(s) PbI2(s) Pb(NO3)2(s) PbO(s) PbO2(s) PbS(s) PbSO4(s)

0 195.2 0.92 -278.7 -699.1 -359.4 -175.5 -451.9 -217.3 -277.4 -100.4 -920.0

0 162.2 -24.4 -261.9 -625.5 -314.1 -173.6

64.8 175.4 18.5 161.5 131.0 136.0 174.9

-187.9 -217.3 -98.7 -813.0

68.7 68.6 91.2 148.5

Lithium Li(s) Li(g) Li+(aq) LiBr(s) LiCl(s) LiF(s) LiI(s) LiNO3(s) LiOH(s) Li2O(s)

0 159.3 -278.47 -351.2 -408.6 -616.0 -270.4 -483.1 -487.5 -597.9

0 126.6 -293.3 -342.0 -384.4 -587.7 -270.3 -381.1 -441.5 -561.2

29.1 138.8 12.24 74.3 59.3 35.7 86.8 90.0 42.8 37.6

Magnesium Mg(s) Mg(g) Mg2+(aq) MgCl2(s) MgCO3(s) MgF2(s) MgO(s) Mg(OH)2(s) MgSO4(s) Mg3N2(s)

0 147.1 -467.0 -641.3 -1095.8 -1124.2 -601.6 -924.5 -1284.9 -461

0 112.5 -455.4 -591.8 -1012.1 -1071.1 -569.3 -833.5 -1170.6 -401

32.7 148.6 -137 89.6 65.7 57.2 27.0 63.2 91.6 88

Manganese Mn(s) Mn(g) Mn2+(aq) MnO(s) MnO2(s) MnO4-(aq)

0 280.7 -219.4 -385.2 -520.0 -529.9

0 238.5 -225.6 -362.9 -465.1 -436.2

32.0 173.7 -78.8 59.7 53.1 190.6

Mercury Hg(l) Hg(g)

0 61.4

0 75.9 31.8 175.0 (continued on the next page)

A-10

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

Hg2+(aq) Hg22+(aq) HgCl2(s) HgO(s) HgS(s) Hg2Cl2(s)

170.21 166.87 -224.3 -90.8 -58.2 -265.4

164.4 153.5 -178.6 -58.5 -50.6 -210.7

-36.19 65.74 146.0 70.3 82.4 191.6

Nickel Ni(s) Ni(g) NiCl2(s) NiO(s) NiS(s)

0 429.7 -305.3 -239.7 -82.0

0 384.5 -259.0 -211.7 -79.5

29.9 182.2 97.7 37.99 53.0

Nitrogen N(g) N2(g) NF3(g) NH3(g) NH3(aq) NH4+(aq) NH4Br(s) NH4Cl(s) NH4CN(s) NH4F(s) NH4HCO3(s) NH4I(s) NH4NO3(s) NH4NO3(aq) HNO3(g) HNO3(aq) NO(g) NO2(g) NO3-(aq) NOBr(g) NOCl(g) N2H4(l) N2H4(g) N2O(g) N2O4(l) N2O4(g) N2O5(s) N2O5(g)

472.7 0 -132.1 -45.9 -80.29 -133.26 -270.8 -314.4 0.4 -464.0 -849.4 -201.4 -365.6 -339.9 -133.9 -207 91.3 33.2 -206.85 82.2 51.7 50.6 95.4 81.6 -19.5 11.1 -43.1 13.3

455.5 0 -90.6 -16.4 -26.50 -79.31 -175.2 -202.9 -348.7 -665.9 -112.5 -183.9 -190.6 -73.5 -110.9 87.6 51.3 -110.2 82.4 66.1 149.3 159.4 103.7 97.5 99.8 113.9 117.1

72.0 120.9 117.0 151.1 259.8 266.9 146 210.8 240.1 146.70 273.7 261.7 121.2 238.5 220.0 209.2 304.4 178.2 355.7

