Data Processing

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4 Insights from: PhD.C. –Eng.Kmeid Saad [email protected]

19th – 20th , Sept 2016

Loccioni Headquarters Angeli di Rosora, AN, Italy

Agenda • • • •

Introduction Central Processing VS. Distributed Processing Regulation, Homologation and Legislation Testing Requirements

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4 BREATH HochSchule Kempten

22.08.2016

Kmeid Saad

TAB – A Look into the future of Automotive Industry

Introduction › ›

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Personal perspective: » AS ADAS tends to be an “Indispensable” pillar of Autonomous Driving, so does “Environment Recognition” for ADAS, Kmeid Saad1 The importance of ADAS can also be noticeable by observing its market value expectation as presented by: » ABI Research, the leader in transformative technology innovation market intelligence, forecasts that the global advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) market will be worth $132 billion by 2026. With ABI Research analysts valuing the market to be worth $11 billion by this year’s end, the growth will mark an impressive Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of nearly 29%[1]. In the following I will present some insights and personal observations regarding some topics that are directly affecting the ADAS industry and thus the Autonomous Driving development.

1 MSc.

Eng. Kmeid Saad, PhD Candidate, Technical University of Graz-Austria/ University Assistant, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, ADAS Masters Course/ University of Applied Sciences Kempten-Germany, E-Mail: [email protected] TAKE 


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Kmeid Saad



Introduction Central Processing VS. Distributed Processing Regulation, Homologation and Legislation Testing Requirements

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22.08.2016

Kmeid Saad


Central Processing VS. Distributed Processing ›

Introduction: » In the following, some insights regarding Central distributed processing in the context of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are presented. » Information and information exchange are considered to be key factors for advancing in Autonomous Driving and connected driving technologies. » ADAS based on sensors like cameras, radar, LIDAR, ultrasonic, etc. are progressively being installed into new vehicles thus, paving the way for Autonomous Driving. » But it is not just the number or type of the sensors that is important, but also how we use them and whether they are capable of information exchange between them or no, thus Sensor Fusion and Data Processing is of an essence.

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ADAS as Individual – Sensor Fusion:

Source: http://www.analog-eetimes.com/news/sensor-fusion-more-just-sum-its-parts-1

Sensor weaknesses cannot be overcome by just multiplying the number of the same sensor, rather by information exchange between different complimentary types of sensors. For example a camera cannot be very reliable operating at very bad light conditions (night time, shadows, sun blare, etc.), but a radar can!  Information Exchange  Sensor Fusion TAKE 


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Sensor Fusion – Data Processing: » As sensor fusion implies to acquire data from different sensors and sensor types and use the combined information to perceive the environment more accurately. » A key question is where the combining of these information, the perceiving of the environment, i.e. the Data Processing is done ? » As the title of this topic indicates the data processing can be done either: Centralized or Distributed.

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Kmeid Saad



Centralized Processing: Via centralized approach all data processing and decision making is done in a single location, data comes from various sensors “raw”. As pros may imply small sensor modules, low cost and low power advantages, the need for a widebandwidth communication and a central ECU with high-processing power and speed may put an end for this processing method.

Source: http://www.analog-eetimes.com/news/sensor-fusion-more-just-sum-its-parts-1 TAKE 


22.08.2016

Kmeid Saad



Distributed Processing: On distributed system only object data or metadata (describes object characteristics and/or object classification) are sent back to the central fusion ECU where data is combined and the final decision on how to act or react is made. In comparison with centralized processing one can say that Pros become Cons and vise versa, i.e. bigger sensor modules, higher cost but a lower bandwidth communication and a simpler ECU with normal-processing power and speed.



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Kmeid Saad



Centralized & Distributed Approach: This approach can represent an optimized set-up where sensors with local processing are used like radar, LIDAR, and the front camera for machine vision. A fully-distributed system can coexist using existing sensor modules in combination with an object data fusion ECU for systems like surround view and rear-view cameras. Many more ADAS functions can be integrated into a fusion system such as driver monitoring or a camera-monitoring system, but the principle of sensor fusion remains the same.



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Further Insights – Virtual Sensor Data Fusion: » As presented, Virtual Sensor Data Fusion, it accentuate the need of Virtual Sensor Models that would be used to easily and more efficiently implement the previously discussed data processing approaches. » Virtual Sensor Models, that can be used by different ECUs (real or/and virtual).

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Further Insights – Virtual Sensor Data Fusion: » Sensorial data in the fusion architecture is only provided by virtual sensor components.

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Kmeid Saad



Further Insights – Virtual Sensor Data Fusion: » Sensorial data in the fusion architecture is provided either by a virtual or real sensor components.

