2012 International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR2012), Malacca, Malaysia : 21-22 May, 2012
Overview for Solid Waste Bin Monitoring and Collection System Md. Shafiqul Islam, Maher Arebey, M.A. Hannan, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
[email protected]
Hasan Basri Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
Abstract-Solid waste management is a big challenge in urban areas for most of the countries throughout the world. An efficient waste management is a pre requisition for maintain a safe and green environment as there are increasing all kinds of waste disposal. There are many technologies are used for waste collection as well as for well managed recycling. In this paper we have introduced an integrated system combined with an integrated system of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Position System (GPS), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and web camera. The built-in RFID reader in collection trucks would automatically retrieve all sorts of customer information and bin information from RFID tag, mounted with each bin. GPS would give the location information of the collection truck. All The information of the center server would updated automatically through GPRS communication system. The performance of the implemented system have been analyzed and focused that the proposed system is much better than existing system in terms of high speed data transmission, precision, real time and reliability.
rural areas. The generation rate in rural areas can be as low as 0.15 kg/cap/day, while in the urban areas the rate can be above 1.0 kg/cap/day. The generation rates of major cities reported by the participating member countries are listed in Table 1 [3]. Table 1: Solid waste generation rates of major Asian cities City
Keywords — GIS, GPRS, GSM, RFID, Solid Waste Monitoring and Management
S
I.
INTRODUCTION
OLID waste is an enhancing issue that impact due to rapidly of increasing urbanization and economic development witnessed by the amount of municipal solid waste. Without an effective and efficient solid-waste management program, the waste generated from various human activities, both industrial and domestic, can result in health hazards and have a negative impact on the environment. The ways in which humans have generated solid waste management over the centuries still bases much on original strategies to dispose of waste. Landfills, incineration and environmental dumping have been primary methods to get solid waste out of view [1], [2]. These methods create further impacts if not properly monitored, and have severe repercussions for life on Earth. Population growth continually creates more waste producers; therefore waste must be reduced on a personal basis to maintain the balance of which waste is currently managed. Based on estimates, waste generation in Asia has reached 1 million tons per day [3]. The amount of solid waste generated in the cities is much higher than in
978-1-4673-0654-6/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE
Country
Bangkok
Thailand
Generation rate (Kh/cap/day) 0.88
Colombo
Sri Lanka
0.62
Delhi
India
0.47
Dhaka
Bangladesh
0.50
Hanoi
Vietnam
0.63
Katmandu
Nepal
0.30
Manila
Philippines
0.66
Penang
Malaysia
0.98
Singapore
Singapore
0.94
Taipei
Republic of China
0.95
Urban
Islamic Republic of Iran
0.80
In the developing countries, waste management is becoming an acute problem as urbanization and economic development increase leading to larger quantities of waste materials [4]. They have proposed an efficient and robust management of solid waste. In Malaysia, the waste generation is increasing tremendously due to its developing activities and it has an accompanying problem with the disposal of this waste [5], [6]. No national study has been done on the quantification of solid waste in Malaysia, but data at the local level is available. Based on this data, the Ministry of Housing and Local Government says that Malaysia generates approximately 18,000 MT/day of solid waste [7] and as per the annual report of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (1999), the per-capita amount of waste generated by Malaysians ranged from 0.45 kg to 1.44 kg, but Jamal Othman estimated that the per-capita generation is 1 kg/day [8]. Unfortunately, there are no authoritative figures on the amount of waste diverted for recycling; it could be as high as 30% of the
258
2012 International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR2012), Malacca, Malaysia : 21-22 May, 2012
total waste generated [9]. In the late 1990s, the government divided the country into four zones and each zone was assigned to a private company to manage the solid waste. The proposed solid-waste management act that provides legislative backing for the private companies for managing solid waste is tabled in parliament, details about the privatization of solid waste management are still not clear. However, in the Central and Southern Zones, a temporary system has been implemented. Since 2004, Alam Flora, is appointed to manage waste in the Central Zone. It has been serving 23 local authorities in the states of Selangor, Pahang, the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. In the Southern Zone, Southern Waste Management serves only three local-authority areas. Although the private companies of the Northern Zone have been identified, no work has started. No company has been appointed for the Eastern Zone yet. Solid waste generation has increased, from 3.66 to 4.50 pounds per person per day in the USA between 1980 and 2008; it has shown in Fig 1. [3]. Most of what is being produced in solid waste is paper, yard trimmings, food scraps, and plastics. These types of waste are some of the most easily recovered types of waste, possibly removing them from the waste stream entirely.