Oxygen O(g) O2(g) O3(g) OH-(aq) H2O(l) H2O(g) H2O2(l) H2O2(g)

249.2 0 142.7 -230.02 -285.8 -241.8 -187.8 -136.3

231.7 0 163.2 -157.3 -237.1 -228.6 -120.4 -105.6

161.1 205.2 238.9 -10.90 70.0 188.8 109.6 232.7

153.3 191.6 260.8 192.8 111.3 111.17 113.0 94.6

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S° (J>mol # K)

Phosphorus P(s, white) P(s, red) P(g) P2(g) P4(g) PCl3(l) PCl3(g) PCl5(s) PCl5(g) PF5(g) PH3(g) POCl3(l) POCl3(g) PO43-(aq) HPO42-(aq) H2PO4-(aq) H3PO4(s) H3PO4(aq) P4O6(s) P4O10(s) Platinum Pt(s) Pt(g)

0 -17.6 316.5 144.0 58.9 -319.7 -287.0 -443.5 -374.9 -1594.4 5.4 -597.1 -558.5 -1277.4 -1292.1 -1296.3 -1284.4 -1288.3 -1640.1 -2984

0 565.3

0 -12.1 280.1 103.5 24.4 -272.3 -267.8

41.1 22.8 163.2 218.1 280.0 217.1 311.8

-305.0 -1520.7 13.5 -520.8 -512.9 -1018.7 -1089.2 -1130.2 -1124.3 -1142.6

364.6 300.8 210.2 222.5 325.5 -220.5 -33.5 90.4 110.5 158.2

-2698

0 520.5

228.9 41.6 192.4

Potassium K(s) K(g) K+(aq) KBr(s) KCN(s) KCl(s) KClO3(s) KClO4(s) KF(s) KI(s) KNO3(s) KOH(s) KOH(aq) KO2(s) K2CO3(s) K2O(s) K2O2(s) K2SO4(s)

0 89.0 -252.14 -393.8 -113.0 -436.5 -397.7 -432.8 -567.3 -327.9 -494.6 -424.6 -482.4 -284.9 -1151.0 -361.5 -494.1 -1437.8

0 60.5 -283.3 -380.7 -101.9 -408.5 -296.3 -303.1 -537.8 -324.9 -394.9 -379.4 -440.5 -239.4 -1063.5 -322.1 -425.1 -1321.4

64.7 160.3 101.2 95.9 128.5 82.6 143.1 151.0 66.6 106.3 133.1 81.2 91.6 116.7 155.5 94.14 102.1 175.6

Rubidium Rb(s) Rb(g) Rb+(aq) RbBr(s) RbCl(s) RbClO3(s)

0 80.9 -251.12 -394.6 -435.4 -392.4

0 53.1 -283.1 -381.8 -407.8 -292.0

76.8 170.1 121.75 110.0 95.9 152

A-11

B. Standard Thermodynamic Quantities for Selected Substances at 25 °C

Substance RbF(s) RbI(s) Scandium Sc(s) Sc(g) Selenium Se(s, gray) Se(g) H2Se(g) Silicon Si(s) Si(g) SiCl4(l) SiF4(g) SiH4(g) SiO2(s, quartz) Si2H6(g) Silver Ag(s) Ag(g) Ag+(aq) AgBr(s) AgCl(s) AgF(s) AgI(s) AgNO3(s) Ag2O(s) Ag2S(s) Ag2SO4(s) Sodium Na(s) Na(g) Na+(aq) NaBr(s) NaCl(s) NaCl(aq) NaClO3(s) NaF(s) NaHCO3(s) NaHSO4(s) NaI(s) NaNO3(s) NaNO3(aq) NaOH(s) NaOH(aq) NaO2(s) Na2CO3(s) Na2O(s) Na2O2(s)

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

-557.7 -333.8

-328.9

118.4

0 377.8

0 336.0

34.6 174.8

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

¢G °f (kJ>mol)

