Multiclass Classification Problem of Large-Scale Biomedical ... - Core

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propose novel multiclass feature selection and classification system for merged data from ... can be divided into two categories: binary and multi-class classifiers.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 938 – 945

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2212-0173 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.093

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