Fig 2: Solid Waste Material Composition in the United States
There have some hope and challenges in this case and there are lots of future works in this regards. In the European countries, recycling and solid waste management policies are the driving force for exploitation of RFID in waste management [12], [13]. RFID technology is becoming more vital when the reverse supply chains for the reuse, recycling and disposal of goods such as personal computers are globalizing [14]. RFID is used to build up a network that would allow companies to track goods through the global supply chain and run many applications simultaneously [15]. RFID has become a new and exciting area of technological development, and is receiving increasing amounts of attention [16]. Here the prime attention to build up a wireless network using RFID for waste bin collection and monitoring. I. INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES We have introduced an integrated system for waste collection and waste truck monitoring. In The integrated system we have used communication technologies such as RFID, GPS, GPRS, GIS and Camera. A. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) The RFID is an available technology since the early 1900’s and was utilized during World War II [17]. RFID is a technology that uses a few simple components. The RFID tag is composed of an antenna, integrated circuit, a reader that gathers information from the ID tag, and a database system that is used to store the information gained through interrogating the ID tag [18]. Based upon the application, the identification tag can be active or passive. RFID is designed to enable readers to capture data from tags and transmit it to a computer system without any physical connection at a range of radio frequency. The antenna uses radio frequency waves to transmit a signal that activates the transponder [19]. Lowfrequency RFID systems have short transmission ranges and high-frequency RFID systems offer longer transmission ranges. RFID is getting more attention in different industries [11], [36]. RFID technology is used in a wide range of applications worldwide including automotive, contactless payments, laundry, library, livestock, pharmaceutical, retail supply chain management,
Fig 1: Solid Waste Generation per Person per Day in the USA Regime
These four types of waste create almost 70% of the 250 million tons of annual solid waste production in the United States; it has shown in Fig 2 [3]. Australia generates waste at a rate of 2.25 kilograms per person per day [11]. So everywhere in Asia, Europe, America, Australia solid waste management has become a challenge. Increased efforts in recycling, reducing, reusing, and refusing could substantially minimize solid waste production in the world ensuring healthy living conditions for the future. The waste disposal is increasing with urbanization and Industrialization; therefor the waste management is becoming more difficult. In the last two decades there is a rapid change in technologies; from our house holds to Industrial sectors everywhere it has introduced automated and centralized system. At present days the waste management has drawn a concentration of all. Every country is trying to find out an efficient waste management system for a hazard free and safe environment.
259
2012 International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR2012), Malacca, Malaysia : 21-22 May, 2012
ticketing and in industry as an alternative to the bar code [20], - [22]. With extensive research and development, RFID process system takes a step further by adding a new application category. Thus, RFID with integrated technologies, the system would provide real time truck tracking and monitoring system.
uploads a photo (.jpg) to web host. There is a META tag in HTML command line that can make a web page to auto reload after a period of time. II. METHODS AND SYSTEM The system is initialized with the all default values. GPS data is reset with the current location coordinate values. The In Vehicle System try to establish a connection with the center server through GPRS communication after a successful connection establishment system is being ready for collection operation. Collection session starts with driver ID authentication. Waste Disposal trucks equipped with RFID readers pick up bins marked with RFID tags. RFID waste tags as a key to information (e.g., customer/household ID, address, and so on) stored in the waste management administrators back-end databases. For example, an RFID waste tag only contains a unique tag ID. The identity of each tag is broadcasted to a reader with the same frequency and the same tag protocol. A cross matching operation is done with the pre-stored system data of each bin tag ID.