S ° (J>mol # K)

Na2SO4(s) Na3PO4(s)

-1387.1 -1917

-1270.2 -1789

149.6 173.8

Strontium Sr(s) Sr(g) Sr2+(aq) 0 227.1 29.7

0 187.0 15.9

42.4 176.7 219.0

0 450.0 -687.0 -1615.0 34.3 -910.7 80.3

0 405.5 -619.8 -1572.8 56.9 -856.3 127.3

18.8 168.0 239.7 282.8 204.6 41.5 272.7

Sulfur S(s, rhombic)

42.6 173.0 73.45 107.1 96.3 84 115.5 140.9 121.3 144.0 200.4

HS-(aq)

0 107.5 -240.34 -361.1 -411.2 -407.2 -365.8 -576.6 -950.8 -1125.5 -287.8 -467.9 -447.5 -425.8 -470.1 -260.2 -1130.7 -414.2 -510.9

0 246.0 77.11 -96.9 -109.8 -185 -66.2 -33.4 -11.2 -40.7 -618.4

0 77.0 -261.9 -349.0 -384.1 -393.1 -262.3 -546.3 -851.0 -992.8 -286.1 -367.0 -373.2 -379.7 -419.2 -218.4 -1044.4 -375.5 -447.7

51.3 153.7 58.45 86.8 72.1 115.5 123.4 51.1 101.7 113.0 98.5 116.5 205.4 64.4 48.2 115.9 135.0 75.1 95.0

0

55.0

164.4

130.9

-545.51

-557.3

-39

164.6 114.9

SrCl2(s)

-828.9

-781.1

SrCO3(s)

-1220.1

-1140.1

97.1

-561.9 -1340.9

54.4 117.0

SrO(s) SrSO4(s)

S(s, monoclinic)

-592.0 -1453.1

0 0.3

0 0.096

32.1 32.6

S(g)

277.2

236.7

167.8

S2(g)

128.6

79.7

228.2

S8(g)

102.3

49.7

430.9

2-

41.8

83.7

22

-1220.5

-1116.5

291.5

-17.7

12.4

62.0

S (aq) SF6(g)

0 284.9 105.79 -100.4 -127.0 -204.6 -61.8 -124.4 -31.1 -32.6 -715.9

0

H2S(g)

-20.6

-33.4

205.8

H2S(aq)

-39.4

-27.7

122

SOCl2(l)

-245.6

SO2(g)

-296.8

-300.1

248.2

SO3(g)

-395.7

-371.1

256.8

-909.3

-744.6

18.5

-886.5

-754.4

129.5

H2SO4(l)

-814.0

-690.0

156.9

H2SO4(aq)

-909.3

-744.6

18.5

S2O32-(aq)

-648.5

-522.5

67

SO42-(aq) HSO4-(aq)

Tin Sn(s, white)

0

Sn(s, gray)

-2.1

Sn(g) SnCl4(l)

0

51.2

0.1

44.1

301.2

266.2

168.5

-511.3

-440.1

258.6

SnCl4(g)

-471.5

-432.2

365.8

SnO(s) SnO2(s)

-280.7 -577.6

-251.9 -515.8

57.2 49.0

Titanium Ti(s)

0

0

30.7

473.0

428.4

180.3

TiCl4(l)

-804.2

-737.2

252.3

TiCl4(g) TiO2(s)

-763.2 -944.0

-726.3 -888.8

353.2 50.6

Tungsten W(s) W(g) WO3(s)

0 849.4 -842.9

0 32.6 807.1 174.0 -764.0 75.9 (continued on the next page)

Ti(g)

A-12

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

Uranium U(s) U(g) UF6(s) UF6(g) UO2(s)

0 533.0 -2197.0 -2147.4 -1085.0

0 488.4 -2068.5 -2063.7 -1031.8

50.2 199.8 227.6 377.9 77.0

0 514.2

0 754.4

28.9 182.3

Substance

¢H °f (kJ>mol)

