Fully Autonomous Calibration of Parallel Manipulators by imposing ...

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electronic theodolite for the calibration of Stewart platform. For 3 degree-of-freedom ... International Conference on Robotics & Automation. Seoul, Korea • May ...
Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation Seoul, Korea • May 21-26, 2001

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