B. Global Position System (GPS) A worldwide radio-navigation system formed from a constellation of 24 satellites and their ground stations. GPS uses these "man-made stars" as reference points to calculate positions accurate to a matter of meters. In fact, with advanced forms of GPS we can make measurements to better than a centimeter [35]. GPS is widely used in vehicle for positioning the vehicles on an electronic map display, and help drivers to keep track of their right position [30]. Modern systems automatically create a route and give turn-by-turn directions to designated locations [23]. GPS in our system is used for tracking the position of the truck and bin location. C. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) GPRS is developed from the existing GSM system and can be associated with the internet. It provides a link between mobile users and data network and provides high-speed wireless IP or X.25 services for uses [23]. GPRS uses packet switching technology and each user can take up a number of wireless channels at the same time. The same wireless channel can be shared by multiple users and then resources can be effectively used. The data transfer rates is up to 160 Kbps. Using GPRS technology to send and receive data packets, users can be always on line [24]. GPRS network has a wide coverage and can truly achieve ubiquitous, real-time communication.
Start
Data Initialization GPS Data
Connection
D. Geographic Information System (GIS) A Geographic Information System (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily shared. GIS technology can be integrated into any enterprise information system framework [25]. GIS is used to location identification of a monitoring system by mapping out the location and movement in the form of geographic map [26], [27].
Drivers ID Read Bin Tag
Authenticati on
Update GIS Data Update bin status
Session Check
E. Web Camera A webcam is a digital camera designed to take digital photographs and transmit them over the internet. The camera connects to computer and takes a snapshot image that gets saved to computer's hard drive. Webcam software allows controlling how often the camera takes a photo and updates (sends) that photo on web server. It
Save Session History End Fig 3: Flow Chart for Waste Bin Monitoring System
260
2012 International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR2012), Malacca, Malaysia : 21-22 May, 2012
customer data collection system easier. RFID has many applications in the field of environment [32]. This technology plays an important role in Solid Waste collection operations. RFID gives facilities of feature expansion in future [33], [34]. The GPS and GPRS system is widely applied in the digital/electronic map, the vehicle monitoring system, the vehicle management system, the security navigation. Integration of GIS and GPS technology can display and track vehicle position in subject digital maps. Automatic waste collection point reporting function and truck monitoring services are achieved by GPS module with GPRS technology’s combination. GIS mapping server is used for analyzing data of various locations. It helps to take the decision for dumping area selection. Simultaneously the GIS server is updated using the data is stored to the system. Web camera always capture picture at the time of waste collection and after collection than store in data server in the center station as a future database. Analyzing the storage data authority for waste management can take change their strategy like fleet management, rout management, dumping location selection etc.
The RFID reader antenna acts as a communication channel between the tag and the reader. It can transmit data from its sideways and front. The waste management application can use to retrieve customer’s record (i.e., personal information) stored in the backend waste database. The readers then record the exact time and place every time a waste bin is emptied [28]. All the data is updated after each collection period and save to the central monitoring station. An omnitrol network edge appliance receives data from all readers as well as from all collection trucks. This permits a new degree of monitoring and control of the waste-disposal process.
Fig 4: System Architecture of Waste Bin Monitoring
The RFID reader is installed on the collection trucks is active RFID tag. An external power supply is connected with the active RFID tag and the power of active RFID is used to active the passive RFID tag’s data extraction. It could identify all the bin tags attach with the waste bin. The reader extracts data from the tags those ID are store in the central database. It avoids the data from unauthorized ID [28]. The location information from the GPS system, customer information from the bin tag ID and collection time makes a data packet. The data packet is sent to the main database through GPRS communication channel. The built in web camera mount with each collection truck takes a snap shot takes before and after waste collection. The waste bin photos are sent with the data packet against to the bin tag ID. All these wireless communication will be done using GPRS technology to send and receive data packets, users can be always on line and pay the bill by flow [31]. The west bin images are processed using Matlab image processing tools. MySQL data server is chosen for storing all these data to the center server. The Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http.) would use for authentication of the users and administrators.