¢G °f (kJ>mol) S ° (J>mol # K)

Zinc

Vanadium V(s) V(g)

Zn(s)

0

0

41.6

Zn(g)

130.4

94.8

161.0

-147.1

-109.8

Zn2+(aq)

-153.39

ZnCl2(s)

-415.1

-369.4

111.5

ZnO(s)

-350.5

-320.5

43.7

ZnS(s, zinc blende)

-206.0

-201.3

57.7

ZnSO4(s)

-982.8

-871.5

110.5

C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants 1. Dissociation Constants for Acids at 25 °C Name Acetic Acetylsalicylic Adipic Arsenic Arsenous Ascorbic Benzoic Boric Butanoic Carbonic Chloroacetic Chlorous Citric Cyanic Formic Hydrazoic Hydrocyanic Hydrofluoric Hydrogen chromate ion Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen selenate ion Hydrosulfuric Hydrotelluric

K a1

Formula

K a2

K a3

Name

-5

HC2H3O2 HC9H7O4 H2C6H8O4 H3AsO4 H3AsO3 H2C6H6O6 HC7H5O2 H3BO3 HC4H7O2 H2CO3 HC2H2O2Cl HClO2 H3C6H5O7 HCNO HCHO2 HN3 HCN HF

1.8 * 10 3.3 * 10-4 3.9 * 10-5 5.5 * 10-3 5.1 * 10-10 8.0 * 10-5 6.5 * 10-5 5.4 * 10-10 1.5 * 10-5 4.3 * 10-7 1.4 * 10-3 1.1 * 10-2 7.4 * 10-4 2 * 10-4 1.8 * 10-4 2.5 * 10-5 4.9 * 10-10 3.5 * 10-4

HCrO4H2O2

3.0 * 10-7 2.4 * 10-12

HSeO4H2S H2Te

2.2 * 10-2 8.9 * 10-8 1 * 10-19 2.3 * 10-3 1.6 * 10-11

3.9 * 10-6 1.7 * 10-7 5.1 * 10-12 1.6 * 10-12

5.6 * 10

-11

1.7 * 10

-5

4.0 * 10

-7

Hypobromous Hypochlorous Hypoiodous Iodic Lactic Maleic Malonic Nitrous Oxalic Paraperiodic Phenol Phosphoric Phosphorous Propanoic Pyruvic Pyrophosphoric Selenous Succinic Sulfuric Sulfurous Tartaric Trichloroacetic Trifluoroacetic acid

Formula HBrO HClO HIO HIO3 HC3H5O3 H2C4H2O4 H2C3H2O4 HNO2 H2C4O4 H5IO6 HC6H5O H3PO4 H3PO3 HC3H5O2 HC3H3O3 H4P2O7 H2SeO3 H2C4H4O4 H2SO4 H2SO3 H2C4H4O6 HC2Cl3O2 HC2F3O2

K a1

K a2

K a3

-9

2.8 * 10 2.9 * 10-8 2.3 * 10-11 1.7 * 10-1 1.4 * 10-4 1.2 * 10-2 1.5 * 10-3 4.6 * 10-4 5.9 * 10-2 2.8 * 10-2 1.3 * 10-10 7.5 * 10-3 5 * 10-2 1.3 * 10-5 4.1 * 10-3 1.2 * 10-1 2.4 * 10-3 6.2 * 10-5 Strong acid 1.7 * 10-2 1.0 * 10-3 2.2 * 10-1 3.0 * 10-1

