Comparison of view-based object recognition algorithms using

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Downsampling: R educing resolution of all five images from 2 5 6x2 5 6 to. 16x16 pixels, we obtain images ro . . . r4 . In this representation, each view re-.
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Edge detection

INITIAL IMAGE

Centering

Down− sampling

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k = 3

k = 4

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