Fig 5: Central Monitoring System
The entire system would use the existing GPRS network to transmit information collected from the GPS module to the IP-fixed control center in the internet. The system response is fast enough for a real time monitoring facilities as the data transfer rates is up to 160 Kbps in GPRS communication system. It is very economical by way of the available technologies keeping feature expansion facilities in future. IV. CONCLUSION In this paper, an integrated system of RFID, GPS, GPRS, GIS and web camera is introduced for efficient and economic solid waste collection. The developed system provides improved database for waste collection time and waste amount at each location. The system is also contributed to reallocate the location of the bin, new collection route using the data are saved in center server. GIS data would help to select the dumping point or
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The integrated system of RFID, GPRS, GPS, GIS and web camera makes the waste bin identification and
261
2012 International Conference on Innovation, Management and Technology Research (ICIMTR2012), Malacca, Malaysia : 21-22 May, 2012
[20] Domdouzis, K., B. Kumar, (2007). "Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) applications: A brief introduction." in Advanced Engineering Informatics 21(4): 350-355. [21] Hannan, M.A., Maher Arebey, R.A. Begum and Hassan Basri, “Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and communication technologies for solid waste bin and truck monitoring system.” in Waste Management (2011), doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2011.07.022. [22] Roberts, C. M. (2006). "Radio frequency identification (RFID)." in Computers & Security 25(1): 18-26. [23] Maher Arebey, M. A. Hannan, Hassan Basri, R. A. Begum and Huda Abdullah, “Integrated technologies for solid waste bin monitoring system” in Environ Monit Assess (2011) 177:399–408. [24] Maher Arebey, M A Hannan, Hassan Basri, R A Begum and Huda Abdullah, “RFID and Integrated Technologies for Solid Waste Bin Monitoring System” in Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2010 Vol I, WCE 2010, June 30-July 2, 2020, London, U.K. [25] Maher Arebey, M A Hannan, Hassan Basri and Huda Abdullah, “Solid Waste Monitoring and Management using RFID, GIS and GSM” in Proceedings of 2009 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD 2009), 16-18 Nov. 2009, UPM Serdang, Malaysia. [26] Maher Arebey, Hannan, M.A., R.A. Begum and Hassan Basri, “CBIR for an Automated Solid Waste Bin Level Detection System Using GLCM” in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2011, Volume 7066/2011, 280-288. [27] Pratheep, P., Hannan, M.A., “Solid waste bins monitoring system using RFID technologies” in Journal of Applied Sciences Research Volume 7, Issue 7, 2011, Pages 1093-1101. [28] Hannan, M.A., Mustapha, A.M., Hussain, A. and Basri, H. “Implementing GIS in bus identification and monitoring system” in Journal of Applied Sciences Research Volume 7, Issue 4, April 2011, Pages 385-391. [29] Arebey, M., Hannan, M.A., Basri, H., Begum, R.A. and Abdullah, H. “Solid waste monitoring system integration based on RFID, GPS and camera” in 2010 International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced Systems, ICIAS 2010; Kuala Lumpur; 15 June 2010 through 17 June 2010; Code 84196. [30] Mustapha, A.M., Hannan, M.A., Hussain, A. and Basri, H., “Implementing GIS in bus identification and monitoring system” in 1st International Conference on Electrical, Control and Computer Engineering 2011, InECCE 2011; Kuantan; 21 June 2011 through 22 June 2011, Article number 5953926, Pages 461465. [31] Micro Invention Project (2006), “RFID and GPS approach to effective estate operations: A guide to effective manuring process.” Available at http://micro.com.my/v1/product/RFID Solutions in Estate Operation 1.pdf. [32] Lee, C. M., & Chan, T. (2009), “Development of RFID based reverse logistics system.” in Expert Systems with Applications, 36, 9299–9307. [33] Kumar, S., & Kevin, B. (2002). “The evolution of global positioning system (GPS) technology.” Journal of Science Education and Technology, 11, 59–80. [34] “What is GIS?” extracted on 28th November, 2011, from http://www.gis.com/content/what-gis [35] Mustapha, A.M., Hannan, M.A., Hussain, A. and Basri, H., “UKM campus bus monitoring system using RFID and GIS,” in Proceedings - CSPA 2010: 2010 6th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and Its Applications 2010. [36] Hannan, M.A., Islam, M., Samad, S.A. and Hussain, A., “RFID communication using software defined radio technique,” in International Conference on Advances in Engineering Technologies; San Francisco, CA; 20 October 2009, Volume 1247, 2010, Pages 41-55.