5.9 * 10-7 2.0 * 10-6 6.4 * 10-5 5.3 * 10-9 6.2 * 10-8 4.2 * 10-13 2.0 * 10-7

7.9 4.8 2.3 1.2 6.4 4.6

* * * * * *

10-3 2.0 * 10-7 10-9 10-6 10-2 10-8 10-5

2. Dissociation Constants for Hydrated Metal Ions at 25 °C Cation 3+

Al Be2+ Co2+ Cr3+ Cu2+ Fe2+

Hydrated Ion Al(H2O)63+ Be(H2O)62+ Co(H2O)62+ Cr(H2O)63+ Cu(H2O)62+ Fe(H2O)62+

Ka

Cation -5

1.4 * 10 3 * 10-7 1.3 * 10-9 1.6 * 10-4 3 * 10-8 3.2 * 10-10

3+

Fe Ni2+ Pb2+ Sn2+ Zn2+

Hydrated Ion 3+

Fe(H2O)6 Ni(H2O)62+ Pb(H2O)62+ Sn(H2O)62+ Zn(H2O)62+

Ka 6.3 * 10-3 2.5 * 10-11 3 * 10-8 4 * 10-4 2.5 * 10-10

C. Aqueous Equilibrium Constants

A-13

3. Dissociation Constants for Bases at 25 °C Name Ammonia Aniline Bicarbonate ion Carbonate ion Codeine Diethylamine Dimethylamine Ethylamine Ethylenediamine Hydrazine Hydroxylamine

Formula NH3 C6H5NH2 HCO3CO32C18H21NO3 (C2H5)2NH (CH3)2NH C2H5NH2 C2H8N2 H2NNH2 HONH2

Kb -5

1.76 * 10 3.9 * 10-10 1.7 * 10-9 1.8 * 10-4 1.6 * 10-6 6.9 * 10-4 5.4 * 10-4 5.6 * 10-4 8.3 * 10-5 1.3 * 10-6 1.1 * 10-8

Name

Formula

Ketamine Methylamine Morphine Nicotine Piperidine Propylamine Pyridine Strychnine Triethylamine Trimethylamine

C13H16ClNO CH3NH2 C17H19NO3 C10H14N2 C5H10NH C3H7NH2 C5H5N C21H22N2O2 (C2H5)3N (CH3)3N

Kb 3 * 10-7 4.4 * 10-4 1.6 * 10-6 1.0 * 10-6 1.33 * 10-3 3.5 * 10-4 1.7 * 10-9 1.8 * 10-6 5.6 * 10-4 6.4 * 10-5

4. Solubility Product Constants for Compounds at 25 °C Compound Aluminum hydroxide Aluminum phosphate Barium carbonate Barium chromate Barium fluoride Barium hydroxide Barium oxalate Barium phosphate Barium sulfate Cadmium carbonate Cadmium hydroxide Cadmium sulfide Calcium carbonate Calcium chromate Calcium fluoride Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydrogen phosphate Calcium oxalate Calcium phosphate Calcium sulfate Chromium(III) hydroxide Cobalt(II) carbonate Cobalt(II) hydroxide Cobalt(II) sulfide Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) chloride Copper(I) cyanide Copper(II) carbonate Copper(II) hydroxide Copper(II) phosphate Copper(II) sulfide Iron(II) carbonate Iron(II) hydroxide Iron(II) sulfide

Formula Al(OH)3 AlPO4 BaCO3 BaCrO4 BaF2 Ba(OH)2 BaC2O4 Ba3(PO4)2 BaSO4 CdCO3 Cd(OH)2 CdS CaCO3 CaCrO4 CaF2 Ca(OH)2 CaHPO4 CaC2O4 Ca3(PO4)2 CaSO4 Cr(OH)3 CoCO3 Co(OH)2 CoS CuBr CuCl CuCN CuCO3 Cu(OH)2 Cu3(PO4)2 CuS FeCO3 Fe(OH)2 FeS