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Kmeid Saad



Introduction Central Processing VS. Distributed Processing Regulation, Homologation & Legislation Testing Requirements

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Kmeid Saad


Regulation, Homologation and Legislation ›

Introduction: » International laws (treaties) for road traffic already exist like: • 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic • 1968 Vienna Convention on Road Traffic • The Preliminary Statement of Policy Concerning Automated Vehicles May 30, 2013 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). » As for every law, these were also initially founded to regulate society (road traffic in our case), enforce rights and solve conflicts. » However concerning autonomous driving in some cases these laws actually represented as conflicts and imposed limitation on the further development of this domain. TAKE 


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Convention Articles – Convention Amendments: » As autonomous driving is becoming more and more to be perceived as the future way of driving actions have and will be further on considered to enable this development. Example: » Article 8 of the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic of 1968[2] • (1) Every moving vehicle or combination of vehicles shall have a driver… • (5) Every driver shall at all times be able to control his vehicle… » Amendment: • 'systems which influence the way vehicles are driven', as well as other systems which can be overridden or switched off by the driver, are deemed to be in accordance with Article 8 TAKE 


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Traffic Agencies influenced by current technologies: » One should also point out that current traffic agencies, whether on international or state level are also being influenced by current technologies. » Also there willingness to comply and adapt there rules and strategies in the favor of autonomous driving, while taking in consideration all safety measures. Example: » On February 4, 2016, NHTSA responded to a request from Google, Inc. to interpret several provisions in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards as they apply to Google's described design for vehicles Google is developing and testing.[3]

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Kmeid Saad


Agenda • • • • •

Introduction Central Processing VS. Distributed Processing Regulation, Homologation and Legislation Testing Requirements Conclusion

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22.08.2016

Kmeid Saad


Testing Requirements ›

Introduction: » Although there are currently many running programs and innovative engineering solutions regarding autonomous driving, the introduction to self driving cars will be a step-by-step approach. » This is true because of the following aspects: • Economical • Legal • Insurance • Infrastructure • Society • … » Adding to the previously mentioned aspect, there is one important thing to be considered which is the Testing and Requirement handling aspects TAKE 


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Autonomous Driving Approval: » One should keep in mind that a 100% coverage of all possible user scenarios is not possible, even though it is demanded by the ISO26262 that instructs the development of safety critical automotive systems. » Based on statistical and other studies made by Dr. H. Winner an example calculation of the proof distance is presented for an automated motorway, where[4]: • The current reference distance for accidents involving personal injury is 12 million km. • Considering an improvement value of 1.2 the reference distance increases to 24 million km (12x1.2/0.6), consider half of them cause personal injuries  12 million Km. • Turning back to the statistics and considering an expected value factor of 0.5 and a distance factor of approximately 10. » The proof range multiplies to 240 million km ! TAKE 


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240 million km – A Way out ?: » This proof distance (240 million km) exceed the technical, personal and economical possibilities of today’s companies. » Even if this attempt was dared for a first system, it must nevertheless be borne in mind that this test would have to be carried out again with at least one third of the initial expenditure after each system modification.

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A way out ? » As it can be comprehended, the amount of real world tests can’t be performed in a reasonable economical time frame, the introduction of virtual test methods become a justified alternative and mandatory.

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Future test strategies pointed out by ROAD » ROAD – the first round table on Autonomous Driving initiated by Kempten University of Applied Sciences and GFFT, sponsored by AVL List GmbH, also addressed this topic among others in a joint activities for the purpose of autonomous driving.

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Results were addressed to specific target questions as follows: » How to address this huge amount of needed driven Km? • Investigate the reason behind accident taking place in the 12 million Km. • Start with a general classification of functions that would need this amount of driven Km to be validated. • Consider the targeted automation level. • Consider the targeted safety/certainty level. • Separate between certain (predictable) and uncertain (unpredictable) type of accidents.

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Kmeid Saad



Future test strategies pointed out by ROAD » How to deal with the emerging number of necessary test cases? • Consider requirements management and architectures to: – Identify relevant use cases. – Implement redundancy components to increase safety. – Implement reusability concepts.

» How to deal with the emerging number of necessary test cases? • Consider social behavior in designing new test cases. – This could lead to a lower amount of necessary test cases.

• Reach for mass data collection. • Consider virtual testing strategies as long as they are: – – – –

Faster then real testing. Safer . More efficient . Accurate and reflect real life situations.

• Use machine learning algorithms to study human behavior behind the wheel. • Integrate driver simulators. • Combine and compress possible test cases. TAKE 


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Kmeid Saad


Agenda • • • • •

Introduction Central Processing VS. Distributed Processing Regulation, Homologation and Legislation Testing Requirements Conclusion

TAKE 


22.08.2016

Kmeid Saad


Conclusion ›

The following diagram represents a summary of the previously discussed topics, showing the interdependency between them.

Central Processing VS. Distributed Processing

New Functions, products, technologies, etc.

satisfy

Regulation, Homologation & Legislation

derive

Testing Requirements

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Kmeid Saad


Reference › › › ›

[2] http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/573902/EPRS_BRI(2016)573902_EN.pdf [1] https://www.abiresearch.com/press/abi-research-values-global-adas-market-132-billion/ [3] http://isearch.nhtsa.gov/files/Google%20--%20compiled%20response%20to%2012%20Nov%20%2015%20interp%20request%20-%204%20Feb%2016%20final.htm [4] Handbook of Driver Assistance Systems Basic Information, Components and Systems for Active Safety and Comfort Editors: Winner, H., Hakuli, S., Lotz, F., Singer, C. (Eds.)

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Thank you for your attention ! TAKE  BREATH

4 PhD.C. –Eng.Kmeid Saad

Data Processing

Data Processing

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