relocation by giving the collection truck monitoring facilities. RFID gives the scope of identification as per system requirements. GSM communication system has provided a high data transmission rate for real time monitoring. V. REFERENCES [1] [2]
[3]
[4]
[5] [6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
[15] [16]
[17] [18] [19]
Report of the APO Survey on Solid-Waste Management 2004–05 by Asian Development Bank. M A Hannan, Maher Abey, Hassan Basri and R A Begum (2010), “Intelligent Solid Waste Bin Monitoring and Management System,” in Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(10): 5314-5319. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2009b. Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008. Retrieved on January 22, 2010 from http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2008rpt.pdf. Kai Qin, Jianping Xing, Gang Chen, Linjian Wang and Jie Qin, “ The Design of Intelligent Bus Movement Monitoring and Station Reporting System,” in International Conference on Automation and Logistics Qingdao, China, September, 2008. RFID for the Business of Waste Management, www.falkensecurenetworks.com. Retrieved on November 22, 2011. Huszain Huzin. National Waste Recycling Program. Power-Point presentation at the Seminar for the Study on National Waste Minimization in Malaysia, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, 16 September 2004. Mohd. Nasir Hassan “Solid Waste Management—what’s the Malaysian Position?” in Urban Sustainability in the Context of Global Change, edited by R. B. Singh. Plymouth: Science Publications, 2004. D.Krishna Reddy, A.D.Sarma, Sreenivasa R.Pammi and M.V.S.N.Prasad, in J. Ind. Geophys. Union ( July 2007 ) Vol.11, No.3, pp.161-170, “ Development of SMS-based G2I System to Generate real time Reference GIS Maps for Real Time Vehicle Tracking Applications.” Marts, R., 2009, “Solid Waste Management - Growing Opportunities In Malaysia” Available, http://www.ambkualalumpur.um.dk/da/menu/Eksportraadgivning/ Markedsmulighe_der/Sektoranalyser. Jamal Othman. “Household Performances for Solid Waste Management in Malaysia.” Report to EEPSEA Corpcom Services Sdn. Bhd. (www.eepsea.org), 2002. Department of Environmental Conservation New York (DEC), 2010. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills. Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/23682.html. Abdoli, S. Summer 2009. “RFID Application in Municipal Solid Waste Management System.” In Int. J. Environ. Res., 3(3):447454. Thomas, V. M. (2003). “Product Self- Management: Evolution in Recycling and Reuse” in Environ. Science & Technology. 37, 5297-5302. Williams, E. Kahhat, R. Allenby, B. Kavazanjian, E., Kim, J and Xu, M. (2008). “Environmental, Social, and economic implications of Global reuse and Recycling of Personal Computers” in Environmental Science and Technology. 42, 64466454. Violino, B., (2005). Leveraging the Internet of things RFID Journal November/December, 1-2. Gannan Yuan, Zhi Zhang and Wei Shang Guan, 2008. “Research and Design of GIS in Vehicle Monitoring System” in 2008 International Conference on Internet Computing in Science and Engineering, pp. 223-228. Thomas, V. M., (2008), “Environmental implications of RFID.” Electronics and the Environment, 2008. ISEE 2008. IEEE International Symposium on 19-22 May 2008. Valerie M. Thomas, (2003), “Product Self-Management: Evolution in Recycling and Reuse” in Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 5297-5302. Lee, C.M., Chan, T., 2009. “Development of RFID-based reverse logistics system”, in Expert Systems with Applications 36 (5), 9299–9307.
262