Ksp -33

1.3 * 10 9.84 * 10-21 2.58 * 10-9 1.17 * 10-10 2.45 * 10-5 5.0 * 10-3 1.6 * 10-6 6 * 10-39 1.07 * 10-10 1.0 * 10-12 7.2 * 10-15 8 * 10-28 4.96 * 10-9 7.1 * 10-4 1.46 * 10-10 4.68 * 10-6 1 * 10-7 2.32 * 10-9 2.07 * 10-33 7.10 * 10-5 6.3 * 10-31 1.0 * 10-10 5.92 * 10-15 5 * 10-22 6.27 * 10-9 1.72 * 10-7 3.47 * 10-20 2.4 * 10-10 2.2 * 10-20 1.40 * 10-37 1.27 * 10-36 3.07 * 10-11 4.87 * 10-17 3.72 * 10-19

Compound

Formula

Iron(III) hydroxide Lanthanum fluoride Lanthanum iodate Lead(II) bromide Lead(II) carbonate Lead(II) chloride Lead(II) chromate Lead(II) fluoride Lead(II) hydroxide Lead(II) iodide Lead(II) phosphate Lead(II) sulfate Lead(II) sulfide Magnesium carbonate Magnesium fluoride Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxalate Manganese(II) carbonate Manganese(II) hydroxide Manganese(II) sulfide Mercury(I) bromide Mercury(I) carbonate Mercury(I) chloride Mercury(I) chromate Mercury(I) cyanide Mercury(I) iodide Mercury(II) hydroxide Mercury(II) sulfide Nickel(II) carbonate Nickel(II) hydroxide Nickel(II) sulfide Silver bromate Silver bromide Silver carbonate

Fe(OH)3 LaF3 La(IO3)3 PbBr2 PbCO3 PbCl2 PbCrO4 PbF2 Pb(OH)2 PbI2 Pb3(PO4)2 PbSO4 PbS MgCO3 MgF2 Mg(OH)2 MgC2O4 MnCO3 Mn(OH)2 MnS Hg2Br2 Hg2CO3 Hg2Cl2 Hg2CrO4 Hg2(CN)2 Hg2I2 Hg(OH)2 HgS NiCO3 Ni(OH)2 NiS AgBrO3 AgBr Ag2CO3

Ksp 2.79 * 10-39 2 * 10-19 7.50 * 10-12 4.67 * 10-6 7.40 * 10-14 1.17 * 10-5 2.8 * 10-13 3.3 * 10-8 1.43 * 10-20 9.8 * 10-9 1 * 10-54 1.82 * 10-8 9.04 * 10-29 6.82 * 10-6 5.16 * 10-11 2.06 * 10-13 4.83 * 10-6 2.24 * 10-11 1.6 * 10-13 2.3 * 10-13 6.40 * 10-23 3.6 * 10-17 1.43 * 10-18 2 * 10-9 5 * 10-40 5.2 * 10-29 3.1 * 10-26 1.6 * 10-54 1.42 * 10-7 5.48 * 10-16 3 * 10-20 5.38 * 10-5 5.35 * 10-13 8.46 * 10-12 (continued on the next page)

A-14

A p p e n d i x I I : Useful Data

Compound Silver chloride Silver chromate Silver cyanide Silver iodide Silver phosphate Silver sulfate Silver sulfide Strontium carbonate Strontium chromate

Formula

Ksp -10

1.77 * 10 1.12 * 10-12 5.97 * 10-17 8.51 * 10-17 8.89 * 10-17 1.20 * 10-5 6 * 10-51 5.60 * 10-10 3.6 * 10-5

AgCl Ag2CrO4 AgCN AgI Ag3PO4 Ag2SO4 Ag2S SrCO3 SrCrO4

Compound

Formula

Ksp

Strontium phosphate Strontium sulfate Tin(II) hydroxide Tin(II) sulfide Zinc carbonate Zinc hydroxide Zinc oxalate Zinc sulfide

Sr3(PO4)2 SrSO4 Sn(OH)2 SnS ZnCO3 Zn(OH)2 ZnC2O4 ZnS

1 * 10-31 3.44 * 10-7 5.45 * 10-27 1 * 10-26 1.46 * 10-10 3 * 10-17 2.7 * 10-8 2 * 10-25

5. Complex Ion Formation Constants in Water at 25 °C Complex Ion -

[Ag(CN)2] [Ag(EDTA)]3[Ag(en)2]+ [Ag(NH3)2]+ [Ag(SCN)4]3[Ag(S2O3)2][Al(EDTA)][AlF6]3[Al(OH)4][Al(ox)3]3[CdBr4]2[Cd(CN)4]2[CdCl4]2[Cd(en)3]2+ [CdI4]2[Co(EDTA)]2[Co(EDTA)][Co(en)3]2+ [Co(en)3]3+ [Co(NH3)6]2+ [Co(NH3)6]3+ [Co(OH)4]2[Co(ox)3]4[Co(ox)3]3[Co(SCN)4]2[Cr(EDTA)][Cr(OH)4][CuCl3]2[Cu(CN)4]2[Cu(EDTA)]2[Cu(en)2]2+ [Cu(NH3)4]2+ [Cu(ox)2]2[Fe(CN)6]4-

Complex Ion

Kf 21

1 * 10 2.1 * 107 5.0 * 107 1.7 * 107 1.2 * 1010 2.8 * 1013 1.3 * 1016 7 * 1019 3 * 1033 2 * 1016 5.5 * 103 3 * 1018 6.3 * 102 1.2 * 1012 2 * 106 2.0 * 1016 1 * 1036 8.7 * 1013 4.9 * 1048 1.3 * 105 2.3 * 1033 5 * 109 5 * 109 1 * 1020 1 * 103 1 * 1023 8.0 * 1029 5 * 105 1.0 * 1029 5 * 1018 1 * 1020 1.7 * 1013 3 * 108 1.5 * 1035

3-

[Fe(CN)6] [Fe(EDTA)]2[Fe(EDTA)][Fe(en)3]2+ [Fe(ox)3]4[Fe(ox)3]3[Fe(SCN)]2+ [Hg(CN)4]2[HgCl4]2[Hg(EDTA)]2[Hg(en)2]2+ [HgI4]2[Hg(ox)2]2[Ni(CN)4]2[Ni(EDTA)]2[Ni(en)3]2+ [Ni(NH3)6]2+ [Ni(ox)3]4[PbCl3][Pb(EDTA)]2[PbI4]2[Pb(OH)3][Pb(ox)2]2[Pb(S2O3)3]4[PtCl4]2[Pt(NH3)6]2+ [Sn(OH)3][Zn(CN)4]2[Zn(EDTA)]2[Zn(en)3]2+ [Zn(NH3)4]2+ [Zn(OH)4]2[Zn(ox)3]4-

Kf 2 * 1043 2.1 * 1014 1.7 * 1024 5.0 * 109 1.7 * 105 2 * 1020 8.9 * 102 1.8 * 1041 1.1 * 1016 6.3 * 1021 2 * 1023 2 * 1030 9.5 * 106 2 * 1031 3.6 * 1018 2.1 * 1018 2.0 * 108 3 * 108 2.4 * 101 2 * 1018 3.0 * 104 8 * 1013 3.5 * 106 2.2 * 106 1 * 1016 2 * 1035 3 * 1025 2.1 * 1019 3 * 1016 1.3 * 1014 2.8 * 109 2 * 1015 1.4 * 108

D. Standard Reduction Half-Cell Potentials at 25 °C

A-15

D. Standard Reduction Half-Cell Potentials at 25 °C Half-Reaction -

E ° (V) -

F2(g) + 2 e ¡ 2 F (aq) O3(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ O2(g) + H2O(l) Ag2+(aq) + e- ¡ Ag+(aq) Co3+(aq) + e- ¡ Co2+(aq) H2O2(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ 2 H2O(l) PbO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + 2 e- ¡ PbSO4(s) + 2 H2O(l) MnO4-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e- ¡ MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l) MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- ¡ Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l) Au3+(aq) + 3 e- ¡ Au(s) 2 BrO3-(aq) + 12 H+(aq) + 10 e- ¡ Br2(l) + 6 H2O(l) PbO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Pb2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l) Cl2(g) + 2 e- ¡ 2 Cl-(aq) Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e- ¡ 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l) O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e- ¡ 2 H2O(l) MnO2(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Mn2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l) IO3-(aq) + 6 H+(aq) + 5 e- ¡ 12I2(aq) + 3 H2O(l) Br2(l) + 2 e- ¡ 2 Br-(aq) AuCl4-(aq) + 3 e- ¡ Au(s) + 4 Cl-(aq) VO2+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + e- ¡ VO2+(aq) + H2O(l) HNO2(aq) + H+(aq) + e- ¡ NO(g) + 2 H2O(l) NO3-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3 e- ¡ NO(g) + 2 H2O(l) ClO2(g) + e- ¡ ClO2-(aq) 2 Hg2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ 2 Hg22+(aq) Ag+(aq) + e- ¡ Ag(s) Hg22+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ 2 Hg(l) Fe3+(aq) + e- ¡ Fe2+(aq) PtCl42-(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Pt(s) + 4 Cl-(aq) O2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ H2O2(aq) MnO4-(aq) + e- ¡ MnO42-(aq) I2(s) + 2 e- ¡ 2 I-(aq) Cu+(aq) + e- ¡ Cu(s) O2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + 4 e- ¡ 4 OH-(aq) Cu2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Cu(s)

2.87 2.08 1.98 1.82 1.78 1.69 1.68 1.61 1.51 1.50 1.48 1.46 1.36 1.33 1.23 1.21 1.20 1.09 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.92 0.80 0.80 0.77 0.76 0.70 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.40 0.34

Half-Reaction +

E ° (V) +

-

BiO (aq) + 2 H (aq) + 3 e ¡ Bi(s) + H2O(l) Hg2Cl2(s) + 2 e- ¡ 2 Hg(l) + 2 Cl-(aq) AgCl(s) + e- ¡ Ag(s) + Cl-(aq) SO42-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l) Cu2+(aq) + e- ¡ Cu+(aq) Sn4+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Sn2+(aq) S(s) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ H2S(g) AgBr(s) + e- ¡ Ag(s) + Br-(aq) 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ H2(g) Fe3+(aq) + 3 e- ¡ Fe(s) Pb2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Pb(s) Sn2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Sn(s) AgI(s) + e- ¡ Ag(s) + I-(aq) N2(g) + 5 H+(aq) + 4 e- ¡ N2H5+ (aq) Ni2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Ni(s) Co2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Co(s) PbSO4(s) + 2 e- ¡ Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) Cd2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Cd(s) Fe2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Fe(s) 2 CO2(g) + 2 H+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ H2C2O4(aq) Cr3+(aq) + e- ¡ Cr2+(aq) Cr3+(aq) + 3 e- ¡ Cr(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Zn(s) 2 H2O(l) + 2 e- ¡ H2(g) + 2 OH-(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Mn(s) Al3+(aq) + 3 e- ¡ Al(s) H2(g) + 2 e- ¡ 2 H-(aq) Mg2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Mg(s) La3+(aq) + 3 e- ¡ La(s) Na+(aq) + e- ¡ Na(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Ca(s) Ba2+(aq) + 2 e- ¡ Ba(s) K+(aq) + e- ¡ K(s) Li(aq) + e- ¡ Li(s)

0.32 0.27 0.22 0.20 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.071 0.00 -0.036 -0.13 -0.14 -0.15 -0.23 -0.23 -0.28 -0.36 -0.40 -0.45 -0.49 -0.50 -0.73 -0.76 -0.83 -1.18 -1.66 -2.23 -2.37 -2.38 -2.71 -2.76 -2.90 -2.92 -3.04